Rak pochwy – Epidemiologia

Rak pochwy
Epidemiologia

Rak pochwy jest rzadkim nowotworem złośliwym żeńskiego układu rozrodczego, stanowiącym 1-2% wszystkich nowotworów ginekologicznych, z zachorowalnością wynoszącą 0,4-0,6/100 000 kobiet. Mediana wieku diagnozy to 67-69 lat, a około 50% pacjentek ma powyżej 70 lat. Najczęstszym typem histologicznym jest rak płaskonabłonkowy (80-90%). Główne czynniki ryzyka to zakażenie HPV (około 75% przypadków, szczególnie HPV16 i HPV18), starszy wiek, historia neoplazji szyjki macicy (CIN 3), palenie tytoniu oraz immunosupresja (np. zakażenie HIV). Wskaźniki 5-letniego przeżycia wg SEER wynoszą 76,8% dla raka ograniczonego do pochwy, 58,5% przy zajęciu węzłów chłonnych i 21,5% przy przerzutach odległych. Zachorowalność na raka pochwy wykazuje tendencję spadkową, co przypisuje się populacyjnemu stosowaniu badań cytologicznych i szczepień przeciw HPV.

Epidemiologia raka pochwy

Rak pochwy stanowi rzadki nowotwór złośliwy układu płciowego kobiet, odpowiadający za 1-2% wszystkich nowotworów żeńskiego układu rozrodczego oraz mniej niż 0,5% wszystkich nowotworów u kobiet¹²³. W Stanach Zjednoczonych w 2022 roku odnotowano około 8870 nowych przypadków i 1630 zgonów z powodu raka pochwy i innych nowotworów żeńskich narządów płciowych⁴. Z kolei w 2024 roku szacowana liczba nowych przypadków raka pochwy i innych nowotworów żeńskiego układu płciowego wynosi 8650, a liczba zgonów 1870⁵⁶. W Wielkiej Brytanii każdego roku diagnozuje się około 250 nowych przypadków raka pochwy, co oznacza około 5 przypadków tygodniowo⁷.

Zachorowalność na raka pochwy wynosi od 0,4 do 0,6 na 100 000 kobiet⁸⁹¹⁰. W niektórych krajach europejskich wskaźnik ten jest nieco wyższy – we Francji w 2018 roku standaryzowany według wieku współczynnik zachorowalności wynosił 0,2 na 100 000 osobolat¹¹. W Niemczech obserwuje się około 3580 nowych przypadków rocznie, z czego niespełna 10% dotyczy pochwy¹². W Nowej Zelandii średnio diagnozuje się 17 nowych przypadków raka pochwy rocznie (0,4 na 100 000 kobiet)¹³.

Tendencje zachorowalności

Badanie z 2022 roku wykazało, że zachorowalność na raka pochwy zmniejsza się w ostatnich latach. Jest to prawdopodobnie wynikiem zwiększonego zastosowania badań cytologicznych oraz szczepień przeciwko wirusowi brodawczaka ludzkiego (HPV), które mogą zapobiegać niektórym typom raka pochwy¹⁴. W Wielkiej Brytanii przewiduje się, że zachorowalność na raka pochwy spadnie o 15% między latami 2023-2025 a 2038-2040¹⁵. Natomiast śmiertelność z powodu raka pochwy w tym samym okresie prawdopodobnie wzrośnie o 9%¹⁶.

We Francji również zaobserwowano znaczący spadek standaryzowanego współczynnika zachorowalności – o 3% rocznie między 1990 a 2018 rokiem (z 0,4 przypadków na 100 000 osobolat w 1990 roku do 0,2 w 2018)¹⁷. W badaniu przeprowadzonym w Japonii wykazano, że standaryzowany według wieku współczynnik zachorowalności na raka pochwy konsekwentnie zmniejszał się od 1976 roku, chociaż ze względu na znaczne starzenie się populacji surowa zachorowalność na raka pochwy wydawała się wzrastać¹⁸.

Rozkład wieku

Rak pochwy występuje głównie u starszych kobiet. Mediana wieku w momencie diagnozy wynosi 67-69 lat¹⁹²⁰²¹. Około 50% pacjentek ma powyżej 70 lat w momencie rozpoznania, a 20% powyżej 80 lat²². W Wielkiej Brytanii wskaźniki zachorowalności na raka pochwy są najwyższe u kobiet w wieku 85-89 lat, a 37% wszystkich nowych przypadków raka pochwy diagnozuje się u kobiet w wieku 75 lat i starszych²³.

Tylko około 15% kobiet jest diagnozowanych przed 50. rokiem życia; przypadki te są zwykle powiązane z rakiem szyjki macicy²⁴²⁵. Według danych SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) z lat 2014-2020, 5-letnie względne wskaźniki przeżycia dla raka pochwy wynosiły: 74,3% dla osób poniżej 50 lat, 63,6% dla osób między 50 a 64 rokiem życia oraz 44% dla osób powyżej 65 lat²⁶.

Różnice rasowe i etniczne

Rak pochwy jest częstszy u osób rasy czarnej niż u osób innych ras, chociaż ogólna zachorowalność jest niska dla wszystkich grup rasowych i etnicznych²⁷. Badania wykazują, że osoby rasy czarnej mają większe prawdopodobieństwo rozpoznania zaawansowanego stadium raka pochwy i wyższej śmiertelności niż osoby rasy białej²⁸.

Według badania z 2008 roku, standaryzowany według wieku współczynnik zachorowalności na inwazyjnego raka płaskonabłonkowego (SCC) pochwy był o 72% wyższy u kobiet rasy czarnej w porównaniu do kobiet rasy białej, podczas gdy u kobiet pochodzących z Azji i wysp Pacyfiku był o 34% niższy. Kobiety pochodzenia latynoskiego miały o 38% wyższy wskaźnik niż kobiety niepochodzenia latynoskiego²⁹.

Czynniki ryzyka raka pochwy

Najważniejszym czynnikiem ryzyka rozwoju raka pochwy, podobnie jak w przypadku większości nowotworów, jest zaawansowany wiek³⁰. Rak pochwy dzieli wiele czynników ryzyka z rakiem szyjki macicy, co wynika z podobnego mechanizmu patogenezy obu chorób³¹.

Zakażenie HPV

Zakażenie wirusem brodawczaka ludzkiego (HPV) jest głównym czynnikiem ryzyka raka pochwy. Około 75% przypadków raka pochwy jest spowodowanych przez HPV³². HPV jest wykrywany w większości przypadków raka pochwy, a typy wysokiego ryzyka, takie jak HPV 16 i HPV 18, są szczególnie istotne³³. Według badań, HPV16 występuje w 59% przypadków raka pochwy³⁴.

Ryzyko zachorowania na raka pochwy jest 5-krotnie wyższe u kobiet z przeciwciałami przeciwko HPV16 w porównaniu do kobiet bez tych przeciwciał³⁵. Duńskie badanie wykazało zwiększoną zachorowalność na raka pochwy, a także raka sromu i odbytu, wśród kobiet, które podczas badań przesiewowych szyjki macicy uzyskały pozytywny wynik na obecność HPV wysokiego ryzyka³⁶.

Neoplazja śródnabłonkowa pochwy

Innym czynnikiem związanym z rakiem pochwy jest obecność zmian przedrakowych w pochwie, znanych jako neoplazja śródnabłonkowa pochwy (VAIN). VAIN uważa się za stan przedrakowy, a ryzyko transformacji złośliwej z VAIN do inwazyjnego raka pochwy wynosi około 10%³⁷. Nad 90% przypadków VAIN stopnia 2-3 i 70% przypadków raka pochwy jest związanych z zakażeniami HPV³⁸.

Historia raka szyjki macicy

Historia neoplazji śródnabłonkowej szyjki macicy (CIN), inwazyjnego raka szyjki macicy lub inwazyjnego raka sromu również wiąże się z rakiem pochwy³⁹. Pacjentki z historią śródnabłonkowej neoplazji szyjki macicy 3 stopnia (CIN 3) mają znacznie zwiększone ryzyko rozwoju raka pochwy w porównaniu do wszystkich kobiet w tej samej populacji i okresie⁴⁰.

Około 30% kobiet z rakiem pochwy było wcześniej leczonych z powodu nowotworu anogenitalnego, najczęściej szyjki macicy⁴¹. Badanie populacyjne wykazało, że pacjentki z historią raka szyjki macicy mają zwiększone ryzyko rozwoju raka pochwy, ponieważ te miejsca dzielą ekspozycję i podatność na zakażenia związane z HPV⁴².

Palenie tytoniu

Palenie papierosów ponad dwukrotnie zwiększa ryzyko zachorowania na raka pochwy⁴³. Jest to istotny kofaktor, który wraz z zakażeniem HPV przyczynia się do rozwoju raka pochwy⁴⁴.

Inne czynniki ryzyka

Do pozostałych czynników ryzyka raka pochwy należą:

Ekspozycja na dietylostilbestrol (DES) przed urodzeniem – kobiety, których matki przyjmowały DES podczas ciąży, mają zwiększone ryzyko rozwoju gruczolakoraka jasnokomórkowego pochwy⁴⁵⁴⁶
Osłabiony układ odpornościowy – zakażenie HIV zwiększa 9-krotnie ryzyko raka pochwy w porównaniu z populacją ogólną⁴⁷⁴⁸
Wcześniejsza radioterapia miednicy – około 10% kobiet ze zdiagnozowanym pierwotnym rakiem pochwy ma w wywiadzie napromienianie miednicy⁴⁹
Długotrwałe używanie pessarium i przewlekłe podrażnienie błony śluzowej pochwy⁵⁰⁵¹
Wczesny wiek pierwszego stosunku płciowego⁵²
Większa liczba partnerów seksualnych⁵³
Niski status socjoekonomiczny⁵⁴

Typy histologiczne raka pochwy

Najczęstszym typem histologicznym raka pochwy jest rak płaskonabłonkowy (SCC), który stanowi około 80-90% wszystkich przypadków raka pochwy⁵⁵⁵⁶. Kolejne pod względem częstości występowania są:

Gruczolakorak (5-10% przypadków)⁵⁷
Gruczolakorak jasnokomórkowy – rzadki podtyp, często związany z ekspozycją na DES⁵⁸
Czerniak pochwy – bardzo rzadki, ale agresywny typ⁵⁹
Mięsak pochwy⁶⁰
Chłoniak pochwy⁶¹

Według badania SEER, najczęstszymi typami histologicznymi są rak płaskonabłonkowy (74,5%), gruczolakorak (16,7%) i czerniak (3,3%)⁶².

Nadzór i obserwacja raka pochwy

Ze względu na rzadkość występowania raka pochwy, nie istnieją rutynowe badania przesiewowe dla tej choroby. Pap test (cytologia) nie jest przeznaczony do wykrywania raka pochwy, choć czasami może wykryć zmiany przedrakowe w pochwie⁶³⁶⁴.

Badania przesiewowe

Rutynowe badania przesiewowe w kierunku raka pochwy, w tym rutynowe badania obrazowe, takie jak ultrasonografia lub MRI, nie są zalecane u kobiet bez objawów⁶⁵. Obrazowanie bez wskazań jest odradzane, ponieważ jest mało prawdopodobne, aby wykryło nawrót lub poprawiło przeżycie, a wiąże się z własnymi kosztami i działaniami niepożądanymi⁶⁶.

Jednak kobiety z grupy ryzyka, zwłaszcza te z historią neoplazji szyjki macicy i ryzykownym zachowaniem seksualnym, powinny regularnie wykonywać test Pap⁶⁷. Amerykańskie Kolegium Położników i Ginekologów zaleca zaprzestanie badań przesiewowych u kobiet po histerektomii z powodu chorób łagodnych, które nie mają w wywiadzie dysplazji szyjki macicy wysokiego stopnia⁶⁸.

Obserwacja po leczeniu

Standardowa obserwacja po leczeniu raka pochwy obejmuje badanie kliniczne co 3 miesiące przez 2 lata, a następnie w rzadszych odstępach czasu⁶⁹. W przypadku pacjentek z początkową masywną chorobą, zaleca się rozważenie nadzoru po leczeniu za pomocą PET/CT⁷⁰.

