Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Vaginal Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/vaginal/hp/vaginal-treatment-pdq

  Carcinomas of the vagina are uncommon tumors comprising about 2% of the cancers that arise in the female genital system. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) accounts for approximately 80% to 90% of vaginal cancer cases and adenocarcinoma accounts for 5% to 10% of vaginal cancer cases. […] The following factors should be considered when planning treatment for vaginal cancer: Stage and size of the lesion, Ability to retain a functional vagina, Presence or absence of the uterus, Whether the patient has received previous pelvic radiation therapy, Whether the lymphatics drain to pelvic or inguinal nodes or both, depending on tumor location, Proximity of the vagina to the bladder or rectum. This limits surgical treatment options and increases short-term and long-term surgical complications and functional deficits.

• #1 Treatment options for vaginal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/vaginal-cancer/treatment/treatment-decisions

  The two main treatments for vaginal cancer are radiotherapy and surgery. You may also have chemotherapy alongside radiotherapy. […] The main treatments are: radiotherapy, surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy together (chemoradiotherapy), chemotherapy. […] Radiotherapy uses high energy rays to destroy cancer cells. You might have radiotherapy in one or more of the following situations: as your main treatment, to treat vaginal cancer if you can’t have surgery, to help stop cancer coming back after surgery, to treat the lymph nodes near the vagina, to treat vaginal cancer that couldn’t be completely removed with surgery, as a combination treatment with chemotherapy (chemoradiotherapy). […] You might have surgery for vaginal cancer. The type of operation you have depends on the size and position of the cancer.

• #1 Vaginal Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/vaginal/patient/vaginal-treatment-pdq

  Vaginal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the vagina. […] There are different types of treatment for patients with vaginal cancer. […] The following types of treatment are used: Surgery, Radiation therapy, Chemotherapy. […] Surgery is a treatment option for both vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VaIN) and vaginal cancer. […] The following types of surgery may be used to treat vaginal cancer: Wide local excision, Vaginectomy, Total hysterectomy, Lymph node dissection, Pelvic exenteration. […] After the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the surgery, some patients may be given radiation therapy after surgery to kill any cancer cells that are left. […] Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing.

• #1 Radiation Therapy for Vaginal Cancer | Cancer Council NSW

  https://www.cancercouncil.com.au/vaginal-cancer/treatment/radiotherapy/

  Radiation therapy is the main treatment for vaginal cancer because vaginal cancer that is close to the urethra, bladder and rectum is often difficult to remove surgically. You may have radiation therapy on its own or combined with chemotherapy. […] If you have surgery, you may have radiation therapy afterwards to destroy any remaining cancer cells and reduce the risk of the cancer coming back. […] There are 2 main ways of delivering radiation therapy: externally and internally. It is common to have both types to treat vaginal cancer. Your radiation oncologist will recommend the course of treatment most suitable for you, and explain what to expect and possible side effects. […] In EBRT, a machine precisely directs radiation beams from outside the body to the affected areas of the pelvis. You will lie on a treatment table under the radiation machine. Each treatment session takes around 10–15 minutes and is painless.

• #1 Radiation Therapy for Vaginal Cancer | Cancer Council NSW

  https://www.cancercouncil.com.au/vaginal-cancer/treatment/radiotherapy/

  EBRT for vaginal cancer is usually given daily, Monday to Friday, over 4–6 weeks. The exact number of treatment sessions you have will depend on the type and size of the cancer, and whether it has spread to the lymph nodes. […] Brachytherapy delivers radiation directly to the tumour from inside your body. It is usually given after you have finished having EBRT. Brachytherapy uses a small amount of radioactive material, called a source, to deliver the radiation. […] After brachytherapy, you may feel uncomfortable in the vaginal region. Pain medicines can help if needed. You may have some vaginal discharge or bleeding for a few days. To reduce the risk of infection, use sanitary pads, not tampons.

• #1 Vaginal cancer | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/vaginal-cancer/

  Radiotherapy is the main treatment for vaginal cancer. It can be used: as an initial treatment to cure the cancer, in combination with chemotherapy (chemoradiation), after surgery to prevent the cancer from returning, to control symptoms when a cure is not possible (palliative radiotherapy). […] There are 4 main types of surgery used to treat vaginal cancer: partial vaginectomy removing the upper section of your vagina, radical vaginectomy removing all of your vagina and pelvic lymph nodes, radical vaginectomy and radical hysterectomy removing all of your vagina, womb, ovaries, fallopian tubes and pelvic lymph nodes, pelvic exenteration removing all of your vagina and surrounding tissue, including the bladder and/or rectum (back passage). […] Chemotherapy is usually used in combination with radiotherapy or to control symptoms when a cure is not possible (palliative chemotherapy).

