Rak pochwy – Diagnostyka i diagnoza

Rak pochwy
Diagnostyka i diagnoza

Rak pochwy, stanowiący 1-2% nowotworów ginekologicznych, wymaga precyzyjnej diagnostyki obejmującej badanie ginekologiczne z użyciem wziernika, cytologię (test Pap), kolposkopię oraz biopsję, która jest złotym standardem potwierdzenia rozpoznania. Diagnostyka obrazowa, w tym MRI, CT i PET/CT, pozwala na ocenę zaawansowania choroby i wykrycie przerzutów; MRI cechuje się czułością 96-99% w wykrywaniu naciekania pęcherza moczowego i odbytnicy. Endoskopowe badania cystoskopii i proktoskopii są wskazane przy podejrzeniu naciekania sąsiednich narządów. Klasyfikacja zaawansowania opiera się głównie na systemie FIGO, gdzie stadium I oznacza ograniczenie do ściany pochwy, a stadium IV rozprzestrzenienie się poza miednicę, co ma kluczowe znaczenie dla planowania terapii i rokowania.

Diagnostyka raka pochwy

Rak pochwy jest rzadkim nowotworem złośliwym układu rozrodczego kobiet, stanowiącym zaledwie 1-2% wszystkich nowotworów ginekologicznych. Większość przypadków raka pochwy to nowotwory wtórne, rozprzestrzeniające się z innych narządów, takich jak szyjka macicy, endometrium czy jajniki. Właściwa diagnostyka jest kluczowa dla skutecznego leczenia tego schorzenia.¹²

Badanie ginekologiczne

Podstawowym elementem diagnostyki raka pochwy jest dokładne badanie ginekologiczne. Podczas badania lekarz umieszcza jeden lub dwa palce w pochwie i jednocześnie uciska brzuch, co pozwala na ocenę macicy, jajników i innych narządów. Badanie to umożliwia wykrycie nieprawidłowości, takich jak guzy czy zgrubienia.¹²

W trakcie badania ginekolog wykorzystuje wziernik (speculum), który rozszerza ściany pochwy, umożliwiając dokładne obejrzenie pochwy i szyjki macicy. Lekarz zwraca szczególną uwagę na wszelkie zmiany, które mogą wskazywać na obecność nowotworu lub innych problemów zdrowotnych.³⁴

Badanie cytologiczne

Badanie cytologiczne (test Pap) jest wykonywane podczas rutynowego badania ginekologicznego. Polega ono na pobraniu próbki komórek z szyjki macicy i pochwy za pomocą specjalnej szczoteczki lub szpatułki. Komórki są następnie badane pod mikroskopem w celu wykrycia ewentualnych nieprawidłowości, które mogą wskazywać na obecność raka lub stanu przedrakowego.¹²

Choć badanie cytologiczne zostało opracowane głównie do wykrywania raka szyjki macicy, może również ujawnić komórki rakowe pochodzące z pochwy. Nieprawidłowy wynik testu Pap jest często pierwszym sygnałem, który prowadzi do przeprowadzenia dalszych badań diagnostycznych.¹²

Kolposkopia

Kolposkopia (waginoskopia) to badanie, które umożliwia dokładne obejrzenie wnętrza pochwy przy użyciu specjalnego narzędzia zwanego kolposkopem. Jest to rodzaj mikroskopu z silnym oświetleniem, który pozwala lekarzowi na szczegółowe zbadanie błony śluzowej pochwy i szyjki macicy z powiększeniem.¹²

Kolposkopia jest zwykle wykonywana w przypadku nieprawidłowego wyniku badania cytologicznego lub dodatniego wyniku testu na obecność wirusa HPV (human papillomavirus). Podczas badania lekarz może zastosować roztwór kwasu octowego lub płyn Lugola, aby uwydatnić obszary nieprawidłowe, które następnie mogą zostać poddane biopsji.¹²

Biopsja

Biopsja jest jedynym sposobem na definitywne potwierdzenie diagnozy raka pochwy. Polega ona na pobraniu małego fragmentu tkanki z podejrzanego obszaru, który następnie jest badany pod mikroskopem przez patologa.¹²

Biopsja jest często wykonywana podczas kolposkopii. W przypadku, gdy zmiany są trudno dostępne lub pochwa jest zwężona, może być konieczne przeprowadzenie biopsji w znieczuleniu ogólnym. Wynik biopsji jest kluczowy dla ustalenia typu histologicznego nowotworu oraz stopnia jego zaawansowania.¹²

Badania obrazowe w diagnostyce raka pochwy

Po potwierdzeniu obecności raka pochwy poprzez biopsję, wykonuje się szereg badań obrazowych w celu oceny stopnia zaawansowania choroby i określenia, czy nowotwór rozprzestrzenił się poza pochwę.¹

Rezonans magnetyczny (MRI)

Rezonans magnetyczny jest szczególnie przydatny w obrazowaniu guzów miednicy. Wykorzystuje pole magnetyczne i fale radiowe do tworzenia szczegółowych, trójwymiarowych obrazów struktur miękkotkankowych. MRI pozwala określić głębokość naciekania guza i jego stosunek do sąsiednich struktur anatomicznych.¹²

Badanie MRI umożliwia również ocenę węzłów chłonnych w miednicy i pachwinach, co jest istotne dla określenia stopnia zaawansowania choroby. Wykazuje wysoką dokładność w wykrywaniu naciekania pęcherza moczowego i odbytnicy, z czułością wynoszącą 96-99%, co jest kluczowe dla planowania leczenia.¹²

Tomografia komputerowa (CT)

Tomografia komputerowa dostarcza szczegółowych obrazów przekrojowych ciała, które pomagają w ocenie wielkości i kształtu guza oraz w wykryciu ewentualnych przerzutów do narządów odległych, takich jak płuca czy wątroba. CT jest również wykorzystywana do oceny węzłów chłonnych regionalnych.¹²

CT jest często pierwszym badaniem obrazowym wykonywanym po potwierdzeniu diagnozy raka pochwy. Może również służyć jako badanie kontrolne po leczeniu, umożliwiając monitorowanie odpowiedzi na terapię.¹

Pozytonowa tomografia emisyjna (PET)

Badanie PET wykorzystuje substancje radioaktywne (najczęściej znakowaną glukozę) do wykrycia obszarów o zwiększonym metabolizmie, charakterystycznych dla komórek nowotworowych. Często wykonuje się je w połączeniu z tomografią komputerową (PET/CT), co pozwala na jednoczesną ocenę anatomiczną i metaboliczną.¹²

PET/CT jest szczególnie przydatne w ocenie zaawansowanych stadiów raka pochwy oraz w wykrywaniu przerzutów odległych. Może również pomóc w różnicowaniu zmian łagodnych od złośliwych i w ocenie nawrotu choroby po leczeniu.¹²

Inne badania obrazowe

W diagnostyce raka pochwy mogą być również wykorzystywane inne metody obrazowania, takie jak zdjęcia rentgenowskie klatki piersiowej, które pomagają wykryć ewentualne przerzuty do płuc. W niektórych przypadkach wykonuje się również badanie ultrasonograficzne miednicy, które może dostarczyć dodatkowych informacji o guzach miednicy.¹²