Podobnie jak w przypadku innych nowotworów ginekologicznych, dowody na poparcie nadzoru po początkowym leczeniu raka pochwy są słabe ze względu na brak randomizowanych lub prospektywnych badań klinicznych. Nie ma wiarygodnych dowodów, że rutynowe procedury cytologiczne lub obrazowe u pacjentek poprawiają wyniki zdrowotne poza tym, co osiąga się dzięki dokładnemu badaniu fizykalnemu i ocenie nowych objawów⁷¹⁷².

Wskaźniki przeżycia i czynniki prognostyczne

Wskaźniki przeżycia dla raka pochwy różnią się w zależności od stadium choroby w momencie diagnozy, typu histologicznego, wieku pacjentki i innych czynników.

Wskaźniki przeżycia wg stadium

Według analizy danych z programu Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) obejmującej ponad 2000 pacjentek, 5-letnie przeżycie specyficzne dla choroby wynosi⁷³:

84% dla stadium I
75% dla stadium II
57% dla zaawansowanych guzów

Dane SEER z lat 2014-2020 pokazują następujące 5-letnie względne wskaźniki przeżycia dla raka pochwy⁷⁴⁷⁵:

76,8% dla raka ograniczonego tylko do pochwy
58,5% dla raka, który rozprzestrzenił się do pobliskich tkanek i węzłów chłonnych
21,5% dla raka, który dał przerzuty (rozprzestrzenił się do odległych narządów)
54,5% dla wszystkich stadiów łącznie

Czynniki prognostyczne

Głównymi czynnikami prognostycznymi dla raka pochwy są⁷⁶:

Wiek – starszy wiek (≥80 lat) ma większy wpływ na ryzyko śmiertelności w chorobie we wczesnym stadium
Typ histologiczny – czerniak wiąże się z gorszym rokowaniem
Stadium TNM
Wielkość guza – większy rozmiar guza pierwotnego wiąże się z wyższą częstością niepowodzeń miejscowych, co negatywnie wpływa na przeżycie
Leczenie chirurgiczne i radioterapia – dane sugerują zmniejszone wskaźniki śmiertelności u kobiet, które przechodzą zabieg chirurgiczny lub radioterapię

Inne czynniki, które mogą wpływać na wskaźniki przeżycia w przypadku raka pochwy, obejmują⁷⁷:

Lokalizacja guza – niektóre badania wykazały, że guzy poza górną trzecią częścią pochwy lub dotykające całej pochwy wiążą się z mniej korzystnym rokowaniem
Status węzłów chłonnych – rokowanie jest gorsze w przypadku raka, który przerzutował do węzłów chłonnych i odległych miejsc
Stan cywilny – badania wykazały, że zamężne kobiety mają dłuższe przeżycie i niższą śmiertelność w porównaniu do kobiet rozwiedzionych, w separacji lub owdowiałych⁷⁸⁷⁹

Wyzwania w badaniach nad rakiem pochwy

Ze względu na rzadkość występowania raka pochwy, istnieje szereg wyzwań związanych z badaniami nad tą chorobą i opracowywaniem standardów leczenia.

Ograniczenia badań klinicznych

Obecnie nie ma randomizowanych badań dotyczących leczenia raka pochwy ze względu na rzadkość choroby, a wytyczne są generalnie oparte na ograniczonych badaniach⁸⁰. Większość dostępnych danych pochodzi z retrospektywnych serii przypadków, zwykle z pojedynczych instytucji referencyjnych⁸¹.

Porównanie podejść terapeutycznych jest dodatkowo skomplikowane przez częste niepodawanie przez badaczy precyzyjnych kryteriów stopniowania (szczególnie dla stadium I vs stadium II) lub kryteriów wyboru modalności leczenia⁸². Doprowadziło to do szerokiego zakresu raportowanych wskaźników kontroli choroby i przeżycia dla danego stadium i modalności leczenia.

Standaryzacja leczenia

Ze względu na rzadkość raka pochwy oraz jeszcze rzadsze zaawansowane przypadki, prospektywne dane i dane z badań klinicznych dotyczące skuteczności leczenia systemowego są skąpe⁸³. Nie ma konsensusu co do skutecznych schematów leczenia systemowego raka pochwy⁸⁴.

Leczenie i obserwacja raków pochwy są często scentralizowane ze względu na ograniczoną liczbę pacjentów. Pozwala to na specjalizację wśród profesjonalistów leczących pacjentów⁸⁵. Opcje leczenia w przypadku złośliwości pochwy zależą od typu guza, wielkości, dokładnej lokalizacji i możliwego rozprzestrzeniania się⁸⁶.

Znaczenie profilaktyki

Biorąc pod uwagę, że około 75% przypadków raka pochwy w Wielkiej Brytanii można zapobiec⁸⁷, profilaktyka odgrywa kluczową rolę w zmniejszaniu obciążenia tą chorobą.

Szczepienia przeciwko HPV

Szczepienie przeciwko HPV jest zalecane dla wszystkich kobiet (i mężczyzn), najlepiej przed rozpoczęciem aktywności seksualnej⁸⁸. W czterech krajach nordyckich (Dania, Islandia, Norwegia i Szwecja) szczepienie przeciwko HPV 16/18 mogłoby zapobiec około 8500 przypadkom raka ginekologicznego i stanów przedrakowych rocznie⁸⁹.

Walka z rakiem szyjki macicy, pochwy i innymi nowotworami związanymi z HPV opiera się obecnie na szczepieniach przeciwko HPV, które mogą mieć globalne perspektywy profilaktyczne, których badania przesiewowe nie były w stanie spełnić⁹⁰.

Badania i wczesne wykrywanie

Chociaż nie ma specyficznych programów przesiewowych dostępnych lub zalecanych dla wczesnego wykrywania raka pochwy, badania przesiewowe w kierunku raka szyjki macicy, szczególnie po wprowadzeniu testów na HPV, mogą być przydatne w wykrywaniu raków pochwy u osób bez objawów⁹¹.

Większość osób jest diagnozowana z rakiem pochwy dzięki ukierunkowanym badaniom po zgłoszeniu objawów⁹². W przypadku nieprawidłowych wyników badań cytologicznych bez widocznych zmian w szyjce macicy, należy wykonać kolposkopię pochwy⁹³.

Podsumowanie epidemiologii raka pochwy

Rak pochwy pozostaje rzadkim nowotworem złośliwym układu rozrodczego kobiet, stanowiącym 1-2% wszystkich nowotworów ginekologicznych. Zachorowalność na raka pochwy wynosi od 0,4 do 0,6 na 100 000 kobiet i wydaje się zmniejszać w ostatnich latach, prawdopodobnie dzięki zwiększonemu zastosowaniu badań przesiewowych i szczepień przeciwko HPV.

Choroba ta występuje głównie u starszych kobiet, z medianą wieku w momencie diagnozy wynoszącą 67-69 lat. Najczęstszym typem histologicznym jest rak płaskonabłonkowy, stanowiący 80-90% wszystkich przypadków. Główne czynniki ryzyka obejmują zakażenie HPV, starszy wiek, historię raka szyjki macicy lub sromu oraz palenie tytoniu.

Ze względu na rzadkość występowania raka pochwy, nie ma rutynowych badań przesiewowych dla tej choroby, a dostępne dowody na najlepsze metody leczenia są ograniczone. Stadium choroby w momencie diagnozy pozostaje najważniejszym czynnikiem prognostycznym, przy czym 5-letnie wskaźniki przeżycia wahają się od około 77% dla choroby zlokalizowanej do około 22% dla choroby przerzutowej.

Przyszłe badania powinny koncentrować się na lepszym zrozumieniu patogenezy raka pochwy, identyfikacji nowych celów terapeutycznych oraz optymalizacji strategii leczenia dla poprawy wyników u pacjentek z tym rzadkim nowotworem.

