Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Vaginal Cancer – Ovarian Cancer Research Alliance

  https://ocrahope.org/for-patients/gynecologic-cancers/vaginal-cancer/

  Vaginal cancer is a rare gynecologic cancer, affecting fewer than 1 in 100,000 women. […] About 85% of cases of vaginal cancer are squamous cell carcinomas, which begin in the epithelial lining of the vagina. […] Though many who develop vaginal cancer have no clear risk factors, certain factors may increase the chances of developing vaginal cancer, including: Increased age, as vaginal cancer is rare in women under age 40, and nearly half of cases are found in women over 70 years old. HPV (human papillomavirus) infection. High-risk HPV types that make a person more likely to develop cervical cancer can also be associated with vaginal cancer. Smoking. HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). DES (diethylstilbestrol) exposure. DES is a hormonal drug that was prescribed to many women between 1938 and 1971, as a way to prevent miscarriages. Studies have shown that people whose mothers took this drug, particularly during the first 16 weeks of pregnancy, have a significantly increased rate of a rare type of vaginal or cervical cancer called clear-cell adenocarcinoma.

• #2 Vaginal cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/vaginal-cancer

  Cancers that start in the vagina (primary vaginal cancer) are rare. Around 250 women are diagnosed with vaginal cancer in the UK each year. […] The main risk factor for vaginal cancer is HPV (human papilloma virus). […] Having one or more risk factors does not mean you will get vaginal cancer. Also, having no risk factors does not mean you will not develop vaginal cancer. […] We have more information about the possible causes of vaginal cancer.

• #3 Vaginal Cancer – Ovarian Cancer Research Alliance

  https://ocrahope.org/for-patients/gynecologic-cancers/vaginal-cancer/

  Survivors of vaginal cancer have an increased risk of developing other HPV-related cancers, including vulvar or cervical cancer. Vaginal cancer survivors may also be more likely to develop lung cancer or bladder cancer, though this may be due to the fact that smoking is a shared risk factor for vaginal, lung, and bladder cancer. […] The average age of diagnosis of vaginal cancer is 69. According to the CDC, in the U.S., 1,372 women were diagnosed with vaginal cancer in 2021 (the latest year for which data is available) and 434 women died from vaginal cancer in 2022.

• #4

• #5 What Causes Vaginal Cancer? | Causes of Vaginal Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vaginal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  The exact cause of most vaginal cancers is not known. But scientists have found that it is linked to a number of conditions described in Risk Factors for Vaginal Cancer Research is being done to learn more about how these risk factors cause cells of the vagina to become cancer. […] About 75% of vaginal cancers are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Women who were exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) as a fetus (that is, their mothers took DES during pregnancy) are at increased risk for developing vaginal clear cell carcinoma. DES also increases the likelihood of vaginal adenosis (gland-type cells in the vaginal lining rather than the usual squamous cells). Most women with vaginal adenosis never develop vaginal clear cell carcinoma. Still, those with a rare type of adenosis called atypical tuboendometrial adenosis do have a higher risk of developing this cancer.

• #6 Risks and causes of vaginal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/vaginal-cancer/risk-causes

  We dont know what causes most vaginal cancers. But there are some factors that may increase your risk of developing it. These include being older or having certain infections. […] Age increases the risk of developing vaginal cancer. As vaginal cancer is rare, the increased risk is still very small. […] Human papilloma virus (HPV) is a common infection. […] Cervical cancer is the main type of cancer linked to HPV. Other types of cancer, including vaginal cancer are also caused by HPV. […] HPV is present in: more than 9 out of 10 (more than 90%) vaginal cancers […] A condition called VAIN can mean you are more at risk of getting vaginal cancer. […] Cervical cancer or pre cancerous changes in your cervical cells may also increase the risk of developing vaginal cancer. […] HIV or AIDS may increase the risk of vaginal cancer as well as other cancers in the genital or anal area.

• #7 Vaginal Cancer: Overview, Risk Factors, Pathogenesis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/269188-overview

  The etiology of vaginal cancer has not been identified. Note that vaginal cancer is not histologically homogeneous; several types of lesions exist, each with its own characteristics, age predilection, aggressiveness, and prognosis. This suggests that a single etiologic factor is unlikely. Although some histologic types of vaginal cancer have been associated with exposure to certain agents, so far no clear cause-and-effect relationship has been found between any of those agents and vaginal carcinoma. […] The identification of HPV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in squamous cell cancer cells by in situ hybridization (21%) and southern blot hybridization (56%) strongly suggests a possible role for HPV in the pathogenesis of squamous cell vaginal carcinoma. HPV subtypes 16 and 18 have the highest oncogenic potential and are most commonly linked to dysplastic changes in the female genital tract. Because HPV is sexually transmitted, this association raises the question as to whether women who engage in high-risk sexual behaviors, such as sex with multiple partners, are at risk for developing vaginal cancer.

• #8 Vaginal cancer | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/vaginal-cancer/

  The exact causes of vaginal cancer are unknown, but things that may increase your risk of developing it include: being infected with a particularly persistent type of the human papilloma virus (HPV), which can be spread during sex […] HPV is present in more than two-thirds of people with vaginal cancer, which suggests that it may increase your risk of developing the condition. […] You’re more likely to develop vaginal cancer if you’ve previously been found to have abnormal cells in your cervix known as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) or vagina known as vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN). […] A medicine called diethylstilbestrol is known to increase your risk of vaginal cancer. […] Other things that may increase your risk of vaginal cancer include: your age 7 out of every 10 cases of vaginal cancer occur in women and anyone with a vagina over 60, having a history of reproductive cancers, such as cervical cancer or vulval cancer particularly if you were treated with radiotherapy, smoking, having HIV.

• #9 Vaginal Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559126/

  The pathways of carcinogenesis for vaginal cancer can be divided into human papillomavirus (HPV) induced and non-HPV induced. As with cervical cancer, the HPV 16 virus strain accounts for most HPV-positive patients. Within the HPV DNA, the activity of the viral reading frames E6 and E7 create proteins that interfere with critical cell cycle points. E6 interferes with suppressive tumor protein p53 and E7 with retinoblastoma protein. These are significant factors in HPV-related neoplasia, including primary vaginal cancer. The E5 protein may also play a role in immune evasion. […] Historically, diethylstilbestrol, a synthetic estrogen used to prevent miscarriages and preterm labor, has been associated with vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma in offspring. The incidence of this cancer has decreased since the routine use of diethylstilbestrol was discontinued in the 1970s.

