Materiały źródłowe

• #1 GDF15 linked to maternal risk of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06921-9

  GDF15, a hormone acting on the brainstem, has been implicated in the nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, including its most severe form, hyperemesis gravidarum (HG), but a full mechanistic understanding is lacking. […] Here we report that fetal production of GDF15 and maternal sensitivity to it both contribute substantially to the risk of HG. […] Our findings support a putative causal role for fetally derived GDF15 in the nausea and vomiting of human pregnancy, with maternal sensitivity, at least partly determined by prepregnancy exposure to the hormone, being a major influence on its severity. […] Until recently there has been no significant advance in the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP) or HG. […] A body of evidence implicating GDF15, a circulating member of the TGF superfamily, in these disorders has been emerging.

• #2 Morning Sickness: A Mechanism for Protecting Mother and Embryo

  https://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br/index.php/acervo/buscador.html?task=detalhes&id=W2075740927

  Approximately two-thirds of women experience nausea or vomiting during the first trimester of pregnancy. These symptoms are commonly known as morning sickness. Hook (1976) and Profet (1988) hypothesized that morning sickness protects the embryo by causing pregnant women to physically expel and subsequently avoid foods that contain teratogenic and abortifacient chemicals, especially toxic chemicals in strong-tasting vegetables, caffeinated beverages and alcohol. […] We hypothesize that morning sickness causes women to avoid foods that might be dangerous to themselves or their embryos, especially foods that, prior to widespread refrigeration, were likely to be heavily laden with microorganisms and their toxins. […] Available data are most consistent with the hypothesis that morning sickness serves an adaptive, prophylactic function.

• #3 Nausea and Vomiting During Pregnancy: A Protective Mechanism? | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-gravity-of-weight/202107/nausea-and-vomiting-during-pregnancy-a-protective-mechanism

  Nausea and vomiting are seen in up to 90% of pregnant women in the first trimester, when the fetus is most vulnerable. […] The symptoms may reflect an evolutionary adaptation to protect both mother and developing fetus from toxins and infections. […] Despite how common the symptoms, the pathogenesis of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy is not well understood. […] Some researchers have speculated that these symptoms, as well as the sensitivity and aversion that develop to certain smells, occur during the time the embryo is „most susceptible to disruption.” As such, they are an evolutionary adaptation that occurred to protect a woman from potential food-borne infections or toxins that might be dangerous to the developing fetus. […] The symptoms of nausea and vomiting have both a genetic and hormonal component as well.

• #4 Researchers identify key cause of pregnancy sickness and a potential way to prevent it

  https://keck.usc.edu/news/researchers-identify-key-cause-of-pregnancy-sickness-and-a-potential-way-to-prevent-it/

  A team of researchers from the United States, United Kingdom and Sri Lanka have collected extensive evidence showing the cause of pregnancy sickness: a hormone known as GDF15. […] A new USC and University of Cambridge study finds that a hormone produced by the fetus – and a mother’s sensitivity to the hormone – are the cause behind nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, which, in its more extreme form can put the mother and fetus at risk. […] The new study supports the causal role of GDF15 in pregnancy sickness and reveals the role a woman’s sensitivity to the hormone has in determining the severity of her symptoms. […] “We now know that women get sick during pregnancy when they are exposed to higher levels of the hormone GDF15 than they are used to,” said Marlena Fejzo, PhD, a clinical assistant professor of population and public health sciences in the Center for Genetic Epidemiology at the Keck School of Medicine and the paper’s first author.

• #5 GDF15 linked to maternal risk of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06921-9

  The notion that GDF15 may have a primary role in the aetiology of HG, rather than increase as a consequence of the condition, was supported by the findings of the first genome-wide association study of women with HG, which reported several independent variants close to the GDF15 gene as the most highly associated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) in the maternal genome. […] Here we demonstrate that GDF15 is truly elevated in NVP and HG and that the vast majority of GDF15 is of fetal origin. […] We resolve this apparent paradox by demonstrating that the anorectic actions of the GDF15-GFRAL axis are subject to desensitization and propose that antecedent levels of GDF15 influence maternal sensitivity to the surge of fetal derived GDF15 which occurs from early pregnancy onwards, thus determining the pregnant woman’s susceptibility to develop NVP and HG. […] We report that levels of GDF15 are higher in pregnant women with NVP and HG than in those without these symptoms and have also shown that the feto-placental unit is the major source of that GDF15 in maternal blood. […] Our findings have obvious implications for the prevention and treatment of HG.

