Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Proctitis: What it is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5964-proctitis

  Proctitis is inflammation in your rectum. It can cause uncomfortable symptoms when you go to the bathroom. You can get acute proctitis from a sexually transmitted infection (STI). You may have chronic proctitis with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). […] Proctitis can be chronic or acute, depending on the cause. Acute means sudden and temporary, while chronic disease lasts a long time. […] A healthcare provider will begin by asking you about your symptoms, then physically examine your rectum for signs of proctitis (digital rectal exam and anoscopy). If proctitis appears likely, theyll ask you further questions to help get an idea of what might have caused it or what type it is. […] Tests might include: A blood test. A blood test can identify infections and other conditions that may cause proctitis. It can also indicate blood loss or an excess of white blood cells.

• #1 Diagnosis of Proctitis – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/proctitis/diagnosis

  Doctors will ask about your medical history, perform a physical exam, and order tests to diagnose proctitis and find the cause. […] Your doctor will perform a physical exam, which may include a digital rectal exam, to check for signs of proctitis or other problems in the rectum. […] Blood tests can show signs of infections or other conditions that may cause proctitis. […] Stool tests may show signs of infections that can cause proctitis. […] A rectal culture can show signs of infections that cause proctitis. […] Doctors may use endoscopy tests to diagnose proctitis.

• #1 Proctitis Diagnosis & Treatment – Allied Digestive Health

  https://allieddigestivehealth.com/conditions-and-diseases/proctitis/

  What Is Proctitis? Proctitis refers to an inflammation in the lining of the rectum (rectal mucosa), which can cause rectal pain and bleeding. […] How Is Proctitis Diagnosed? Before your physician performs any diagnostic tests, they will want a patient consultation, physical exam, and medical history. The medical history will include questions about past and present sexual activity, as STDs are a common cause of proctitis. Your healthcare provider may want to test you for STDs before they run any other diagnostics. Tests that can confirm a diagnosis of proctitis include: Rectal culture. Your gastroenterologist will insert a swab into your rectum to obtain a sample for testing. […] Flexible sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy. While the prep for these two tests is similar, a sigmoidoscopy can examine your anus, rectum, and lower part of the colon, while a colonoscopy can look at your entire large intestine. […] Anoscopy. The physician uses a tool known as an anoscope to widen the anus and look in the anal canal and rectum.

• #1 Proctitis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/proctitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376938

  Tests and procedures used to diagnose proctitis include: […] Blood tests. These can detect blood loss or infections. […] Stool test. You may be asked to collect a stool sample for testing. A stool test may help determine if your proctitis is caused by a bacterial infection. […] Scope exam of the last portion of your colon. During this test (flexible sigmoidoscopy), your doctor uses a slender, flexible, lighted tube to examine the last part of your colon (sigmoid), as well as the rectum. During the procedure, your doctor can also take small samples of tissue (biopsy) for laboratory analysis. […] Scope exam of your entire colon. This test (colonoscopy) allows your doctor to view your entire colon using a thin, flexible, lighted tube with an attached camera. Your doctor can also take a biopsy during this test. […] Tests for sexually transmitted infections. These tests involve obtaining a sample of discharge from your rectum or from the tube that drains urine from your bladder (urethra).

• #1 Acute Proctitis Workup: Laboratory Studies, Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775952-workup

  A complete blood count (CBC) is performed to evaluate for leukocytosis, if an infectious etiology, or severity of anemia due to blood loss. […] C-reactive protein level is elevated in patients with extensive pancolitis but is frequently normal in patients with only distal disease. […] Cultures of rectal swabs help diagnose gonorrhea or chlamydia. […] Cultures of vesicular fluid or cytologic scrapings aid in the diagnosis of HSV. […] Serum Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test and dark field examination of scrapings from the base of the chancre reveals spirochetes and confirms the diagnosis of syphilis. […] Stool specimen for C difficile toxin. […] Proctosigmoidoscopy reveals the following: Pallor or erythema, Loss of usual vascularity of mucosa, Prominent telangiectasia, Friability, Bleeding, Ulcerations, Edema, Scattered areas of scarring, Vesicles/pustules, Strictures. […] Perform a biopsy for histology, culture, viral studies, and Chlamydia studies. […] Perform colonoscopy to exclude more proximal involvement. […] Barium studies are helpful in patients who have obstructive symptoms and are preferred in those patients suspected of having fistulas.