• #10 Vaginal Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559126/

  The pathways of carcinogenesis for vaginal cancer can be divided into human papillomavirus (HPV) induced and non-HPV induced. As with cervical cancer, the HPV 16 virus strain accounts for most HPV-positive patients. Within the HPV DNA, the activity of the viral reading frames E6 and E7 create proteins that interfere with critical cell cycle points. E6 interferes with suppressive tumor protein p53 and E7 with retinoblastoma protein. These are significant factors in HPV-related neoplasia, including primary vaginal cancer. The E5 protein may also play a role in immune evasion. […] Historically, diethylstilbestrol, a synthetic estrogen used to prevent miscarriages and preterm labor, has been associated with vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma in offspring. The incidence of this cancer has decreased since the routine use of diethylstilbestrol was discontinued in the 1970s.

• #11 Vaginal cancer – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vaginal-cancer

  Vaginal cancer is more common than vulvar cancer. Most vaginal tumors are squamous cell carcinomas, but melanoma, sarcoma, adenocarcinoma, and other histologic types also occur. Although primary vaginal cancer is rare, metastatic disease to the vagina or local extension from adjacent gynecologic structures is not uncommon. As a result, the majority of vaginal malignancies are metastatic, often arising from the endometrium, cervix, vulva, ovary, breast, rectum, and kidney. […] Most cases of vaginal cancer are likely mediated by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, as with cervical cancer. In a case-control study of 156 women with in situ or invasive vaginal cancer, over 50 percent were positive for antibodies to HPV subtypes 16 or 18. Thus, vaginal cancer has the same risk factors as cervical neoplasia: multiple lifetime sexual partners, early age at first intercourse, and being a current smoker.

• #12 Vaginal Cancer Causes | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/vaginal-cancer/vaginal-cancer-causes

  Certain risk factors may increase the risk of developing vaginal cancer. The main risk factor for vaginal cancer is infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV). […] Vaginal cancer is more common over the age of 60. […] The main risk factor for vaginal cancer is infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV). This risk may be increased in people with HPV who smoke. But most people who get HPV will not get vaginal cancer. […] VAIN is the name for pre-cancerous changes in cells lining the vagina. It can develop if HPV remains in the vagina for a long time. […] If VAIN is not treated, there is a chance it may eventually develop into vaginal cancer in some people. […] People who have had cervical cancer or pre-cancerous changes in the cervix (CIN) have an increased risk of developing vaginal cancer. This is likely to be related to HPV, which is the main cause of cervical cancer and CIN. This risk may be higher in people who smoke. But most people who have had cervical cancer or CIN will never develop vaginal cancer.

• #13 Vaginal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/what-is-vaginal-cancer

  Some cases of vaginal cancer dont have a clear cause. But most are linked to infection with the human papillomavirus, or HPV. This is the most common sexually transmitted disease (STD). An HPV infection most often goes away on its own, but if it lingers, it can lead to cervical and vaginal cancer. […] You also might be more likely to get vaginal cancer if you: […] Have cervical cancer or precancerous lesions […] Have unusual cells in your vagina called vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia.

• #14 Vaginal cancer – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vaginal-cancer

  There is evidence that some high-grade vulvar and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia are monoclonal lesions derived from high-grade or malignant cervical disease. This was supported by a retrospective cohort study of over 130,000 women in which women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3 (CIN 3) had a significantly increased rate of developing vaginal cancer compared with all women within the same population and time period. A fourfold or greater increased risk was found until 25 years following CIN 3 diagnosis. Similarly, in a case series, 30 percent of all women with in situ or invasive vaginal disease had been treated for a prior anogenital tumor (primarily cervical), and 17 of 25 (70 percent) of invasive cancer biopsy specimens contained HPV 16/18 DNA. Similarly, in a series of 153 women with vaginal cancer treated at the Princess Margaret Hospital, 51 patients had a prior gynecologic malignancy; of these, 34 had cervical cancer.

• #15 Vaginal cancer – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vaginal-cancer

  There is evidence that some high-grade vulvar and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia are monoclonal lesions derived from high-grade or malignant cervical disease. This was supported by a retrospective cohort study of over 130,000 women in which women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3 (CIN 3) had a significantly increased rate of developing vaginal cancer compared with all women within the same population and time period. A fourfold or greater increased risk was found until 25 years following CIN 3 diagnosis. Similarly, in a case series, 30 percent of all women with in situ or invasive vaginal disease had been treated for a prior anogenital tumor (primarily cervical), and 17 of 25 (70 percent) of invasive cancer biopsy specimens contained HPV 16/18 DNA. Similarly, in a series of 153 women with vaginal cancer treated at the Princess Margaret Hospital, 51 patients had a prior gynecologic malignancy; of these, 34 had cervical cancer.

• #16 Vaginal cancer – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vaginal-cancer

  There is evidence that some high-grade vulvar and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia are monoclonal lesions derived from high-grade or malignant cervical disease. This was supported by a retrospective cohort study of over 130,000 women in which women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3 (CIN 3) had a significantly increased rate of developing vaginal cancer compared with all women within the same population and time period. A fourfold or greater increased risk was found until 25 years following CIN 3 diagnosis. Similarly, in a case series, 30 percent of all women with in situ or invasive vaginal disease had been treated for a prior anogenital tumor (primarily cervical), and 17 of 25 (70 percent) of invasive cancer biopsy specimens contained HPV 16/18 DNA. Similarly, in a series of 153 women with vaginal cancer treated at the Princess Margaret Hospital, 51 patients had a prior gynecologic malignancy; of these, 34 had cervical cancer.

• #17 Vaginal Cancer Causes | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/vaginal-cancer/vaginal-cancer-causes

  Certain risk factors may increase the risk of developing vaginal cancer. The main risk factor for vaginal cancer is infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV). […] Vaginal cancer is more common over the age of 60. […] The main risk factor for vaginal cancer is infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV). This risk may be increased in people with HPV who smoke. But most people who get HPV will not get vaginal cancer. […] VAIN is the name for pre-cancerous changes in cells lining the vagina. It can develop if HPV remains in the vagina for a long time. […] If VAIN is not treated, there is a chance it may eventually develop into vaginal cancer in some people. […] People who have had cervical cancer or pre-cancerous changes in the cervix (CIN) have an increased risk of developing vaginal cancer. This is likely to be related to HPV, which is the main cause of cervical cancer and CIN. This risk may be higher in people who smoke. But most people who have had cervical cancer or CIN will never develop vaginal cancer.