• #6 Study uncovers the mechanism behind sickness and nausea that occur during pregnancy | Institute of Genetics and Cancer

  https://institute-genetics-cancer.ed.ac.uk/news-and-events/news-2024/gdf15-pregnancy-sickness

  A new study from authors including IGCs Professor Caroline Hayward, and using data from the Generation Scotland cohort, uncovers that sensitivity to the protein GDF15 explains why many experience sickness and nausea whilst pregnant. […] A study published in the journal Nature has identified that sickness and nausea during pregnancy are caused by the presence of increased levels of a protein called GDF15, generated by the developing fetus, circulating in a pregnant persons body. […] The study confirmed that high levels of GDF15 were likely responsible for pregnancy sickness and HG as GDF15 was present at higher levels in the blood of pregnant women who experienced vomiting than those who did not, and was at higher levels in pregnant women experiencing the most severe form of vomiting and nausea (HG) than those with milder symptoms.

• #7 GDF15 linked to maternal risk of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy 2023 Fejzo et al (hyperemesis gravidarum – morning sickness in pregnancy) | Science for ME

  https://www.s4me.info/threads/gdf15-linked-to-maternal-risk-of-nausea-and-vomiting-during-pregnancy-2023-fejzo-et-al-hyperemesis-gravidarum-morning-sickness-in-pregnancy.36567/

  Researchers speculate that GDF15 may have evolved to help pregnant women detect and avoid unsafe foods that might harm fetal development early in gestation. […] But in hyperemesis, this normally protective mechanism seems to run in overdrive, at least in part because of too much GDF15, said Stephen ORahilly, director of the metabolic diseases unit at the University of Cambridge, who now collaborates with Dr. Fejzo on GDF15 research. […] GDF15, a hormone acting on the brainstem, has been implicated in the nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP) including its most severe form, Hyperemesis Gravidarum (HG), but a full mechanistic understanding is lacking. […] Here we report that fetal production of GDF15, and maternal sensitivity to it, both contribute substantially to the risk of HG. […] We confirmed that higher GDF15 levels in maternal blood are associated with vomiting in pregnancy and HG.

• #8 Why seven in ten women experience pregnancy sickness

  https://www.cam.ac.uk/stories/pregnancy-sickness-cause

  A Cambridge-led study has shown why many women experience nausea and vomiting during pregnancy and why some women, including the then Duchess of Cambridge, become so sick they need to be admitted to hospital. […] The culprit is a hormone produced by the fetus a protein known as GDF15. But how sick the mother feels depends on a combination of how much of the hormone is produced by the fetus and how much exposure the mother had to this hormone before becoming pregnant. […] Recently, some evidence, from biochemical and genetic studies has suggested that it might relate to the production by the placenta of the hormone GDF15, which acts on the mothers brain to cause her to feel nauseous and vomit. […] The researchers showed that the degree of nausea and vomiting that a woman experiences in pregnancy is directly related to both the amount of GDF15 made by the fetal part of placenta and sent into her bloodstream, and how sensitive she is to the nauseating effect of this hormone.

• #9 Why seven in ten women experience pregnancy sickness

  https://www.cam.ac.uk/stories/pregnancy-sickness-cause

  GDF15 is made at low levels in all tissues outside of pregnancy. How sensitive the mother is to the hormone during pregnancy is influenced by how much of it she was exposed to prior to pregnancy women with normally low levels of GDF15 in blood have a higher risk of developing severe nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. […] The team found that a rare genetic variant that puts women at a much greater risk of hyperemesis gravidarum was associated with lower levels of the hormone in the blood and tissues outside of pregnancy. […] Similarly, women with the inherited blood disorder beta thalassemia, which causes them to have naturally very high levels of GDF15 prior to pregnancy, experience little or no nausea or vomiting. […] Knowing this gives us a clue as to how we might prevent this from happening. It also makes us more confident that preventing GDF15 from accessing its highly specific receptor in the mothers brain will ultimately form the basis for an effective and safe way of treating this disorder. […] The researchers believe that building up a womans tolerance to the hormone prior to pregnancy could hold the key to preventing sickness.