Badania endoskopowe

W przypadku podejrzenia, że rak pochwy rozprzestrzenił się na sąsiednie narządy, mogą być wykonane procedury endoskopowe, takie jak cystoskopia i proktoskopia.¹

Cystoskopia

Cystoskopia polega na wprowadzeniu cienkiego, światłowodowego instrumentu (cystoskopu) przez cewkę moczową do pęcherza moczowego. Badanie to umożliwia ocenę błony śluzowej pęcherza moczowego i cewki moczowej pod kątem ewentualnego naciekania przez nowotwór pochwy.¹²

Cystoskopia jest szczególnie ważna w przypadku guzów zlokalizowanych w przedniej ścianie pochwy, które mogą naciekać pęcherz moczowy. Podczas badania można również pobrać próbki tkanki do badania histopatologicznego.¹

Proktoskopia

Proktoskopia polega na wprowadzeniu endoskopu przez odbyt w celu zbadania odbytnicy i dolnej części okrężnicy. Badanie to pozwala na ocenę, czy nowotwór pochwy rozprzestrzenił się na odbytnicę, co jest istotne dla określenia stopnia zaawansowania choroby i planowania leczenia.¹²

W przypadku guzów zlokalizowanych w tylnej ścianie pochwy, które mogą naciekać odbytnicę, proktoskopia jest niezbędnym elementem diagnostyki.¹

Ocena zaawansowania raka pochwy

Po potwierdzeniu diagnozy raka pochwy, określa się stopień zaawansowania choroby (staging), co jest kluczowe dla wyboru odpowiedniej metody leczenia i określenia rokowania.¹²

Systemy klasyfikacji zaawansowania

Istnieje kilka systemów klasyfikacji zaawansowania raka pochwy, w tym klasyfikacja FIGO (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics), klasyfikacja TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) oraz klasyfikacja AJCC (American Joint Commission on Cancer).¹

Klasyfikacja FIGO jest najczęściej stosowanym systemem i opiera się na ocenie wielkości guza, jego rozprzestrzeniania się na okoliczne tkanki oraz obecności przerzutów odległych. Stopnie zaawansowania raka pochwy według FIGO obejmują:

Stadium I: nowotwór ograniczony tylko do ściany pochwy
Stadium II: nowotwór przeniknął przez ścianę pochwy do tkanki okołopochwowej, ale nie dotarł do ściany miednicy
Stadium III: nowotwór rozprzestrzenił się do ściany miednicy
Stadium IV: nowotwór rozprzestrzenił się poza miednicę (IVA – do sąsiednich narządów, takich jak pęcherz moczowy czy odbytnica, IVB – do odległych narządów)¹²

Znaczenie oceny zaawansowania

Określenie stopnia zaawansowania raka pochwy ma kluczowe znaczenie dla wyboru odpowiedniej metody leczenia oraz określenia rokowania. Im wcześniej wykryty jest nowotwór, tym większe są szanse na skuteczne leczenie.¹²

Według American Cancer Society, pięcioletnia przeżywalność w przypadku raka pochwy, który nie rozprzestrzenił się poza ścianę pochwy, wynosi około 69%. Nowotwory w bardziej zaawansowanych stadiach są trudniejsze do leczenia i mogą wymagać ciągłej opieki medycznej.¹

Badania laboratoryjne

W procesie diagnostycznym raka pochwy wykonuje się również szereg badań laboratoryjnych, które dostarczają dodatkowych informacji o stanie pacjentki i mogą pomóc w planowaniu leczenia.¹

Morfologia krwi

Morfologia krwi (CBC – Complete Blood Count) jest wykonywana w celu sprawdzenia, czy u pacjentki nie występuje anemia, która może być spowodowana przewlekłym krwawieniem z pochwy. Badanie to dostarcza również wartości wyjściowych, które można porównać z wynikami badań wykonanych w trakcie i po leczeniu.¹

Badania biochemiczne

Badania biochemiczne krwi, takie jak oznaczenie stężenia mocznika (BUN) i kreatyniny, mogą być wykonywane w celu oceny funkcji nerek. Podwyższone poziomy tych parametrów mogą sugerować, że nowotwór rozprzestrzenił się do moczowodów lub nerek.¹

Markery nowotworowe

Badania immunologiczne surowicy, takie jak oznaczenie stężenia CEA (antygen rakowo-zarodkowy) i CA125, mogą być przydatne w monitorowaniu efektów leczenia i ocenie rokowania. Jednak markery te nie są specyficzne dla raka pochwy i mogą być podwyższone również w innych stanach patologicznych.¹

Rola zespołu wielodyscyplinarnego

Ze względu na rzadkość występowania raka pochwy, istotne jest, aby diagnozę i leczenie prowadziła grupa specjalistów z różnych dziedzin, którzy mogą współpracować przy planowaniu optymalnej terapii.¹²

Zespół wielospecjalistyczny

Zespół wielospecjalistyczny (MDT – Multidisciplinary Team) składa się z ginekologów onkologów, radiologów, patologów, onkologów klinicznych, radioterapeutów i innych specjalistów, którzy wspólnie omawiają przypadki i podejmują decyzje dotyczące najlepszego podejścia terapeutycznego dla każdej pacjentki.¹²

Regularne spotkania zespołu (tzw. Tumor Board) są szczególnie ważne w przypadku rzadkich nowotworów, takich jak rak pochwy, gdzie doświadczenie pojedynczego lekarza może być ograniczone.¹

Znaczenie doświadczenia klinicznego

Ze względu na rzadkość raka pochwy, istotne jest, aby pacjentki były leczone w specjalistycznych ośrodkach onkologicznych, gdzie dostępni są lekarze z doświadczeniem w diagnostyce i leczeniu nowotworów ginekologicznych. Badania wskazują, że wyniki leczenia są lepsze w ośrodkach o dużym doświadczeniu klinicznym.¹²

W przypadku podejrzenia lub rozpoznania raka pochwy zaleca się, aby pacjentki były najpierw konsultowane przez ginekologa onkologa – lekarza specjalizującego się w leczeniu nowotworów ginekologicznych, który może zarządzać opieką nad pacjentką od momentu postawienia diagnozy do zakończenia leczenia.¹

Wyzwania w diagnostyce raka pochwy

Diagnostyka raka pochwy stanowi wyzwanie ze względu na rzadkość występowania tego nowotworu oraz fakt, że we wczesnych stadiach często nie powoduje on objawów.¹

Brak objawów wczesnych

Rak pochwy we wczesnych stadiach często nie daje żadnych objawów, co sprawia, że regularnie wykonywane badania ginekologiczne i testy cytologiczne są niezbędne do jego wczesnego wykrycia. Z tego powodu zaleca się kobietom regularne badania, nawet jeśli czują się zdrowe.¹²

Gdy pojawiają się objawy, najczęstszym z nich jest bezbolesne krwawienie z pochwy, które stanowi 65-80% wszystkich prezentacji klinicznych. Inne objawy mogą obejmować nieprawidłową wydzielinę z pochwy, ból, guzek lub masę w pochwie.¹²

Diagnostyka różnicowa

Rozpoznanie pierwotnego raka pochwy wymaga wykluczenia nowotworów wtórnych, które stanowią około 80% wszystkich przypadków nowotworów złośliwych pochwy. Nowotwory wtórne są najczęściej przerzutami z szyjki macicy, endometrium lub jajników, ale mogą również pochodzić z odległych narządów, takich jak okrężnica, pierś czy trzustka.¹²