• #1 Ulcerative Colitis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/1101/p1323.html/1000

  The diagnosis is made endoscopically. […] Colonoscopy or proctosigmoidoscopy and biopsy are the tests of choice to diagnose ulcerative colitis. […] The clinical history can be used to differentiate the various etiologies of chronic diarrhea in patients who have not previously been diagnosed with ulcerative colitis. […] In patients with suspected ulcerative colitis, the most important laboratory studies are stool examinations for ova and parasites, stool culture, and testing for Clostridium difficile toxin to help eliminate other causes of chronic diarrhea. […] A meta-analysis of observational studies to determine the utility of blood tests to detect perinuclear antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies (pANCA) and anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) showed that the combination is specific, but not sensitive for diagnosing ulcerative colitis. […] Differentiating Crohn’s disease from ulcerative colitis can be challenging, particularly early in the course of the disease, but it is an important step because appropriate treatments and potential complications vary for these two conditions.

• #1 Proctitis, Proctocolitis, and Enteritis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/proctitis.htm

  Sexually transmitted gastrointestinal syndromes include proctitis, proctocolitis, and enteritis. Evaluation for these syndromes should include recommended diagnostic procedures, including anoscopy or sigmoidoscopy, stool examination for WBCs, and microbiologic workup (e.g., gonorrhea, chlamydia [LGV PCR if available], herpes simplex NAAT, and syphilis serology). […] Proctitis is inflammation of the rectum (i.e., the distal 1012 cm) that can be associated with anorectal pain, tenesmus, or rectal discharge. […] Persons with symptoms of acute proctitis should be examined by anoscopy. A Gram-stained smear of any anorectal exudate from anoscopic or anal examination should be examined for polymorphonuclear leukocytes. All persons should be evaluated for herpes simplex (preferably by NAAT of rectal lesions), N. gonorrhoeae (NAAT or culture), C. trachomatis (NAAT), and T. pallidum (darkfield of lesion if available and serologic testing).

• #1 Proctitis – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/anorectal-disorders/proctitis

  Proctitis is inflammation of the rectal mucosa, which may result from infection, inflammatory bowel disease, or radiation. […] Diagnosis is by proctoscopy or sigmoidoscopy, usually with cultures and biopsy. […] Diagnosis of proctitis requires proctoscopy or sigmoidoscopy, which may reveal an inflamed rectal mucosa. […] Rectal swabs should be tested for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia species (by culture or nucleic acid amplification test, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), enteric pathogens (by culture), and viral pathogens (by culture or immunoassay). […] Serologic tests for syphilis and stool tests for C. difficile toxin are done. […] Sometimes mucosal biopsy is needed. […] Colonoscopy may be valuable in some patients to rule out inflammatory bowel disease.

• #1 Proctitis – ADH North Shore

  https://northshoregastro.com/conditions-and-diseases/proctitis/

  What Is Proctitis? Proctitis refers to an inflammation in the lining of the rectum (rectal mucosa), which can cause rectal pain and bleeding. […] How Is Proctitis Diagnosed? Before your physician performs any diagnostic tests, they will want a patient consultation, physical exam, and medical history. Tests that can confirm a diagnosis of proctitis include: Rectal culture. Your gastroenterologist will insert a swab into your rectum to obtain a sample for testing. Flexible sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy. […] Anoscopy. The physician uses a tool known as an anoscope to widen the anus and look in the anal canal and rectum.

• #1 Proctitis – Digestive Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/digestive-disorders/anal-and-rectal-disorders/proctitis

  A doctor makes the diagnosis after examining the inside of the rectum. […] To make the diagnosis of proctitis, a doctor looks inside the rectum with a proctoscope or sigmoidoscope and takes swabs and a tissue sample of the rectal lining for examination. The laboratory then can identify the bacterium, fungus, or virus that may be causing the proctitis. […] A doctor may also examine other areas of the intestine using colonoscopy to look for Crohn disease or ulcerative colitis.

• #1 Proctitis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/proctitis?lang=us

  Proctitis refers to acute or chronic inflammation of the lining of the rectum (rectal mucosa). […] Proctitis may have a range of clinical symptoms including: rectal bleeding, rectal discharge, fecal urgency, painful defecation, tenesmus, crampy lower abdominal pain. […] Proctitis may result from a number of pathologies: infection – infective proctitis, ischemia – ischemic proctitis, radiation – radiation proctitis, fecal impaction – stercoral proctitis. […] Possible differential considerations include: diffuse colonic malignancy affecting the rectum, rectal lymphoma, diffuse adenocarcinoma of rectum.

• #1 Proctitis, Proctocolitis, and Enteritis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/proctitis.htm

  Follow-up should be based on specific etiology and severity of clinical symptoms. For proctitis associated with gonorrhea or chlamydia, retesting for the respective pathogen should be performed 3 months after treatment. […] Persons with HIV infection and acute proctitis might present with bloody discharge, painful perianal ulcers, or mucosal ulcers and LGV and herpes proctitis are more prevalent among this population.