• #10 Study uncovers the mechanism behind sickness and nausea that occur during pregnancy | Institute of Genetics and Cancer

  https://institute-genetics-cancer.ed.ac.uk/news-and-events/news-2024/gdf15-pregnancy-sickness

  They discovered that low levels of circulating GDF15 when not pregnant could contribute to an intolerance for the high levels of fetal GDF15 that occur during pregnancy and lead to HG and pregnancy sickness. […] This study provides valuable insights into the origin, regulation, and potentially causal role of GDF15 in pregnancy sickness and HG. […] If low levels of GDF15 outwith pregnancy can make it more likely that someone experiences HG or pregnancy sickness, then high levels of GDF15 outwith pregnancy may be preventative.

• #11 Nausea and Vomiting During Pregnancy: A Protective Mechanism? | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-gravity-of-weight/202107/nausea-and-vomiting-during-pregnancy-a-protective-mechanism

  For example, the hormone human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), made by the placenta and often called the „pregnancy hormone,” begins to increase within weeks after conception, continues to rise dramatically throughout the pregnancy, and may contribute to symptoms. […] Significantly, as well, there is a major rapid surge during the first trimester in circulating levels of the peptide hormone GDF15, growth and differentiation factor 15. […] GDF15 acts centrally, primarily in the area postrema, i.e., the vomiting center of the brainstem, to suppress food intake. […] Further, increased circulating levels of GDF15 are seen in women whose nausea and vomiting continue during the second trimester: GDF15 has been implicated in the development of the pernicious vomiting of pregnancy, i.e., hyperemesis gravidarum.

• #12 Morning Sickness – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=morning-sickness-1-2080

  Nobody really knows the exact reason why pregnant women have morning sickness. The most commonly thought reason is the natural increase in hormones, especially human chorionic gonadotropin, or hCG. […] According to the American Academy of Family Physicians, morning sickness results from a sudden increase in hormone levels released during pregnancy. Nausea may continue until the body adjusts to these new levels. […] Among women who experience morning sickness, symptoms peak precisely when organ development is most susceptible to chemical disruption, between the first month and up to the 16th week of pregnancy. Morning sickness may be a positive indicator that the placenta is developing well, since hCG comes from a placenta that is healthy and growing normally.

• #13 Hyperemesis Gravidarum: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/254751-overview

  Hyperemesis gravidarum is characterized by persistent nausea and vomiting associated with ketosis and weight loss (5% of prepregnancy weight). […] The physiologic basis of hyperemesis gravidarum is controversial. Hyperemesis gravidarum appears to occur as a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. Several proposed theories are discussed below. […] Women with hyperemesis gravidarum often have high hCG levels that cause transient hyperthyroidism. hCG can physiologically stimulate the thyroid gland thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor. […] A positive correlation between the serum hCG elevation level and free T4 levels has been found, and the severity of nausea appears to be related to the degree of thyroid stimulation. […] The stomach pacemaker causes rhythmic peristaltic contractions of the stomach. Abnormal myoelectric activity may cause a variety of gastric dysrhythmias, including tachygastrias and bradygastrias. Gastric dysrhythmias have been associated with morning sickness.

• #14 Nausea and Vomiting During Early Pregnancy – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/symptoms-during-pregnancy/nausea-and-vomiting-during-early-pregnancy

  The pathophysiology of nausea and vomiting during early pregnancy is unknown, although metabolic, endocrine, gastrointestinal, and psychologic factors probably all play a role. Estrogen may contribute because estrogen levels are elevated in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum. […] If vomiting appears to be pregnancy-related and is severe (ie, frequent, prolonged, accompanied by dehydration), hyperemesis gravidarum and hydatidiform mole should be considered. […] Vomiting is more likely to be due to pregnancy if symptoms begin during the 1st trimester. Symptoms persist or recur over several days to weeks. Abdominal pain is absent. There are no symptoms or signs involving other organ systems.

• #15 Why is it called 'morning sickness’ if it can happen any time of day? | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/health/fertility-pregnancy-birth/why-is-it-called-morning-sickness-if-it-can-happen-any-time-of-day

  However, the exact mechanism of how hCG drives the queasiness is not clear. […] According to the 2016 review, some researchers speculate that hCG may induce nausea by stimulating the secretion of fluids in the digestive tract. […] The hormones estrogen and progesterone may also fuel symptoms of pregnancy sickness, Dr. Adiele Hoffman, a general practitioner and medical advisor at the period-tracking app Flo Health, told Live Science. […] „These hormones relax muscles in your stomach and intestines, slowing down digestion, meaning your last meal might hang around for a little longer and sometimes, unfortunately, reappear,” she said. […] Hormones may also explain why some people get severe morning sickness while others get none at all. […] In addition to hormones and genetics, hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, can worsen nausea, and in general, our blood sugar levels are lowest when we wake up.