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Materiały źródłowe

#1 Vaginal Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559126/
Primary vaginal cancer is rare, comprising 1-2% of all female reproductive tract cancers because most lesions are metastatic, typically arising from other reproductive organs such as the cervix, endometrium, or ovary; however, they can also metastasize from distant sites such as the colon, breast, and pancreas. […] Primary vaginal cancer is strictly defined as a disease without evidence of cervical or vulvar cancer or a history of either within the past five years. […] The incidence of vaginal cancer arising primarily from the vagina increases with age, with approximately 50% of patients presenting over the age of 70 years and 20% over 80 years. […] The average age of diagnosis is 67 years. […] Approximately 15% of women are diagnosed under age 50; these are usually associated with cervical cancer.
#2 Key Statistics for Vaginal Cancer | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vaginal-cancer/about/key-statistics.html
Vaginal cancer is rare. It accounts for 1% to 2% of cancers in the female genital tract, and a very small portion of cancers overall. […] Vaginal cancer occurs mainly in older women. Women usually are round 69 years old when they are diagnosed; though some women will be younger and some will be older. […] About 75% of vaginal cancers are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV).
#3 Vaginal cancer incidence: Overall, age, and race
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-common-is-vaginal-cancer
For example, Black people are more likely to receive a diagnosis of advanced-stage vaginal cancer and have a higher mortality rate than white people. […] Vaginal cancer is rare and appears to account for less than 2% of malignancies of the female genital tract. […] A persons risk of developing vaginal cancer seems to increase with age. Other risk factors include having HPV, smoking, and having a history of cervical cancer. […] However, due to the increase in Pap smears and HPV vaccines, the incidence of vaginal cancer appears to be decreasing.
#4 Vaginal cancer incidence: Overall, age, and race
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-common-is-vaginal-cancer
Vaginal cancer is uncommon, making up just 12% of malignancies of the female genital tract. However, a persons risk of developing vaginal cancer appears to increase with age. […] Vaginal cancer is a rare type of cancer, accounting for 12% of all gynecologic cancers. […] In 2022, there were an estimated 8,870 new cases and 1,630 deaths due to vaginal and other female genital cancers in the United States. […] A 2022 study found that the incidence of vaginal cancer has been decreasing in recent years. This may be a result of an increased use of Pap smear tests and the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, which can prevent some types of vaginal cancer. […] The incidence of vaginal cancer increases with age, with the median age of diagnosis being 67 years. […] Vaginal cancer is more common in non-Hispanic Black people than in people of other races, although the overall incidence is low for all racial and ethnic groups.
#5 Vaginal Cancer Treatment (PDQÂ®) – NCI
https://www.cancer.gov/types/vaginal/hp/vaginal-treatment-pdq
Carcinomas of the vagina are uncommon tumors comprising about 2% of the cancers that arise in the female genital system. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) accounts for approximately 80% to 90% of vaginal cancer cases and adenocarcinoma accounts for 5% to 10% of vaginal cancer cases. […] Estimated new cases and deaths from vaginal and other female genital cancer in the United States in 2025: New cases: 8,070. Deaths: 1,950. […] Increasing age is the most important risk factor for most cancers. Other risk factors for vaginal cancer include: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. SCC of the vagina is associated with a high rate of infection with oncogenic strains of HPV. SCC of the vagina and SCC of the cervix have many common risk factors. HPV infection has also been described in a case of vaginal adenocarcinoma.
#6 Vaginal Cancer Overview – American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
https://www.aacr.org/patients-caregivers/cancer/vaginal-cancer/
Vaginal cancer is not common. There are two main types of vaginal cancer: squamous cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma. Adenocarcinoma is more likely than squamous cell cancer to spread to the lungs and lymph nodes. A rare type of adenocarcinoma is linked to being exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) before birth. Adenocarcinomas not linked with being exposed to DES are most common in women after menopause. […] Age and being exposed to the drug DES before birth affect a womans risk of vaginal cancer. Other risk factors for vaginal cancer are human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, a history of abnormal cells in the cervix or cervical cancer, a history of abnormal cells in the uterus or cancer of the uterus and having had a hysterectomy for health problems that affect the uterus. […] The National Cancer Institute estimates that approximately 8,650 cases of vaginal and other female genital cancers will be diagnosed in the United States in 2024, and about 1,870 deaths will occur.
#7 Vaginal cancer statistics | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/vaginal-cancer
There are around 250 new vaginal cancer cases in the UK every year, that’s around 5 every week (2017-2019). […] Vaginal cancer accounts for less than 1% of all new cancer cases in females in the UK (2017-2019). […] Vaginal cancer incidence rates are projected to fall by 15% in the UK between 2023-2025 and 2038-2040. […] Vaginal cancer is the not among the 20 most common causes of cancer death in females in the UK, accounting for less than 1% of all cancer deaths in females in the UK (2017-2019). […] Mortality rates for vaginal cancer in the UK are highest in females aged 90+ (2017-2019). […] Vaginal cancer mortality rates are projected to rise by 9% in the UK between 2023-2025 and 2038-2040. […] 75% of vaginal cancer cases in the UK are preventable.
#8 Descriptive epidemiology of vaginal cancer incidence and survival by race, ethnicity, and age in the United States – PubMed
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18980291/
Vaginal cancer is a rare malignancy. It has many of the same risk factors as cervical cancer, including a strong association with persistent human papillomavirus infection. Descriptive studies of the epidemiology of vaginal cancer are scarce in the literature. […] Incidence rates for all vaginal cancers combined were 0.18 per 100,000 female population for in situ cases and 0.69 for invasive cases. The median age of invasive cases was older than that of in situ cases (aged 68 years vs 58 years). SCC was the most common histologic type (71% of in situ cases and 66% of invasive cases). Compared with the rate for white women, the age-adjusted incidence rate of invasive SCC was 72% higher (P .05) among black women, whereas the rate among Asian/Pacific Islander (API) women was 34% lower (P .05). Hispanic women had a 38% higher rate than non-Hispanic women (P .05) of invasive SCC. The rates for in situ SCC peaked at age 70 years and then declined, whereas the rates of invasive SCC increased continuously with advancing age. Black, API, and Hispanic women as well as older women were more likely to be diagnosed with late-stage disease, and these groups had lower 5-year relative survival rates than their white, non-Hispanic, and younger counterparts. […] Incidence rates of vaginal SCC varied significantly by race, ethnicity, and age group. Black, API, and Hispanic women as well as older women had a high proportion of late-stage disease and a low 5-year survival rate.
#9
https://bpac.org.nz/2023/vaginal-cancer.aspx
Vaginal cancer is the least common type of gynaecological cancer in New Zealand with an average of 17 females newly diagnosed each year (from 2015 2020). […] Most people are diagnosed with vaginal cancer with targeted investigations after symptoms are reported. […] There are no screening programmes for the early detection of vaginal cancer, but some people are diagnosed incidentally after an examination for other reasons, e.g. cervical screening. Most people are diagnosed with targeted investigations after symptoms are reported. […] Vaginal cancer is the rarest type of gynaecological cancer in New Zealand with an average of 17 new diagnoses (0.4 per 100,000 females; from 2015 2020) and nine deaths (0.2 per 100,000 females; from 2015 2018) each year. […] The risk of vaginal cancer increases with age; it primarily affects older females with an average age at diagnosis of 60 70 years.
#10 Vaginal cancer | EBSCO Research Starters
https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/consumer-health/vaginal-cancer
Vaginal cancer is a rare form of cancer that arises within the vagina, distinct from cancers that metastasize from other gynecological regions. It primarily affects women over the age of sixty, and approximately 3,000 new cases are diagnosed annually in the United States. […] Risk factors for vaginal cancer include human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES, banned in the United States in 1971) in utero, a history of cervical cancer, vaginal adenosis, uterine prolapse, cigarette smoking, chronic vaginal irritation, low socioeconomic status, hysterectomy at an early age, and vaginal trauma. Women over sixty are at the greatest risk, with the average age at diagnosis being sixty-nine. […] There are approximately 3,000 new cases of vaginal cancer in the United States each year. The estimated incidence of vaginal cancer is 0.4 to 0.6 cases per 100,000 women. Vaginal cancer accounts for 1 to 2 percent of malignancies involving the female reproductive tract. Over 90 percent of vaginal cancers are classified as squamous cell carcinomas.
#11 Trends in incidence of invasive vaginal cancer in France from 1990 to 2018 and survival of recently diagnosed women â A population-based study – Archive ouverte HAL
https://hal.science/hal-04012030/
Trends in incidence of invasive vaginal cancer in France from 1990 to 2018 and survival of recently diagnosed women A population-based study […] The aim of this study was to analyze trends in the incidence of vaginal cancer in France over a 28-year period and to present survival for recently-diagnosed women. […] With 162 new cases estimated in France in 2018, vaginal cancer represented 0.9 % of genital cancers in French women. In 2018, the world population age-standardized incidence rate was 0.2 per 100,000 person-years, median age at diagnosis was 75 years. The standardized incidence rate decreased significantly by 3 % per year (95 % CI, -3.8; -2.2) between 1990 and 2018 (0.4 cases per 100,000 person-year in 1990, vs 0.2 in 2018). […] This study confirms that vaginal cancer is still a rare malignancy in France with 5-year net survival that remains low. We observed a consistent decrease in the incidence rate between 1990 and 2018.
#12 Epidemiology of vulvar and vaginal cancer in Germany
https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:54111124
Population-based cancer registration is comprehensively implemented in the whole of Germany. Since 2009 the Center for Cancer Registry Data has been collecting the cancer registry data of the federal states every year and determining their completeness. On this basis cancer of the vulva and vagina were estimated (defined as C51-C52 according to the currently valid tenth version of the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, ICD-10). Currently, approximately 3580 new cases occur each year of which just under 90% affect the vulva. An increase in cancer of the vulva has also led to an increase in deaths in recent years. Approximately 930 women died of vulvar cancer in 2016 and another 190 died of vaginal cancer. […] Women with cancer of the vagina have an even worse prognosis, where the 5year relative survival is 43%.
#13
https://bpac.org.nz/2023/vaginal-cancer.aspx
Vaginal cancer is the least common type of gynaecological cancer in New Zealand with an average of 17 females newly diagnosed each year (from 2015 2020). […] Most people are diagnosed with vaginal cancer with targeted investigations after symptoms are reported. […] There are no screening programmes for the early detection of vaginal cancer, but some people are diagnosed incidentally after an examination for other reasons, e.g. cervical screening. Most people are diagnosed with targeted investigations after symptoms are reported. […] Vaginal cancer is the rarest type of gynaecological cancer in New Zealand with an average of 17 new diagnoses (0.4 per 100,000 females; from 2015 2020) and nine deaths (0.2 per 100,000 females; from 2015 2018) each year. […] The risk of vaginal cancer increases with age; it primarily affects older females with an average age at diagnosis of 60 70 years.
#14 Vaginal cancer incidence: Overall, age, and race
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-common-is-vaginal-cancer
Vaginal cancer is uncommon, making up just 12% of malignancies of the female genital tract. However, a persons risk of developing vaginal cancer appears to increase with age. […] Vaginal cancer is a rare type of cancer, accounting for 12% of all gynecologic cancers. […] In 2022, there were an estimated 8,870 new cases and 1,630 deaths due to vaginal and other female genital cancers in the United States. […] A 2022 study found that the incidence of vaginal cancer has been decreasing in recent years. This may be a result of an increased use of Pap smear tests and the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, which can prevent some types of vaginal cancer. […] The incidence of vaginal cancer increases with age, with the median age of diagnosis being 67 years. […] Vaginal cancer is more common in non-Hispanic Black people than in people of other races, although the overall incidence is low for all racial and ethnic groups.
#15 Vaginal cancer statistics | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/vaginal-cancer
There are around 250 new vaginal cancer cases in the UK every year, that’s around 5 every week (2017-2019). […] Vaginal cancer accounts for less than 1% of all new cancer cases in females in the UK (2017-2019). […] Vaginal cancer incidence rates are projected to fall by 15% in the UK between 2023-2025 and 2038-2040. […] Vaginal cancer is the not among the 20 most common causes of cancer death in females in the UK, accounting for less than 1% of all cancer deaths in females in the UK (2017-2019). […] Mortality rates for vaginal cancer in the UK are highest in females aged 90+ (2017-2019). […] Vaginal cancer mortality rates are projected to rise by 9% in the UK between 2023-2025 and 2038-2040. […] 75% of vaginal cancer cases in the UK are preventable.
#16 Vaginal cancer statistics | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/vaginal-cancer
There are around 250 new vaginal cancer cases in the UK every year, that’s around 5 every week (2017-2019). […] Vaginal cancer accounts for less than 1% of all new cancer cases in females in the UK (2017-2019). […] Vaginal cancer incidence rates are projected to fall by 15% in the UK between 2023-2025 and 2038-2040. […] Vaginal cancer is the not among the 20 most common causes of cancer death in females in the UK, accounting for less than 1% of all cancer deaths in females in the UK (2017-2019). […] Mortality rates for vaginal cancer in the UK are highest in females aged 90+ (2017-2019). […] Vaginal cancer mortality rates are projected to rise by 9% in the UK between 2023-2025 and 2038-2040. […] 75% of vaginal cancer cases in the UK are preventable.