• #18 What Causes Vaginal Cancer? | Causes of Vaginal Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vaginal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  The exact cause of most vaginal cancers is not known. But scientists have found that it is linked to a number of conditions described in Risk Factors for Vaginal Cancer Research is being done to learn more about how these risk factors cause cells of the vagina to become cancer. […] About 75% of vaginal cancers are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Women who were exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) as a fetus (that is, their mothers took DES during pregnancy) are at increased risk for developing vaginal clear cell carcinoma. DES also increases the likelihood of vaginal adenosis (gland-type cells in the vaginal lining rather than the usual squamous cells). Most women with vaginal adenosis never develop vaginal clear cell carcinoma. Still, those with a rare type of adenosis called atypical tuboendometrial adenosis do have a higher risk of developing this cancer.

• #19 Vaginal Cancer – Summary, Symptoms, Treatments

  https://flcancer.com/articles/vaginal-cancer-summary-symptoms-treatments/

  Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (DES), a synthetic estrogen that was prescribed to pregnant women between the 1940s and 1970s to prevent miscarriage. Women whose mothers took DES during pregnancy have a higher risk of developing a rare form of vaginal cancer called clear cell adenocarcinoma. […] A weakened immune system, whether from HIV infection, long-term use of immunosuppressive drugs (such as those used after organ transplants) or other conditions. […] Smoking. The carcinogens in tobacco can damage the cells of the vagina and reduce the immune systems ability to clear HPV infections. […] Women may develop vaginal cancer without the presence of any of these risk factors.

• #20 Vaginal Cancer | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/section-view/heading/Vaginal%20Cancer/item/260

  In 1971, Herbst and associates first reported the correlation between clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina and cervix and the use of DES. The incidence of clear-cell adenocarcinoma in women prenatally exposed to DES is estimated to be between 0.14 and 1.4 cases per 100,000. The median age of these DES-exposed patients at tumor diagnosis was 19 years. An association was found between the risk for vaginal cancer and the time of first exposure to DES. The greatest risk for vaginal cancer from exposure to DES was found to occur during the first 16 weeks of pregnancy. This risk decreased when exposure began at 17 weeks or later. A question that remains unanswered is whether DES exposure is related to vaginal and cervical squamous cell cancers, which typically present later in life.

• #21 Vaginal Cancer | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/section-view/heading/Vaginal%20Cancer/item/260

  In 1971, Herbst and associates first reported the correlation between clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina and cervix and the use of DES. The incidence of clear-cell adenocarcinoma in women prenatally exposed to DES is estimated to be between 0.14 and 1.4 cases per 100,000. The median age of these DES-exposed patients at tumor diagnosis was 19 years. An association was found between the risk for vaginal cancer and the time of first exposure to DES. The greatest risk for vaginal cancer from exposure to DES was found to occur during the first 16 weeks of pregnancy. This risk decreased when exposure began at 17 weeks or later. A question that remains unanswered is whether DES exposure is related to vaginal and cervical squamous cell cancers, which typically present later in life.

• #22 What Causes Vaginal Cancer? | Causes of Vaginal Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vaginal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  The exact cause of most vaginal cancers is not known. But scientists have found that it is linked to a number of conditions described in Risk Factors for Vaginal Cancer Research is being done to learn more about how these risk factors cause cells of the vagina to become cancer. […] About 75% of vaginal cancers are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Women who were exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) as a fetus (that is, their mothers took DES during pregnancy) are at increased risk for developing vaginal clear cell carcinoma. DES also increases the likelihood of vaginal adenosis (gland-type cells in the vaginal lining rather than the usual squamous cells). Most women with vaginal adenosis never develop vaginal clear cell carcinoma. Still, those with a rare type of adenosis called atypical tuboendometrial adenosis do have a higher risk of developing this cancer.

• #23 Risks and causes of vaginal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/vaginal-cancer/risk-causes

  We dont know what causes most vaginal cancers. But there are some factors that may increase your risk of developing it. These include being older or having certain infections. […] Age increases the risk of developing vaginal cancer. As vaginal cancer is rare, the increased risk is still very small. […] Human papilloma virus (HPV) is a common infection. […] Cervical cancer is the main type of cancer linked to HPV. Other types of cancer, including vaginal cancer are also caused by HPV. […] HPV is present in: more than 9 out of 10 (more than 90%) vaginal cancers […] A condition called VAIN can mean you are more at risk of getting vaginal cancer. […] Cervical cancer or pre cancerous changes in your cervical cells may also increase the risk of developing vaginal cancer. […] HIV or AIDS may increase the risk of vaginal cancer as well as other cancers in the genital or anal area.

• #24 Vaginal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/vaginal-cancer

  There are also a number of other risk factors for vaginal cancer, including: […] smoking, which the ACS says more than doubles the risk of vaginal cancer […] age its rare in people younger than 40, with almost half of cases occurring in women who are 70 years or older […] a weakened immune system, according to Cancer Research UK, which can occur as a result of conditions like HIV or lupus […] early exposure to HPV through sexual activity […] changes in the cells that line the vagina, known as vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN) […] previous womb cancer, especially if you were treated with radiotherapy. […] The most common causes of vaginal cancer include HPV infection, exposure to DES while in the womb, and other cancers that spread to the cervix.

• #25 Vaginal Cancer | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/section-view/heading/Vaginal%20Cancer/item/260

  Most vaginal cancers are of squamous cell origin (approximately 93%); adenocarcinomas account for less than 5%. Vaginal carcinoma comprises a heterogeneous group of tumors: endodermal sinus tumor and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (sarcoma botryoides) present in childhood; clear-cell adenocarcinoma typically presents in adolescence; and squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, melanoma, and sarcoma predominate in adult life. Most malignancies found in the vagina, however, are metastatic. They may be the first manifestation of an occult neoplasm, commonly arising from an endometrial, cervical, or vulvar carcinoma. Up to 14% of endometrial carcinomas metastasize to the vagina, presumably by retrograde spread through submucosal lymphatics. Infrequently, vaginal metastases originate from malignancies of the ovary, rectum, kidney, or choriocarcinoma.

• #26 Risk Factors for Vaginal Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vaginal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Having cervical cancer or pre-cancer (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or cervical dysplasia) increases a womans risk of vaginal squamous cell cancer. […] Smoking cigarettes more than doubles a womans risk of getting vaginal cancer. […] Infection with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), the virus that causes AIDS, increases the risk of vaginal cancer. […] Some studies suggest that long-term (chronic) irritation of the vagina in women using a pessary may slightly increase the risk of squamous cell vaginal cancer.

• #27 Vaginal cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vaginal-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20352447

  Vaginal cancer most commonly begins in the thin, flat squamous cells that line the surface of the vagina. […] Most DNA changes that lead to vaginal cancers are thought to be caused by human papillomavirus, also called HPV. HPV is a common virus that’s passed through sexual contact. […] For some, though, the virus can cause changes in the cells that may lead to cancer. […] The risk of vaginal cancer increases with age. Vaginal cancer happens most often in older adults. […] Human papillomavirus, also called HPV, is a common virus that’s passed through sexual contact. HPV is thought to cause many types of cancer, including vaginal cancer. […] Smoking tobacco increases the risk of vaginal cancer. […] If your parent took a medicine called diethylstilbestrol while pregnant, your risk of vaginal cancer might be increased.