Pierwotny rak pochwy definiuje się jako nowotwór rozwijający się wyłącznie w pochwie, bez zajęcia zewnętrznego ujścia szyjki macicy proksymalnie lub sromu dystalnie. Znaczenie tej definicji polega na różnych podejściach klinicznych do leczenia raka górnej i dolnej części pochwy.¹

Skrining i profilaktyka

Rutynowe badania przesiewowe w kierunku raka pochwy nie są uzasadnione dla wszystkich pacjentek, ponieważ nie są one efektywne kosztowo. Jednak kobiety z czynnikami ryzyka, takimi jak zakażenie HPV, wcześniejsze zmiany przedrakowe lub historia raka szyjki macicy, mogą odnieść korzyść z regularnych badań przesiewowych.¹²

Szczepienie przeciwko HPV może zmniejszyć ryzyko rozwoju raka pochwy i innych nowotworów związanych z HPV. Należy skonsultować się z lekarzem w celu ustalenia, czy szczepionka przeciwko HPV jest odpowiednia w danym przypadku.¹

Podsumowanie procesu diagnostycznego

Proces diagnostyczny raka pochwy obejmuje szereg badań, które pomagają lekarzom potwierdzić diagnozę i określić stopień zaawansowania choroby. Kluczowe elementy tego procesu to:¹²

Badanie ginekologiczne, które pozwala na ocenę pochwy i okolicznych narządów.
Badanie cytologiczne (test Pap), które może wykryć nieprawidłowe komórki.
Kolposkopia, która umożliwia dokładne obejrzenie pochwy i szyjki macicy.
Biopsja, która jest jedynym sposobem na definitywne potwierdzenie diagnozy.
Badania obrazowe (MRI, CT, PET), które pomagają określić zaawansowanie choroby.
Badania endoskopowe (cystoskopia, proktoskopia), które mogą wykryć rozprzestrzenianie się nowotworu na sąsiednie narządy.
Ocena stopnia zaawansowania, która jest kluczowa dla wyboru odpowiedniej metody leczenia.¹²

Wczesne wykrycie i leczenie raka pochwy znacząco zwiększają szanse na wyleczenie. W przypadkach wykrytych we wczesnym stadium pięcioletni wskaźnik przeżycia może sięgać 70%, podczas gdy w zaawansowanych stadiach znacząco spada.¹²