#17 Trends in incidence of invasive vaginal cancer in France from 1990 to 2018 and survival of recently diagnosed women â A population-based study – Archive ouverte HAL
https://hal.science/hal-04012030/
Trends in incidence of invasive vaginal cancer in France from 1990 to 2018 and survival of recently diagnosed women A population-based study […] The aim of this study was to analyze trends in the incidence of vaginal cancer in France over a 28-year period and to present survival for recently-diagnosed women. […] With 162 new cases estimated in France in 2018, vaginal cancer represented 0.9 % of genital cancers in French women. In 2018, the world population age-standardized incidence rate was 0.2 per 100,000 person-years, median age at diagnosis was 75 years. The standardized incidence rate decreased significantly by 3 % per year (95 % CI, -3.8; -2.2) between 1990 and 2018 (0.4 cases per 100,000 person-year in 1990, vs 0.2 in 2018). […] This study confirms that vaginal cancer is still a rare malignancy in France with 5-year net survival that remains low. We observed a consistent decrease in the incidence rate between 1990 and 2018.
#18
https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2017/08110/descriptive_epidemiological_study_of_vaginal.36.aspx
Vaginal cancer is such a rare tumor that epidemiological and clinical information for it is based mainly on studies of small numbers of cases. The aim of the present study was to perform a descriptive epidemiological analysis of vaginal cancer using a significantly larger population-based dataset from the Japanese Osaka Cancer Registry. […] The age-standardized incidence of vaginal cancer per 1,000,000 persons, from 1976 to 2010, was calculated and examined for trends. A total of 481 cases of vaginal cancer were registered in Osaka during the 35-year period from 1976 to 2010. The age-adjusted incidence rate has significantly and consistently decreased over this time; however, due to significant population aging, the raw incidence of vaginal cancer appeared to have been increasing. […] The age-adjusted incidence of vaginal cancer has decreased since 1976. Regrettably, the 10-year survival rate did not similarly improve, and it remained stable during the period from 2001 to 2008, compared with the period from 1976 to 2000, indicating that significant work remains to be done to develop more effective vaginal cancer treatments.
#19 Vaginal Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559126/
Primary vaginal cancer is rare, comprising 1-2% of all female reproductive tract cancers because most lesions are metastatic, typically arising from other reproductive organs such as the cervix, endometrium, or ovary; however, they can also metastasize from distant sites such as the colon, breast, and pancreas. […] Primary vaginal cancer is strictly defined as a disease without evidence of cervical or vulvar cancer or a history of either within the past five years. […] The incidence of vaginal cancer arising primarily from the vagina increases with age, with approximately 50% of patients presenting over the age of 70 years and 20% over 80 years. […] The average age of diagnosis is 67 years. […] Approximately 15% of women are diagnosed under age 50; these are usually associated with cervical cancer.
#20 Key Statistics for Vaginal Cancer | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vaginal-cancer/about/key-statistics.html
Vaginal cancer is rare. It accounts for 1% to 2% of cancers in the female genital tract, and a very small portion of cancers overall. […] Vaginal cancer occurs mainly in older women. Women usually are round 69 years old when they are diagnosed; though some women will be younger and some will be older. […] About 75% of vaginal cancers are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV).
#21 Vaginal cancer incidence: Overall, age, and race
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-common-is-vaginal-cancer
Vaginal cancer is uncommon, making up just 12% of malignancies of the female genital tract. However, a persons risk of developing vaginal cancer appears to increase with age. […] Vaginal cancer is a rare type of cancer, accounting for 12% of all gynecologic cancers. […] In 2022, there were an estimated 8,870 new cases and 1,630 deaths due to vaginal and other female genital cancers in the United States. […] A 2022 study found that the incidence of vaginal cancer has been decreasing in recent years. This may be a result of an increased use of Pap smear tests and the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, which can prevent some types of vaginal cancer. […] The incidence of vaginal cancer increases with age, with the median age of diagnosis being 67 years. […] Vaginal cancer is more common in non-Hispanic Black people than in people of other races, although the overall incidence is low for all racial and ethnic groups.
#22 Vaginal Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559126/
Primary vaginal cancer is rare, comprising 1-2% of all female reproductive tract cancers because most lesions are metastatic, typically arising from other reproductive organs such as the cervix, endometrium, or ovary; however, they can also metastasize from distant sites such as the colon, breast, and pancreas. […] Primary vaginal cancer is strictly defined as a disease without evidence of cervical or vulvar cancer or a history of either within the past five years. […] The incidence of vaginal cancer arising primarily from the vagina increases with age, with approximately 50% of patients presenting over the age of 70 years and 20% over 80 years. […] The average age of diagnosis is 67 years. […] Approximately 15% of women are diagnosed under age 50; these are usually associated with cervical cancer.
#23 Vaginal Cancer | Doctor
https://patient.info/doctor/vaginal-cancer
Vaginal cancer accounts for less than 1% of all new cancer cases in females in the UK (2016-2018). […] Incidence rates for vaginal cancer in the UK are highest in females aged 85 to 89 (2016-2018). 37% of all new vaginal cancer cases in the UK are diagnosed in females aged 75 and over (2016-2018). […] Since the early 1990s, vaginal cancer incidence rates have remained stable in females in the UK (2016-2018). Vaginal cancer incidence rates are projected to fall by 15% in the UK between 2023-2025 and 2038-2040. […] Vaginal cancer incidence rates in England in females are 88% higher in the most deprived quintile compared with the least (2013-2017). […] Older age is the main risk factor for cancer. Most vaginal cancers occur in postmenopausal or elderly women. When occurring in younger patients, the disease seems to be aetiologically related to cervical neoplasia, and therefore HPV dependent.
#24 Vaginal Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559126/
Primary vaginal cancer is rare, comprising 1-2% of all female reproductive tract cancers because most lesions are metastatic, typically arising from other reproductive organs such as the cervix, endometrium, or ovary; however, they can also metastasize from distant sites such as the colon, breast, and pancreas. […] Primary vaginal cancer is strictly defined as a disease without evidence of cervical or vulvar cancer or a history of either within the past five years. […] The incidence of vaginal cancer arising primarily from the vagina increases with age, with approximately 50% of patients presenting over the age of 70 years and 20% over 80 years. […] The average age of diagnosis is 67 years. […] Approximately 15% of women are diagnosed under age 50; these are usually associated with cervical cancer.
#25 Innovations in the Management of Vaginal Cancer
https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/29/5/250
Primary vaginal cancer is rare and represents 1 to 2% of all gynaecological malignancies. In Canada, 1020 women are diagnosed, and 368 deaths occur annually from vaginal cancers. Given the rarity of vaginal cancer, there are no randomized control trials to guide treatment decisions, and clinical care guidelines are based on limited retrospective and comparative studies. As such, there is no standardized approach to the management and treatment of vaginal cancer, and a great variety of therapeutic strategies are endorsed for this condition. […] Vaginal cancer rates increase with age and peak incidence occurs in the sixth and seventh decades of life. Less than 15% of patients are diagnosed below the age of 50, and the average age at the time of diagnosis is 67. When vaginal malignancy is found in younger women, it is usually linked to cervical cancer.
#26 Vaginal Cancer Survival Rates: Stage, Type, and Age
https://www.healthline.com/health/vaginal-cancer-survival-rate
According to the SEER Program, the 5-year relative survival rates by age for vaginal cancer between 2014 and 2020 were: 74.3% for people under 50 years, 63.6% for people between 50 and 64 years, 44% for people over 65 years, 54.5% for all ages. […] Most vaginal cancers are diagnosed at an older age. The American Cancer Society notes that the average age at diagnosis of vaginal cancer is 67 years. […] Vaginal cancer is treatable, especially if its diagnosed in an early stage. The potential treatment options for vaginal cancer can include one or a combination of the following: laser surgery or topical therapy for vaginal pre-cancers or carcinomas in situ, surgery to remove all or part of the vagina and potentially other tissues, like the uterus or surrounding lymph nodes, radiation therapy, which may be internal (brachytherapy) or external, chemotherapy.
#27 Vaginal cancer incidence: Overall, age, and race
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-common-is-vaginal-cancer
Vaginal cancer is uncommon, making up just 12% of malignancies of the female genital tract. However, a persons risk of developing vaginal cancer appears to increase with age. […] Vaginal cancer is a rare type of cancer, accounting for 12% of all gynecologic cancers. […] In 2022, there were an estimated 8,870 new cases and 1,630 deaths due to vaginal and other female genital cancers in the United States. […] A 2022 study found that the incidence of vaginal cancer has been decreasing in recent years. This may be a result of an increased use of Pap smear tests and the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, which can prevent some types of vaginal cancer. […] The incidence of vaginal cancer increases with age, with the median age of diagnosis being 67 years. […] Vaginal cancer is more common in non-Hispanic Black people than in people of other races, although the overall incidence is low for all racial and ethnic groups.
#28 Vaginal cancer incidence: Overall, age, and race
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-common-is-vaginal-cancer
For example, Black people are more likely to receive a diagnosis of advanced-stage vaginal cancer and have a higher mortality rate than white people. […] Vaginal cancer is rare and appears to account for less than 2% of malignancies of the female genital tract. […] A persons risk of developing vaginal cancer seems to increase with age. Other risk factors include having HPV, smoking, and having a history of cervical cancer. […] However, due to the increase in Pap smears and HPV vaccines, the incidence of vaginal cancer appears to be decreasing.
#29 Descriptive epidemiology of vaginal cancer incidence and survival by race, ethnicity, and age in the United States – PubMed
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18980291/
Vaginal cancer is a rare malignancy. It has many of the same risk factors as cervical cancer, including a strong association with persistent human papillomavirus infection. Descriptive studies of the epidemiology of vaginal cancer are scarce in the literature. […] Incidence rates for all vaginal cancers combined were 0.18 per 100,000 female population for in situ cases and 0.69 for invasive cases. The median age of invasive cases was older than that of in situ cases (aged 68 years vs 58 years). SCC was the most common histologic type (71% of in situ cases and 66% of invasive cases). Compared with the rate for white women, the age-adjusted incidence rate of invasive SCC was 72% higher (P .05) among black women, whereas the rate among Asian/Pacific Islander (API) women was 34% lower (P .05). Hispanic women had a 38% higher rate than non-Hispanic women (P .05) of invasive SCC. The rates for in situ SCC peaked at age 70 years and then declined, whereas the rates of invasive SCC increased continuously with advancing age. Black, API, and Hispanic women as well as older women were more likely to be diagnosed with late-stage disease, and these groups had lower 5-year relative survival rates than their white, non-Hispanic, and younger counterparts. […] Incidence rates of vaginal SCC varied significantly by race, ethnicity, and age group. Black, API, and Hispanic women as well as older women had a high proportion of late-stage disease and a low 5-year survival rate.
#30 Vaginal Cancer Treatment (PDQÂ®) – NCI
https://www.cancer.gov/types/vaginal/hp/vaginal-treatment-pdq
Carcinomas of the vagina are uncommon tumors comprising about 2% of the cancers that arise in the female genital system. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) accounts for approximately 80% to 90% of vaginal cancer cases and adenocarcinoma accounts for 5% to 10% of vaginal cancer cases. […] Estimated new cases and deaths from vaginal and other female genital cancer in the United States in 2025: New cases: 8,070. Deaths: 1,950. […] Increasing age is the most important risk factor for most cancers. Other risk factors for vaginal cancer include: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. SCC of the vagina is associated with a high rate of infection with oncogenic strains of HPV. SCC of the vagina and SCC of the cervix have many common risk factors. HPV infection has also been described in a case of vaginal adenocarcinoma.
#31 Vaginal Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559126/
Invasive vaginal cancer shares many risk factors with cervical cancer, such as tobacco use, younger age at first intercourse, HPV infection, and multiple sexual partners. […] Currently, there are no randomized trials for the treatment of vaginal cancers due to the rarity of the disease, and guidelines are generally based on limited studies. […] The pathways of carcinogenesis for vaginal cancer can be divided into human papillomavirus (HPV) induced and non-HPV induced. […] Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the vagina accounts for 90% of all patients with primary vaginal cancer, followed by adenocarcinoma, clear cell adenocarcinoma, melanoma, sarcoma, and lymphoma of the vagina. […] The current staging systems include the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging, Tumor, Node, Metastasis (TNM) staging, and the American Joint Commission on Cancer (AJCC) staging.
#32 Key Statistics for Vaginal Cancer | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vaginal-cancer/about/key-statistics.html
Vaginal cancer is rare. It accounts for 1% to 2% of cancers in the female genital tract, and a very small portion of cancers overall. […] Vaginal cancer occurs mainly in older women. Women usually are round 69 years old when they are diagnosed; though some women will be younger and some will be older. […] About 75% of vaginal cancers are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV).