• #28 Vaginal Cancer – Summary, Symptoms, Treatments

  https://flcancer.com/articles/vaginal-cancer-summary-symptoms-treatments/

  Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (DES), a synthetic estrogen that was prescribed to pregnant women between the 1940s and 1970s to prevent miscarriage. Women whose mothers took DES during pregnancy have a higher risk of developing a rare form of vaginal cancer called clear cell adenocarcinoma. […] A weakened immune system, whether from HIV infection, long-term use of immunosuppressive drugs (such as those used after organ transplants) or other conditions. […] Smoking. The carcinogens in tobacco can damage the cells of the vagina and reduce the immune systems ability to clear HPV infections. […] Women may develop vaginal cancer without the presence of any of these risk factors.

• #29 Vaginal Cancer: Symptoms, Signs and Causes

  https://www.hcgoncology.com/types-of-cancers/vaginal-cancer-symptoms-and-causes/

  Women who are prenatally exposed to diethylstilbestrol may develop vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma. Women with established in-utero exposure should undergo lifelong vaginal and cervical cancer screening. […] Tobacco contains almost 500 harmful chemicals, of which several are carcinogens and tumor promoters. Therefore, smoking is also identified as one of the possible vaginal cancer causes. […] A compromised immune system is also identified as one of the potential vaginal cancer causes. The immune system plays a major role in detecting and destroying abnormal cells. A compromised immune system fails to kill abnormal vaginal cells, causing their growth and multiplication. […] Women with a history of vaginal cancer, especially those diagnosed with advanced-stage vaginal cancer, may have a vaginal cancer recurrence. Women with a family history of vaginal cancer may also develop this disease.

• #30 Risks and causes of vaginal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/vaginal-cancer/risk-causes

  We dont know what causes most vaginal cancers. But there are some factors that may increase your risk of developing it. These include being older or having certain infections. […] Age increases the risk of developing vaginal cancer. As vaginal cancer is rare, the increased risk is still very small. […] Human papilloma virus (HPV) is a common infection. […] Cervical cancer is the main type of cancer linked to HPV. Other types of cancer, including vaginal cancer are also caused by HPV. […] HPV is present in: more than 9 out of 10 (more than 90%) vaginal cancers […] A condition called VAIN can mean you are more at risk of getting vaginal cancer. […] Cervical cancer or pre cancerous changes in your cervical cells may also increase the risk of developing vaginal cancer. […] HIV or AIDS may increase the risk of vaginal cancer as well as other cancers in the genital or anal area.

• #31 Vaginal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/vaginal-cancer

  There are also a number of other risk factors for vaginal cancer, including: […] smoking, which the ACS says more than doubles the risk of vaginal cancer […] age its rare in people younger than 40, with almost half of cases occurring in women who are 70 years or older […] a weakened immune system, according to Cancer Research UK, which can occur as a result of conditions like HIV or lupus […] early exposure to HPV through sexual activity […] changes in the cells that line the vagina, known as vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN) […] previous womb cancer, especially if you were treated with radiotherapy. […] The most common causes of vaginal cancer include HPV infection, exposure to DES while in the womb, and other cancers that spread to the cervix.

• #32 Vaginal Cancer Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/cancer-care/gynecologic-cancer-care/vaginal-cancer/causes-and-diagnoses

  The exact cause of vaginal cancer is unknown, but certain factors can increase your risk of developing this cancer. […] Risk factors include: […] Human papillomavirus (HPV): HPV is a sexually transmitted infection that increases your risk of vaginal cancer. […] Smoking: Your risk of developing vaginal cancer increases if you smoke cigarettes. […] Cervical cancer: A previous diagnosis of cervical cancer can increase your risk for developing vaginal cancer. […] Vaginal adenosis: In some cases, your vagina may grow cells that look more like those found in your uterus. This is called vaginal adenosis, and increases your risk of developing vaginal cancer. Vaginal adenosis occurs in almost all women who were exposed to the medication diethylstilbestrol (DES) as a baby in the womb. […] Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): HIV causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Because this virus harms your immune system, it makes women more likely to get and remain infected with HPV.

• #33 Vaginal Cancer: Risk Factors | SGO

  https://www.sgo.org/patient-resources/vaginal-cancer/vaginal-cancer-risk-factors/

  Women who have had multiple sexual partners (which increases the risk of an HPV infection) […] Women who have an autoimmune condition, an HIV infection, or any other condition that causes the immune system to work less effectively. A weakened immune system increases a womans risk of vaginal cancer by increasing her risk of developing an HPV infection. […] Women who smoke […] Women who are older. The average vaginal cancer patient is diagnosed after the age of 60, and a womans risk of developing it increases as she gets older. However, vaginal cancer can affect women of any age.

• #34 Vaginal Cancer Causes | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/vaginal-cancer/vaginal-cancer-causes

  People who have had radiotherapy to the pelvis may have a very slightly increased risk of vaginal cancer. […] This is a risk factor for a very rare type of vaginal cancer called clear cell adenocarcinoma (CCA). Your risk is increased if your mother was prescribed the drug DES when she was pregnant with you.

• #35 Risks for vaginal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/vaginal/risks

  Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) […] Exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) before birth […] History of squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) […] Weak immune system […] History of anal, cervical or vulvar cancer […] Radiation therapy to the pelvis […] People born to women who took DES during their pregnancy have a higher risk for a type of vaginal cancer called clear cell adenocarcinoma. When this type of vaginal cancer is related to DES exposure, it is more likely to develop at a younger age than other types of vaginal cancer. […] If you have had SIL, you have a higher risk for vaginal cancer. The risk is greater for people with a history of high-grade SIL (HSIL). […] Having a weak immune system (immunosuppression) increases your risk for vaginal cancer. […] People who have a personal or family history of any cancer of the anus or genitals have a higher risk for vaginal cancer. […] People who received radiation therapy to the pelvis to treat cancer or another health condition have a higher risk for vaginal cancer.

• #36 Risk Factors for Vaginal Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vaginal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Having cervical cancer or pre-cancer (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or cervical dysplasia) increases a womans risk of vaginal squamous cell cancer. […] Smoking cigarettes more than doubles a womans risk of getting vaginal cancer. […] Infection with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), the virus that causes AIDS, increases the risk of vaginal cancer. […] Some studies suggest that long-term (chronic) irritation of the vagina in women using a pessary may slightly increase the risk of squamous cell vaginal cancer.