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Materiały źródłowe

#1 Vaginal Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559126/
The diagnosis of primary vaginal cancer is rare, comprising 1-2% of all female reproductive tract cancers because most lesions are metastatic, typically arising from other reproductive organs such as the cervix, endometrium, or ovary; however, they can also metastasize from distant sites such as the colon, breast, and pancreas. […] When primary vaginal cancer is suspected, a biopsy is done for histopathologic confirmation. […] Currently, there are no randomized trials for the treatment of vaginal cancers due to the rarity of the disease, and guidelines are generally based on limited studies. […] Biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosing vaginal cancer. […] Staging is essential to developing a treatment plan if a primary invasive lesion is discovered. […] The current staging systems include the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging, Tumor, Node, Metastasis (TNM) staging, and the American Joint Commission on Cancer (AJCC) staging.
#1 Vaginal cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vaginal-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352453
During a pelvic exam, a doctor inserts one or two gloved fingers inside the vagina. Pressing down on the abdomen at the same time, the doctor can check the uterus, ovaries and other organs. […] Tests and procedures used to diagnose vaginal cancer include: […] A pelvic exam allows a healthcare professional to inspect the reproductive organs. It’s often done during a regular checkup. But it might be needed if you have symptoms of vaginal cancer. […] During the exam, the healthcare professional carefully inspects the outer genitals. The health professional inserts two fingers of one hand into the vagina. At the same time, that person’s other hand presses on the belly to feel the uterus and ovaries. A device called a speculum is inserted into the vagina. The device opens the vaginal canal so the health professional can look for changes in the vagina and cervix. Changes could be signs of cancer or other problems.
#1 Tests for Vaginal Cancer | Vaginal Cancer Diagnosis | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vaginal-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html
If you have any of the signs or symptoms of vaginal cancer, you should see a doctor. A Pap test might be done for certain signs and symptoms. If it shows abnormal cells, or if a pelvic exam results are not normal, more tests will be needed. This may mean referral to a gynecologist (a doctor who specializes in problems of the female genital system). […] During a Pap test, the doctor gently scrapes the outside of the cervix and vagina and takes a sample of cells for testing. […] Your doctor might suggest you have a test called a colposcopy: If your pelvic exam reveals a concerning finding, or If your Pap test (a swab of cells from your cervix) shows abnormal cells, or If you test positive for HPV (human papillomavirus) […] The only way to be certain that it’s cancer is to do a biopsy. In this procedure, a small piece of tissue from the suspicious area is removed. A doctor specializing in diagnosing diseases with lab tests (a pathologist) will then look at the tissue sample with a microscope to see if cancer or a pre-cancerous condition is present and, if so, what type it is. If the biopsy indicates vaginal cancer, the doctor may refer the patient to a gynecologic oncologist, a doctor who specializes in treating gynecologic cancers. […] Imaging tests may be done after a diagnosis of vaginal cancer to learn more about the cancer and see if it has spread. […] These endoscopy procedures are not used often for women with vaginal cancer, but they may be needed in certain cases.
#1 Vaginal cancer
https://www.cancervic.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/vaginal-cancer/diagnosing-vaginal-cancer.html
The main tests used to diagnose vaginal cancer are a physical examination, a cervical screening test, a procedure called a colposcopy, the removal of a tissue sample (biopsy), and imaging scans. […] Your doctor will look at your vagina, groin and pelvic area. They may use an instrument called a speculum to separate the vaginal walls so they can check the vagina and cervix for cancer. […] This test looks for cancer-causing types of HPV in a sample of cells taken from the cervix or vagina. During the physical examination, the doctor uses a small brush or swab to remove some cells from the surface of the cervix. This test replaced the Pap test in 2017. […] This uses a magnifying instrument called a colposcope to look at the vulva, vagina and cervix and see if there are any abnormal or changed cells. The colposcope is placed near your vulva but does not enter your body.
#1 Vaginal cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vaginal-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352453
Inspecting the vagina with a magnifying instrument. Colposcopy is an exam to look at the vagina with a special lighted magnifying instrument. Colposcopy helps to magnify the surface of the vagina to look for any changes that might be cancerous. […] Removing a sample of vaginal tissue for testing. A biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of tissue to test for cancer cells. Often, a biopsy is done during a pelvic exam or a colposcopy exam. The tissue sample is sent to a lab for testing. […] If you’re found to have vaginal cancer, your healthcare team may recommend tests to find the extent of the cancer. The size of the cancer and whether it has spread is called the cancer’s stage. The stage indicates how likely the cancer is to be cured. It helps the healthcare team to create a treatment plan.
#1 Vaginal cancer
https://www.cancervic.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/vaginal-cancer/diagnosing-vaginal-cancer.html
During a colposcopy, your doctor will usually take a small tissue sample (biopsy) from the vaginal area. If you have a condition that has narrowed the vagina, you may need to have a biopsy under general anaesthetic. The tissue sample will be sent to a laboratory for testing. A biopsy is the best way to diagnose vaginal cancer. […] If vaginal cancer is found, you may have one or more imaging scans to check if the cancer has spread to other parts of your body. These scans may include a chest x-ray, MRI or PETCT scan. […] To work out if the vaginal cancer has spread, your doctor may check the lymph nodes.
#1 Vaginal cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vaginal-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352453
Tests used to find the vaginal cancer stage include: […] Imaging tests may include X-rays, CT, MRI or positron emission tomography, also called PET. […] Procedures that use tiny cameras to see inside the body may help determine whether cancer has spread to certain areas. A procedure to look inside the bladder is called cystoscopy. A procedure to look inside the rectum is called proctoscopy. […] Information from these tests and procedures is used to assign the cancer a stage. The stages of vaginal cancer range from 1 to 4. The lowest number means that the cancer is only in the vagina. As the cancer becomes more advanced, the stages get higher. A stage 4 vaginal cancer may have grown to involve nearby organs or spread to other parts of the body.
#1 Primary vaginal cancer: role of MRI in diagnosis, staging and treatment
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4651370/
Primary carcinoma of the vagina is rare, accounting for 13% of all gynaecological malignancies. MRI has an increasing role in diagnosis, staging, treatment and assessment of complications in gynaecologic malignancy. […] As is true for other gynaecologic malignancies, vaginal cancer diagnosis and staging rely primarily on clinical evaluation by the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO). Pelvic examination continues to be the most important tool for evaluating local extent of disease, but this method alone is limited in its ability to detect lymphadenopathy and the extent of tumour infiltration. Hence, FIGO encourages the use of imaging. […] MRI, with its excellent soft tissue resolution, is commonly used in gynaecologic malignancies and has been shown to be accurate in diagnosis, local staging and spread of disease in vaginal cancer.
#1 Diagnosis of vaginal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/vaginal/diagnosis
An MRI is used to find out if cancer has spread to: nearby organs and tissues in the pelvis, the brain or spinal cord, lymph nodes. […] A PET scan is usually done in combination with a CT scan (called a PET/CT) to show the abnormal area. It is sometimes used to see if the cancer has spread beyond the vagina.
#1 Diagnosis of vaginal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/vaginal/diagnosis
During a biopsy, the doctor removes tissues or cells from the body so they can be tested in a pathology lab. A report from the pathologist will confirm whether or not cancer cells are found in the sample. […] A CBC is done to check for anemia from long-term, or chronic, vaginal bleeding. A CBC also gives doctors a baseline to compare future blood tests to during and after treatment. […] Blood chemistry tests used to diagnose and stage vaginal cancer include the following: Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine may be measured to check kidney function. Increased levels could mean that cancer has spread to the ureters or kidneys. […] A CT scan is used to: check the size of the tumour, find out if cancer has spread to nearby organs and tissues in the pelvis, find out if cancer has spread to the liver and lungs, find out if cancer has spread to lymph nodes, guide a needle for a biopsy.
#1 Vaginal Cancer Diagnosis | MD Anderson Cancer Center