• #1 Vaginal Cancer Treatment | Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center – Buffalo, NY

  https://www.roswellpark.org/cancer/vaginal/treatment

  Your physician will consider your the best treatment option based on the stage of the disease and the tumor grade. The doctor also considers other factors, including your age and general health. We encourage our patients to review treatment options carefully and ask questions of your care team until you feel confident in your decision. […] The goal of surgery is to remove all the cancer with the least amount of impact on a woman’s sexual function. One of the following types of surgery may be done: […] Even if the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the surgery, some patients may have chemotherapy or radiation therapy after surgery to kill any cancer cells that are left. Treatment given after the surgery, to lower the risk that the cancer will come back, is called adjuvant therapy.

• #1 Vaginal Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment – Patient Information [NCI] | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.vaginal-cancer-treatment-pdq%C2%AE-treatment-patient-information-nci.ncicdr0000258349

  The following types of treatment are used: […] Surgery is a treatment option for both vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VaIN) and vaginal cancer. […] The following types of surgery may be used to treat vaginal cancer: […] – Wide local excision: A surgical procedure that takes out the cancer and some of the healthy tissue around it. […] – Vaginectomy: Surgery to remove all or part of the vagina. Skin grafts from other parts of the body may be needed to reconstruct the vagina. […] – Total hysterectomy: Surgery to remove the uterus, including the cervix. […] – Lymph node dissection: A surgical procedure in which lymph nodes are removed and a sample of tissue is checked under a microscope for signs of cancer. […] – Pelvic exenteration: Surgery to remove the lower colon, rectum, bladder, cervix, vagina, and ovaries. Nearby lymph nodes are also removed. Artificial openings (stoma) are made for urine and stool to flow from the body into a collection bag.

• #1 Vaginal Cancer > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/vaginal-cancer

  If the vagina is surgically removed, doctors may perform vaginal reconstruction, sometimes using tissue from elsewhere in the body. This allows a woman to remain sexually active. […] When vaginal cancer is caught and treated before it spreads beyond the vagina, 75% of people survive for 5 years or longer. When the cancer spreads to the lymph nodes, the 5-year survival rate is 40%. And when the cancer spreads to distant body parts, only 21% of people live 5 years or longer. […] Not only are Yale surgeons highly specialized and experienced in the surgical treatment of vaginal cancer, patients also have access to cutting-edge clinical trials and personalized tumor analysis in order to select the best treatment for each individual.

• #1 Vaginal Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/vaginal/patient/vaginal-treatment-pdq

  Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. […] New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials. […] Treatment for vaginal cancer may cause side effects. […] Treatment of recurrent vaginal cancer may include the following: Surgery (pelvic exenteration), Radiation therapy.

• #1 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=34&contentid=19540-1

  The chemo medicines most often used to treat vaginal cancer include: Fluorouracil (5-FU), Cisplatin, Carboplatin, Paclitaxel, Docetaxel, Irinotecan. […] For chemotherapy along with radiation, you’ll likely get low doses of cisplatin or carboplatin. […] Side effects are common with chemotherapy. […] Some common side effects include: Nausea and vomiting, Mouth sores, Constipation or diarrhea, Hair loss, Infections from low white blood cell levels, Easy bruising or bleeding from low numbers of platelets in the blood, Tiredness from low red blood cell counts, Loss of appetite, Dizziness, Skin problems, such as dryness, rash, blistering, or darkening skin, Tingling, numbness, or swelling in hands or feet (called neuropathy), Hearing problems, Kidney problems, Changes in menstruation or ability to have children (fertility). […] Most side effects will go away or get better between treatments and after treatment ends. […] Blood tests will be done regularly while you’re getting chemo. […] For instance, chemo can make you more likely to get infections.

• #1 Vaginal Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65910/

  Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing. […] Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. […] New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials. […] Treatment for vaginal cancer may cause side effects. […] Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. […] Treatment of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VaIN) may include the following: Surgery (laser surgery after biopsy), Surgery (wide local excision) with a skin graft, Surgery (partial or total vaginectomy) with or without a skin graft, Topical chemotherapy, Internal radiation therapy, A clinical trial of immunotherapy (imiquimod) applied to the skin.

• #1 Treatment options | Cancer Australia

  https://www.canceraustralia.gov.au/cancer-types/vaginal-cancer/treatment-options

  Radiation therapy is a commonly used treatment for vaginal cancer. In some women, radiation therapy may be combined with chemotherapy. […] In women with vaginal cancer, chemotherapy is mainly used if the cancer is advanced, or if the cancer returns after treatment. […] Treatment of recurrent vaginal cancer may include the following: pelvic exenteration, radiation therapy, a clinical trial of a new treatment. […] Not all VAIN needs to be treated. The decision to treat will depend on several factors, including if a woman is considered to be at high risk of vaginal cancer. […] Surgically removing the abnormal tissue is an option, but involves some risk of complications and can affect sexual function. […] Occasionally, VAIN is so widespread or hard to treat that more extensive surgery or radiotherapy is recommended.