• #37 Vaginal Cancer: Overview, Risk Factors, Pathogenesis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/269188-overview

  Long-term pessary use and chronic irritation of vaginal mucosa in women with procidentia have been associated with vaginal cancer. Other predisposing factors include cigarette smoking, immunosuppressive therapy, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Approximately 10% of women diagnosed with primary vaginal carcinoma have a previous history of irradiation to the pelvis.

• #38 Vaginal Cancer: Overview, Risk Factors, Pathogenesis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/269188-overview

  Long-term pessary use and chronic irritation of vaginal mucosa in women with procidentia have been associated with vaginal cancer. Other predisposing factors include cigarette smoking, immunosuppressive therapy, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Approximately 10% of women diagnosed with primary vaginal carcinoma have a previous history of irradiation to the pelvis.

• #39 Vaginal Cancer | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/section-view/heading/Vaginal%20Cancer/item/260

  Risk factors associated with vaginal carcinoma include low socioeconomic level, a history of genital warts, vaginal discharge/irritation, previous abnormal results on Pap smear, early hysterectomy, and vaginal trauma. Possible etiologic agents, including cervical fluids, cellular debris, and irritants such as chemical douches, feminine hygiene preparations, and retained tampons, have not been found to be causative agents. Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of vaginal cancer, much like cervical carcinoma. Waggoner and colleagues found HPV 31 DNA exclusively in the clear-cell adenocarcinomas that contained HPV sequences. A larger, population-based study of patients with vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN) III and invasive vaginal squamous cell cancers found similar risk factors to those related to cervical cancer. Compared with controls, these patients were more likely to have multiple sexual partners, early age at first intercourse, and to be current smokers. HPV DNA was detected in more than 80% of patients with VAIN III and 60% of patients with invasive cancers. Antibodies to HPV 16 were strongly related to the risk for cancer.

• #40 About Vaginal Cancer | Baylor Medicine

  https://www.bcm.edu/healthcare/specialties/oncology/cancer-types/gynecologic-cancers/vaginal-cancer/about-vaginal-cancer

  Factors that may increase a woman’s risk include: […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The majority of vaginal cancers are thought to be caused by HPV. […] A history of abnormal cells in the vagina, a precancerous condition called vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN) […] Age 50 or older […] Multiple sexual partners […] HIV Infection […] Early age at first intercourse […] Smoking […] Exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) while in the mother’s womb (taken off market in 1971). The risk was seen in younger women and it is not clear whether the risk persists as women age.

• #41 Vaginal Cancer | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/section-view/heading/Vaginal%20Cancer/item/260

  Risk factors associated with vaginal carcinoma include low socioeconomic level, a history of genital warts, vaginal discharge/irritation, previous abnormal results on Pap smear, early hysterectomy, and vaginal trauma. Possible etiologic agents, including cervical fluids, cellular debris, and irritants such as chemical douches, feminine hygiene preparations, and retained tampons, have not been found to be causative agents. Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of vaginal cancer, much like cervical carcinoma. Waggoner and colleagues found HPV 31 DNA exclusively in the clear-cell adenocarcinomas that contained HPV sequences. A larger, population-based study of patients with vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN) III and invasive vaginal squamous cell cancers found similar risk factors to those related to cervical cancer. Compared with controls, these patients were more likely to have multiple sexual partners, early age at first intercourse, and to be current smokers. HPV DNA was detected in more than 80% of patients with VAIN III and 60% of patients with invasive cancers. Antibodies to HPV 16 were strongly related to the risk for cancer.

• #42 Vaginal Cancer – Ovarian Cancer Research Alliance

  https://ocrahope.org/for-patients/gynecologic-cancers/vaginal-cancer/

  There are several different types of vaginal cancer, including: Squamous cell carcinoma, a typically slow-developing cancer that starts in the squamous cells of the vagina’s epithelial lining, most commonly in the upper part of the vagina near the cervix. This accounts for approximately nine out of 10 vaginal cancer diagnoses. Adenocarcinoma, a cancer that starts in glandular cells and may be associated with a patient’s exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DEST) in utero. […] Vaginal cancer stages range from stage 1 (I) to stage 4 (IV). A lower vaginal cancer stage indicates more localized disease, whereas a higher stage indicates the cancer has spread. […] Depending on the stage of vaginal cancer, or in some cases pre-cancer, doctors will recommend a course of treatment. Treatments for vaginal cancer may include: Radiation therapy, which may be used in combination with surgery or chemotherapy in some cases.

• #43 Vaginal Cancer – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/gynecologic-tumors/vaginal-cancer

  Most vaginal cancers are caused by persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. […] Vaginal cancer is caused by HPV infection or in utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol. […] Risk factors for vaginal cancer include Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN), Cervical, vulvar, or anal intraepithelial neoplasia or cancer, In-utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol. […] Most (95%) primary vaginal cancers are squamous cell carcinomas; others include primary and secondary adenocarcinomas, secondary squamous cell carcinomas (in older women), clear cell adenocarcinomas (in young women), and melanomas.

• #44 Vaginal Cancer – Ovarian Cancer Research Alliance

  https://ocrahope.org/for-patients/gynecologic-cancers/vaginal-cancer/

  Vaginal cancer is a rare gynecologic cancer, affecting fewer than 1 in 100,000 women. […] About 85% of cases of vaginal cancer are squamous cell carcinomas, which begin in the epithelial lining of the vagina. […] Though many who develop vaginal cancer have no clear risk factors, certain factors may increase the chances of developing vaginal cancer, including: Increased age, as vaginal cancer is rare in women under age 40, and nearly half of cases are found in women over 70 years old. HPV (human papillomavirus) infection. High-risk HPV types that make a person more likely to develop cervical cancer can also be associated with vaginal cancer. Smoking. HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). DES (diethylstilbestrol) exposure. DES is a hormonal drug that was prescribed to many women between 1938 and 1971, as a way to prevent miscarriages. Studies have shown that people whose mothers took this drug, particularly during the first 16 weeks of pregnancy, have a significantly increased rate of a rare type of vaginal or cervical cancer called clear-cell adenocarcinoma.