• #16 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Why-Does-Morning-Sickness-Occur-in-the-Mornings.aspx

  Nausea or vomiting in the early morning (also known as morning sickness) is so common that is usually acknowledged as a symptom of normal pregnancy. […] The exact factors responsible for pregnancy-related nausea and vomiting (morning sickness) are still not completely elucidated. Although several different theories have been proposed and elaborated, none of them have been definitively proven. Among the most common theories are increased hormone levels, altered motility of the gastrointestinal tract, and a psychological or emotional causes. […] An increase in estrogen and progesterone levels may cause morning sickness. As progesterone also relaxes the stomach and intestines, it can result in excess stomach acids and, subsequently, gastroesophageal reflux disease. Since these hormones trigger active reflux at night, symptoms are usually worse in the morning.

• #17 What causes morning sickness and why it occurs in pregnancy?

  https://cradlewise.com/blog/morning-sickness-protects-baby-mother/

  The two main pregnancy hormones that might potentially cause nausea and vomiting are estrogen and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). […] Unfortunately, these very essential pregnancy hormones have their side effects as well. They increase the blood flow to the vomiting center of your brain. […] The sudden flush of blood flow to the vomiting center or the CTZ increases the concentration of toxins that reach the CTZ. […] During pregnancy, the muscles around your digestive tract relax. […] Thus, the food is confined to your stomach for a long time. This increases the opportunity for your body to expel toxic foods through vomiting. […] In pregnancy, especially since our tolerance for toxin threshold is low, our body rejects foods that contain these compounds. […] Consuming these in large proportions might potentially lead to birth defects as they can quickly turn into mutagens, allergens, teratogens, and carcinogens.

• #18 Why is it called 'morning sickness’ if it can happen any time of day? | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/health/fertility-pregnancy-birth/why-is-it-called-morning-sickness-if-it-can-happen-any-time-of-day

  When hypoglycemia couples with the relaxation of muscles in the stomach and intestines, nausea can be the unfortunate consequence, the review authors wrote. […] Moreover, symptoms of pregnancy sickness may be more pronounced in the morning both due to a person having an empty stomach and experiencing a temporary drop in blood pressure when they get out of bed, Paik said. […] Symptoms of morning sickness can also increase with stress, anxiety and fatigue, Paik noted. […] People who are more likely to feel nauseated, in general such as those who are prone to motion sickness, feel nauseous during migraines or get nausea as a side effect of estrogen-based drugs are also more likely to experience morning sickness than less-nauseous individuals, Hoffman said.

• #19 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Why-Does-Morning-Sickness-Occur-in-the-Mornings.aspx

  Human chorionic gonadotropin may also lead to vomiting by stimulating another endogenous hormone vasopressin. Since vasopressin is an emetic, increased sensitivity of the physiological mechanisms for vasopressin release could be a mechanism for morning sickness. […] Hypoglycemia or low blood sugar caused by the energy requirements of the placenta is another theory of pregnancy-related nausea and vomiting. Fasting hypoglycemia can develop in anyone who has an empty stomach Thus it is no wonder this type of hypoglycemia coincides with morning sickness when a pregnant woman awakens. […] Morning sickness may represent an evolutionary adaptation or trait that protects pregnant mothers (and their unborn child) from food poisoning. Since the women with morning sickness does not have the affinity for potentially contaminated food (such as the eggs, poultry or meat), the survival chances for her and her fetus are higher.

• #20

  https://www.ijrcog.org/index.php/ijrcog/article/view/548

  Nausea, vomiting in pregnancy (NVP) and hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) can have adverse effects on the mother and foetus. […] Medical databases show that oestrogen, human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), thyroxine and insulin are associated with NVP and HG by mechanisms that are unclear. […] It is possible that NVP and HG may have different hormonal aetiologies. […] The hypothesis hereby proposed is that hypoglycaemia, nausea and vomiting are associated with pregnancy perhaps due to disturbances in metabolic control and increased requirements for glucose by growing foetus. […] During overnight fasting, the resultant hypoglycaemia possibly triggers nausea and vomiting. […] This calls for investigations and of note is whether severities of NVP and HG correlate to blood glucose levels. […] This proposal reviews current thinking on the causes of NVP and HG as well as possible pathology evidence-based monitoring measures.