• #1 Vaginal Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65910/

  Treatment of stage I squamous cell vaginal cancer lesions that are less than 0.5 centimeters thick may include the following: External radiation therapy, especially for large tumors or the lymph nodes near tumors in the lower part of the vagina, Internal radiation therapy, Surgery (wide local excision or vaginectomy with vaginal reconstruction). […] Treatment of stage II, stage III, and stage IVA vaginal cancer is the same for squamous cell cancer and adenocarcinoma. Treatment may include the following: Internal and/or external radiation therapy to the vagina, Surgery (vaginectomy or pelvic exenteration) with or without radiation therapy, Chemotherapy given with radiation therapy. […] Treatment of recurrent vaginal cancer may include the following: Surgery (pelvic exenteration), Radiation therapy.

• #1 Vaginal Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/vaginal/hp/vaginal-treatment-pdq

  For patients with early-stage vaginal carcinoma, radiation therapy, surgery, or a combination of these treatments are standard. Data from randomized trials are lacking, and the choice of therapy is generally determined by institutional experience and the factors listed above. […] For patients with stages III and IVa disease, radiation therapy is standard and includes external-beam radiation therapy (EBRT), alone or with brachytherapy. […] For patients with stage IVb or recurrent disease that cannot be managed with local treatments, current therapy is inadequate. No established anticancer drugs have demonstrated proven clinical benefit, although patients are often treated with regimens used to treat cervical cancer. […] Because vaginal cancer is rare, these patients are candidates for clinical trials of anticancer drugs and/or radiosensitizers to attempt to improve survival or local control. Discussion of clinical trials should be considered with eligible patients. Information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the NCI website.

• #1 Vaginal cancer

  https://www.cancervic.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/vaginal-cancer/treatment-vaginal-cancer.html

  There are several different operations for vaginal cancer. The type of surgery recommended for you depends on the location of the tumour and how far it has spread. Your gynaecological oncologist will talk to you about the risks and complications of your surgery, as well as possible side effects. […] Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells or slow their growth. It may be used if the vaginal cancer is advanced or returns after treatment. Chemotherapy may be combined with radiation therapy (known as chemoradiation or chemoradiotherapy). […] All treatments can have side effects. Some side effects go away quickly; others can take weeks, months or even years to improve. Your treatment team will discuss possible side effects with you before your treatment starts. […] Vaginal cancer and its treatment can sometime lead to long-term, life-changing side effects.

• #1 Radiotherapy for vaginal cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/treatments-and-drugs/radiotherapy-for-vaginal-cancer

  Internal radiotherapy (brachytherapy) is used to give an extra dose of radiation to the tumour after external radiotherapy. […] Chemotherapy is often given with radiotherapy. This is called chemoradiation. The chemotherapy drugs make the cancer cells more sensitive to radiotherapy. The combination of treatments can be more effective than radiotherapy on its own. […] These are some of the late effects of vaginal cancer treatment. After radiotherapy, you may have changes to your bowel or bladder. These are sometimes permanent. Radiotherapy can make your vagina narrower and less stretchy. The vaginal walls may be dry and thin, and can stick together. This can make penetrative sex and internal examinations uncomfortable. Your doctor or nurse may suggest tampon shaped dilators that you gently put inside the vagina to help with this.

• #1 Vaginal Cancer: What happens after treatment? | SGO

  https://www.sgo.org/patient-resources/vaginal-cancer/vaginal-cancer-post-treatment/

  After surgery, it is important that you not place anything in your vagina until your doctor tells you that it is OK. […] If you receive radiation treatment, you will notice less natural lubrication from the vagina and some narrowing of the vagina. […] Your doctor will likely explain that you should use a vaginal dilator after treatment to help with intercourse and future examinations.

• #1 Vaginal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/vaginal-cancer

  Some side effects are short term, but others can be permanent this is often because organs that sit close to the vagina, like the bladder and rectum, can be damaged during treatment. […] Radiotherapy can affect your sex life, too it can cause scar tissue, making the vagina narrower and sex potentially uncomfortable. […] Your medical team should be able to support you in this area, offering the likes of dilators and lubricants to help. […] All forms of surgery can come with pain immediately afterward, as well as a risk of infection and blood clots. […] Other potential risks of surgical treatment include: lymphedema, or swollen legs, which is more likely if you have lymph nodes removed from your groin, early menopause if the ovaries are removed, a higher risk of deep vein thrombosis. […] Chemotherapy comes with a similar list of side effects as radiotherapy. It, too, can damage healthy cells.

