Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Survival after bone metastasis by primary cancer type: a Danish population-based cohort study | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/7/9/e016022

  Objective In the 10 most common primary types with bone metastases, we aimed to examine survival, further stratifying on bone metastases only or with additional synchronous metastases. […] One-year survival after bone metastasis diagnosis was lowest in patients with lung cancer (10%, 95% CI 9% to 11%) and highest in patients with breast cancer (51%, 50% to 53%). At 5 years of follow-up, only patients with breast cancer had over 10% survival (13%, 11% to 14%). The risk of mortality was increased for the majority of cancer types among patients with bone and synchronous metastases compared with bone only (adjusted relative risk 1.291.57), except for cervix, ovarian and bladder cancer. […] While patients with bone metastases after most primary cancers have poor survival, one of ten patients with bone metastasis from breast cancer survived 5 years.

• #2 Cancer Spread to Bones: Life Expectancy, Treatment, Types

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cancer-spread-to-bones-life-expectancy

  Bone metastasis usually occurs in people who have been previously diagnosed with cancer or who have advanced cancer. […] Bone metastasis often means cancer has progressed to an advanced stage that isn’t curable. But not all bone metastasis progresses rapidly. In some cases, it progresses more slowly and can be treated as a chronic condition that needs careful management. […] Bone metastasis may not be curable, but treatment may help people live longer and feel better. […] Rapidly treating bone metastasis can lead to a better outcome, by reducing pain and bone fractures. This improves quality of life of the person with bone metastasis. […] Survival rates for people with bone metastases vary greatly by cancer type and stage. Your general health condition and the type of treatment you received for the primary cancer are additional factors.

• #2 Survival after bone metastasis by primary cancer type: a Danish population-based cohort study | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/7/9/e016022

  In this large heterogeneous cohort of 17251 patients with bone metastasis in the 10 specific primary cancer types where bone metastases are most commonly observed, we find that the prognosis after diagnosis of bone metastasis is depending on primary cancer type. Furthermore, the prognosis is poorer when other metastases are present at the time of bone metastasis diagnosis. […] This study corroborates previous research findings regarding prognosis after bone metastasis.

• #3 Cancer Spread to Bones: Life Expectancy, Treatment, Types

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cancer-spread-to-bones-life-expectancy

  A large-scale 2017 study of the 10 most common cancers with bone metastasis found: Lung cancer had the lowest 1-year survival rate after bone metastasis (10 percent). Breast cancer had the highest 1-year survival rate after bone metastasis (51 percent). Having metastases in bone and also in other sites was found to decrease the survival rate. […] Each person’s treatment for bone metastases is individualized and requires a multidisciplinary approach. […] Specific drugs that target bones are an important part of therapy and a developing research area. […] It’s important to begin bone-targeting treatment as soon as possible, and not wait until you have a fracture or other bone injury. A breast cancer study reported a lower risk of bone complications for people who started treatment within 6 months of a bone metastasis diagnosis. […] As we learn more about the mechanisms of how cancer cells invade and disrupt bones, scientists develop new ways of targeting and slowing these cancer cells.

• #4 Metastatic Bone Disease: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology and Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1253331-overview

  In general, once skeletal metastases are present, patient survival is dramatically shortened. For example, the 5-year overall survival rate for people with prostate cancer is 93%, but once skeletal metastases are present, the average survival time is only 29 months. However, patients are surviving and remaining active for longer periods as treatment protocols improve. These factors make the orthopedic surgeon’s task in prophylactic or reconstructive surgery more challenging. […] Most patients with metastatic bone disease survive for 6-48 months. In general, patients with breast and prostate carcinoma live longer than those with lung carcinoma. […] Kirkinis et al studied 462 patients presenting with metastatic bone disease to the extremities or pelvis who underwent orthopedic treatment. Overall survival rates were 45% at 1 year, 29% at 2 years, and 13% at 5 years. Preoperative hemoglobin was found to be an independent predictor of better survival; lung histotype, age, pathologic fracture, and previous combined therapy were negative predictors of survival.

• #5 Predicting diagnosis and survival of bone metastasis in breast cancer using machine learning | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-45438-z

  Among the six machine learning models, the XGBoost algorithm predicted the most accurate results (Diagnostic model AUC=0.98; Prognostic model AUC=0.88). […] Interestingly, surgery was also the most critical feature of prognostic model, followed by liver metastasis. […] This information can guide the subsequent examination, treatment, and management of the patients clinical outcomes. […] Studies have also revealed that bone-related events caused by BM, such as bone fracture, hypercalcemia, or spinal cord compression, have a significantly negative impact on the prognosis of BCBM patients. […] The prognosis was replaced by 5-year survival rate. […] The focus set by machine learning is bone metastasis and prognosis after bone metastasis. […] The most salient risk factor was brain metastasis (OR=86.763, 95% CI 70.737106.884).