#33 Risk Factors for Vaginal Cancer | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vaginal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html
Scientists have found that certain risk factors make a woman more likely to develop vaginal cancer. But many women with vaginal cancer dont have any clear risk factors. And even if a woman with vaginal cancer has one or more risk factors, its impossible to know for sure how much that risk factor contributed to causing the cancer. […] HPV is found in most cases of vaginal cancer. These types are known as high-risk types of HPV and include HPV 16 and HPV 18, as well as others. Infection with a high-risk HPV may have no visible signs until pre-cancerous changes or cancer develops. […] Squamous cell cancer of the vagina occurs mainly in older women. It can happen at any age, but only a few cases are found in women younger than 40. Almost half of cases occur in women who are 70 years old or older.
#34 Vaginal Cancer | Doctor
https://patient.info/doctor/vaginal-cancer
75% of vaginal cancer cases in the UK are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Vaginal cancer risk is 5 times higher in women with HPV16 antibodies versus those without. HPV16 is present in 59% of vaginal cancers, a cross-sectional study showed. […] People with HIV infection often also have human papillomavirus (HPV), and HIV may facilitate initiation or persistence of HPV infection. Vaginal cancer risk is 9 times higher in women with HIV compared with the general population. Some studies show a particularly strong relationship for women under 30 years old. […] Vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma (a rare subtype) risk is higher in women whose mothers took diethylstilboestrol during pregnancy.
#35 Vaginal Cancer | Doctor
https://patient.info/doctor/vaginal-cancer
75% of vaginal cancer cases in the UK are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Vaginal cancer risk is 5 times higher in women with HPV16 antibodies versus those without. HPV16 is present in 59% of vaginal cancers, a cross-sectional study showed. […] People with HIV infection often also have human papillomavirus (HPV), and HIV may facilitate initiation or persistence of HPV infection. Vaginal cancer risk is 9 times higher in women with HIV compared with the general population. Some studies show a particularly strong relationship for women under 30 years old. […] Vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma (a rare subtype) risk is higher in women whose mothers took diethylstilboestrol during pregnancy.
#36 Vaginal Cancer: Overview, Risk Factors, Pathogenesis
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/269188-overview
A Danish study found an increased incidence of vaginal cancer, as well as vulvar and anal cancer, among women who tested positive for high-risk HPV during cervical screening. […] Another association that strengthens the link between HPV infection and vaginal cancer is the presence of a premalignant lesion in the vagina, known as vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN). […] A history of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), invasive cervical carcinoma, or invasive vulvar carcinoma has also been associated with vaginal carcinoma. […] Diethylstilbestrol (DES), a drug previously used in the first trimester to prevent pregnancy loss, has a strong association with clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina. […] Although 59% of women with vaginal cancer had a prior hysterectomy, in a 1986 report, Herman and colleagues demonstrated that when age and prior cervical cancer are controlled for, risk of vaginal cancer is not increased following hysterectomy for benign disease.
#37 Vaginal Cancer | Concise Medical Knowledge
https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/vaginal-cancer/
Primary vaginal cancer is a malignant tumor arising from tissue of the vagina. […] Primary vaginal cancer: Rare: accounts for only 1%2% of all gynecologic malignancies. […] Age-adjusted incidence: approximately 1 per 100,000 population. […] Sarcoma botryoides: most common vaginal cancer in children. […] Mean age at diagnosis: SCC: 60 years. […] Clear cell adenocarcinoma: 15-20 years (girls who were exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero). […] Late 60s-70s (women who were not exposed to DES in utero). […] SCC: most important risk factor is infection with high-risk HPV types: 16 and 18. […] Vaginal squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VaIN) considered a premalignant lesion: risk of malignant transformation from SIL/VaIN to invasive vaginal carcinoma: approximately 10%.
#38 Vulvar and vaginal cancer epidemiology and molecular pathogenesis | PPT
https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/vulvar-and-vaginal-cancer-epidemiology-and-molecular-pathogenesis/47789486
Women who have been treated for a prior anogenital cancer, particularly of the cervix have a high relative risk of developing vaginal cancer, although the absolute risk is low. […] Over 90% of high-grade VAIN 23 lesions and 70% of vaginal cancers are associated with HPV infections. HPVs 16 and 18 are associated with over 60% of high-grade VAIN and 40% of low-grade VAIN.
#39 Vaginal Cancer: Overview, Risk Factors, Pathogenesis
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/269188-overview
A Danish study found an increased incidence of vaginal cancer, as well as vulvar and anal cancer, among women who tested positive for high-risk HPV during cervical screening. […] Another association that strengthens the link between HPV infection and vaginal cancer is the presence of a premalignant lesion in the vagina, known as vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN). […] A history of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), invasive cervical carcinoma, or invasive vulvar carcinoma has also been associated with vaginal carcinoma. […] Diethylstilbestrol (DES), a drug previously used in the first trimester to prevent pregnancy loss, has a strong association with clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina. […] Although 59% of women with vaginal cancer had a prior hysterectomy, in a 1986 report, Herman and colleagues demonstrated that when age and prior cervical cancer are controlled for, risk of vaginal cancer is not increased following hysterectomy for benign disease.
#40 Vaginal cancer – UpToDate
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vaginal-cancer
Vaginal cancer is more common than vulvar cancer. Most vaginal tumors are squamous cell carcinomas, but melanoma, sarcoma, adenocarcinoma, and other histologic types also occur. Approximately 1 in 100,000 women will be diagnosed with in situ or invasive vaginal cancer. The mean age at diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma, the most common histologic type of vaginal cancer, is approximately 60 years. Most cases of vaginal cancer are likely mediated by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, as with cervical cancer. In a case-control study of 156 women with in situ or invasive vaginal cancer, over 50 percent were positive for antibodies to HPV subtypes 16 or 18. Thus, vaginal cancer has the same risk factors as cervical neoplasia: multiple lifetime sexual partners, early age at first intercourse, and being a current smoker. There is evidence that some high-grade vulvar and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia are monoclonal lesions derived from high-grade or malignant cervical disease. A retrospective cohort study of over 130,000 women showed that women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3 (CIN 3) had a significantly increased rate of developing vaginal cancer compared with all women within the same population and time period.
#41 Women with vaginal cancer likely to have been exposed to HPV-16, the virus that causes genital warts | EurekAlert!
https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/891406
Women with genital warts should be closely monitored for vaginal and other anogenital cancers. […] Infection with a common virus that causes genital warts is a serious risk factor for vaginal cancer, according a recent large-scale study of women in western Washington. […] Like cervical and other anogenital cancers, vaginal cancer was found to be strongly associated with prior infection with human papillomavirus, or HPV. […] The results, published in the February issue of Gynecologic Oncology, suggest that women with genital warts should be monitored for the development of multiple anogenital cancers. […] Women with vaginal cancer were more than four times more likely than controls to have antibodies to HPV-16 in their blood, an indication of prior infection with the virus. […] About 30 percent of the women with vaginal cancer had been treated for an earlier anogenital tumor, most commonly of the cervix.
#42 Vaginal Cancer | Encyclopedia MDPI
https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/25552
As with cervical cancer, vaginal cancer has a strong association with the human papillomavirus (HPV) as nearly two-thirds of cases are related to HPV16. Co-factors include immunosuppression and smoking. Other risk factors for SCC of the vagina are: five or more sexual partners, first intercourse before 17 years of age, low socioeconomic status, a history of genital warts, prior abnormal cytology, and prior hysterectomy. Patients with a history of cervical cancer have an increased risk of developing vaginal cancer as these sites share exposure and susceptibility to HPV-related infections. […] There are no routine screening programs for vaginal cancer. However, Pap smears are effective in detecting asymptomatic lesions. In cases of abnormal results without gross cervical lesions, a colposcopy of the vagina should be performed.
#43 Risk Factors for Vaginal Cancer | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vaginal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html
Women whose mothers took DES when pregnant with them develop clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina or cervix more often than would normally be expected. […] Having cervical cancer or pre-cancer (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or cervical dysplasia) increases a womans risk of vaginal squamous cell cancer. This is most likely because cervical and vaginal cancers have much the same risk factors, such as HPV infection and smoking. […] Smoking cigarettes more than doubles a womans risk of getting vaginal cancer. […] Infection with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), the virus that causes AIDS, increases the risk of vaginal cancer. This is because HIV may prevent the immune system from working well. […] Some studies suggest that long-term (chronic) irritation of the vagina in women using a pessary may slightly increase the risk of squamous cell vaginal cancer. But this is very rare, and no studies have clearly proven that pessaries cause vaginal cancer.
#44 Vaginal Cancer | Encyclopedia MDPI
https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/25552
As with cervical cancer, vaginal cancer has a strong association with the human papillomavirus (HPV) as nearly two-thirds of cases are related to HPV16. Co-factors include immunosuppression and smoking. Other risk factors for SCC of the vagina are: five or more sexual partners, first intercourse before 17 years of age, low socioeconomic status, a history of genital warts, prior abnormal cytology, and prior hysterectomy. Patients with a history of cervical cancer have an increased risk of developing vaginal cancer as these sites share exposure and susceptibility to HPV-related infections. […] There are no routine screening programs for vaginal cancer. However, Pap smears are effective in detecting asymptomatic lesions. In cases of abnormal results without gross cervical lesions, a colposcopy of the vagina should be performed.
#45 Risk Factors for Vaginal Cancer | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vaginal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html
Women whose mothers took DES when pregnant with them develop clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina or cervix more often than would normally be expected. […] Having cervical cancer or pre-cancer (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or cervical dysplasia) increases a womans risk of vaginal squamous cell cancer. This is most likely because cervical and vaginal cancers have much the same risk factors, such as HPV infection and smoking. […] Smoking cigarettes more than doubles a womans risk of getting vaginal cancer. […] Infection with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), the virus that causes AIDS, increases the risk of vaginal cancer. This is because HIV may prevent the immune system from working well. […] Some studies suggest that long-term (chronic) irritation of the vagina in women using a pessary may slightly increase the risk of squamous cell vaginal cancer. But this is very rare, and no studies have clearly proven that pessaries cause vaginal cancer.
#46 Vaginal Cancer: Overview, Risk Factors, Pathogenesis
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/269188-overview
A Danish study found an increased incidence of vaginal cancer, as well as vulvar and anal cancer, among women who tested positive for high-risk HPV during cervical screening. […] Another association that strengthens the link between HPV infection and vaginal cancer is the presence of a premalignant lesion in the vagina, known as vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN). […] A history of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), invasive cervical carcinoma, or invasive vulvar carcinoma has also been associated with vaginal carcinoma. […] Diethylstilbestrol (DES), a drug previously used in the first trimester to prevent pregnancy loss, has a strong association with clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina. […] Although 59% of women with vaginal cancer had a prior hysterectomy, in a 1986 report, Herman and colleagues demonstrated that when age and prior cervical cancer are controlled for, risk of vaginal cancer is not increased following hysterectomy for benign disease.
#47 Vaginal Cancer | Doctor
https://patient.info/doctor/vaginal-cancer
75% of vaginal cancer cases in the UK are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Vaginal cancer risk is 5 times higher in women with HPV16 antibodies versus those without. HPV16 is present in 59% of vaginal cancers, a cross-sectional study showed. […] People with HIV infection often also have human papillomavirus (HPV), and HIV may facilitate initiation or persistence of HPV infection. Vaginal cancer risk is 9 times higher in women with HIV compared with the general population. Some studies show a particularly strong relationship for women under 30 years old. […] Vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma (a rare subtype) risk is higher in women whose mothers took diethylstilboestrol during pregnancy.
#48 Risk Factors for Vaginal Cancer | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vaginal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html