• #1 Treating Vaginal Cancer | Vaginal Cancer Treatment | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vaginal-cancer/treating.html

  Clinical trials are carefully controlled research studies that are done to get a closer look at promising new treatments or procedures. Clinical trials are one way to get state-of-the-art cancer treatment. […] You may hear about alternative or complementary methods to relieve symptoms or treat your cancer that your doctors havent mentioned. […] Be sure to talk to your cancer care team about any method you are thinking about using. They can help you learn what is known (or not known) about the method, which can help you make an informed decision. […] Whether you are thinking about treatment, getting treatment, or not being treated at all, you can still get supportive care to help with pain or other symptoms. […] For some people, when treatments have been tried and are no longer controlling the cancer, it could be time to weigh the benefits and risks of continuing to try new treatments. […] Remember that even if you choose not to treat the cancer, you can still get supportive care to help with pain or other symptoms. […] Hospice care is designed to provide the best possible quality of life for people who are near the end of life.

• #1 Get Vaginal Cancer Treatment | Cleveland Clinic

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/vaginal-cancer-treatment

  Radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation to destroy cancer cells. There are two kinds of radiation therapy we may use to treat vaginal cancer: External beam radiation therapy (EBRT) and Brachytherapy (internal radiation therapy). […] In some cases, your provider may go over your options for fertility preservation to help you be able to have children after some types of vaginal cancer treatment. This includes egg or embryo freezing. […] Once you finish vaginal cancer treatment, youll continue to see your care team for follow-up visits and testing. This is an important part of your treatment plan. It helps us make sure youre cancer-free. […] Your Cleveland Clinic care team will guide you through every step of diagnosis, treatment, recovery and follow-up care. We make sure you get the best possible personalized treatment and caring support.

• #1 Radiotherapy for vaginal cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/treatments-and-drugs/radiotherapy-for-vaginal-cancer

  Vaginal dryness can feel uncomfortable. Creams, gels, lubricants or pessaries (small tablets that are put inside the vagina) can help. After pelvic radiotherapy, the blood vessels in the lining of the vagina can become fragile. This means they can bleed more easily, especially after sex. […] Pelvic radiotherapy may increase the risk of swelling in one or both legs. This is called lymphoedema. There are different ways to help manage lymphoedema.

• #1 Treatment options for vaginal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/vaginal-cancer/treatment/treatment-decisions

  There are different operations for vaginal cancer. These include: wide local excision – removal of the cancer and a border of healthy cells around it, vaginectomy removal of the vagina along with surrounding tissues, radical hysterectomy removal of your womb, cervix, upper part of your vagina, and the surrounding tissues. […] You might have surgery called a pelvic exenteration. You have this if your cancer has spread to surrounding tissues or come back after treatment. This involves a hysterectomy as well as removal of the vagina, bladder, rectum (back passage), and part of your bowel. […] Chemotherapy uses anti cancer (cytotoxic) drugs to destroy cancer cells. The drugs circulate throughout the body in your bloodstream. You usually have chemotherapy alongside the radiotherapy treatment. This is called chemoradiotherapy. […] Your doctor might recommend surgery if radiotherapy isn’t a suitable treatment for you. […] Treatment aims to control the cancer and maintain a good quality of life. You might have: chemotherapy, radiotherapy, symptom control, such as pain relief.

• #1 Vaginal Cancer Treatment | Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center – Buffalo, NY

  https://www.roswellpark.org/cancer/vaginal/treatment

  In radiation therapy, high-energy rays are used to kill cancer cells. Like surgery, radiation therapy is a local therapy. It affects cancer cells only in the treated area. […] Chemotherapy uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping the cells from dividing. It may be used after surgery to treat vaginal cancer that has an increased risk of returning after treatment. […] Because treatment for vaginal cancer often involves the removal of reproductive organs, it is important to understand how this will impact your ability to have children as well as your sexual function. If you are concerned about these issues, talk to your care team about what to expect after treatment and steps you might take prior to treatment that may preserve your ability to conceive.

• #2 Treating Vaginal Cancer | Vaginal Cancer Treatment | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vaginal-cancer/treating.html

  If youve been diagnosed with vaginal cancer, your cancer care team will discuss your treatment options with you. Its important that you think carefully about each of your choices. Weigh the benefits of each treatment option against the possible risks and side effects. […] Invasive vaginal cancer is treated mainly with radiation therapy and surgery. Chemotherapy given along with radiation might be used to treat advanced disease. […] Depending on the type and stage of your vaginal cancer, you may need more than one type of treatment. […] Your treatment will depend on the type and stage of your cancer, but other factors might also play a part in choosing the best treatment plan. […] Vaginal cancer can affect your sex life and your ability to have children, so these concerns should also be considered as you make treatment decisions.