• #21 Morning Sickness: When It Starts, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16566-morning-sickness-nausea-and-vomiting-of-pregnancy

  Morning sickness is nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Its a common condition affecting up to 70% of women in the first trimester of pregnancy (the first three months). […] The cause of morning sickness isnt entirely known, but healthcare providers believe its a mix of physical and chemical changes. It may be caused by: Low blood sugar. An increase in pregnancy hormones like human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) or estrogen. Blood pressure fluctuations. Changes in metabolism. […] Yes. Most women with morning sickness feel nauseous for a short time each day and may vomit once or twice. In more severe cases of morning sickness, nausea can last several hours each day and vomiting occurs more than four times per day. This is a condition called hyperemesis gravidarum. […] Mild to moderate nausea and vomiting during pregnancy usually isnt harmful to you or the fetus. However, it can become a problem if you cant keep food or liquid down, become dehydrated and lose weight. Unmanaged severe nausea and vomiting can prevent you from getting the nutrition you need and affect your babys weight at birth. […] Some studies have shown that women with severe morning sickness are more likely to give birth to girls.

• #22 Morning sickness is Mother Nature’s way of protecting mothers and their unborn, Cornell biologists find | Cornell Chronicle

  https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2000/05/morning-sickness-protects-mothers-and-their-unborn

  As unpleasant as it is, the nausea and vomiting of „morning sickness” experienced by two-thirds of pregnant women is Mother Nature’s way of protecting mothers and fetuses from food-borne illness and also shielding the fetus from chemicals that can deform fetal organs at the most critical time in development. […] Sherman and Flaxman believe their exhaustive analysis and synthesis of dozens of studies is the first to gather compelling evidence that morning sickness protects both the unborn and the mother-to-be. […] Flaxman, a Cornell biology graduate student, says the analysis of hundreds of studies covering tens of thousands of pregnancies suggests that morning sickness and the aversion to potentially harmful foods is the body’s way of preserving wellness of the mother at a time when her immune system is naturally suppressed (to prevent rejection of the child that is developing in her uterus) and has reduced defenses against food-borne pathogens.

• #23 Morning sickness – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_sickness

  Morning sickness is related to diets low in cereals and high in sugars, oilcrops, alcohol and meat. […] The cause of morning sickness is unknown but may relate to changing levels of estrogen and the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin. […] Some have proposed that morning sickness may be useful from an evolutionary point of view – it may protect both the pregnant woman and the developing embryo just when the fetus is most vulnerable. […] Morning sickness may be an evolved trait that protects the fetus against toxins ingested by the mother. […] By reducing exposure to such chemicals, morning sickness reduces impairments on normal embryonic development and increases the reproductive success of the mother and survival success of both the mother and her offspring. […] If morning sickness is a defense mechanism against the ingestion of toxins, the prescribing of anti-nausea medication to pregnant women may have the undesired side effect of causing birth defects or miscarriages by encouraging harmful dietary choices.

• #24 Morning sickness is Mother Nature’s way of protecting mothers and their unborn, Cornell biologists find | Cornell Chronicle

  https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2000/05/morning-sickness-protects-mothers-and-their-unborn

  By creating food aversion, NVP also protects against toxins from microorganisms and other teratogenic (fetal organ-deforming) chemicals, Sherman says. […] Although phytochemicals have no known nutritive function for humans, most people tolerate their presence in food. […] During pregnancy, according to the Cornell biologists, women with morning sickness are shielding the developing unborn from the harsh chemicals by vomiting and by learning to avoid certain foods altogether until the fetus develops beyond the most susceptible stage. […] Among women who experience morning sickness, symptoms peak precisely when embryonic organogenesis (organ development) is most susceptible to chemical disruption between week 6 and week 18 of pregnancy. […] Women who experience morning sickness are significantly less likely to miscarry than women who do not.