• #6 Predicting diagnosis and survival of bone metastasis in breast cancer using machine learning | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-45438-z

  Furthermore, the multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that receiving surgery was still a strong protective factor (OR=0.048, 95% CI 0.0440.053), and the most statistically significant risk factors were T stage (OR=6.137, 95% CI 5.2947.119), N stage (OR=6.648, 95% CI 5.8107.603) and liver metastasis (OR=9.341, 95% CI 8.14110.723). […] Univariate Cox regression showed that surgery (OR=0.500, 95% CI 0.4570.548) was a significant protective factor for the prognosis of BCBM. […] Among them, the most prominent protective factors were surgery (OR=0.569, 95% CI 0.5170.628) and ER (OR=0.482, 95% CI 0.3390.686). […] This study found that BC patients who did not undergo surgery were at high risk of developing BM. […] We also found that T stage and N stage were strong predictors of BM.

• #7 Development of a web-based calculator to predict three-month mortality among patients with bone metastases from cancer of unknown primary: An internally and externally validated study using machine-learning techniques

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9768185/

  Individualized therapeutic strategies can be carried out under the guidance of expected lifespan, hence survival prediction is important. […] The three-month mortality was 72.38% (731/1010) in the entire cohort. […] The multivariate analysis revealed that older age (P=0.031), lung metastasis (P=0.012), and liver metastasis (P=0.008) were risk contributors for three-month mortality, while radiation (P=0.002) and chemotherapy (P0.001) were protective factors. […] When compared to patients in the low-risk groups, patients in the high-risk groups had a 1.99 times higher chance of dying within three months in the internal validation cohort and a 2.37 times higher chance in the external validation cohort (Both P0.001). […] This study suggests a web-based calculator based on the random forest model to estimate the three-month mortality among bone metastases from CUP, and it may be a helpful tool to direct clinical decision-making, inform patients about their prognosis, and facilitate therapeutic communication between patients and physicians.

• #8 Predicting diagnosis and survival of bone metastasis in breast cancer using machine learning | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-45438-z

  This study aimed at establishing more accurate predictive models based on novel machine learning algorithms, with the overarching goal of providing clinicians with effective decision-making assistance. […] Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to identify prognostic factors for breast cancer with bone metastasis (BCBM). […] Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses showed that bone metastases were significantly associated with age, race, sex, grade, T stage, N stage, surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, tumor size, brain metastasis, liver metastasis, lung metastasis, breast subtype, and PR. […] Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses revealed that age, race, marital status, grade, surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, brain metastasis, liver metastasis, lung metastasis, breast subtype, ER, and PR were closely associated with the prognosis of BCBM.

• #9 A computational model to predict bone metastasis in breast cancer by integrating the dysregulated pathways

  https://ouci.dntb.gov.ua/en/works/4Lze6Ja9/

  These findings may prompt the transformation of such a method into an artificial intelligence (AI) diagnostic tool and direct us towards mechanisms that underlie metastasis to bone events. […] Breast cancer metastasises to bone in 70–80% of patients with advanced disease. […] Our findings support the hypothesis that early changes in the physical environment of bone tissue during metastasis may elicit mechanobiological cues for bone cells and activate osteolytic destruction. […] We propose that early changes in the physical environment of bone tissue during metastasis may elicit mechanobiological cues for bone cells and activate later osteolytic bone destruction.

• #10 Factors associated with bone metastasis in breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis – Liu – Annals of Palliative Medicine

  https://apm.amegroups.org/article/view/68514/html

  Progesterone receptor (PR)-positive BC patients had a relatively lower risk of BM [I2=45.9%, OR =0.80, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.72, 0.88, P0.001]. […] HER2-positive BC patients had a relatively higher risk of BM (I2=77.6%, OR =1.35, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.76, P=0.025). […] The risk of BM in patients with lymph node metastasis was higher than that in patients with no lymph node metastasis (I2=99.7%, OR =2.60, 95% CI: 1.41, 4.80, P=0.002). […] The risk of BM in stage T2 BC patients was 1.99 times that in stage T1 BC patients (I2=96.8%, OR =1.99, 95% CI: 1.03, 3.83, P=0.040). […] The risk of BM in stage T3 BC patients was 4.74 times that in stage T1 BC patients (I2=95.6%, OR =4.74, 95% CI: 1.94, 11.57, P=0.001). […] The risk of BM in stage T4 BC patients was 14.57 times that in stage T1 BC patients (I2=95.4%, OR =14.57, 95% CI: 4.16, 51.05, P0.001).