• #1 Proctitis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/proctitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20376933

  Make an appointment with your doctor if you have any signs or symptoms of proctitis. […] Several diseases and conditions can cause inflammation of the rectal lining. […] About 30% of people with inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis) have inflammation of the rectum. […] Sexually transmitted infections, spread particularly by people who engage in anal intercourse, can result in proctitis. […] Radiation therapy directed at your rectum or nearby areas, such as the prostate, can cause rectal inflammation. […] Sometimes antibiotics used to treat an infection can kill helpful bacteria in the bowels, allowing the harmful Clostridium difficile bacteria to grow in the rectum. […] Proctitis that isn’t treated or that doesn’t respond to treatment may lead to complications, including anemia. […] Chronic inflammation in the rectum can lead to open sores (ulcers) on the inside lining of the rectum. […] Radiation therapy directed at or near your rectum (such as for rectal, ovarian or prostate cancer) increases your risk of proctitis.

• #1 Getting a diagnosis for Crohn’s Disease, Ulcerative Colitis or Microscopic Colitis

  https://crohnsandcolitis.org.uk/info-support/information-about-crohns-and-colitis/all-information-about-crohns-and-colitis/understanding-crohns-and-colitis/how-to-get-a-diagnosis

  After your endoscopy, you should receive a report within three weeks. […] The results on your endoscopy report might not specifically say Crohn’s Disease or Ulcerative Colitis. There are different forms of Crohn’s and Colitis, and their different names suggest where you’re most affected. […] In proctitis, only the rectum (the lowest part of the large bowel) is inflamed. The rest of the colon is unaffected and can still work normally. […] If your endoscopy didn’t find anything, you could still have Crohn’s or Colitis. You may need more tests and investigations, such as an X-ray, ultrasound or MRI scan to check for inflammation. […] If you have Microscopic Colitis, then your colon and rectum may look normal on a colonoscopy. During a colonoscopy, a tissue sample, known as a biopsy, may be taken from your gut. This biopsy will be looked at under a microscope for signs of Microscopic Colitis, which is the only way to diagnose it.

• #1 Radiation proctitis: Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-radiation-proctitis

  Radiation proctitis is inflammation of the rectum that occurs as a result of acute damage to the rectum sustained from pelvic radiation. […] This topic will review the clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of acute radiation proctitis and chronic radiation injury (RAVE and chronic radiation proctopathy). […] Reliable estimates of the incidence of radiation proctitis are not available due to variability in the definition and reporting of radiation proctitis. However, the incidence of radiation proctitis in patients treated with brachytherapy alone is estimated to range from 8 to 13 percent and up to 21 percent when used in combination with other modalities. […] Chronic radiation injury may occur as a continuation of acute radiation proctitis or have a delayed onset (from 9 to 14 months following radiation exposure to 30 years after exposure). […] Risk factors for radiation proctitis include the dose of radiation, area of exposure, and method of delivery.

• #1 Proctitis – Saleeby and Wessels Proctology

  https://www.saleebyandwesselsproctology.com/colorectal-services/proctitis/

  The diagnosis of proctitis typically involves an index of suspicion, as well as timely physical examination. […] Depending on the situation, further testing with stool studies and cultures, rectal cultures, endoscopic evaluation with flexible sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy may be indicated to both find the cause and plan proper treatment.

• #1 Proctitis: What it is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5964-proctitis

  Treatment depends on the cause and how severe it is. It may include: Discontinuing whatever caused the inflammation. Antibiotics or antivirals to treat infections. Immunosuppressants for autoimmune-related proctitis. […] Most cases of proctitis respond well to treatment. If its an acute case, it should resolve within four to eight weeks for adults or months for infants. […] Always see a healthcare provider for symptoms of proctitis. Its important to identify and treat the cause to prevent it from worsening.

• #1 Separating Infectious Proctitis from Inflammatory Bowel Disease—A Common Clinical Conundrum

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/12/12/2395

  Proctitis refers to inflammation in the rectum and may result in rectal bleeding, discharge, urgency, tenesmus, and lower abdominal pain. […] Distinguishing infective proctitis from inflammatory bowel disease remains a significant clinical challenge as there is significant overlap in the clinical presentation and their endoscopic and histological features. […] This review compares and highlights the distinguishing hallmarks of both inflammatory and infective causes of proctitis. It provides a practical guide to describe the key features that clinicians should focus on in both clinical and key diagnostic investigations to avoid potential misdiagnosis. […] Currently, there is no single diagnostic test for IBD, with clinicians using a combination of clinical history, examination, biomarkers, radiology, endoscopy, and histopathology to make a diagnosis.