• #25 Recent Insights into Morning Sickness Bring Up New Evidence for Design – Reasons to Believe

  https://reasons.org/explore/blogs/the-cells-design/recent-insights-into-morning-sickness-bring-up-new-evidence-for-design

  The prophylaxis hypothesis gains support from several observations. First, there are correlations between morning sickness and both reduced incidences of miscarriages and elevated birth weights. […] As it turns out, only certain foods trigger nausea and vomiting and serve as the objects of disgust during the first trimester of pregnancy: namely, meats, poultry, eggs, strongly flavored vegetables, and some fruit. These foods are the most likely to harbor pathogens and dietary toxins that can interfere with embryological development (teratogens). […] The timing of morning sickness also supports the prophylaxis hypothesis. During the first trimester, the mothers immune system is suppressed. The genetic differences between mother and fetus makes this suppression necessary. […] Immunosuppression is maximal during the first trimester, leaving both the mother and fetus vulnerable to infection.

• #26 Morning Sickness May Protect Mother and Child

  https://nutritionfacts.org/video/morning-sickness-may-protect-mother-and-child/

  Protect the baby from what? Maybe from meat. Meat is the principal source of pathogens for humans. Meat is also the most common type of food avoided by pregnant women. So, the development of an aversion to meat during pregnancy could be protective, as meat may have toxins that are mutagenic, carcinogenic, and teratogenicmeaning birth defect-causing. Tainted meat may also be contaminated by pathogens, and pregnancy is a time of relative immunosuppression. […] So, maybe morning sickness evolved as a way to get us to stay away from meat during this vulnerable time. This would be consistent with a profound overrepresentation of taboos against meat eating during pregnancy in sample societies around the world. […] If nausea and vomiting in pregnancy is there to be protective, then women who have it should have better pregnancy outcomes. And, indeed, women who experience nausea and vomiting are significantly less likely to miscarry, or suffer a stillbirth.

• #27 Morning sickness protects mother and child | EurekAlert!

  https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1025581

  By creating food aversion, NVP also protects against toxins from microorganisms and other teratogenic (fetal organ-deforming) chemicals, Sherman says. […] Although phytochemicals have no known nutritive function for humans, most people tolerate their presence in food. […] But during pregnancy, according to the Cornell biologists, women with morning sickness are shielding the developing unborn from the harsh chemicals by vomiting and by learning to avoid certain foods altogether until the fetus develops beyond the most susceptible stage. […] Among women who experience morning sickness, symptoms peak precisely when embryonic organogenesis (organ development) is most susceptible to chemical disruption — between week 6 and week 18 of pregnancy. […] Women who experience morning sickness are significantly less likely to miscarry than women who do not.

• #27 Morning sickness protects mother and child | EurekAlert!

  https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1025581

  As unpleasant as it is, the nausea and vomiting of „morning sickness” experienced by two-thirds of pregnant women is Mother Nature’s way of protecting mothers and fetuses from food-borne illness and also shielding the fetus from chemicals that can deform fetal organs at the most critical time in development. […] Sherman and Flaxman believe their exhaustive analysis and synthesis of dozens of studies is the first to gather compelling evidence that morning sickness protects both the unborn and the mother-to-be. […] Flaxman, a Cornell biology graduate student, says the analysis of hundreds of studies covering tens of thousands of pregnancies suggests that morning sickness and the aversion to potentially harmful foods is the body’s way of preserving wellness of the mother at a time when her immune system is naturally suppressed (to prevent rejection of the child that is developing in her uterus) and has reduced defenses against food-borne pathogens.

• #28 Morning Sickness | Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA)

  https://carta.anthropogeny.org/moca/topics/morning-sickness

  Morning sickness, or pregnancy sickness, refers to the experience of nausea, vomiting, and aversions to certain foods during the first trimester of pregnancy. […] Women who experience pregnancy sickness are less likely to miscarry than women who do not show symptoms. Pregnancy sickness may play an adaptive role in protecting expectant mothers and their offspring from harmful toxins consumed in the diet. […] Pregnancy sickness may also serve to aid in embryogenesis and fetal development by encouraging maternal lipolysis, whereby fat stores are broken down to provide energy for mother and offspring, and producing ketones, an optimal fuel source for the developing brain. […] Increased nitrogen in maternal circulation from the breakdown of maternal bodily tissues due to morning sickness likely contributes to the generation of structural proteins important for building fetal bodily tissues.