• #2 Vaginal Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65801/

  This PDQ cancer information summary for health professionals provides comprehensive, peer-reviewed, evidence-based information about the treatment of vaginal cancer. It is intended as a resource to inform and assist clinicians in the care of their patients. It does not provide formal guidelines or recommendations for making health care decisions. […] Because vaginal cancer is rare, studies are limited to retrospective case series, usually from single-referral institutions. […] The following factors should be considered when planning treatment for vaginal cancer: Stage and size of the lesion, Ability to retain a functional vagina, Presence or absence of the uterus, Whether the patient has received previous pelvic radiation therapy, Whether the lymphatics drain to pelvic or inguinal nodes or both, depending on tumor location, Proximity of the vagina to the bladder or rectum. This limits surgical treatment options and increases short-term and long-term surgical complications and functional deficits.

• #2

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vaginal-cancer/treatment/

  Vaginal cancer is often treatable. […] The main treatment for vaginal cancer is radiotherapy. You may also have surgery and chemotherapy. […] Radiotherapy uses high-energy rays of radiation to kill cancer cells. It’s the main treatment for vaginal cancer. […] Surgery is usually only used on vaginal cancer that’s found early. It’s also used if radiotherapy has not worked. […] Chemotherapy uses medicines to kill cancer cells. It’s not often used on its own to treat vaginal cancer. You may have chemotherapy with radiotherapy (chemoradiotherapy).

• #2 Radiotherapy for vaginal cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/treatments-and-drugs/radiotherapy-for-vaginal-cancer

  Radiotherapy uses high-energy x-rays to destroy cancer cells. You may have radiotherapy as a treatment for vaginal cancer. Radiotherapy treats cancer using high-energy rays (radiation). It destroys the cancer cells, while doing as little harm as possible to normal cells. This is the most common treatment for vaginal cancer. Using radiotherapy to treat cancer in the pelvic area is called pelvic radiotherapy. […] Radiotherapy for vaginal cancer can be given from outside the body (external radiotherapy) or from inside the body (internal radiotherapy). You may have external followed by internal radiotherapy. […] External beam radiotherapy is given from a radiotherapy machine outside the body. You have it as an outpatient once a day from Monday to Friday, with a rest at the weekend. Each session of treatment takes a few minutes. It usually takes about 5 to 6 weeks to have the full course of treatment.

• #2 Radiation Therapy for Vaginal Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/vaginal-cancer/treatments/radiation-therapy-for-vaginal-cancer

  External beam radiation therapy is usually given once a day, five days a week, for about six weeks. […] For brachytherapy, a radiation oncologist places an applicator containing radioactive beads or pellets into the vagina for several minutes. […] Doctors may prescribe brachytherapy alone for tumors that have not grown deeply into the wall of the vagina. For more extensive tumors, brachytherapy may be combined with external beam radiation therapy. […] Brachytherapy may be used to manage vaginal cancer over the course of a few days or weeks on an outpatient basis. […] NYU Langone radiation oncologists carefully plan radiation therapy to minimize side effects. These include fatigue, nausea, and irritation of the bladder and rectum, which may cause diarrhea or blood in the urine or stool. They may recommend supportive care and integrative health services to help you manage side effects.

• #2 Vaginal Cancer | Foundation For Women’s Cancer

  https://foundationforwomenscancer.org/gynecologic-cancers/gynecologic-cancer-types/vaginal-cancer/

  Vaginal cancer treatment and side effects Most patients with vaginal cancer are treated with surgery or radiation therapy. […] Like radiation therapy, surgery is used primarily for early-stage vaginal cancer that is limited to the vagina or, in selected cases, nearby tissue. Large tumors present a challenge since so many important organs are located in the pelvis. […] There are several operations to treat vaginal cancer: Removal of small tumors or lesions: Cancer only on the surface of the vagina is removed along with a small part of surrounding healthy tissue to ensure that all of the cancer cells have been removed. Removal of the vagina (vaginectomy): Removing part of your vagina (partial vaginectomy) or your entire vagina (radical vaginectomy) may be necessary to remove all of the cancer. Depending on the extent of the cancer (see section above on staging), it may be necessary to perform a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus and ovaries) and nearby lymph nodes at the same time. Removal of the majority of the pelvic organs (pelvic exenteration): this may involve removal of the urethra/ bladder/distal ureters and/or anus/rectum. Exenteration is used if the cancer has spread locally or if vaginal cancer recurs after radiation.