Women whose mothers took DES when pregnant with them develop clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina or cervix more often than would normally be expected. […] Having cervical cancer or pre-cancer (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or cervical dysplasia) increases a womans risk of vaginal squamous cell cancer. This is most likely because cervical and vaginal cancers have much the same risk factors, such as HPV infection and smoking. […] Smoking cigarettes more than doubles a womans risk of getting vaginal cancer. […] Infection with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), the virus that causes AIDS, increases the risk of vaginal cancer. This is because HIV may prevent the immune system from working well. […] Some studies suggest that long-term (chronic) irritation of the vagina in women using a pessary may slightly increase the risk of squamous cell vaginal cancer. But this is very rare, and no studies have clearly proven that pessaries cause vaginal cancer.
#49 Vaginal Cancer: Overview, Risk Factors, Pathogenesis
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/269188-overview
Hellman et al reviewed 341 cases of primary carcinoma of the vagina from 1956-1996 and suggested that the etiology of vaginal cancer may be age related. […] Long-term pessary use and chronic irritation of vaginal mucosa in women with procidentia have been associated with vaginal cancer. […] Approximately 10% of women diagnosed with primary vaginal carcinoma have a previous history of irradiation to the pelvis. […] The proximity of the bladder anteriorly and the rectum posteriorly to the vagina predisposes these organs to direct invasion by the tumor. […] The duration of symptoms in vaginal cancer averages 6-12 months before diagnosis, with a range of 0-11 years. […] Delay in the diagnosis of vaginal carcinoma is not uncommon; this is partially due to the rarity of the disease, as well as with delays in relating patient symptoms to a vaginal origin.
#50 Risk Factors for Vaginal Cancer | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/vaginal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html
Women whose mothers took DES when pregnant with them develop clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina or cervix more often than would normally be expected. […] Having cervical cancer or pre-cancer (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or cervical dysplasia) increases a womans risk of vaginal squamous cell cancer. This is most likely because cervical and vaginal cancers have much the same risk factors, such as HPV infection and smoking. […] Smoking cigarettes more than doubles a womans risk of getting vaginal cancer. […] Infection with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), the virus that causes AIDS, increases the risk of vaginal cancer. This is because HIV may prevent the immune system from working well. […] Some studies suggest that long-term (chronic) irritation of the vagina in women using a pessary may slightly increase the risk of squamous cell vaginal cancer. But this is very rare, and no studies have clearly proven that pessaries cause vaginal cancer.
#51 Vaginal Cancer: Overview, Risk Factors, Pathogenesis
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/269188-overview
Hellman et al reviewed 341 cases of primary carcinoma of the vagina from 1956-1996 and suggested that the etiology of vaginal cancer may be age related. […] Long-term pessary use and chronic irritation of vaginal mucosa in women with procidentia have been associated with vaginal cancer. […] Approximately 10% of women diagnosed with primary vaginal carcinoma have a previous history of irradiation to the pelvis. […] The proximity of the bladder anteriorly and the rectum posteriorly to the vagina predisposes these organs to direct invasion by the tumor. […] The duration of symptoms in vaginal cancer averages 6-12 months before diagnosis, with a range of 0-11 years. […] Delay in the diagnosis of vaginal carcinoma is not uncommon; this is partially due to the rarity of the disease, as well as with delays in relating patient symptoms to a vaginal origin.
#52 Vaginal cancer – UpToDate
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vaginal-cancer
Vaginal cancer is more common than vulvar cancer. Most vaginal tumors are squamous cell carcinomas, but melanoma, sarcoma, adenocarcinoma, and other histologic types also occur. Approximately 1 in 100,000 women will be diagnosed with in situ or invasive vaginal cancer. The mean age at diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma, the most common histologic type of vaginal cancer, is approximately 60 years. Most cases of vaginal cancer are likely mediated by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, as with cervical cancer. In a case-control study of 156 women with in situ or invasive vaginal cancer, over 50 percent were positive for antibodies to HPV subtypes 16 or 18. Thus, vaginal cancer has the same risk factors as cervical neoplasia: multiple lifetime sexual partners, early age at first intercourse, and being a current smoker. There is evidence that some high-grade vulvar and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia are monoclonal lesions derived from high-grade or malignant cervical disease. A retrospective cohort study of over 130,000 women showed that women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3 (CIN 3) had a significantly increased rate of developing vaginal cancer compared with all women within the same population and time period.
#53 Vaginal cancer – UpToDate
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vaginal-cancer
Vaginal cancer is more common than vulvar cancer. Most vaginal tumors are squamous cell carcinomas, but melanoma, sarcoma, adenocarcinoma, and other histologic types also occur. Approximately 1 in 100,000 women will be diagnosed with in situ or invasive vaginal cancer. The mean age at diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma, the most common histologic type of vaginal cancer, is approximately 60 years. Most cases of vaginal cancer are likely mediated by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, as with cervical cancer. In a case-control study of 156 women with in situ or invasive vaginal cancer, over 50 percent were positive for antibodies to HPV subtypes 16 or 18. Thus, vaginal cancer has the same risk factors as cervical neoplasia: multiple lifetime sexual partners, early age at first intercourse, and being a current smoker. There is evidence that some high-grade vulvar and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia are monoclonal lesions derived from high-grade or malignant cervical disease. A retrospective cohort study of over 130,000 women showed that women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3 (CIN 3) had a significantly increased rate of developing vaginal cancer compared with all women within the same population and time period.
#54 Vaginal Cancer | Encyclopedia MDPI
https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/25552
As with cervical cancer, vaginal cancer has a strong association with the human papillomavirus (HPV) as nearly two-thirds of cases are related to HPV16. Co-factors include immunosuppression and smoking. Other risk factors for SCC of the vagina are: five or more sexual partners, first intercourse before 17 years of age, low socioeconomic status, a history of genital warts, prior abnormal cytology, and prior hysterectomy. Patients with a history of cervical cancer have an increased risk of developing vaginal cancer as these sites share exposure and susceptibility to HPV-related infections. […] There are no routine screening programs for vaginal cancer. However, Pap smears are effective in detecting asymptomatic lesions. In cases of abnormal results without gross cervical lesions, a colposcopy of the vagina should be performed.
#55 Vaginal Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559126/
Invasive vaginal cancer shares many risk factors with cervical cancer, such as tobacco use, younger age at first intercourse, HPV infection, and multiple sexual partners. […] Currently, there are no randomized trials for the treatment of vaginal cancers due to the rarity of the disease, and guidelines are generally based on limited studies. […] The pathways of carcinogenesis for vaginal cancer can be divided into human papillomavirus (HPV) induced and non-HPV induced. […] Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the vagina accounts for 90% of all patients with primary vaginal cancer, followed by adenocarcinoma, clear cell adenocarcinoma, melanoma, sarcoma, and lymphoma of the vagina. […] The current staging systems include the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging, Tumor, Node, Metastasis (TNM) staging, and the American Joint Commission on Cancer (AJCC) staging.
#56 Vaginal Cancer Treatment (PDQÂ®) – NCI
https://www.cancer.gov/types/vaginal/hp/vaginal-treatment-pdq
Carcinomas of the vagina are uncommon tumors comprising about 2% of the cancers that arise in the female genital system. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) accounts for approximately 80% to 90% of vaginal cancer cases and adenocarcinoma accounts for 5% to 10% of vaginal cancer cases. […] Estimated new cases and deaths from vaginal and other female genital cancer in the United States in 2025: New cases: 8,070. Deaths: 1,950. […] Increasing age is the most important risk factor for most cancers. Other risk factors for vaginal cancer include: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. SCC of the vagina is associated with a high rate of infection with oncogenic strains of HPV. SCC of the vagina and SCC of the cervix have many common risk factors. HPV infection has also been described in a case of vaginal adenocarcinoma.
#57 Vaginal Cancer Treatment (PDQÂ®) – NCI
https://www.cancer.gov/types/vaginal/hp/vaginal-treatment-pdq
Carcinomas of the vagina are uncommon tumors comprising about 2% of the cancers that arise in the female genital system. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) accounts for approximately 80% to 90% of vaginal cancer cases and adenocarcinoma accounts for 5% to 10% of vaginal cancer cases. […] Estimated new cases and deaths from vaginal and other female genital cancer in the United States in 2025: New cases: 8,070. Deaths: 1,950. […] Increasing age is the most important risk factor for most cancers. Other risk factors for vaginal cancer include: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. SCC of the vagina is associated with a high rate of infection with oncogenic strains of HPV. SCC of the vagina and SCC of the cervix have many common risk factors. HPV infection has also been described in a case of vaginal adenocarcinoma.
#58 Vaginal Cancer | Doctor
https://patient.info/doctor/vaginal-cancer
75% of vaginal cancer cases in the UK are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Vaginal cancer risk is 5 times higher in women with HPV16 antibodies versus those without. HPV16 is present in 59% of vaginal cancers, a cross-sectional study showed. […] People with HIV infection often also have human papillomavirus (HPV), and HIV may facilitate initiation or persistence of HPV infection. Vaginal cancer risk is 9 times higher in women with HIV compared with the general population. Some studies show a particularly strong relationship for women under 30 years old. […] Vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma (a rare subtype) risk is higher in women whose mothers took diethylstilboestrol during pregnancy.
#59 Vaginal Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559126/
There are no routine screening indications for vaginal cancer. […] Evaluation for suspected vaginal cancer requires a thorough physical exam, including a digital exam, a rectovaginal exam, a speculum exam, palpation of inguinal nodes, and colposcopy with biopsies. […] A study from the National Cancer Database showed the use of combined chemoradiation therapy (CCRT) for patients with vaginal cancer has increased and is associated with a significant improvement. […] Vaginal melanoma is rare, and there is no standard treatment. […] Many prognostic factors can influence the management plan. Lymph node metastasis is an important prognostic factor. […] In a Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results analysis of more than 2000 patients, the 5-year disease-specific survival was 84% for stage I, 75% for stage II, and 57% for advanced tumors.
#60 Vaginal Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559126/
Invasive vaginal cancer shares many risk factors with cervical cancer, such as tobacco use, younger age at first intercourse, HPV infection, and multiple sexual partners. […] Currently, there are no randomized trials for the treatment of vaginal cancers due to the rarity of the disease, and guidelines are generally based on limited studies. […] The pathways of carcinogenesis for vaginal cancer can be divided into human papillomavirus (HPV) induced and non-HPV induced. […] Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the vagina accounts for 90% of all patients with primary vaginal cancer, followed by adenocarcinoma, clear cell adenocarcinoma, melanoma, sarcoma, and lymphoma of the vagina. […] The current staging systems include the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging, Tumor, Node, Metastasis (TNM) staging, and the American Joint Commission on Cancer (AJCC) staging.
#61 Vaginal Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559126/
Invasive vaginal cancer shares many risk factors with cervical cancer, such as tobacco use, younger age at first intercourse, HPV infection, and multiple sexual partners. […] Currently, there are no randomized trials for the treatment of vaginal cancers due to the rarity of the disease, and guidelines are generally based on limited studies. […] The pathways of carcinogenesis for vaginal cancer can be divided into human papillomavirus (HPV) induced and non-HPV induced. […] Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the vagina accounts for 90% of all patients with primary vaginal cancer, followed by adenocarcinoma, clear cell adenocarcinoma, melanoma, sarcoma, and lymphoma of the vagina. […] The current staging systems include the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging, Tumor, Node, Metastasis (TNM) staging, and the American Joint Commission on Cancer (AJCC) staging.
#62 Survival and prognostic factors in primary vaginal cancer: an analysis of 2004â2014 SEER data – Huang – Translational Cancer Research
https://tcr.amegroups.org/article/view/45686/html
Previous studies have indicated that the dominant prognostic factors for PVC include age, histological type, grade of differentiation, stage, tumor size, tumor site, surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. […] In multivariate analysis, age, histology, TNM stage, tumor size, surgery and radiation were independent prognostic factors. […] Age 80 years seems to be an important cut point in the survival of vaginal cancer. […] Older age (80 years) and melanoma have greater influences on mortality risk in early-stage disease. […] Compared with cervical cancer, vaginal cancer is more likely to occur among older women. […] The most common histology types in our study were SCC (74.5%), adenocarcinoma (16.7%), and melanoma (3.3%), which were consistent with previous reports. […] Major predictors of clinical outcome could be grouped as patients factors (performance status, older age, tobacco use, comorbidities, HPV-status, race, status of uterus); tumor factors (disease stage, tumor size, histological type, pelvic lymph node metastasis, tumor site, grade of differentiation); and treatment parameters (lymphadenectomy, brachytherapy utilization, concurrent chemoradiotherapy, higher facility volume, surgery, radiation dose, chemotherapy status).
#63 Screening for Vaginal and Vulvar Cancers | Vaginal and Vulvar Cancers | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/vaginal-vulvar-cancers/screening/index.html