• #1 Separating Infectious Proctitis from Inflammatory Bowel Disease—A Common Clinical Conundrum

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/12/12/2395

  The aim of this review is to identify the key features of inflammatory and infective proctitis, and to highlight the distinguishing features to assist clinicians in the diagnostic process. […] Making an incorrect diagnosis can lead to incorrect and/or delayed treatments, leading to complications that could otherwise be avoided. […] Failure of initial treatment should always lead a clinician to reconsider the original diagnosis. […] Identified patients who have risk factors alongside atypical features and/or have failed to respond to treatment should be investigated for infective causes; this is key to avoiding misdiagnosis. […] High-risk patients should have rectal swabs for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae alongside syphilis serology.

• #1 Evaluation of proctitis – Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/645?locale=de

  Proctitis refers to inflammation in the rectum. It may result in rectal bleeding or discharge, urgency, painful defecation, tenesmus, and crampy lower abdominal pain. The inflammation can develop as a consequence of exposure of the rectal mucosa to infectious organisms, allergens, radiation, ischemia, and toxins, or diversion of fecal flow from the rectum (diversion proctitis). In addition, it can be the primary location of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease, such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn disease. […] Accurate assessment and identification of the underlying cause is essential for appropriate therapy.

• #2 Proctitis, Proctocolitis, and Enteritis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/proctitis.htm

  Sexually transmitted gastrointestinal syndromes include proctitis, proctocolitis, and enteritis. Evaluation for these syndromes should include recommended diagnostic procedures, including anoscopy or sigmoidoscopy, stool examination for WBCs, and microbiologic workup (e.g., gonorrhea, chlamydia [LGV PCR if available], herpes simplex NAAT, and syphilis serology). […] Proctitis is inflammation of the rectum (i.e., the distal 1012 cm) that can be associated with anorectal pain, tenesmus, or rectal discharge. […] Persons with symptoms of acute proctitis should be examined by anoscopy. A Gram-stained smear of any anorectal exudate from anoscopic or anal examination should be examined for polymorphonuclear leukocytes. All persons should be evaluated for herpes simplex (preferably by NAAT of rectal lesions), N. gonorrhoeae (NAAT or culture), C. trachomatis (NAAT), and T. pallidum (darkfield of lesion if available and serologic testing).

• #2 Proctitis: What it is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5964-proctitis

  Proctitis is inflammation in your rectum. It can cause uncomfortable symptoms when you go to the bathroom. You can get acute proctitis from a sexually transmitted infection (STI). You may have chronic proctitis with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). […] Proctitis can be chronic or acute, depending on the cause. Acute means sudden and temporary, while chronic disease lasts a long time. […] A healthcare provider will begin by asking you about your symptoms, then physically examine your rectum for signs of proctitis (digital rectal exam and anoscopy). If proctitis appears likely, theyll ask you further questions to help get an idea of what might have caused it or what type it is. […] Tests might include: A blood test. A blood test can identify infections and other conditions that may cause proctitis. It can also indicate blood loss or an excess of white blood cells.

• #2 Diagnosis of Proctitis – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/proctitis/diagnosis

  Doctors will ask about your medical history, perform a physical exam, and order tests to diagnose proctitis and find the cause. […] Your doctor will perform a physical exam, which may include a digital rectal exam, to check for signs of proctitis or other problems in the rectum. […] Blood tests can show signs of infections or other conditions that may cause proctitis. […] Stool tests may show signs of infections that can cause proctitis. […] A rectal culture can show signs of infections that cause proctitis. […] Doctors may use endoscopy tests to diagnose proctitis.

• #2 Proctitis In Pediatric Patients: Diagnosis And Management – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/proctitis-in-pediatric-patients-diagnosis-and-management/

  Proctitis is diagnosed mostly by laboratory checks. Stool cultures can identify infectious pathogens, but blood tests such as complete blood count (CBC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP) aid in determining inflammation and infection. […] A definite diagnosis frequently requires endoscopic investigation, such as a sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy. These methods provide direct visualisation of the rectal mucosa and biopsy for histological evaluation, which is crucial to identifying IBD, infections, and other pathological conditions.

• #2 Proctitis and Anusitis Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Endoscopy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/192910-workup

  In general, for all patients diagnosed with proctitis, a routine workup should be performed to rule out infectious etiologies. The laboratory workup includes stool cultures, ova and parasite analysis, and fecal smears. […] In patients at risk, an anorectal swab should be obtained and sent to test for gonococcal, chlamydial, and herpes simplex virus (HSV) proctitis. […] The diagnostic procedure of choice for patients with proctitis and anusitis is endoscopy, including anoscopy, sigmoidoscopy (rigid or flexible), and colonoscopy. […] A full colonoscopy is recommended for patients with proctitis; biopsy specimens obtained from the right side of the colon may show hallmarks of IBD, such as cell metaplasia. […] Histologic findings are usually consistent with inflammation. Often, however, detailed histology leading to the etiology is not possible.