• #2 Get Vaginal Cancer Treatment | Cleveland Clinic

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/vaginal-cancer-treatment

  Vaginal cancer is rare. And it can start quietly. […] Cleveland Clinics experienced gynecologic cancer providers are here to map out a highly personalized treatment plan. […] Our gynecologic oncology team is trained to treat gynecologic cancers, including vaginal cancer. We craft highly personalized treatment plans using the latest therapies. […] Well consider your age, test results, overall health and recovery expectations as we build your personalized treatment plan. Typically, we use laser surgery and topical treatments to treat precancerous cells. If your tests show you have invasive cancer, you may have surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. […] Treatment often includes surgery to remove the cancer. Depending on your diagnosis, you may have: Wide local excision: We remove the tumor and some surrounding tissue. Vaginectomy: We remove part or all of your vagina. If the cancer has spread, we may also remove lymph nodes (lymphadenectomy) and do a hysterectomy. Pelvic exenteration: If cancer keeps coming back, your surgeon may remove multiple organs affected by cancer.

• #2 Vaginal Cancer Treatment | Baptist Health Miami Cancer Institute

  https://baptisthealth.net/services/cancer-care/miami-cancer-institute/our-approach/adult-cancers/gynecologic-cancers/vaginal-cancer/treatment

  Lymph node dissection – During this procedure, surgeons remove the pelvic lymph nodes or groin lymph nodes, depending on the location of the cancer. […] Radical hysterectomy – During this procedure, surgeons remove the uterus, cervix and part of the vagina. […] Total pelvic exenteration – During this procedure, which is for cancer that has spread within the pelvis, surgeons remove all the organs in the pelvis, including the bladder, uterus, cervix, vagina, parts of the colon and sometimes the vulva. […] After surgery, our experts will help you through enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS), a nationally recognized recovery method that allows patients to heal faster with less pain. […] In some cases, your care team may decide to combine surgery with radiation therapy. […] Your care team may also use chemotherapy to treat your cancer. […] Whether you receive radiation therapy or chemotherapy will depend on many factors, including the location of your cancer, how aggressive it is and whether it has spread to another part of the body.

• #2 Vaginal cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/vaginal-cancer

  A team of specialists will meet to discuss the best possible treatment for you. This is called a multidisciplinary team (MDT). […] Your cancer doctor or specialist nurse will explain the different treatments and their side effects. They will also talk to you about things to consider when making making treatment decisions. You may be offered some treatments as part of a clinical trial. The treatment you have will depend on different factors. These include: the stage of the cancer, where it is in the vagina, your general health. […] Treatment for vaginal cancer may include the following: Radiotherapy treats cancer using high-energy rays. This is the most common treatment for vaginal cancer. […] Chemotherapy uses anti-cancer drugs to destroy cancer cells. Chemotherapy is often given with radiotherapy. It may also be given to treat vaginal cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. Sometimes it is given before surgery, but this is not common.

• #2 Vaginal Cancer Treatment Options – NYC | Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center (HICCC) – New York

  https://www.cancer.columbia.edu/cancer-types-care/types/vaginal-cancer/treatments

  Your radiation oncologist will design an optimal treatment plan for you for the best possible results. […] Vaginal cancer is rare, and there haven’t been many studies about what type of chemotherapy is best. […] Women with vaginal cancer typically receive a low dose of chemotherapy in combination with radiation. […] The most commonly used chemotherapy drug for vaginal cancer is cisplatin. […] Chemotherapy uses medications (chemicals) to stop cancer growth and spread and to prevent cancer from recurring by causing rapidly dividing cancer cells to become damaged and die. […] We most commonly use the drugs carboplatin and paclitaxel for vaginal cancer.

• #2 Treatment options | Cancer Australia

  https://www.canceraustralia.gov.au/cancer-types/vaginal-cancer/treatment-options

  Radiation therapy is a commonly used treatment for vaginal cancer. In some women, radiation therapy may be combined with chemotherapy. […] In women with vaginal cancer, chemotherapy is mainly used if the cancer is advanced, or if the cancer returns after treatment. […] Treatment of recurrent vaginal cancer may include the following: pelvic exenteration, radiation therapy, a clinical trial of a new treatment. […] Not all VAIN needs to be treated. The decision to treat will depend on several factors, including if a woman is considered to be at high risk of vaginal cancer. […] Surgically removing the abnormal tissue is an option, but involves some risk of complications and can affect sexual function. […] Occasionally, VAIN is so widespread or hard to treat that more extensive surgery or radiotherapy is recommended.