There are no screening tests for vaginal or vulvar cancers in women who do not have any signs or symptoms. The Pap test does not screen for vaginal or vulvar cancers. […] Since there is no simple and reliable way to screen for any gynecologic cancers except for cervical cancer, it is especially important to recognize warning signs and learn what you can do to reduce your risk. […] Vaginal and vulvar cancers are rare, but all women are at risk for these cancers.
#64 Vaginal Cancer – Ovarian Cancer Research Alliance
https://ocrahope.org/for-patients/gynecologic-cancers/vaginal-cancer/
Vaginal cancer is a rare gynecologic cancer, affecting fewer than 1 in 100,000 women. […] There is no dedicated screening tool for vaginal cancer. In some cases, pre-cancerous changes in the vagina can be found with a Pap test however, these tests are not validated screening tools for vaginal cancer. Vaginal cancers can also be identified during pelvic exams. […] Though many who develop vaginal cancer have no clear risk factors, certain factors may increase the chances of developing vaginal cancer, including: Increased age, as vaginal cancer is rare in women under age 40, and nearly half of cases are found in women over 70 years old. HPV (human papillomavirus) infection. High-risk HPV types that make a person more likely to develop cervical cancer can also be associated with vaginal cancer.
#65 Vaginal cancer – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginal_cancer
Cancer of the vagina is rare and is only 2% of all gynecological cancers and less than 0.5% of all cancers in women. Estimated new cases in the United States in 2017 are 4,810. Deaths from vaginal cancer during the same time were 1,240. It is more common in older women. […] In the UK, 254 cases of vaginal cancer were identified in 2014. Deaths from vaginal cancer in this period were 110. Out of those with vaginal cancer, 53% are related to HPV infection. […] Routine vaginal cancer screening, including routine surveillance imaging such as ultrasound or MRI, is not recommended for women who do not have symptoms. Imaging without indications is discouraged because it is unlikely to detect a recurrence or improve survival, and because it has its own costs and side effects.
#66 Vaginal cancer – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginal_cancer
Cancer of the vagina is rare and is only 2% of all gynecological cancers and less than 0.5% of all cancers in women. Estimated new cases in the United States in 2017 are 4,810. Deaths from vaginal cancer during the same time were 1,240. It is more common in older women. […] In the UK, 254 cases of vaginal cancer were identified in 2014. Deaths from vaginal cancer in this period were 110. Out of those with vaginal cancer, 53% are related to HPV infection. […] Routine vaginal cancer screening, including routine surveillance imaging such as ultrasound or MRI, is not recommended for women who do not have symptoms. Imaging without indications is discouraged because it is unlikely to detect a recurrence or improve survival, and because it has its own costs and side effects.
#67 Vaginal Cancer: Overview, Risk Factors, Pathogenesis
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/269188-overview
Routine screening for vaginal carcinoma is not justified for all patients, because it is not cost-effective. […] Women at risk, however, particularly those with a history of cervical neoplasia and risky sexual behavior, should receive a Papanicolaou test on a regular basis. […] The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends discontinuing screening in women who have undergone hysterectomy for benign diseases who have no prior history of high-grade cervical dysplasia. […] The overall mortality rate for patients undergoing exenteration is less than 5%; however, complications occur in about 50% of patients, because of the nature and length of surgery, the advanced age of the patients, the large amount of blood loss, and the inability to accurately monitor fluid intake and output secondary to urinary diversion. […] The outcome of exenteration has improved significantly over time in terms of operative mortality and 5-year survival rates.
#68 Vaginal Cancer: Overview, Risk Factors, Pathogenesis
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/269188-overview
Routine screening for vaginal carcinoma is not justified for all patients, because it is not cost-effective. […] Women at risk, however, particularly those with a history of cervical neoplasia and risky sexual behavior, should receive a Papanicolaou test on a regular basis. […] The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends discontinuing screening in women who have undergone hysterectomy for benign diseases who have no prior history of high-grade cervical dysplasia. […] The overall mortality rate for patients undergoing exenteration is less than 5%; however, complications occur in about 50% of patients, because of the nature and length of surgery, the advanced age of the patients, the large amount of blood loss, and the inability to accurately monitor fluid intake and output secondary to urinary diversion. […] The outcome of exenteration has improved significantly over time in terms of operative mortality and 5-year survival rates.
#69 Vaginal Cancer | Doctor
https://patient.info/doctor/vaginal-cancer
75% of vaginal cancer cases in the UK are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Vaginal cancer risk is 5 times higher in women with HPV16 antibodies versus those without. HPV16 is present in 59% of vaginal cancers, a cross-sectional study showed. […] People with HIV infection often also have human papillomavirus (HPV), and HIV may facilitate initiation or persistence of HPV infection. Vaginal cancer risk is 9 times higher in women with HIV compared with the general population. Some studies show a particularly strong relationship for women under 30 years old. […] Vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma (a rare subtype) risk is higher in women whose mothers took diethylstilboestrol during pregnancy.
#70 ACR Appropriateness CriteriaÂ® Management of Vaginal Cancer
https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/acr-appropriateness-criteria-management-vaginal-cancer
Large, institutional series of definitive radiotherapy for early-stage vaginal cancer have reported 5-year cause-specific survival rates of 40% to 92% for stage I disease and 35% to 78% for stage II disease. Advanced-stage vaginal cancer is primarily managed with definitive radiation therapy with cause-specific survival rates that range from 23% to 59% for stage III disease and from 0% to 25% for stage IV disease. […] Given the high rates of pelvic failure, the use of concurrent chemoradiotherapy has been adopted for vaginal cancer based on the survival gains observed in several randomized trials of locally advanced cervical cancer. Although there have been no prospective trials in patients with vaginal cancer, institutional reports support the feasibility of chemoradiotherapy. […] The standard follow-up for vaginal cancer involves a clinical examination every 3 months for 2 years, then less frequent intervals thereafter. Based on the practice for locally advanced cervical cancer, consideration of post-treatment PET/CT surveillance is reasonable for patients with initial bulky disease.
#71 Vaginal Cancer Treatment (PDQÂ®) – NCI
https://www.cancer.gov/types/vaginal/hp/vaginal-treatment-pdq
Similar to other gynecologic malignancies, the evidence to support surveillance after initial management of vaginal cancer is weak because of a lack of randomized or prospective clinical studies. There is no reliable evidence that routine cytological or imaging procedures in patients improves health outcomes beyond what is achieved by careful physical examination and assessment of new symptoms. Therefore, outside the investigational setting, imaging procedures may be reserved for patients in whom physical examination or symptoms raise clinical suspicion of a recurrence or progression. […] The FIGO staging system incorporates a modified World Health Organization prognostic scoring system. The scores from the eight risk factors are summed and incorporated into the FIGO stage, separated by a colon (e.g., stage II:4, stage IV:9, etc.). Unfortunately, a variety of risk-scoring systems have been published, making comparisons of results difficult.
#72 Vaginal Cancer Treatment (PDQÂ®): Treatment – Health Professional Information [NCI] â Health Information Library | PeaceHealth
https://www.peacehealth.org/medical-topics/id/ncicdr0000062892
Similar to other gynecologic malignancies, the evidence base for surveillance after initial management of vaginal cancer is weak because of a lack of randomized or prospective clinical studies. There is no reliable evidence that routine cytological or imaging procedures in patients improves health outcomes beyond what is achieved by careful physical examination and assessment of new symptoms. Therefore, outside the investigational setting, imaging procedures may be reserved for patients in whom physical examination or symptoms raise clinical suspicion of a recurrence or progression.
#73 Vaginal Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559126/
There are no routine screening indications for vaginal cancer. […] Evaluation for suspected vaginal cancer requires a thorough physical exam, including a digital exam, a rectovaginal exam, a speculum exam, palpation of inguinal nodes, and colposcopy with biopsies. […] A study from the National Cancer Database showed the use of combined chemoradiation therapy (CCRT) for patients with vaginal cancer has increased and is associated with a significant improvement. […] Vaginal melanoma is rare, and there is no standard treatment. […] Many prognostic factors can influence the management plan. Lymph node metastasis is an important prognostic factor. […] In a Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results analysis of more than 2000 patients, the 5-year disease-specific survival was 84% for stage I, 75% for stage II, and 57% for advanced tumors.
#74 Vaginal Cancer Survival Rates: Stage, Type, and Age
https://www.healthline.com/health/vaginal-cancer-survival-rate
Several factors can affect vaginal cancer survival rates. They include the stage and type of cancer as well as your age. Effective treatments for vaginal cancer are available, especially if its found early. […] Vaginal cancer is a rare type of cancer. It typically forms in the vaginal lining but can be found anywhere in the vagina. […] One of the most important factors affecting survival rates of vaginal cancer is the stage of the cancer at the time its diagnosed. A cancers stage is a reflection of how far it has spread. […] According to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program from the National Cancer Institute, the 5-year relative survival rates for vaginal cancer between 2014 and 2020 were: 76.8% for cancer thats only in the vagina, 58.5% for cancer that has spread into nearby tissues and lymph nodes, 21.5% for cancer that has metastasized (spread distantly), 54.5% for all stages.
#75 Vaginal Cancer – Ovarian Cancer Research Alliance
https://ocrahope.org/for-patients/gynecologic-cancers/vaginal-cancer/
Vaginal cancer stages range from stage 1 (I) to stage 4 (IV). A lower vaginal cancer stage indicates more localized disease, whereas a higher stage indicates the cancer has spread. The stage of vaginal cancer will help inform next steps as far as treatment and prognosis. […] Vaginal cancer survival rates vary based on whether the cancer is first detected and treated while it is still localized and how far it has spread. The relative five-year survival rate is 69% for vaginal cancer found at a localized stage. The relative five-year survival rate is 57% for vaginal cancer with regional spread, through the vaginal wall or nearby lymph nodes. The five-year relative survival rate is 26% for vaginal cancer that has spread to distant organs, such as to the liver, lungs, or bones. The average age of diagnosis of vaginal cancer is 69. According to the CDC, in the U.S., 1,372 women were diagnosed with vaginal cancer in 2021 (the latest year for which data is available) and 434 women died from vaginal cancer in 2022.
#76 Survival and prognostic factors in primary vaginal cancer: an analysis of 2004â2014 SEER data – Huang – Translational Cancer Research
https://tcr.amegroups.org/article/view/45686/html
Previous studies have indicated that the dominant prognostic factors for PVC include age, histological type, grade of differentiation, stage, tumor size, tumor site, surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. […] In multivariate analysis, age, histology, TNM stage, tumor size, surgery and radiation were independent prognostic factors. […] Age 80 years seems to be an important cut point in the survival of vaginal cancer. […] Older age (80 years) and melanoma have greater influences on mortality risk in early-stage disease. […] Compared with cervical cancer, vaginal cancer is more likely to occur among older women. […] The most common histology types in our study were SCC (74.5%), adenocarcinoma (16.7%), and melanoma (3.3%), which were consistent with previous reports. […] Major predictors of clinical outcome could be grouped as patients factors (performance status, older age, tobacco use, comorbidities, HPV-status, race, status of uterus); tumor factors (disease stage, tumor size, histological type, pelvic lymph node metastasis, tumor site, grade of differentiation); and treatment parameters (lymphadenectomy, brachytherapy utilization, concurrent chemoradiotherapy, higher facility volume, surgery, radiation dose, chemotherapy status).
#77 Vaginal Cancer Survival Rates: Stage, Type, and Age
https://www.healthline.com/health/vaginal-cancer-survival-rate
Five-year relative survival rates estimate the percentage of people with a condition who are alive 5 years after their diagnosis compared with people who do not have the condition. […] Other factors that can influence survival rates for vaginal cancer include: Type of cancer: Some types of vaginal cancer are more aggressive or more difficult to treat. Age: Older age is associated with reduced survival. Tumor size: Outlook is less favorable for tumors larger than 4 centimeters. Tumor location: Some research has found that tumors outside the upper third of the vagina or affecting the entire vagina are associated with a less favorable outlook. Lymph node status: Outlook is reduced for cancer thats metastasized into lymph nodes and distant sites. […] For many cancers, including vaginal cancer, older age at diagnosis is associated with a reduced survival rate.
#78 Survival and prognostic factors in primary vaginal cancer: an analysis of 2004â2014 SEER data – Huang – Translational Cancer Research
https://tcr.amegroups.org/article/view/45686/html
In our study, compared with women with stage I disease, patients with stage II, stage III and stage IV disease had elevated mortality risks. […] Marital status is reported to be an independent prognostic factor for survival for various gynecologic cancers, including vulvar, cervical, uterine and ovarian cancers, with married women enjoying longer survival and lower mortality. […] In our univariate analysis, the 5-year CSS of married women is 64.4%, while those of divorced/separated and widowed are 56.6% and 44.1%, respectively. […] Larger primary tumor size was associated with higher incidence of local failure, thereby negatively affecting survival. […] Our data suggest decreased mortality rates in women who undergo surgery or radiation. […] In conclusion, PVC is a rare gynecological malignant tumor and more likely to occur among older women. SCC is the most histological type of PVC, whereas melanoma is extremely rare. Age, histology, TNM stage, tumor size, surgery and radiation are independent prognostic factors.