• #29 Hyperemesis Gravidarum: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/254751-overview

  Levels of the plasma gut satiety hormones peptide YY (PYY) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) may play a role in hyperemesis gravidarum and pregnancy-related weight changes. […] Liver disease, usually consisting of mild serum transaminase elevation, occurs in almost 50% of patients with hyperemesis gravidarum. Impairment of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO) has been hypothesized to play a role in the pathogenesis of maternal liver disease associated with hyperemesis gravidarum. […] Metabolic disturbance may have a role in the pathogenesis of hyperemesis gravidarum. […] Hyperemesis gravidarum is associated with overactivation of sympathetic nerves and enhanced production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. […] Physiological changes associated with pregnancy interact with each woman’s psychologic state and cultural values. Psychologic responses may interact with and exacerbate the physiology of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy.

• #30 Psychological Factors in Food Aversions, Nausea, and Vomiting During Pregnancy

  https://www.sciepub.com/reference/172565

  The etiology of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy (NVP) involves many variables that influence its onset, duration, and severity; and it is well known that its occurrence has health implications for the offspring. […] This review focuses on psychological and psychosocial factors as influences on NVP (morning sickness), including cultural, social, and associative variables. […] Moreover, acknowledging the role of associative factors could influence the magnitude of NVP. […] Consideration of the role of associative processes on NVP has implications for understanding its cause and magnitude. […] Also, mood and poorer psychological adjustment can exacerbate NVP.

• #31 7 Ways to Ease Morning Sickness — Embrace Acupuncture

  https://www.embraceacupuncture.com.au/blog/7-ways-to-naturally-reduce-morning-sickness

  Scientists are still working out exactly which hormone or mechanism causes morning sickness. […] All aspects are essential to pregnancy and at least one or all are linked to morning sickness, which can put a serious dampener on the awesome news that you’re currently making a tiny human! […] Acupuncture works to soothe your nervous system, reduce cortisol and calm your whole digestive system. […] Getting REALLY hungry causes your cortisol (stress) levels to rise and this makes you feel really sick. […] Your body cant tell if the stress is emotional or physical, it just freaks out anyway, making you feel nauseous. […] Research shows ginger helps reduce morning sickness. […] There are many studies showing it can reduce nausea and vomiting. […] Gua Sha is the technique of rubbing a smooth-edged instrument across the skin. […] Internally it connects with the stomach and this is an area to address when morning sickness or reflux is bad.

• #32 Understanding Morning Sickness: Causes, Duration, and Solutions Supervised by Our Doctors | Hiro Clinic | (EN)

  https://www.hiro-clinic.or.jp/nipt/morning-sickness/?lang=en

  In particular, vitamin deficiencies have been reported to cause severe morning sickness symptoms, and it is recommended in the USA that adequate intake of vitamin B6 is taken during pregnancy. […] In addition to hormonal and nutritional deficiencies in the body, morning sickness can also be caused by a disturbance of the autonomic nervous system due to stress caused by changes in the living environment and mental health due to pregnancy. […] Morning sickness is said to be caused by progestin or hCG, which increases with pregnancy. However, the exact reason is not yet known. It generally starts around the 5th week of pregnancy, peaks around the 8th to 10th week and gradually eases off.

• #33 Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy | BPS

  https://www.bps.org.uk/psychologist/nausea-and-vomiting-pregnancy

  Women report that food odours aggravate their symptoms. Our research also identified odour, rather than taste, as the main perceived mechanism responsible for triggering NVP symptoms. […] This is convincing evidence for a socio-environmental factor in the manifestation of symptoms. However, variances of NVP measures are often greater between studies within a culture than those between cultures. […] The physiological contribution is supported by research that suggests hormonal changes in women. However, the possibility that nausea leads to changes in physiological measures, or that mediating variables are responsible for increased levels of hormones cannot be excluded. […] The main psychological relationship identified in our work was depression, but we stated that depression was likely to be the result of NVP, rather than the cause. This conjecture is supported by recent longitudinal work. Other research has suggested relationships between self-esteem, personality disorders, immaturity, dependence, helplessness, anxiety and stress.