https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/vaginal-cancer/vaginal-cancer-diagnosis.html
The experts at MD Anderson use the most advanced technology and techniques to pinpoint vaginal cancer. They specialize in diagnosing vaginal cancer, and they have a high degree of expertise and skill. […] If you have symptoms that may signal vaginal cancer, your doctor will examine you and ask you questions about your health; your lifestyle, including smoking and drinking habits; and your family history. […] A biopsy is the only way to definitively diagnose vaginal cancer. A small piece of tissue is removed, and then it is looked at under a microscope. […] Imaging exams are used to look for cancer inside the body. They can help locate tumors and track how the body responds to treatment. […] The ones used for vaginal cancer include: CT or CAT (computed axial tomography) scans, MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scans, PET (positron emission tomography) scans, Chest X-ray. […] Biopsies can be done during the procedure.
#1 Vaginal Cancer Diagnosis | Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center – Buffalo, NY
https://www.roswellpark.org/cancer/vaginal/diagnosis
Special software is used to fuse PET images with CT scans, providing a union that is both functional and anatomic. PET-CT scans can differentiate malignant from benign tissue and can lead to early detection of recurring cancer. They can also grade tumors, define distant metastases, assist in treatment selection and evaluation.
#1 Vaginal Cancer: Tests After Diagnosis | Saint Luke’s Health System
https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/vaginal-cancer-tests-after-diagnosis
Once youre diagnosed with vaginal cancer, you may need more tests. These help your healthcare provider learn more about the cancer and make a treatment plan. A pelvic exam will be done to look closely at your cervix and the lining of your vagina. You may also need one or more of these tests: […] A CT (computed tomography) scan uses a series of X-rays and a computer to make detailed images of the inside of your body. The pictures are a lot more detailed than a regular X-ray. This test helps your healthcare provider see where the cancer is and if it has spread to other parts of your body. It’s used to look for cancer in the chest, belly (abdomen), and pelvis. […] MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) uses radio waves, magnets, and a computer to make detailed images of the inside of your body. This test is useful for looking at pelvic tumors and checking for swollen lymph nodes in the pelvis.
#1 Stages of Vaginal Cancer – Diagnosis | Mount Sinai – New York
https://www.mountsinai.org/care/cancer/services/gynecologic/conditions/vaginal/diagnosis
Diagnosing Vaginal Cancer […] Your doctor may use one of several techniques to test for vaginal cancer, such as: […] Biopsyâa small piece of tissue from the suspicious area is removed by your doctor for a pathologist to analyze under a microscope for the presence of cancer or precancerous cells […] Colposcopy (vaginoscopy)âperformed like a regular pelvic exam with the colposcope remaining outside to examine the walls of the vagina and surface of the cervix with magnifying lenses. If there are irregularities, you will need a biopsy to analyze the tissue […] Cystoscopyâone type of endoscopy, is used to examine large vaginal tumors located near the bladder. A thin tube with a lens and light are inserted to see if vaginal cancer spread to the bladder; may be followed by a biopsy. […] To create your personalized treatment plan, as part of your diagnosis, your gynecologic oncologist stage your vaginal cancer based on size of the tumor and if and how much it has spread. […] Ask your gynecologic oncologist about your best possible outcomes for your vaginal cancer.
#1 Vaginal Cancer Treatment – NCI
https://www.cancer.gov/types/vaginal/patient/vaginal-treatment-pdq
After vaginal cancer has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the vagina or to other parts of the body. […] The process used to find out if cancer has spread within the vagina or to other parts of the body is called staging. […] A biopsy may be done to find out if cancer has spread to the cervix. […] Cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body. […] Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VaIN) is grouped based on how deep the abnormal cells are in the tissue lining the vagina. […] VaIN may become cancer and spread into the vaginal wall. […] In stage I, cancer is only found in the vaginal wall. […] In stage II, cancer has spread through the wall of the vagina to the tissue around the vagina. […] In stage III, cancer has spread to the wall of the pelvis.
#1 Vaginal Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatment
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15579-vaginal-cancer
Your prognosis for vaginal cancer depends on the stage at which it’s diagnosed. Early-stage vaginal cancers can often be successfully treated, and you can go on to live a full life. Later-stage cancers are harder to treat and may require ongoing chemotherapy and other treatment options. For this reason, it’s important to get regular gynecological exams, even when you feel healthy. Seek medical advice at the first sign of symptoms.
#1 Vaginal Cancer Testing & Diagnosis | Banner MD Anderson
https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/cancer/cancer-type/vaginal-cancer/tests-and-diagnosis
Colposcopy, where your doctor uses a lighted, magnified instrument called a colposcope to look for vaginal abnormalities. […] Biopsy, which is where your doctor removes some tissue samples from suspicious-looking areas to send to a lab for examination. You may have a biopsy as part of a colposcopy. […] Imaging tests, including CT scans, PET scans, MRIs and chest X-rays, to determine how advanced the cancer is and whether it has spread. […] If you’re diagnosed with vaginal cancer, you’ll have additional tests to see whether the cancer has spread. The results of these tests will tell you the stage of the cancer. Vaginal cancer is labeled stage 0, 1, 2, 3, 4A or 4B. […] The prognosis depends on when the cancer is caught, how big the tumor is, where the cancer is located in the vagina and other factors. When vaginal cancer is caught early, doctors can often treat it successfully. […] According to the American Cancer Society, the five-year survival rate for cancer that hasn’t spread beyond the vaginal wall is 69%. Later-stage cancers are harder to treat and may require ongoing care.
#1 Vaginal Cancer Diagnosis | Modern Cancer Hospital Guangzhou, China
https://www.asiancancer.com/cancer-diagnosis/vaginal-cancer-diagnosis/
5. Biopsy and Vaginal Cytology: All abnormal tissues found on the vaginal wall should be taken to have biopsy for qualitative diagnosis. If there is no apparent lesion in the patient, it is better to have vaginal cytology. […] […] 6. Serum Immunological Examination: Serum immunological examinations like CEA and CA125 are very useful for observing curative effect and evaluating prognosis. […] […] Experts from Modern Cancer Hospital Guangzhou remind you that although the incidence of vaginal cancer is low, it is very common in the elders. If any abnormality is found in the vagina, one should go to a regular hospital for diagnosis as soon as possible and have timely treatment.
#1 Vaginal Cancer: Symptoms, Treatment, Causes & Diagnosis | Stanford Health Care
https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/cancer/vaginal-cancer.html
Precise diagnosis options that combine advanced biopsy and imaging technologies with the expertise of pathologists and radiologists specially trained in vaginal cancer. […] Our doctors are among a select group of oncologists who have extensive experience treating vaginal cancer. […] Because vaginal cancer is a rare cancer, it helps to have a team of experts who can work together to plan your treatment. […] At weekly Tumor Board meetings, experts from multiple disciplines review cases that require more complex recommendations. […] Our radiation oncologists use the most advanced techniques to target optimal treatment doses to the vagina and limit the exposure of nearby healthy tissue. […] Stanford doctors and researchers are on the forefront of drug therapy development, working closely with other experts to deliver the right medication and doses for your care plan.
#1 Vaginal cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support
https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/vaginal-cancer
A team of specialists will meet to discuss the best possible treatment for you. This is called a multidisciplinary team (MDT). […] Your cancer doctor or specialist nurse will explain the different treatments and their side effects. They will also talk to you about things to consider when making making treatment decisions. […] Treatment for vaginal cancer may include the following: Radiotherapy treats cancer using high-energy rays. This is the most common treatment for vaginal cancer. […] Chemotherapy uses anti-cancer drugs to destroy cancer cells. Chemotherapy is often given with radiotherapy. […] Surgery is usually only used for small stage 1 cancers and for cancers that were not cured by radiotherapy.
#1 Vaginal Cancer | Foundation For Women’s Cancer
https://foundationforwomenscancer.org/gynecologic-cancers/gynecologic-cancer-types/vaginal-cancer/