• #2 Acute Proctitis Workup: Laboratory Studies, Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775952-workup

  A complete blood count (CBC) is performed to evaluate for leukocytosis, if an infectious etiology, or severity of anemia due to blood loss. […] C-reactive protein level is elevated in patients with extensive pancolitis but is frequently normal in patients with only distal disease. […] Cultures of rectal swabs help diagnose gonorrhea or chlamydia. […] Cultures of vesicular fluid or cytologic scrapings aid in the diagnosis of HSV. […] Serum Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test and dark field examination of scrapings from the base of the chancre reveals spirochetes and confirms the diagnosis of syphilis. […] Stool specimen for C difficile toxin. […] Proctosigmoidoscopy reveals the following: Pallor or erythema, Loss of usual vascularity of mucosa, Prominent telangiectasia, Friability, Bleeding, Ulcerations, Edema, Scattered areas of scarring, Vesicles/pustules, Strictures. […] Perform a biopsy for histology, culture, viral studies, and Chlamydia studies. […] Perform colonoscopy to exclude more proximal involvement. […] Barium studies are helpful in patients who have obstructive symptoms and are preferred in those patients suspected of having fistulas.

• #2 Proctitis, Proctocolitis, and Enteritis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/proctitis.htm

  If the C. trachomatis NAAT test is positive on a rectal swab and severe symptoms associated with LGV are present (including rectal ulcers, anal discharge, bleeding, 10 WBCs on Gram stain, and tenesmus), patients should be treated empirically for LGV. […] The pathogenic role of M. genitalium in proctitis is unclear. For persons with persistent symptoms after standard treatment, providers should consider testing for M. genitalium with NAAT and treat if positive. […] Acute proctitis among persons who have anal exposure through oral, genital, or digital contact is usually sexually acquired. […] Presumptive therapy should be initiated while awaiting results of laboratory tests for persons with anorectal exudate detected on examination or polymorphonuclear leukocytes detected on a Gram-stained smear of anorectal exudate or secretions.

• #2 Proctitis Diagnosis & Treatment – Allied Digestive Health

  https://allieddigestivehealth.com/conditions-and-diseases/proctitis/

  What Is Proctitis? Proctitis refers to an inflammation in the lining of the rectum (rectal mucosa), which can cause rectal pain and bleeding. […] How Is Proctitis Diagnosed? Before your physician performs any diagnostic tests, they will want a patient consultation, physical exam, and medical history. The medical history will include questions about past and present sexual activity, as STDs are a common cause of proctitis. Your healthcare provider may want to test you for STDs before they run any other diagnostics. Tests that can confirm a diagnosis of proctitis include: Rectal culture. Your gastroenterologist will insert a swab into your rectum to obtain a sample for testing. […] Flexible sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy. While the prep for these two tests is similar, a sigmoidoscopy can examine your anus, rectum, and lower part of the colon, while a colonoscopy can look at your entire large intestine. […] Anoscopy. The physician uses a tool known as an anoscope to widen the anus and look in the anal canal and rectum.

• #2 Proctitis – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/proctitis.html

  Anoscopy: During this test, a short tube is carefully put into your anus and up the rectum. This lets healthcare providers look inside your anus and rectum. […] Endoscopy: A long, thin tube with a small camera on the end is put into your anus. Healthcare providers will look for problems in your rectum and colon. A small amount of tissue may be taken from your bowel and sent for tests.

• #2 Proctitis // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/proctitis

  Tests and procedures used to diagnose proctitis include: […] You may be asked to collect a stool sample for testing. A stool test may help determine if your proctitis is caused by a bacterial infection. […] During this test (flexible sigmoidoscopy), your doctor uses a slender, flexible, lighted tube to examine the last part of your colon (sigmoid), as well as the rectum. During the procedure, your doctor can also take small samples of tissue (biopsy) for laboratory analysis. […] This test (colonoscopy) allows your doctor to view your entire colon using a thin, flexible, lighted tube with an attached camera. Your doctor can also take a biopsy during this test. […] These tests involve obtaining a sample of discharge from your rectum or from the tube that drains urine from your bladder (urethra).