• #2 Treatments for vaginal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/vaginal/treatment

  Your healthcare team will create a treatment plan just for you. The plan is based on your health and specific information about the cancer. What you want is also important when planning treatment. When deciding which treatments to offer for vaginal cancer, your healthcare team will consider: […] Radiation therapy or chemoradiation is the most common treatment used for vaginal cancer. Surgery and chemotherapy may also be used. […] Stage 1 vaginal cancer can be treated with radiation therapy and surgery. […] Stage 2 vaginal cancer can be treated with radiation therapy, surgery and chemotherapy. […] Stage 3 and stage 4A vaginal cancer can be treated with radiation therapy and surgery. […] Stage 4B vaginal cancer may be treated with radiation therapy and chemotherapy. […] Recurrent vaginal cancer can be treated with radiation therapy, chemotherapy and surgery.

• #2 Vaginal Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/vaginal/hp/vaginal-treatment-pdq

  For patients with early-stage vaginal carcinoma, radiation therapy, surgery, or a combination of these treatments are standard. Data from randomized trials are lacking, and the choice of therapy is generally determined by institutional experience and the factors listed above. […] For patients with stages III and IVa disease, radiation therapy is standard and includes external-beam radiation therapy (EBRT), alone or with brachytherapy. […] For patients with stage IVb or recurrent disease that cannot be managed with local treatments, current therapy is inadequate. No established anticancer drugs have demonstrated proven clinical benefit, although patients are often treated with regimens used to treat cervical cancer. […] Because vaginal cancer is rare, these patients are candidates for clinical trials of anticancer drugs and/or radiosensitizers to attempt to improve survival or local control. Discussion of clinical trials should be considered with eligible patients. Information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the NCI website.

• #2 Vaginal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/vaginal-cancer

  In early stages, vaginal cancer treatment has a high success rate. […] If the cancer is stage 1 and in the upper third of the vagina, you might have surgery to remove the tumor and a small area of healthy tissue around it. This is usually followed by radiotherapy. […] Radiotherapy is the most commonly used treatment in all stages of vaginal cancer. In some cases, you might have chemotherapy to support the radiotherapy. However, there’s little evidence for the benefit of chemotherapy for vaginal cancer. […] Depending on the size, location, and margins of your tumor, they might remove: only the tumor and a small area of healthy tissue around it, part or all of the vagina, most of your reproductive or pelvic organs. […] Stage 4b cancer is generally not curable, but treatment can relieve symptoms. If this is the case, a doctor or other HCP might recommend radiotherapy or chemotherapy. It might also be possible to enroll in a clinical trial to help test new treatments.

• #2 Vaginal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/vaginal-cancer

  Some side effects are short term, but others can be permanent this is often because organs that sit close to the vagina, like the bladder and rectum, can be damaged during treatment. […] Radiotherapy can affect your sex life, too it can cause scar tissue, making the vagina narrower and sex potentially uncomfortable. […] Your medical team should be able to support you in this area, offering the likes of dilators and lubricants to help. […] All forms of surgery can come with pain immediately afterward, as well as a risk of infection and blood clots. […] Other potential risks of surgical treatment include: lymphedema, or swollen legs, which is more likely if you have lymph nodes removed from your groin, early menopause if the ovaries are removed, a higher risk of deep vein thrombosis. […] Chemotherapy comes with a similar list of side effects as radiotherapy. It, too, can damage healthy cells.

• #2 Radiotherapy for vaginal cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/treatments-and-drugs/radiotherapy-for-vaginal-cancer

  Vaginal dryness can feel uncomfortable. Creams, gels, lubricants or pessaries (small tablets that are put inside the vagina) can help. After pelvic radiotherapy, the blood vessels in the lining of the vagina can become fragile. This means they can bleed more easily, especially after sex. […] Pelvic radiotherapy may increase the risk of swelling in one or both legs. This is called lymphoedema. There are different ways to help manage lymphoedema.

• #2 Chemotherapy for vaginal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/vaginal-cancer/treatment/about-chemotherapy

  You usually have chemotherapy in cycles of treatment. […] Your doctor will decide which drugs and the exact number of treatments you have. […] You have most of these drugs as injections into a vein or through a drip (intravenous infusion). […] You usually have treatment into your bloodstream at the cancer day clinic. […] You have some types of chemotherapy over several days. […] For some types of chemotherapy you have to stay in a hospital ward. […] You need to have blood tests to make sure it’s safe to start treatment. […] Your doctors and pharmacists work out your chemotherapy dose based on your blood cell levels, and your weight, height and general health. […] Before your first chemotherapy, your doctor will explain what drugs you need, how you have them, and what the side effects are. […] Common chemotherapy side effects include: feeling sick, loss of appetite, losing weight, feeling very tired, increased risk of getting an infection, bleeding and bruising easily, diarrhoea or constipation, hair loss. […] Chemotherapy for vaginal cancer can be difficult to cope with.