Vaginal cancer can be found during a routine pelvic examination. To detect this cancer, people sometimes are given a Pap test to look for abnormal cells, an inspection of the vagina with a special lighted microscope and/or sample (biopsy) of the vaginal tissue for testing. […] If vaginal cancer is suspected or diagnosed, it is important to seek care first from a gynecologic oncologistmedical doctors with specialized training in treating gynecologic cancers who can manage your care from diagnosis to completion of treatment. […] Most patients with vaginal cancer are treated with surgery or radiation therapy. […] Like radiation therapy, surgery is used primarily for early-stage vaginal cancer that is limited to the vagina or, in selected cases, nearby tissue. […] There are several operations to treat vaginal cancer: Removal of small tumors or lesions: Cancer only on the surface of the vagina is removed along with a small part of surrounding healthy tissue to ensure that all of the cancer cells have been removed. Removal of the vagina (vaginectomy): Removing part of your vagina (partial vaginectomy) or your entire vagina (radical vaginectomy) may be necessary to remove all of the cancer.
#1 Vaginal cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vaginal-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20352447
Vaginal cancer is a growth of cells that starts in the vagina. The cells multiply quickly and can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. […] Vaginal cancer that’s diagnosed when it’s confined to the vagina has the best chance for a cure. When the cancer spreads beyond the vagina, it’s much harder to treat. […] Vaginal cancer may not cause any symptoms at first. As it grows, vaginal cancer may cause signs and symptoms, such as: Vaginal bleeding that isn’t typical, such as after menopause or after sex. Vaginal discharge. A lump or mass in the vagina. Painful urination. Frequent urination. Constipation. Pelvic pain. […] Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any persistent symptoms that worry you. […] Regular pelvic exams and Pap tests are used to look for signs of cervical cancer. Sometimes vaginal cancer is found during these tests. Ask your healthcare team how often you should undergo cervical cancer screening tests and which tests are best for you. […] Receiving a shot to prevent HPV infection may lower the risk of vaginal cancer and other HPV-related cancers. Ask your healthcare team whether an HPV vaccine is right for you.
#1 Vaginal Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatment
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15579-vaginal-cancer
Vaginal cancer doesn’t always cause symptoms, which is why it’s a good idea to get regular pelvic exams and Pap smears to detect cancer early. […] Your healthcare provider will begin your examination by asking about your symptoms. You’ll most likely receive several tests to check for cancer or precancerous cells. Imaging procedures can help your provider see if your cancer has spread, a process called staging. […] You’ll likely have a pelvic exam and a Pap smear (Pap test). If your provider finds abnormal cells, you may need further tests, like a colposcopy and a vaginal biopsy. A biopsy is the only test that can confirm a cancer diagnosis. […] Staging allows your provider to determine how advanced your cancer is. Vaginal cancer is staged in three ways, based on how far the tumor has progressed in your vagina, whether it has spread to your lymph nodes, and whether it has spread to other parts of your body.
#1 Vaginal Cancer: Overview, Risk Factors, Pathogenesis
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/269188-overview
The presence of different stages of histologic differentiation in vaginal cancer suggests a continuum of transformation from less malignant to more invasive; this is similar to the continuum described for cervical cancer. […] The proximity of the bladder anteriorly and the rectum posteriorly to the vagina predisposes these organs to direct invasion by the tumor. […] The duration of symptoms in vaginal cancer averages 6-12 months before diagnosis, with a range of 0-11 years. […] Painless vaginal bleeding is the most common symptom, accounting for 65-80% of all presentations. […] Routine screening for vaginal carcinoma is not justified for all patients, because it is not cost-effective. […] Vaginal cancer is multifocal and, although it is typically located in the vaginal apex, the disease may involve any part of the vagina.
#1 Vaginal Cancer: Overview, Risk Factors, Pathogenesis
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/269188-overview
Malignant diseases of the vagina are either primary vaginal cancers or metastatic cancers from adjacent or distant organs. Primary vaginal cancers are defined as arising solely from the vagina, with no involvement of the external cervical os proximally or the vulva distally. The importance of this definition lies in the different clinical approaches to the treatment of upper and lower vaginal cancer. […] About 80% of vaginal cancers are metastatic, primarily from the cervix or endometrium. […] Because the 5-year survival rate of treated early-stage vaginal cancer is significantly higher than that of vaginal cancer in the advanced stages, early detection is key to improving treatment outcomes. […] The identification of HPV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in squamous cell cancer cells by in situ hybridization (21%) and southern blot hybridization (56%) strongly suggests a possible role for HPV in the pathogenesis of squamous cell vaginal carcinoma.
#2 Vaginal Cancer: Overview, Risk Factors, Pathogenesis
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/269188-overview
Malignant diseases of the vagina are either primary vaginal cancers or metastatic cancers from adjacent or distant organs. Primary vaginal cancers are defined as arising solely from the vagina, with no involvement of the external cervical os proximally or the vulva distally. The importance of this definition lies in the different clinical approaches to the treatment of upper and lower vaginal cancer. […] About 80% of vaginal cancers are metastatic, primarily from the cervix or endometrium. […] Because the 5-year survival rate of treated early-stage vaginal cancer is significantly higher than that of vaginal cancer in the advanced stages, early detection is key to improving treatment outcomes. […] The identification of HPV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in squamous cell cancer cells by in situ hybridization (21%) and southern blot hybridization (56%) strongly suggests a possible role for HPV in the pathogenesis of squamous cell vaginal carcinoma.
#2 Tests for vaginal cancer | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/vaginal-cancer/getting-diagnosed/tests
You usually have a number of tests to check for vaginal cancer. The tests you might have to check for vaginal cancer include: an examination of your tummy (abdomen), pelvis and vagina, taking a sample of tissue (biopsy), scans such as MRI scan and CT scan. Your GP can do some tests to help them decide whether you need to see a specialist. This usually includes a physical examination and blood tests. Your doctor feels for any areas that are swollen or might not feel normal. They might also do a vaginal examination. A vaginal examination is also called a pelvic exam or internal examination. Your doctor uses a speculum to gently open your vagina. They look at your vagina to see if there is anything abnormal. They may also put two gloved fingers into your vagina and press down on your abdomen at the same time with their other hand. A biopsy is the only way to find out for sure if you have cancer of the vagina or pre cancerous changes. These pre cancerous changes are called vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN). Your doctor can take biopsies of any abnormal areas. They send these to the laboratory to be looked at under a microscope. An examination under general anaesthetic is also called an EUA. During this examination, your doctor checks the vulva, vagina, cervix, womb, bladder, rectum. The tests you have help your doctor find out if you have vaginal cancer and how far it has grown. This is the stage of the cancer. This is important because doctors recommend your treatment according to the stage of the cancer.
#2 Vaginal Cancer: Diagnosis
https://healthlibrary.orovillehospital.com/Conditions/Orthopedics/Tools/85,P00594
How is vaginal cancer diagnosed? If your healthcare provider thinks you might have vaginal cancer, you will need certain exams and tests to be sure. Diagnosing vaginal cancer starts with your healthcare provider asking you questions. You will be asked about your health history, symptoms, risk factors, and family history of disease. A physical exam and a pelvic exam will be done. This allows your healthcare provider to look at your vagina and feel other organs in your pelvis to check for tumors or lumps. […] You may have one or more of these tests: […] Pelvic exam. This exam of the vagina and pelvis allows your healthcare provider to check for abnormal areas, such as lumps. They can also check the size, shape, and position of your uterus and ovaries. […] Pap test. This test is done during a pelvic exam. A swab is wiped on the cervix or vagina to pick up cells. The cells are then checked under a microscope. Theyre checked for any signs of cancer or precancer, infection, or inflammation.
#2
https://www.beaumont.org/conditions/vaginal-cancer
Cancer of the vagina, a rare kind of cancer in women, is a disease in which malignant cells are found in the tissues of the vagina. […] There are several tests used to diagnose vaginal cancer, including: pelvic examination of the vagina, and other organs in the pelvis, checking for tumors, lumps, or masses (i.e., may include colposcopy) […] colposcopy – a procedure that uses an instrument with magnifying lenses, called a colposcope, to examine the cervix for abnormalities. If abnormal tissue is found, a biopsy is usually performed (colposcopic biopsy). […] Pap test (also called Pap smear) – test that involves microscopic examination of cells collected from the cervix, used to detect changes that may be cancer or may lead to cancer, and to show noncancerous conditions, such as infection or inflammation. […] biopsy – a procedure in which tissue samples are removed from the vagina for examination under a microscope; to determine if cancer or other abnormal cells are present. The diagnosis of cancer is confirmed only by a biopsy.