#79
https://journals.lww.com/eurjcancerprev/fulltext/9900/marital_status_as_an_independent_prognostic_factor.188.aspx
This study aimed to evaluate the influence of marital status on the survival outcomes of women diagnosed with vaginal cancer, considering the potential role of sociodemographic factors in patient prognosis. Utilizing data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, the study included 6046 women with primary vaginal cancer diagnosed between 2000 and 2020. Married patients exhibited better survival outcomes than their unmarried counterparts [OS: hazard ratio = 1.520, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.4301.630, P 0.001; CSS: hazard ratio = 1.380, 95% CI = 1.2701.490, P 0.001]. This study demonstrates that marital status serves as an independent prognostic factor for OS and CSS among patients with primary vaginal cancer, which supports that unmarried people need more individualized care strategies.
#80 Vaginal Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559126/
Invasive vaginal cancer shares many risk factors with cervical cancer, such as tobacco use, younger age at first intercourse, HPV infection, and multiple sexual partners. […] Currently, there are no randomized trials for the treatment of vaginal cancers due to the rarity of the disease, and guidelines are generally based on limited studies. […] The pathways of carcinogenesis for vaginal cancer can be divided into human papillomavirus (HPV) induced and non-HPV induced. […] Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the vagina accounts for 90% of all patients with primary vaginal cancer, followed by adenocarcinoma, clear cell adenocarcinoma, melanoma, sarcoma, and lymphoma of the vagina. […] The current staging systems include the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging, Tumor, Node, Metastasis (TNM) staging, and the American Joint Commission on Cancer (AJCC) staging.
#81 Vaginal Cancer Treatment (PDQÂ®) – NCI
https://www.cancer.gov/types/vaginal/hp/vaginal-treatment-pdq
Because vaginal cancer is rare, studies are limited to retrospective case series, usually from single-referral institutions. During the long span of time covered by these case series, available staging tests and radiation techniques often changed, including the shift to high-energy accelerators and conformal and intensity-modulated radiation therapy. Comparing treatment approaches is further complicated by the frequent failure of investigators to provide precise staging criteria (particularly for stage I vs. stage II disease) or criteria for the choice of treatment modality. This has led to a broad range of reported disease control and survival rates for any given stage and treatment modality. […] For patients with early-stage vaginal carcinoma, radiation therapy, surgery, or a combination of these treatments are standard. Data from randomized trials are lacking, and the choice of therapy is generally determined by institutional experience and the factors listed above.
#82 Vaginal Cancer Treatment (PDQÂ®) – NCI
https://www.cancer.gov/types/vaginal/hp/vaginal-treatment-pdq
Because vaginal cancer is rare, studies are limited to retrospective case series, usually from single-referral institutions. During the long span of time covered by these case series, available staging tests and radiation techniques often changed, including the shift to high-energy accelerators and conformal and intensity-modulated radiation therapy. Comparing treatment approaches is further complicated by the frequent failure of investigators to provide precise staging criteria (particularly for stage I vs. stage II disease) or criteria for the choice of treatment modality. This has led to a broad range of reported disease control and survival rates for any given stage and treatment modality. […] For patients with early-stage vaginal carcinoma, radiation therapy, surgery, or a combination of these treatments are standard. Data from randomized trials are lacking, and the choice of therapy is generally determined by institutional experience and the factors listed above.
#83 Vaginal Cancer | Encyclopedia MDPI
https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/25552
Staging is performed clinically rather than surgically; it is based on the FIGO staging system. Stage I disease is limited to the vaginal wall. Stage II disease involves subvaginal tissue, but it does not extend to the pelvic wall. Stage III tumor extends to the pelvic wall, and Stage IV tumor extends beyond the true pelvis or involves the mucosa of the bladder or rectum. […] Due to the rarity of vaginal cancer, and even more so, the rarity of advanced vaginal cancer, prospective data and clinical trial data on the efficacy of systemic treatments are sparse.
#84 Innovations in the Management of Vaginal Cancer
https://www.mdpi.com/1718-7729/29/5/250
There are no routine screening programs for vaginal cancer. However, Pap smears are effective in detecting asymptomatic lesions. […] Approximately 5 to 10% of women remain asymptomatic and disease is detected during routine physical examination or following an abnormal Pap test. A biopsy will confirm a diagnosis. […] Definitive RT based on external beam (EBRT) and/or brachytherapy (BT) is considered a standard approach to treatment for vaginal cancer, especially for locally advanced cases. […] CCRT has been increasing in use for the treatment of vaginal cancer, mirroring the rates for the treatment of cervical cancer. Various retrospective studies have demonstrated a potential benefit of the use of CCRT for vaginal cancer. […] In these situations, where the disease is not responsive or amenable to radiation or surgery, vaginal cancers remain challenging to treat. There is currently no consensus on effective regimens for the systemic treatment of vaginal cancer.
#85 Vaginal Cancer – Nordic Society of Gynaecological Oncology | NSGO
https://nsgo.org/vaginal-cancer/
Primary Vaginal cancer is rare, and more often tumors located in the vaginal wall have spread from other tumor types and locations. […] Vaginal squamous cell carcinoma is a rare disease, and the median age of onset is 74 years. Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection and smoking predispose to development of vaginal cancer. […] Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common histological type of vaginal cancer. […] The treatment options for vaginal malignancy are dependent on the tumor type, size and exact location and possible spread. Treatment and follow up for vaginal cancers are often centralized due to the limited number of patients. This allows for specialization among the professionals treating the patients.
#86 Vaginal Cancer – Nordic Society of Gynaecological Oncology | NSGO
https://nsgo.org/vaginal-cancer/
Primary Vaginal cancer is rare, and more often tumors located in the vaginal wall have spread from other tumor types and locations. […] Vaginal squamous cell carcinoma is a rare disease, and the median age of onset is 74 years. Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection and smoking predispose to development of vaginal cancer. […] Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common histological type of vaginal cancer. […] The treatment options for vaginal malignancy are dependent on the tumor type, size and exact location and possible spread. Treatment and follow up for vaginal cancers are often centralized due to the limited number of patients. This allows for specialization among the professionals treating the patients.
#87 Vaginal cancer statistics | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/vaginal-cancer
There are around 250 new vaginal cancer cases in the UK every year, that’s around 5 every week (2017-2019). […] Vaginal cancer accounts for less than 1% of all new cancer cases in females in the UK (2017-2019). […] Vaginal cancer incidence rates are projected to fall by 15% in the UK between 2023-2025 and 2038-2040. […] Vaginal cancer is the not among the 20 most common causes of cancer death in females in the UK, accounting for less than 1% of all cancer deaths in females in the UK (2017-2019). […] Mortality rates for vaginal cancer in the UK are highest in females aged 90+ (2017-2019). […] Vaginal cancer mortality rates are projected to rise by 9% in the UK between 2023-2025 and 2038-2040. […] 75% of vaginal cancer cases in the UK are preventable.
#88
https://bpac.org.nz/2023/vaginal-cancer.aspx
In the majority of cases (80%), a tumour in the vagina is attributed to metastases from another gynaecological cancer by either direct invasion from adjacent tumours (e.g. cervical or vulval) or through the lymphatic system (e.g. endometrial). […] Primary vaginal cancers are rare and are defined as cancer found in the vagina without clinical or histological evidence of cervical or vulval cancer, or a prior history of these cancers in the past five years. […] As the majority of primary vaginal cancers are squamous cell in origin, they share common risk factors with cervical cancer, the most significant being HPV infection (particularly with high-risk HPV type 16 and to a lesser extent, type 18). […] HPV vaccination is recommended for all females (and males) ideally before the onset of sexual activity, and is funded for eligible people aged 9 26 years inclusive. […] There are no specific screening programmes available or recommended for the early detection of vaginal cancer, however, cervical screening, particularly once HPV testing is introduced in New Zealand, is likely to be useful in detecting vaginal cancers in people who are asymptomatic.
#89 Targeting Human Papillomavirus to Reduce the Burden of Cervical, Vulvar and Vaginal Cancer and Pre-Invasive Neoplasia: Establishing the Baseline for Surveillance | PLOS One
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0088323
Infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is causally related to cervical, vulvar and vaginal pre-invasive neoplasias and cancers. […] We estimated the overall and age-specific incidence rate (IR) of cervical, vulvar and vaginal cancer and pre-invasive neoplasia in Denmark, Iceland, Norway and Sweden in 2004-2006, prior to the availability of HPV vaccines, in order to establish a baseline for surveillance. […] Over 50% of the observed 47,820 incident invasive and pre-invasive cancer cases in 2004-2006 can be attributed to HPV16/18. […] In the four countries, vaccination against HPV 16/18 could prevent approximately 8500 cases of gynecological cancer and pre-cancer annually. […] The expected effect of HPV vaccination on the incidence of cervical, vulvar and vaginal cancer and pre-invasive neoplasia was estimated by calculation of HPV16/18 population attributable fractions. […] This study provides baseline incidence rates of HPV-related gynaecological lesions in four Nordic countries prior to the introduction of HPV vaccination. […] The ultimate aim of HPV vaccination is to reduce the burden of all HPV-related diseases.
#90 Cervical, vaginal and vulvar cancer incidence and survival trends in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden with implications to treatment | BMC Cancer | Full Text
https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-022-09582-5
Incidence of cervical cancer has been reduced by organized screening while for vaginal and vulvar cancers no systematic screening has been implemented. […] Vaginal cancer is rarer than vulvar cancer in most countries and its association with HPV is much higher than that of vulvar cancer. […] The incidence of vaginal and vulvar cancer remained relatively constant at about 2/100,000. […] Survival in vaginal and vulvar cancer followed the same patterns but at a few % units lower level. […] Considering that limited improvement in survival was observed between years 1 and 5 and that no improvement in survival was evident among patients diagnosed past the screening age, the study fails to find evidence that treatment, other than local excision triggered by screening, would have contributed to the survival improvements over the 50-year period. […] The fight against cervical, vaginal and other HPV-related cancer is now relying on HPV vaccination which may have global preventive perspectives which screening was not able to fulfill.
#91
https://bpac.org.nz/2023/vaginal-cancer.aspx
In the majority of cases (80%), a tumour in the vagina is attributed to metastases from another gynaecological cancer by either direct invasion from adjacent tumours (e.g. cervical or vulval) or through the lymphatic system (e.g. endometrial). […] Primary vaginal cancers are rare and are defined as cancer found in the vagina without clinical or histological evidence of cervical or vulval cancer, or a prior history of these cancers in the past five years. […] As the majority of primary vaginal cancers are squamous cell in origin, they share common risk factors with cervical cancer, the most significant being HPV infection (particularly with high-risk HPV type 16 and to a lesser extent, type 18). […] HPV vaccination is recommended for all females (and males) ideally before the onset of sexual activity, and is funded for eligible people aged 9 26 years inclusive. […] There are no specific screening programmes available or recommended for the early detection of vaginal cancer, however, cervical screening, particularly once HPV testing is introduced in New Zealand, is likely to be useful in detecting vaginal cancers in people who are asymptomatic.
#92
https://bpac.org.nz/2023/vaginal-cancer.aspx
Vaginal cancer is the least common type of gynaecological cancer in New Zealand with an average of 17 females newly diagnosed each year (from 2015 2020). […] Most people are diagnosed with vaginal cancer with targeted investigations after symptoms are reported. […] There are no screening programmes for the early detection of vaginal cancer, but some people are diagnosed incidentally after an examination for other reasons, e.g. cervical screening. Most people are diagnosed with targeted investigations after symptoms are reported. […] Vaginal cancer is the rarest type of gynaecological cancer in New Zealand with an average of 17 new diagnoses (0.4 per 100,000 females; from 2015 2020) and nine deaths (0.2 per 100,000 females; from 2015 2018) each year. […] The risk of vaginal cancer increases with age; it primarily affects older females with an average age at diagnosis of 60 70 years.
#93 Vaginal Cancer | Encyclopedia MDPI
https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/25552
As with cervical cancer, vaginal cancer has a strong association with the human papillomavirus (HPV) as nearly two-thirds of cases are related to HPV16. Co-factors include immunosuppression and smoking. Other risk factors for SCC of the vagina are: five or more sexual partners, first intercourse before 17 years of age, low socioeconomic status, a history of genital warts, prior abnormal cytology, and prior hysterectomy. Patients with a history of cervical cancer have an increased risk of developing vaginal cancer as these sites share exposure and susceptibility to HPV-related infections. […] There are no routine screening programs for vaginal cancer. However, Pap smears are effective in detecting asymptomatic lesions. In cases of abnormal results without gross cervical lesions, a colposcopy of the vagina should be performed.