• #45 Vaginal Cancer: Overview, Risk Factors, Pathogenesis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/269188-overview

  A history of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), invasive cervical carcinoma, or invasive vulvar carcinoma has also been associated with vaginal carcinoma. Several studies indicate that up to 30% of patients with primary vaginal carcinoma have a history of in situ or invasive carcinoma that was treated at least 5 years before diagnosis. […] Diethylstilbestrol (DES), a drug previously used in the first trimester to prevent pregnancy loss, has a strong association with clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina. […] Hellman et al reviewed 341 cases of primary carcinoma of the vagina from 1956-1996 and suggested that the etiology of vaginal cancer may be age related. In younger women, the disease occurred in the upper part of the vagina and seemed to be related to cervical dysplasia and HPV infection, while in older patients, the tumors were exophytic. There was significant correlation with late menarche, suggesting hormonal factors and trauma to the vagina as probable etiologies.

• #46 Vaginal Cancer | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/vaginal-cancer.html

  Vaginal cancer is classified by the type of cell where it begins. […] Most vaginal cancers are squamous cell carcinomas, which start in the vagina lining. These cancers develop slowly, sometimes over many years. Often, they begin as vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN), which is a precancerous condition. VAIN is found most often in women who have had a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus), cervical cancer or cervical pre-cancer. […] This cancer starts in the gland cells of the vagina and is most often found in women over 50. […] Some vaginal cancers are caused by HPV. HPV infections are very common and rarely lead to cancer. In cases of vaginal cancer caused by HPV, the HPV virus integrates into cells and causes changes that can lead to cancer development. The virus is no longer infectious. […] Women who have had cervical cancer have a higher risk of developing vulvar cancer. […] Not everyone with risk factors gets vaginal cancer. However, if you have risk factors, you should discuss them with your doctor.

• #47 Vaginal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/vaginal-cancer

  Vaginal cancer is a rare type of cancer that starts in the vagina. It accounts for about 2 percent of female genital cancers, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) estimates. […] The ACS says that the exact cause is unknown in most cases. But vaginal cancer has been linked to the following: […] Human papillomavirus (HPV). This sexually transmitted infection is the most common cause of vaginal cancer, according to the National Health Service. Cancer Research UK says that in most people, HPV is harmless. But persistent infection with high risk types of the virus can result in cancer over time. […] Previous cervical cancer. HPV often causes cervical cancer as well. […] In utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES). This medication used to be given to pregnant people to prevent miscarriage. However, doctors stopped prescribing it in the 1970s. Vaginal cancer caused by DES is now extremely rare.

• #48 Vaginal Cancer | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/vaginal-cancer.html

  Vaginal cancer is classified by the type of cell where it begins. […] Most vaginal cancers are squamous cell carcinomas, which start in the vagina lining. These cancers develop slowly, sometimes over many years. Often, they begin as vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN), which is a precancerous condition. VAIN is found most often in women who have had a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus), cervical cancer or cervical pre-cancer. […] This cancer starts in the gland cells of the vagina and is most often found in women over 50. […] Some vaginal cancers are caused by HPV. HPV infections are very common and rarely lead to cancer. In cases of vaginal cancer caused by HPV, the HPV virus integrates into cells and causes changes that can lead to cancer development. The virus is no longer infectious. […] Women who have had cervical cancer have a higher risk of developing vulvar cancer. […] Not everyone with risk factors gets vaginal cancer. However, if you have risk factors, you should discuss them with your doctor.

• #49 Vaginal Cancer – Ovarian Cancer Research Alliance

  https://ocrahope.org/for-patients/gynecologic-cancers/vaginal-cancer/

  There are several different types of vaginal cancer, including: Squamous cell carcinoma, a typically slow-developing cancer that starts in the squamous cells of the vagina’s epithelial lining, most commonly in the upper part of the vagina near the cervix. This accounts for approximately nine out of 10 vaginal cancer diagnoses. Adenocarcinoma, a cancer that starts in glandular cells and may be associated with a patient’s exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DEST) in utero. […] Vaginal cancer stages range from stage 1 (I) to stage 4 (IV). A lower vaginal cancer stage indicates more localized disease, whereas a higher stage indicates the cancer has spread. […] Depending on the stage of vaginal cancer, or in some cases pre-cancer, doctors will recommend a course of treatment. Treatments for vaginal cancer may include: Radiation therapy, which may be used in combination with surgery or chemotherapy in some cases.

• #50 Vaginal Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559126/

  The pathways of carcinogenesis for vaginal cancer can be divided into human papillomavirus (HPV) induced and non-HPV induced. As with cervical cancer, the HPV 16 virus strain accounts for most HPV-positive patients. Within the HPV DNA, the activity of the viral reading frames E6 and E7 create proteins that interfere with critical cell cycle points. E6 interferes with suppressive tumor protein p53 and E7 with retinoblastoma protein. These are significant factors in HPV-related neoplasia, including primary vaginal cancer. The E5 protein may also play a role in immune evasion. […] Historically, diethylstilbestrol, a synthetic estrogen used to prevent miscarriages and preterm labor, has been associated with vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma in offspring. The incidence of this cancer has decreased since the routine use of diethylstilbestrol was discontinued in the 1970s.

• #51 Vaginal Cancer – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/gynecologic-tumors/vaginal-cancer

  Most vaginal cancers are caused by persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. […] Vaginal cancer is caused by HPV infection or in utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol. […] Risk factors for vaginal cancer include Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN), Cervical, vulvar, or anal intraepithelial neoplasia or cancer, In-utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol. […] Most (95%) primary vaginal cancers are squamous cell carcinomas; others include primary and secondary adenocarcinomas, secondary squamous cell carcinomas (in older women), clear cell adenocarcinomas (in young women), and melanomas.

• #52 Vaginal Cancer | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/section-view/heading/Vaginal%20Cancer/item/260

  Most vaginal cancers are of squamous cell origin (approximately 93%); adenocarcinomas account for less than 5%. Vaginal carcinoma comprises a heterogeneous group of tumors: endodermal sinus tumor and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (sarcoma botryoides) present in childhood; clear-cell adenocarcinoma typically presents in adolescence; and squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, melanoma, and sarcoma predominate in adult life. Most malignancies found in the vagina, however, are metastatic. They may be the first manifestation of an occult neoplasm, commonly arising from an endometrial, cervical, or vulvar carcinoma. Up to 14% of endometrial carcinomas metastasize to the vagina, presumably by retrograde spread through submucosal lymphatics. Infrequently, vaginal metastases originate from malignancies of the ovary, rectum, kidney, or choriocarcinoma.

• #53 Vaginal Cancer | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/section-view/heading/Vaginal%20Cancer/item/260

  Most vaginal cancers are of squamous cell origin (approximately 93%); adenocarcinomas account for less than 5%. Vaginal carcinoma comprises a heterogeneous group of tumors: endodermal sinus tumor and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (sarcoma botryoides) present in childhood; clear-cell adenocarcinoma typically presents in adolescence; and squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, melanoma, and sarcoma predominate in adult life. Most malignancies found in the vagina, however, are metastatic. They may be the first manifestation of an occult neoplasm, commonly arising from an endometrial, cervical, or vulvar carcinoma. Up to 14% of endometrial carcinomas metastasize to the vagina, presumably by retrograde spread through submucosal lymphatics. Infrequently, vaginal metastases originate from malignancies of the ovary, rectum, kidney, or choriocarcinoma.