#2 Vaginal cancer
https://www.cancervic.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/vaginal-cancer/diagnosing-vaginal-cancer.html
The main tests used to diagnose vaginal cancer are a physical examination, a cervical screening test, a procedure called a colposcopy, the removal of a tissue sample (biopsy), and imaging scans. […] Your doctor will look at your vagina, groin and pelvic area. They may use an instrument called a speculum to separate the vaginal walls so they can check the vagina and cervix for cancer. […] This test looks for cancer-causing types of HPV in a sample of cells taken from the cervix or vagina. During the physical examination, the doctor uses a small brush or swab to remove some cells from the surface of the cervix. This test replaced the Pap test in 2017. […] This uses a magnifying instrument called a colposcope to look at the vulva, vagina and cervix and see if there are any abnormal or changed cells. The colposcope is placed near your vulva but does not enter your body.
#2 Stages of Vaginal Cancer – Diagnosis | Mount Sinai – New York
https://www.mountsinai.org/care/cancer/services/gynecologic/conditions/vaginal/diagnosis
Diagnosing Vaginal Cancer […] Your doctor may use one of several techniques to test for vaginal cancer, such as: […] Biopsyâa small piece of tissue from the suspicious area is removed by your doctor for a pathologist to analyze under a microscope for the presence of cancer or precancerous cells […] Colposcopy (vaginoscopy)âperformed like a regular pelvic exam with the colposcope remaining outside to examine the walls of the vagina and surface of the cervix with magnifying lenses. If there are irregularities, you will need a biopsy to analyze the tissue […] Cystoscopyâone type of endoscopy, is used to examine large vaginal tumors located near the bladder. A thin tube with a lens and light are inserted to see if vaginal cancer spread to the bladder; may be followed by a biopsy. […] To create your personalized treatment plan, as part of your diagnosis, your gynecologic oncologist stage your vaginal cancer based on size of the tumor and if and how much it has spread. […] Ask your gynecologic oncologist about your best possible outcomes for your vaginal cancer.
#2 Tests for Vaginal Cancer | Vaginal Cancer Diagnosis | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vaginal-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html
If you have any of the signs or symptoms of vaginal cancer, you should see a doctor. A Pap test might be done for certain signs and symptoms. If it shows abnormal cells, or if a pelvic exam results are not normal, more tests will be needed. This may mean referral to a gynecologist (a doctor who specializes in problems of the female genital system). […] During a Pap test, the doctor gently scrapes the outside of the cervix and vagina and takes a sample of cells for testing. […] Your doctor might suggest you have a test called a colposcopy: If your pelvic exam reveals a concerning finding, or If your Pap test (a swab of cells from your cervix) shows abnormal cells, or If you test positive for HPV (human papillomavirus) […] The only way to be certain that it’s cancer is to do a biopsy. In this procedure, a small piece of tissue from the suspicious area is removed. A doctor specializing in diagnosing diseases with lab tests (a pathologist) will then look at the tissue sample with a microscope to see if cancer or a pre-cancerous condition is present and, if so, what type it is. If the biopsy indicates vaginal cancer, the doctor may refer the patient to a gynecologic oncologist, a doctor who specializes in treating gynecologic cancers. […] Imaging tests may be done after a diagnosis of vaginal cancer to learn more about the cancer and see if it has spread. […] These endoscopy procedures are not used often for women with vaginal cancer, but they may be needed in certain cases.
#2 Discover Vaginal Cancer Diagnosis And Treatment diagnosis and treatment at HCG Oncology
https://www.hcgoncology.com/types-of-cancers/vaginal-cancer-diagnosis-and-treatment/
Specialists recommend colposcopy in patients with abnormal Pap test or HPV test results. […] Vaginal cancer diagnosis is done through several methods, such as physical examination and medical history assessment, Pap smear test, CT scan, transvaginal ultrasound, PET scan, MRI, biopsy, and colposcopy. […] A biopsy is usually considered the confirmatory test for vaginal cancer.
#2 Primary vaginal cancer: role of MRI in diagnosis, staging and treatment
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4651370/
Increasing utilization of MR may provide superior delineation of tumour volume, both for initial staging and follow-up, to allow for better treatment planning. […] MRI of the pelvis for vaginal cancer is similar to that for cervical cancer. […] On MRI, the three layers of the vaginal wall can be appreciated on T2 weighted images, similar to the zonal anatomy of the uterus: the mucosa is hyperintense, the submucosal (consisting of collagen and elastic fibres) and muscularis layer hypointense, and the adventitia hyperintense due to a well-developed venous plexus. […] MRI has high accuracy for detecting the bladder and rectal invasion, ranging from 96% to 99% with an excellent negative predictive value and interobserver agreement. […] MRI is useful in staging patients with vaginal recurrence, with reported accuracy of 8295%. […] MRI is particularly helpful in depicting and delineating fistulas, with reported accuracy of 91% in vaginal fistulas.
#2 How to Test, Diagnose and Detect Vaginal Cancer
https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/vaginal-cancer/diagnosis-and-detection
In diagnosing vaginal cancer, a multidisciplinary team of vaginal cancer experts perform a variety of diagnostic tests using a range of tools and technologies, including imaging and lab tests, to track the size of the tumor(s), monitor the response to treatment and modify treatment plans when needed. […] A biopsy is an important part of making a vaginal cancer diagnosis, particularly in determining the stage of vaginal cancer. […] During a pelvic exam for vaginal cancer, the doctor will manually examine the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries and rectum, which are explored in greater detail with imaging technology. […] CT scan: This test is typically used to help determine the size and shape of the tumor, or to examine whether the cancer has spread to lymph nodes or other areas of the body.
#2 Vaginal Cancer Diagnosis | Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center – Buffalo, NY
https://www.roswellpark.org/cancer/vaginal/diagnosis
Biopsy: The removal of cells or tissues from the vagina and cervix so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer. If a Pap smear shows abnormal cells in the vagina, a biopsy may be done during a colposcopy. Depending on the results, additional tests and surgery may be necessary. […] With some of the most advanced imaging tools at our fingertips, and physicians trained to maximize their potential, we consistently provide reliable diagnostic results. Quality imaging enables the Roswell Park medical team to develop the best treatment plan and helps the surgeon map the most direct and effective approach to remove an identified tumor. […] One of the more revolutionary imaging devices, the combined Positron Emission Tomography (PET)/Computed Tomography (CT) scanner is used to give a total-body overview of glucose (sugar) metabolism, which can reveal metabolic changes of cancer before anatomic abnormalities can be detected with conventional imaging tools such as stand-alone CT and ultrasound.
#2 How to Test, Diagnose and Detect Vaginal Cancer
https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/vaginal-cancer/diagnosis-and-detection
MRI: Often used for patients with cancers in the pelvic region, MRI is used to identify enlarged lymph nodes in the groin, which may indicate that the cancer has spread. MRI is also used to determine whether the cancer has spread to the brain or spinal cord. […] PET/CT scan: This technology combines position emission tomography (PET) and CT technology in one machine, showing what is happening in the body at a cellular level, before any tumors may be present.
#2 Discover Vaginal Cancer Diagnosis And Treatment diagnosis and treatment at HCG Oncology
https://www.hcgoncology.com/types-of-cancers/vaginal-cancer-diagnosis-and-treatment/
Vaginal cancer diagnosis and treatment demand a comprehensive approach, wherein various tests are recommended to diagnose vaginal cancer accurately before recommending a personalized treatment plan. […] The diagnosis begins with a physical examination, which is then followed by a battery of tests for a conclusive diagnosis. The following are the different tests recommended for vaginal cancer diagnosis: […] Women, especially those with a high risk of developing vaginal cancer, may undergo Pap smear tests, a rarely recommended test for vaginal cancer diagnosis. […] A biopsy is the only method available for confirming a vaginal cancer diagnosis. […] An MRI scan may serve as an important tool in vaginal cancer diagnosis. […] A CT scan also assists in vaginal cancer diagnosis. […] A PET scan uses radioactive substances to diagnose vaginal cancer.
#2 Vaginal Cancer | Recently Diagnosed | Legacy Health
https://www.legacyhealth.org/Services-and-Resources/services/adult/cancer-institute/Recently-Diagnosed/Vaginal-cancer