• #2 Proctitis | Colorectal Surgeons Sydney

  http://colorectalsurgeonssydney.com.au/conditions/rectal-conditions/proctitis

  Proctitis causes a red and angry rectum, much like a rash or a sunburn of the lining (mucosa) of the rectum that is friable and easily bleeds and ulcerates. […] Proctitis due to irradiation has many similar features to that due to IBD. A history of previous exposure to radiotherapy and the onset of proctitis following this, along with the absence of typical IBD features on biopsy all favour a diagnosis of radiation proctitis. […] Stool cultures should be sent to test for common infective agents that may be responsible. Colonoscopy is necessary not only to make the diagnosis of proctitis, but also to exclude other conditions that can cause rectal bleeding. Colonoscopy also allows for real time images to be taken of the lining of the rectum which has a characteristic appearance with granular friability, bloody mucous discharge, and contact bleeding when the colonoscope touches the mucosa. Colonoscopy also allows for biopsies to be taken to allow definitive examination under a microscope, and to send the tissues for culture to exclude infective causes.

• #2 Proctitis – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/anorectal-disorders/proctitis

  Proctitis is inflammation of the rectal mucosa, which may result from infection, inflammatory bowel disease, or radiation. […] Diagnosis is by proctoscopy or sigmoidoscopy, usually with cultures and biopsy. […] Diagnosis of proctitis requires proctoscopy or sigmoidoscopy, which may reveal an inflamed rectal mucosa. […] Rectal swabs should be tested for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia species (by culture or nucleic acid amplification test, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), enteric pathogens (by culture), and viral pathogens (by culture or immunoassay). […] Serologic tests for syphilis and stool tests for C. difficile toxin are done. […] Sometimes mucosal biopsy is needed. […] Colonoscopy may be valuable in some patients to rule out inflammatory bowel disease.

• #2 Evaluation of proctitis – Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/645?locale=de

  Proctitis refers to inflammation in the rectum. It may result in rectal bleeding or discharge, urgency, painful defecation, tenesmus, and crampy lower abdominal pain. The inflammation can develop as a consequence of exposure of the rectal mucosa to infectious organisms, allergens, radiation, ischemia, and toxins, or diversion of fecal flow from the rectum (diversion proctitis). In addition, it can be the primary location of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease, such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn disease. […] Accurate assessment and identification of the underlying cause is essential for appropriate therapy.

• #2 Separating Infectious Proctitis from Inflammatory Bowel Disease—A Common Clinical Conundrum

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/12/12/2395

  The aim of this review is to identify the key features of inflammatory and infective proctitis, and to highlight the distinguishing features to assist clinicians in the diagnostic process. […] Making an incorrect diagnosis can lead to incorrect and/or delayed treatments, leading to complications that could otherwise be avoided. […] Failure of initial treatment should always lead a clinician to reconsider the original diagnosis. […] Identified patients who have risk factors alongside atypical features and/or have failed to respond to treatment should be investigated for infective causes; this is key to avoiding misdiagnosis. […] High-risk patients should have rectal swabs for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae alongside syphilis serology.

• #2 Getting a diagnosis for Crohn’s Disease, Ulcerative Colitis or Microscopic Colitis

  https://crohnsandcolitis.org.uk/info-support/information-about-crohns-and-colitis/all-information-about-crohns-and-colitis/understanding-crohns-and-colitis/how-to-get-a-diagnosis

  Getting a diagnosis of Crohn’s or Colitis is not always easy. You may need several tests, examinations and investigations. […] There isn’t one test that can diagnose Crohn’s or Colitis. Your doctor will ask you questions about your symptoms and health. They may also examine your tummy and bottom and test your blood and poo. They might recommend you have further investigations, such as an endoscopy or a scan. […] Your GP should recommend you have some investigations if you’ve been having any of the following symptoms for more than 6 weeks: Stomach pain or discomfort, Bloating, A change in how you poo. […] You can’t be diagnosed with Crohn’s or Colitis from just one test. Your doctor will need to gather lots of information to find out why you’re unwell. […] Your GP may also send you to have endoscopies, scans or X-rays. These are all tests to look inside your body.

• #2 Ulcerative Proctitis Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment | SELF

  https://www.self.com/story/ulcerative-proctitis

  Ulcerative proctitis is a mild form of ulcerative colitis that only affects the rectum. […] According to a 2018 review of research published in the journal Digestion, ulcerative proctitis is considered to be an initial manifestation of ulcerative colitis so preventing further aggravation of the condition is key. […] If youre experiencing rectal bleeding on a regular basis, Dr. Yoon suggests getting checked out to rule out other GI conditions or, in very rare cases, colorectal cancer. […] First, your doctor will get a detailed history of your symptoms. Then, according to the Mayo Clinic, these are some of the tests and procedures they may turn to in order to confirm a diagnosis: Blood or stool tests to look for blood loss or signs of infection, which can trigger an ulcerative proctitis flare.