• #54 Vaginal cancer – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vaginal-cancer

  Vaginal cancer is more common than vulvar cancer. Most vaginal tumors are squamous cell carcinomas, but melanoma, sarcoma, adenocarcinoma, and other histologic types also occur. Although primary vaginal cancer is rare, metastatic disease to the vagina or local extension from adjacent gynecologic structures is not uncommon. As a result, the majority of vaginal malignancies are metastatic, often arising from the endometrium, cervix, vulva, ovary, breast, rectum, and kidney. […] Most cases of vaginal cancer are likely mediated by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, as with cervical cancer. In a case-control study of 156 women with in situ or invasive vaginal cancer, over 50 percent were positive for antibodies to HPV subtypes 16 or 18. Thus, vaginal cancer has the same risk factors as cervical neoplasia: multiple lifetime sexual partners, early age at first intercourse, and being a current smoker.

• #55 Vaginal Cancer | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/section-view/heading/Vaginal%20Cancer/item/260

  Most vaginal cancers are of squamous cell origin (approximately 93%); adenocarcinomas account for less than 5%. Vaginal carcinoma comprises a heterogeneous group of tumors: endodermal sinus tumor and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (sarcoma botryoides) present in childhood; clear-cell adenocarcinoma typically presents in adolescence; and squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, melanoma, and sarcoma predominate in adult life. Most malignancies found in the vagina, however, are metastatic. They may be the first manifestation of an occult neoplasm, commonly arising from an endometrial, cervical, or vulvar carcinoma. Up to 14% of endometrial carcinomas metastasize to the vagina, presumably by retrograde spread through submucosal lymphatics. Infrequently, vaginal metastases originate from malignancies of the ovary, rectum, kidney, or choriocarcinoma.

• #56 Vaginal cancer – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vaginal-cancer

  There is evidence that some high-grade vulvar and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia are monoclonal lesions derived from high-grade or malignant cervical disease. This was supported by a retrospective cohort study of over 130,000 women in which women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3 (CIN 3) had a significantly increased rate of developing vaginal cancer compared with all women within the same population and time period. A fourfold or greater increased risk was found until 25 years following CIN 3 diagnosis. Similarly, in a case series, 30 percent of all women with in situ or invasive vaginal disease had been treated for a prior anogenital tumor (primarily cervical), and 17 of 25 (70 percent) of invasive cancer biopsy specimens contained HPV 16/18 DNA. Similarly, in a series of 153 women with vaginal cancer treated at the Princess Margaret Hospital, 51 patients had a prior gynecologic malignancy; of these, 34 had cervical cancer.

• #57 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=34&contentid=19527-1

  Risk factors for vaginal cancer include: […] Having human papillomavirus (HPV) is a group of viruses. They can cause genital warts and have been linked to many kinds of cancer. If you are infected with certain high-risk types of HPV, you may be at higher risk for vaginal cancer. […] A history of cervical cancer or pre-cancer may increase your risk for vaginal cancer. This may be because cervical cancer and vaginal cancer have some of the same risk factors, like smoking and HPV. […] Smoking increases your risk for many kinds of cancer. It doubles your risk for vaginal cancer. […] If your mother took this hormone drug while pregnant with you, you are at higher risk for a very rare type of vaginal cancer called clear cell adenocarcinoma. […] This is called vaginal adenosis. It increases your risk for vaginal cancer. […] The virus that causes AIDS increases your risk for vaginal cancer.

• #58

  https://bpac.org.nz/2023/vaginal-cancer.aspx

  A personal history of cervical cancer or pre-cancerous cervical lesions also increases the risk of developing vaginal cancer. […] Other risk factors for vaginal cancer may include increasing age, immunosuppression, cigarette smoking, young age at sexual activity onset, increasing number of lifetime sexual partners, in utero exposure to diethylstilboestrol (DES), pelvic radiation treatment for cervical cancer, low socioeconomic status, and history of genital warts. […] Persistent infection with high-risk HPV types (i.e. 16/18) is associated with the development of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) and vaginal cancer. […] Therefore, prophylactic HPV vaccination can be a prevention strategy against the development of pre-cancerous vaginal lesions and invasive vaginal cancer.

• #59

  https://bpac.org.nz/2023/vaginal-cancer.aspx

  A personal history of cervical cancer or pre-cancerous cervical lesions also increases the risk of developing vaginal cancer. […] Other risk factors for vaginal cancer may include increasing age, immunosuppression, cigarette smoking, young age at sexual activity onset, increasing number of lifetime sexual partners, in utero exposure to diethylstilboestrol (DES), pelvic radiation treatment for cervical cancer, low socioeconomic status, and history of genital warts. […] Persistent infection with high-risk HPV types (i.e. 16/18) is associated with the development of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) and vaginal cancer. […] Therefore, prophylactic HPV vaccination can be a prevention strategy against the development of pre-cancerous vaginal lesions and invasive vaginal cancer.

• #60 Vaginal Cancer | HPV | Pap Smear | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/vaginalcancer.html

  Vaginal cancer is a rare type of cancer that starts in the vagina. The vagina is the canal leading from your cervix (the opening of your uterus) to the outside of your body. […] You are more likely to develop vaginal cancer if: […] You’ve had certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. […] You were exposed to a medicine called DES (diethylstilbestrol) before you were born. Between 1940-1971, DES was sometimes prescribed to prevent miscarriages. DES was later linked to different health problems, including vaginal cancer. […] Vaccines that protect against HPV infection may reduce your risk of vaginal cancer. The vaccines provide the most protection if you get them before you are exposed to HPV. So it’s best to get vaccinated before you become sexually active.

• #61 Vaginal Cancer | HPV | Pap Smear | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/vaginalcancer.html

  Vaginal cancer is a rare type of cancer that starts in the vagina. The vagina is the canal leading from your cervix (the opening of your uterus) to the outside of your body. […] You are more likely to develop vaginal cancer if: […] You’ve had certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. […] You were exposed to a medicine called DES (diethylstilbestrol) before you were born. Between 1940-1971, DES was sometimes prescribed to prevent miscarriages. DES was later linked to different health problems, including vaginal cancer. […] Vaccines that protect against HPV infection may reduce your risk of vaginal cancer. The vaccines provide the most protection if you get them before you are exposed to HPV. So it’s best to get vaccinated before you become sexually active.