Cystoscopy, ureteroscopy, proctoscopy: Using a special instrument, the doctor looks for abnormal areas in the bladder and urethra, ureters and rectum. Tissue samples may be taken and checked under a microscope. […] Because each person and every cancer is different, your doctor uses your tests and exams to come up with an individual treatment plan. […] There are several ways to treat vaginal cancer depending on the type and location of the tumor. Options may include surgery, chemotherapy or radiation.
#2 Vaginal Cancer – Diagnosis and Stages
https://www.brighamandwomens.org/cancer/vaginal-cancer/diagnosis-and-stages
Your doctor will first ask about your symptoms and may recommend several tests to check for cancer or precancerous cells. Imaging tests will help determine if the cancer has spread, a process known as staging. Some of these tests may include: […] A tissue sample is taken, usually during a pelvic exam or colposcopy, to test for cancer cells. […] If diagnosed with vaginal cancer, further tests are used to determine the cancers stage, which indicates its size and whether it has spread. Staging helps guide treatment and provides insight into the likelihood of successful treatment. […] Imaging tests like X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, and PET scans are used to check the size of the tumor and whether it has spread. MRIs give details on tumor size, while PET scans can reveal abnormal lymph nodes. Other procedures, like cystoscopy and proctoscopy, check for spread to the bladder or rectum. […] Vaginal cancer is staged based on: […] Learn more about the stages of vaginal cancer.
#2 Vaginal Cancer | Huntsman Cancer Institute | University of Utah Health
https://healthcare.utah.edu/huntsmancancerinstitute/gynecologic-cancer/vaginal-cancer
These are the stages used for vaginal cancer: […] Stage 1: Cancer is found in the vaginal wall only. […] Stage 2: Cancer has spread through the wall of the vagina, but not to the wall of the pelvis. […] Stage 3: Cancer has spread to the wall of the pelvis. […] Stage 4 (4A, 4B): Cancer may have spread to the bladder, rectum, or another part of the body away from the vagina, such as the lungs or bones. […] When cancer spreads from where it started to another part of the body, it is called metastasis. These metastatic cancer cells are the same type of cancer as the primary tumor. For example, if vaginal cancer spreads to the bone, the cancer cells in the bone are actually vaginal cancer cells. The disease is metastatic vaginal cancer, not bone cancer.
#2 Vaginal cancer | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council
https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/vaginal-cancer
Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill or slow the growth of cancer cells. It is usually given if the vaginal cancer is advanced or returns after treatment and may be combined with surgery or radiation therapy. […] There is currently no national screening program for vaginal cancer available in Australia. […] Prognosis means the expected outcome of a disease. An individual’s prognosis depends on the type and stage of cancer, as well as their age and general health at the time of diagnosis. […] In most cases, the earlier vaginal cancer is diagnosed, the better the chances of successful treatment.
#2 Vaginal cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support
https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/vaginal-cancer
A team of specialists will meet to discuss the best possible treatment for you. This is called a multidisciplinary team (MDT). […] Your cancer doctor or specialist nurse will explain the different treatments and their side effects. They will also talk to you about things to consider when making making treatment decisions. […] Treatment for vaginal cancer may include the following: Radiotherapy treats cancer using high-energy rays. This is the most common treatment for vaginal cancer. […] Chemotherapy uses anti-cancer drugs to destroy cancer cells. Chemotherapy is often given with radiotherapy. […] Surgery is usually only used for small stage 1 cancers and for cancers that were not cured by radiotherapy.
#2 Vaginal Cancer: Symptoms, Treatment, Causes & Diagnosis | Stanford Health Care
https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/cancer/vaginal-cancer.html
Precise diagnosis options that combine advanced biopsy and imaging technologies with the expertise of pathologists and radiologists specially trained in vaginal cancer. […] Our doctors are among a select group of oncologists who have extensive experience treating vaginal cancer. […] Because vaginal cancer is a rare cancer, it helps to have a team of experts who can work together to plan your treatment. […] At weekly Tumor Board meetings, experts from multiple disciplines review cases that require more complex recommendations. […] Our radiation oncologists use the most advanced techniques to target optimal treatment doses to the vagina and limit the exposure of nearby healthy tissue. […] Stanford doctors and researchers are on the forefront of drug therapy development, working closely with other experts to deliver the right medication and doses for your care plan.
#2 Vaginal cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vaginal-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20352447
Vaginal cancer is a growth of cells that starts in the vagina. The cells multiply quickly and can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. […] Vaginal cancer that’s diagnosed when it’s confined to the vagina has the best chance for a cure. When the cancer spreads beyond the vagina, it’s much harder to treat. […] Vaginal cancer may not cause any symptoms at first. As it grows, vaginal cancer may cause signs and symptoms, such as: Vaginal bleeding that isn’t typical, such as after menopause or after sex. Vaginal discharge. A lump or mass in the vagina. Painful urination. Frequent urination. Constipation. Pelvic pain. […] Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any persistent symptoms that worry you. […] Regular pelvic exams and Pap tests are used to look for signs of cervical cancer. Sometimes vaginal cancer is found during these tests. Ask your healthcare team how often you should undergo cervical cancer screening tests and which tests are best for you. […] Receiving a shot to prevent HPV infection may lower the risk of vaginal cancer and other HPV-related cancers. Ask your healthcare team whether an HPV vaccine is right for you.
#2 Vaginal cancer: Symptoms, causes, and treatment
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/172855
The stage of vaginal cancer defines how treatable the cancer is and what the outlook for a person will be. […] When cells in the tissue of the vaginal lining are abnormal but have not yet reached the stage of cancer, it is known as VAIN. […] If a doctor identifies and treats vaginal cancer before it spreads, the 5 years survival rate is 66%. […] Early detection and treatment are essential for improving the outlook for females with vaginal cancer. […] There is no way to prevent vaginal cancer completely, but a person can minimize their risk and improve their outlook through early detection.
#3 Tests for vaginal cancer | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/vaginal-cancer/getting-diagnosed/tests
You usually have a number of tests to check for vaginal cancer. The tests you might have to check for vaginal cancer include: an examination of your tummy (abdomen), pelvis and vagina, taking a sample of tissue (biopsy), scans such as MRI scan and CT scan. Your GP can do some tests to help them decide whether you need to see a specialist. This usually includes a physical examination and blood tests. Your doctor feels for any areas that are swollen or might not feel normal. They might also do a vaginal examination. A vaginal examination is also called a pelvic exam or internal examination. Your doctor uses a speculum to gently open your vagina. They look at your vagina to see if there is anything abnormal. They may also put two gloved fingers into your vagina and press down on your abdomen at the same time with their other hand. A biopsy is the only way to find out for sure if you have cancer of the vagina or pre cancerous changes. These pre cancerous changes are called vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN). Your doctor can take biopsies of any abnormal areas. They send these to the laboratory to be looked at under a microscope. An examination under general anaesthetic is also called an EUA. During this examination, your doctor checks the vulva, vagina, cervix, womb, bladder, rectum. The tests you have help your doctor find out if you have vaginal cancer and how far it has grown. This is the stage of the cancer. This is important because doctors recommend your treatment according to the stage of the cancer.
#4 Vaginal Cancer: Diagnosis
https://healthlibrary.orovillehospital.com/Conditions/Orthopedics/Tools/85,P00594
How is vaginal cancer diagnosed? If your healthcare provider thinks you might have vaginal cancer, you will need certain exams and tests to be sure. Diagnosing vaginal cancer starts with your healthcare provider asking you questions. You will be asked about your health history, symptoms, risk factors, and family history of disease. A physical exam and a pelvic exam will be done. This allows your healthcare provider to look at your vagina and feel other organs in your pelvis to check for tumors or lumps. […] You may have one or more of these tests: […] Pelvic exam. This exam of the vagina and pelvis allows your healthcare provider to check for abnormal areas, such as lumps. They can also check the size, shape, and position of your uterus and ovaries. […] Pap test. This test is done during a pelvic exam. A swab is wiped on the cervix or vagina to pick up cells. The cells are then checked under a microscope. Theyre checked for any signs of cancer or precancer, infection, or inflammation.