• #2 Radiation Proctitis Treatment Annapolis MD

  https://www.annapoliscolon.com/radiation-proctitis/

  Radiation proctitis is inflammation of the rectum that occurs as a result of damage to the rectum sustained from pelvic radiation given to treat a cancer such as prostate or cervical cancer. […] Chronic radiation proctitis can develop in up to 20% of patients who have received pelvic radiation. […] An in-office history and examination by a colon and rectal surgeon will generally allow proper diagnosis of chronic radiation proctitis along with evaluation of the rectum either with a flexible or rigid proctoscope. If a colonoscopy has not been done, then a colonoscopy will be advised. […] For this reason it is important for anyone who has received pelvic radiation to have either a colonoscopy or a flexible sigmoidoscopy starting 5 years after completion of radiation therapy.

• #2 Ulcerative Proctitis Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment | SELF

  https://www.self.com/story/ulcerative-proctitis

  Chronic inflammation in any organ for a long period of time causes damage at the cellular level, increasing the risk of colon cancer, Dr. Lerrigo adds. That’s why he recommends colonoscopies every year to two years for people who have progressed to ulcerative colitis and have had severe symptoms for many years.

• #2 Proctitis | Colorectal Surgeons Sydney

  http://colorectalsurgeonssydney.com.au/conditions/rectal-conditions/proctitis

  Longstanding proctitis, particularly those caused by inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are associated with an increased risk of cancer transformation. The progression from proctitis to cancer is over a period of time. Early precancerous changes (dysplasia) begins as mild before becoming moderate, and in some cases becomes severe dysplasia, before finally becoming invasive cancer. Colonoscopy allows for visual inspection of the colon and rectum, as well as allowing for biopsies to be taken, to make sure that high grade dysplasia or cancer are not present.

• #2 Proctitis – Sydney Colorectal Associates

  https://sydneycolorectal.com.au/conditions/proctitis/

  Proctitis is an inflammation of the rectum that causes urgency and frequency of bowel actions, bleeding, and may be associated with the discharge of mucus or pus. […] Diagnosis is based on clinical features and the appearance of the bowel lining at sigmoidoscopy. Sigmoidoscopy is necessary to exclude other conditions that may mimic proctitis, such as rectal cancer or haemorrhoids. Colonoscopy is used to exclude inflammation that is more extensive. Biopsies may be helpful and bacteriology cultures may reveal the cause in infectious proctitis.

• #2 Proctitis: Causes, Treatment, and Surgery

  https://www.healthline.com/health/proctitis

  Proctitis is a condition in which the lining tissue of the inner rectum becomes inflamed. […] Proctitis can be painful and uncomfortable. […] The condition is usually treated with medications and lifestyle adjustments. […] About 30 percent of people who have IBD also have proctitis at some point. […] A common symptom of proctitis is called tenesmus. […] Inflammation and irritation of the rectum and rectal lining cause tenesmus. […] The goals of proctitis treatment are to reduce inflammation, control pain, and treat infection. […] Specific treatments depend on the cause of proctitis. […] Medications may be used to treat STIs and other infections. […] You may eventually need surgery if you have ulcerative colitis or Crohns disease and frequent cases of proctitis. […] Many cases of proctitis are treated successfully with medication and lifestyle changes. […] You can prevent complications by reporting all symptoms to your doctor as soon as possible.

• #3 Proctitis – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/anorectal-disorders/proctitis

  Proctitis is inflammation of the rectal mucosa, which may result from infection, inflammatory bowel disease, or radiation. […] Diagnosis is by proctoscopy or sigmoidoscopy, usually with cultures and biopsy. […] Diagnosis of proctitis requires proctoscopy or sigmoidoscopy, which may reveal an inflamed rectal mucosa. […] Rectal swabs should be tested for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia species (by culture or nucleic acid amplification test, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), enteric pathogens (by culture), and viral pathogens (by culture or immunoassay). […] Serologic tests for syphilis and stool tests for C. difficile toxin are done. […] Sometimes mucosal biopsy is needed. […] Colonoscopy may be valuable in some patients to rule out inflammatory bowel disease.

• #3 Proctitis – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/proctitis.html

  How is proctitis diagnosed? […] Your healthcare provider will examine you and check your abdomen and groin. Your provider may ask about other health conditions, including your past travels or activities. This also includes exposures and contacts, diseases, or treatments you may have had. Your provider may also check your rectum by inserting a gloved finger into your anus. You may need any of the following tests: […] Lab tests: These may be done to find if your proctitis is caused by bacteria or allergies. A sample of your blood, stool, or discharge may be taken. […] Allergy testing: This may be done if your healthcare provider thinks your proctitis is caused by a food allergy. Your provider may do a skin test or have you not eat certain foods. Ask your provider for more information about allergy testing.