• #62 HPV and Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-and-cancer

  HPV can cause vaginal cancer. […] Most vaginal cancer (75%) is caused by HPV. […] HPV infection can cause several types of cancer. […] High-risk HPV infections that persist can cause cancer: Sometimes HPV infections are not successfully controlled by your immune system. […] HPV-related cancers include vaginal cancer. […] HPV infection causes cells to undergo changes. If not treated these cells can, over time, become cancer cells. […] Research has found that it can take 5 to 10 years for HPV-infected cervical cells to develop into precancers and about 20 years to develop into cancer.

• #63

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vaginal-cancer/causes/

  More than half of all vaginal cancers are caused by an infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). […] You’re more likely to get vaginal cancer if: you have had an HPV infection. […] But as there’s a link between vaginal cancer and HPV, cervical screening and HPV vaccination are the best ways to protect yourself.

• #64 Vaginal Cancer Causes | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/vaginal-cancer/vaginal-cancer-causes

  Certain risk factors may increase the risk of developing vaginal cancer. The main risk factor for vaginal cancer is infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV). […] Vaginal cancer is more common over the age of 60. […] The main risk factor for vaginal cancer is infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV). This risk may be increased in people with HPV who smoke. But most people who get HPV will not get vaginal cancer. […] VAIN is the name for pre-cancerous changes in cells lining the vagina. It can develop if HPV remains in the vagina for a long time. […] If VAIN is not treated, there is a chance it may eventually develop into vaginal cancer in some people. […] People who have had cervical cancer or pre-cancerous changes in the cervix (CIN) have an increased risk of developing vaginal cancer. This is likely to be related to HPV, which is the main cause of cervical cancer and CIN. This risk may be higher in people who smoke. But most people who have had cervical cancer or CIN will never develop vaginal cancer.

• #65 Vaginal Cancer: Symptoms, Signs and Causes

  https://www.hcgoncology.com/types-of-cancers/vaginal-cancer-symptoms-and-causes/

  Women who are prenatally exposed to diethylstilbestrol may develop vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma. Women with established in-utero exposure should undergo lifelong vaginal and cervical cancer screening. […] Tobacco contains almost 500 harmful chemicals, of which several are carcinogens and tumor promoters. Therefore, smoking is also identified as one of the possible vaginal cancer causes. […] A compromised immune system is also identified as one of the potential vaginal cancer causes. The immune system plays a major role in detecting and destroying abnormal cells. A compromised immune system fails to kill abnormal vaginal cells, causing their growth and multiplication. […] Women with a history of vaginal cancer, especially those diagnosed with advanced-stage vaginal cancer, may have a vaginal cancer recurrence. Women with a family history of vaginal cancer may also develop this disease.

• #66 Vaginal Cancer: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/cancer/gynecologic-cancer/vaginal-cancer

  Many cases of vaginal cancer have no clear cause, but some cases of vaginal cancer have been linked to an infection of human papillomavirus (HPV). The most common sexually transmitted infection, HPV can go away on its own but if it lingers, can lead to vaginal or cervical cancer. […] Several risk factors can increase your likelihood of developing a vaginal cancer, including: […] Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (DES). A hormone drug used in the 1940s1970s to prevent miscarriage, DES has been linked to vaginal cancer in people whose mothers ingested the drug. […] Smoking and alcohol. Studies have shown these habits are associated with a higher risk of developing vaginal cancer. Smoking doubles the chances of developing the disease. […] Cervical cancer. Having cervical cancer increases the chances of also developing vaginal cancer. […] Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN). These abnormal, but not cancerous, cells found in the vagina are associated with an increased risk of developing vaginal cancer. VAIN is often caused by HPV.

• #67 Vaginal Cancer | Signs, Symptoms, & Treatment | MedStar Health

  https://www.medstarhealth.org/services/vaginal-cancer

  Smoking: Cigarette smoking can nearly double a woman’s odds of getting this cancer. […] History of gynecologic cancer: Women who have had cervical cancer or a precancerous form (cervical dysplasia) may have an elevated risk of vaginal squamous cell cancer. […] HIV: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes AIDS can increase a woman’s risk. […] Many women with this cancer have no known risk factors, so it’s not always possible to prevent vaginal cancer. However, you may lower your risk of this disease by avoiding HPV infection and smoking, which are both linked to vaginal cancer and others.

• #68 What Causes Vaginal Cancer? | Causes of Vaginal Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vaginal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  The exact cause of most vaginal cancers is not known. But scientists have found that it is linked to a number of conditions described in Risk Factors for Vaginal Cancer Research is being done to learn more about how these risk factors cause cells of the vagina to become cancer. […] About 75% of vaginal cancers are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Women who were exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) as a fetus (that is, their mothers took DES during pregnancy) are at increased risk for developing vaginal clear cell carcinoma. DES also increases the likelihood of vaginal adenosis (gland-type cells in the vaginal lining rather than the usual squamous cells). Most women with vaginal adenosis never develop vaginal clear cell carcinoma. Still, those with a rare type of adenosis called atypical tuboendometrial adenosis do have a higher risk of developing this cancer.

• #69

  https://bpac.org.nz/2023/vaginal-cancer.aspx

  Vaginal cancer is the least common type of gynaecological cancer. […] HPV infection is the main cause of vaginal cancer. […] As the majority of vaginal cancers are squamous cell carcinomas, risk factors are similar to those for cervical cancer, with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection being the most significant. Other risk factors include increasing age, history of cervical cancer or pre-cancerous cervical lesions, immunosuppression and cigarette smoking. […] Squamous cell carcinomas of the vagina typically arise from pre-cancerous lesions vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia that occur from infection with HPV. […] As the majority of primary vaginal cancers are squamous cell in origin, they share common risk factors with cervical cancer, the most significant being HPV infection (particularly with high-risk HPV type 16 and to a lesser extent, type 18).

• #70 HPV and Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-and-cancer

  HPV can cause vaginal cancer. […] Most vaginal cancer (75%) is caused by HPV. […] HPV infection can cause several types of cancer. […] High-risk HPV infections that persist can cause cancer: Sometimes HPV infections are not successfully controlled by your immune system. […] HPV-related cancers include vaginal cancer. […] HPV infection causes cells to undergo changes. If not treated these cells can, over time, become cancer cells. […] Research has found that it can take 5 to 10 years for HPV-infected cervical cells to develop into precancers and about 20 years to develop into cancer.

• #71 Vaginal Cancer—Patient Version – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/vaginal

  Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) causes two-thirds of the cases of vaginal cancer. […] Vaccines that protect against infection with HPV may reduce the risk of vaginal cancer.

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