• #2 Vaginal Cancer: What happens after treatment? | SGO

  https://www.sgo.org/patient-resources/vaginal-cancer/vaginal-cancer-post-treatment/

  After surgery, it is important that you not place anything in your vagina until your doctor tells you that it is OK. […] If you receive radiation treatment, you will notice less natural lubrication from the vagina and some narrowing of the vagina. […] Your doctor will likely explain that you should use a vaginal dilator after treatment to help with intercourse and future examinations.

• #2 Get Vaginal Cancer Treatment | Cleveland Clinic

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/vaginal-cancer-treatment

  Radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation to destroy cancer cells. There are two kinds of radiation therapy we may use to treat vaginal cancer: External beam radiation therapy (EBRT) and Brachytherapy (internal radiation therapy). […] In some cases, your provider may go over your options for fertility preservation to help you be able to have children after some types of vaginal cancer treatment. This includes egg or embryo freezing. […] Once you finish vaginal cancer treatment, youll continue to see your care team for follow-up visits and testing. This is an important part of your treatment plan. It helps us make sure youre cancer-free. […] Your Cleveland Clinic care team will guide you through every step of diagnosis, treatment, recovery and follow-up care. We make sure you get the best possible personalized treatment and caring support.

• #2 Vaginal Cancer Treatment | Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center – Buffalo, NY

  https://www.roswellpark.org/cancer/vaginal/treatment

  In radiation therapy, high-energy rays are used to kill cancer cells. Like surgery, radiation therapy is a local therapy. It affects cancer cells only in the treated area. […] Chemotherapy uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping the cells from dividing. It may be used after surgery to treat vaginal cancer that has an increased risk of returning after treatment. […] Because treatment for vaginal cancer often involves the removal of reproductive organs, it is important to understand how this will impact your ability to have children as well as your sexual function. If you are concerned about these issues, talk to your care team about what to expect after treatment and steps you might take prior to treatment that may preserve your ability to conceive.

• #2 Vaginal Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15579-vaginal-cancer

  Radiation: Radiation uses targeted energy beams, like X-rays, to destroy cancer cells or keep them from dividing. External radiation therapy: A machine outside your body directs beams of high-energy radiation at your tumor. Internal radiation therapy: Sealed wires or catheters containing radioactive material are placed inside your vagina, either into or near the tumor. […] Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy alone isnt an effective treatment for vaginal cancer, but it may be used alongside radiation to enhance its effectiveness. Sometimes, chemotherapy is used to treat tumors that disappear with treatment and later return. […] Clinical trials: Your provider may recommend you take part in a clinical trial to try new cancer treatments in development. The American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute are good resources for locating current clinical trials involving vaginal cancer treatments.

• #2 5 Innovative Vaginal Cancer Treatment Options | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/vaginal-cancer/vaginal-cancer-treatment.html

  Surgery may be used for: Early-stage vaginal cancer, Sarcomas, Melanomas. […] Common surgeries for vaginal cancer include: Laser surgery, Excision, Vaginectomy, Vaginal reconstruction, Lymphadenectomy, Pelvic exenteration. […] Chemotherapy drugs kill cancer cells, control their growth or relieve disease-related symptoms. […] Radiation therapy uses powerful, focused beams of energy to kill cancer cells. […] MD Anderson provides the most advanced radiation treatments, including: External beam radiation, Brachytherapy. […] Immune checkpoint inhibitors are a type of immunotherapy. […] Targeted therapy drugs are designed to stop or slow the growth or spread of cancer. […] Because of its status as one of the worlds premier cancer centers, MD Anderson participates in clinical trials (research studies) of new therapies for vaginal cancer. […] Vaginal cancer is treated in our Gynecologic Oncology Center.

• #2 Vaginal cancer | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/vaginal-cancer

  Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill or slow the growth of cancer cells. It is usually given if the vaginal cancer is advanced or returns after treatment and may be combined with surgery or radiation therapy. […] In some cases of vaginal cancer, your medical team may talk to you about palliative care. Palliative care aims to improve your quality of life by alleviating symptoms of cancer without trying to cure it. […] Treatment may include radiation therapy, chemotherapy or other drug therapies.

• #2 Treatments for vaginal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/vaginal/treatment

  Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to destroy cancer cells. It is used to treat vaginal cancer. […] Surgery is a medical procedure to examine, remove or repair tissue. Vaginal cancer is sometimes treated with surgery. […] Chemotherapy uses drugs to destroy cancer cells. Vaginal cancer is sometimes treated with chemotherapy. […] Follow-up is an important part of care for vaginal cancer. It often involves regular tests and visits with the healthcare team.

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