• #3 Proctitis – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/proctitis.html

  Anoscopy: During this test, a short tube is carefully put into your anus and up the rectum. This lets healthcare providers look inside your anus and rectum. […] Endoscopy: A long, thin tube with a small camera on the end is put into your anus. Healthcare providers will look for problems in your rectum and colon. A small amount of tissue may be taken from your bowel and sent for tests.

• #3 Proctitis | Colorectal Surgeons Sydney

  http://colorectalsurgeonssydney.com.au/conditions/rectal-conditions/proctitis

  Longstanding proctitis, particularly those caused by inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are associated with an increased risk of cancer transformation. The progression from proctitis to cancer is over a period of time. Early precancerous changes (dysplasia) begins as mild before becoming moderate, and in some cases becomes severe dysplasia, before finally becoming invasive cancer. Colonoscopy allows for visual inspection of the colon and rectum, as well as allowing for biopsies to be taken, to make sure that high grade dysplasia or cancer are not present.

• #3 Separating Infectious Proctitis from Inflammatory Bowel Disease—A Common Clinical Conundrum

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/12/12/2395

  Proctitis refers to inflammation in the rectum and may result in rectal bleeding, discharge, urgency, tenesmus, and lower abdominal pain. […] Distinguishing infective proctitis from inflammatory bowel disease remains a significant clinical challenge as there is significant overlap in the clinical presentation and their endoscopic and histological features. […] This review compares and highlights the distinguishing hallmarks of both inflammatory and infective causes of proctitis. It provides a practical guide to describe the key features that clinicians should focus on in both clinical and key diagnostic investigations to avoid potential misdiagnosis. […] Currently, there is no single diagnostic test for IBD, with clinicians using a combination of clinical history, examination, biomarkers, radiology, endoscopy, and histopathology to make a diagnosis.

• #3 Getting a diagnosis for Crohn’s Disease, Ulcerative Colitis or Microscopic Colitis

  https://crohnsandcolitis.org.uk/info-support/information-about-crohns-and-colitis/all-information-about-crohns-and-colitis/understanding-crohns-and-colitis/how-to-get-a-diagnosis

  After your endoscopy, you should receive a report within three weeks. […] The results on your endoscopy report might not specifically say Crohn’s Disease or Ulcerative Colitis. There are different forms of Crohn’s and Colitis, and their different names suggest where you’re most affected. […] In proctitis, only the rectum (the lowest part of the large bowel) is inflamed. The rest of the colon is unaffected and can still work normally. […] If your endoscopy didn’t find anything, you could still have Crohn’s or Colitis. You may need more tests and investigations, such as an X-ray, ultrasound or MRI scan to check for inflammation. […] If you have Microscopic Colitis, then your colon and rectum may look normal on a colonoscopy. During a colonoscopy, a tissue sample, known as a biopsy, may be taken from your gut. This biopsy will be looked at under a microscope for signs of Microscopic Colitis, which is the only way to diagnose it.

• #3 Ulcerative Colitis vs Proctitis: What’s the Difference?

  https://www.webmd.com/ibd-crohns-disease/ulcerative-colitis/ulcerative-colitis-vs-proctitis

  Proctitis can be its own condition when the cause is an infection or something else. Or it can be a form of ulcerative colitis that’s only in the rectum, which is called ulcerative proctitis and is the most common type of proctitis. […] „While both conditions involve inflammation in the colon, they have key distinctions that affect diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management,” says Mikhail Yakubov, MD, a gastroenterologist with Manhattan Gastroenterology in New York City. […] Diagnosing UC and proctitis starts by having a discussion with your doctor about your symptoms, medical history, and family medical history. If your doctor suspects proctitis, they might also ask: […] These tests help doctors diagnose ulcerative colitis and proctitis: […] Blood tests. Testing a sample of your blood can show anemia (low red blood cells), which may be a sign of bleeding in your colon or rectum. Blood tests also detect inflammation and infections.

• #3 Proctitis | Colon & Rectal Surgical Specialists

  https://www.crssny.com/conditions/proctitis/

  The first step to addressing proctitis is diagnosing the cause in order to reduce inflammation and adequately treat the infection. […] If you experience any signs of proctitis, it is important to schedule an appointment with a colorectal specialist to discover the source of your condition. […] At Colon Rectal Surgical Specialists of New York, one of our colorectal specialists can perform a colonoscopy and series of tests to establish a diagnosis and create a treatment plan designed to meet your unique needs. […] Unaddressed proctitis can lead to increased inflammation and sores throughout your entire digestive tract. Overtime, this can result in malnutrition, chronic pain, intestinal scarring, and weight loss.

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