• #11 Factors associated with bone metastasis in breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis – Liu – Annals of Palliative Medicine

  https://apm.amegroups.org/article/view/68514/html

  The incidence of BM in BC patients without lobular or ductal BC was significantly higher than that in patients with ductal BC (I2=56.4%, OR =1.26, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.45, P=0.001). […] Patients with PR-positive BC have a relatively lower risk of BM. Patients with HER2-positive, lymph node metastasis-positive, nonlobular, or ductal BC have a relatively higher risk of BM. With increasing T stage, the risk of BM in BC patients also increases.

• #12 Nomogram for predicting the risk of bone metastasis in breast cancer: a SEER population-based study – Ye – Translational Cancer Research

  https://tcr.amegroups.org/article/view/46273/html

  The nomogram as proposed in this study objectively and accurately predicted the risk of breast cancer patients with bone metastases. In this study, young patients, HR+ subtype, low histological grade, ILC, and primary breast site without surgery were susceptibility factors for the incidence of skeletal metastases.

• #13 Predicting the risk of bone metastases in patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer – Development and validation of a nomogram model | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0318051

  The aim of this study was to develop and validate a nomogram model that predicts the risk of bone metastasis (BM) in a prostate cancer (PCa) population. […] Results showed that history of alcohol consumption, prostate stiffness on Digital rectal examination(DRE), prostate nodules on DRE, FIB, ALP, cTx, and Gleason score were high-risk factors for BM in PCa and nomogram was established. […] Our study identified seven high-risk factors for BM in PCa and these factors would provide a theoretical basis for early clinical prevention of PCa BM. […] BM is the most common site of metastasis in PCa, and early detection is important in clinical treatment. […] Overall, history of alcohol consumption may be included as the first time in PCa BM models, and it remains irreplaceable. Factors such as prostate stiffness on DRE, prostate nodules on DRE, FIB, ALP, cTx, and Gleason Score also play important roles in the construction of nomograms to predict the risk of prostate BM.

• #14 A Scoring System to Predict the Development of Bone Metastasis After Radical Resection of Colorectal Cancer | Anticancer Research

  https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/37/9/5169

  In this study, we developed the first score for the occurrence of bone metastasis after radical resection based on three different risk groups. […] With this predictive instrument physicians can estimate patients’ risk and improve their surveillance management. […] We found an occurrence rate of bone metastasis in the high-risk group of over 10%. […] In summary, this new score can help clinicians identify patients at risk for continuous monitoring and optimize surveillance management for patients to detect and treat the bone metastases very early in order to avoid the occurrence of skeletal complications.

• #15 A Scoring System to Predict the Development of Bone Metastasis After Radical Resection of Colorectal Cancer | Anticancer Research

  https://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/37/9/5169

  Background/Aim: To develop a scoring system to predict bone metastasis after radical resection within 5 years. […] The development of bone metastasis after complete resection of colorectal cancer is a severe event for patients and the treating physicians. Survival and mobility are often limited in these patients and the quality of life is low. The overall survival of these patients ranges between 3-12 months and treatment options are limited. […] We aimed to develop a scoring system to predict the occurrence of bone metastasis after radical resection of colorectal cancer in order to identify patients at risk and contribute to colorectal surveillance management. […] The development of bone metastases represents a crucial burden for cancer patients suffering from bone pain, loss of mobility, pathological fractures or spinal cord compression.

• #16 Predicting the risk of bone metastases in patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer – Development and validation of a nomogram model | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0318051

  The nomogram model involves four aspects: the basic situation of the patient, the physical examination of the clinician, the hematological examination results, and the imaging examination results. This allows a more comprehensive and accurate prediction of the likelihood of BM in PCa patients and is more conducive to clinical decision-making.

• #17 Nomogram for predicting the risk of bone metastasis in breast cancer: a SEER population-based study – Ye – Translational Cancer Research

  https://tcr.amegroups.org/article/view/46273/html

  Bone is the most common metastasis site of breast cancer. The prognosis of bone metastasis is better than other distant metastases, but patients with skeletal related events (SREs) have a poor quality of life, high healthcare costs and low survival rates. […] Median survival for bone-only metastases has been reported to be as high as 72 months in one study, but can be substantially less, and only 20-30% of patients with breast cancer are expected to achieve 5 year survival post diagnosis of bone metastases. […] The burden of bone metastases for patients is considerable, those patients are prone to develop SREs in the first year that could seriously lower the quality of life, increase healthcare costs, decrease survival rates, and even lead to death. […] The proposed nomogram resulted in more-accurate prognostic prediction for breast cancer patients with bone metastases.

• #18 A computational model to predict bone metastasis in breast cancer by integrating the dysregulated pathways | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2407-14-618

  Although there are a lot of researches focusing on cancer prognosis or prediction of cancer metastases, it is still a big challenge to predict the risks of cancer metastasizing to a specific organ such as bone. […] Thus for cancer therapy, it is essential to identify the prognostic factors which can help to identify the patients with high risks of bone metastasis. […] The results show that DPBM can significantly distinguish the bone metastases risks of patients (with p-values of 3.82E-10, 0.00007 and 0.0003 on three sets respectively). […] Therefore, the constructed DPBM is robust and able to significantly distinguish the bone metastases risks of patients in both test set and independent set. […] The difference suggests that the immune system may be essential in the bone specific metastasis of breast cancer. […] Validation results on test set and independent set have shown the great prediction power of DPBM.

• #19 Prediction of Bone Metastasis in Breast Cancer Based on Minimal Driver Gene Set in Gene Dependency Network

  https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/10/6/466

  In the test data set, 71 patients were predicted as high-risk patients, and 98 patients were predicted as low-risk patients. Survival analysis showed that the bone-metastasis risks of the patients in the two groups were indeed different, with a p-value of 0.007. […] Among the 286 patients in the independent test set, 117 were classified as high-risk patients, and 169 patients were classified as low-risk patients. The p-value of the log-rank test of the patients in the two groups was 0.002, indicating that the low-risk patients predicted by our method had longer survival time (bone-metastasis-free survival) than the high-risk ones. […] Therefore, our gene signatures may be good features for classification in the bone metastasis of breast cancer.

• #20 Metastatic Bone Disease: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology and Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1253331-overview

  In a retrospective study that included 164 patients who underwent surgical treatment of metastatic bone disease (median survival, 1.6 y), Baumber et al found that a higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade, a high white blood cell (WBC) count, hyponatremia, a preoperative resting heart rate higher than 100 beats/min, and the type of primary cancer were significant predictors of reduced survival time at 6 and 12 months. […] With increased survival, maintenance of quality of life is clearly a concern. Skeletal-related events (SREs) can significantly affect the quality of life of patients with metastatic bone disease. A study by Nakanishi et al (N = 1041) that evaluated the ability of the Spine Instability Neoplastic Score (SINS) to predict SREs in patients with metastatic spine tumors found the SINS to have reasonable predictive value in this setting.

• #21 Prognosis and survival for bone cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/bone/prognosis-and-survival

  If you have bone cancer, you may have questions about your prognosis. A prognosis is the doctors best estimate of how cancer will affect someone and how it will respond to treatment. Prognosis and survival depend on many factors. Only a doctor familiar with your medical history, the type and stage and other features of the cancer, the treatments chosen and the response to treatment can put all of this information together with survival statistics to arrive at a prognosis. […] Whether or not cancer has already spread when it is diagnosed is the most important prognostic factor for bone cancer. Metastasis is linked with a poorer prognosis. […] Where the cancer has spread is also an important prognostic factor. Bone cancer that has spread only to the lungs has a better prognosis than metastasis to other parts of the body.

• #22 Prognosis and survival for bone cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/bone/prognosis-and-survival

  Tumours that are found in the bones of the leg or arm (distal tumours) have a better prognosis than tumours that are found in the bones of the pelvis, chest, skull or spine (proximal tumours). […] Low-grade tumours have a better prognosis than high-grade tumours. […] Bone cancer tumours that are smaller than 8 cm have a better prognosis than tumours larger than 8 cm. […] People who are younger than 40 when they are diagnosed with bone cancer have a better prognosis than people over age 40. […] The amount that a bone cancer tumour shrinks with chemotherapy affects the prognosis. Tumours that respond well and get smaller with chemotherapy have a better prognosis than tumours that do not respond very well to chemotherapy.

• #23 A computational model to predict bone metastasis in breast cancer by integrating the dysregulated pathways

  https://ouci.dntb.gov.ua/en/works/4Lze6Ja9/

  Bone is the most frequent organ for breast cancer metastasis, and thus it is essential to predict the bone metastasis of breast cancer. […] Survival analysis showed that the signature could distinguish the bone metastasis risks of cancer patients in the test data set and independent data set. […] Bone is the most common site of distant metastasis from malignant tumors, with the highest prevalence observed in breast and prostate cancers. […] Many bone-targeting agents developed based on the current understanding of BM onset’s molecular mechanisms dull these adverse effects. […] However, only a few studies investigated potential predictors of high risk for developing BM, despite such knowledge being critical for early interventions to prevent or delay BM. […] The result shows the models’ way of learning allowed it to zoom in on the featured genes that provide the added benefit of the model displaying generic capabilities, that is, to predict BM for samples from different primary sites.

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