• #34 Morning Sickness May Protect Mother and Child

  https://nutritionfacts.org/video/morning-sickness-may-protect-mother-and-child/

  Prediction #2 would be that the triggering foods contain things that can be particularly harmful to the baby. And, indeed, of all food types, animal protein (including meat, poultry, eggs, and seafood) is the most dangerous. Meat is the source of a wide range of pathogens that pose a grave threat to pregnant women and their developing babies. […] Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy should also coincide with when the embryo is most vulnerable. Thats between like, you know, weeks 5 and 15, when all the critical organ structures are being formedwhich is right when nausea and vomiting is peaking, which is right when pregnant women find meat, fish, poultry, and eggs most aversive. […] And, finally, if this theory is true, one would expect a lower frequency of morning sickness among plant-based populations. And, yes, the few societies where you dont see such morning sickness problems are the ones that tend to have only plants as dietary staples, rather than meat.

• #35 Morning Sickness Can Be Beneficial

  https://nutritionfacts.org/blog/morning-sickness-can-be-beneficial/

  Fourth, pregnant women should find meat and eggs most aversive during this time of heightened embryo sensitivity, and that, too, is the case. […] And finally, if this theory is true, one should expect a lower frequency of morning sickness among plant-based populations, and, yes, the few societies in which we dont see such morning sickness problems are the ones that tend to have only plants as dietary staples, rather than meat.

• #36 Researchers identify key cause of pregnancy sickness and a potential way to prevent it

  https://keck.usc.edu/news/researchers-identify-key-cause-of-pregnancy-sickness-and-a-potential-way-to-prevent-it/

  Lowering GDF15 is one way to potentially address pregnancy sickness—and the present study provides the first human evidence that it is likely safe to do so. […] “This study provides strong evidence that one or both of those methods will be effective in preventing or treating HG,” Fejzo said. […] For the first time, this interaction between mother and fetus helps explain why some women get HG during some—but not all—of their pregnancies, Fejzo said, although additional research is needed to confirm the findings. […] The next step for the research team is to test whether priming women with GDF15 exposure prior to pregnancy can reduce nausea and vomiting or even prevent HG. […] “Hopefully, now that we understand the main cause of HG, we’re a step closer to developing effective treatments to stop other mothers from going through what I, and many other women, have experienced,” she said.

• #37 University of Glasgow – University news – Archive of news – 2023 – December – Increased hormone level linked with nausea during pregnancy

  https://www.gla.ac.uk/news/archiveofnews/2023/december/headline_1030090_en.html

  A link between increased levels of a hormone and nausea during pregnancy, including morning sickness, is reported in new research. […] The hormone growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) has previously been implicated in morning sickness in previous literature; however, the underlying mechanism has yet to be described. […] These findings suggest there may be a causal relationship between fetal-derived GDF15 and the risk of HG: those who have lower initial levels of the hormone are more likely to experience sickness as the levels rise during the first trimester. […] The identification of hyperemesis gravidarum as a condition where GDF-15 signalling may have a causal role in maternal sickness, and where effective treatments are notably absent, is particularly exciting and could have clinical ramifications.

• #38 Hyperemesis Gravidarum – Gynecology and Obstetrics – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/antenatal-complications/hyperemesis-gravidarum

  Hyperemesis gravidarum is severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy that results in dehydration, weight loss, and ketosis. […] Pregnancy frequently causes nausea and vomiting; the cause appears to be rapidly increasing levels of estrogens or the beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG). […] Hyperemesis gravidarum is an extreme form of normal nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. […] Hyperemesis gravidarum may cause mild, transient hyperthyroidism. Hyperemesis gravidarum that persists past 16 to 18 weeks is uncommon but may seriously damage the liver, causing severe centrilobular necrosis or widespread fatty degeneration, and may cause Wernicke encephalopathy or esophageal rupture. […] Hyperemesis gravidarum is severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy that, unlike morning sickness, can cause weight loss, ketosis, dehydration, and sometimes electrolyte abnormalities.

• #39

  https://bpac.org.nz/bpj/2011/november/pregnancy.aspx

  Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy is so common that it can be considered a normal part of pregnancy. It is colloquially referred to as morning sickness although this is a misnomer because symptoms will often persist throughout the day. Up to 85% of women experience nausea in early pregnancy with approximately half of women vomiting as well. Symptoms usually begin between the fourth and seventh week after the last menstrual period and resolve in many women by the twelfth week and in most women by the twentieth week of pregnancy. A smaller number of pregnant women (approximately 0.31%), have a more severe form of nausea and vomiting hyperemesis gravidarum, which is characterised by persistent vomiting, weight loss of more than 5%, ketouria, electrolyte abnormalities (hypokalaemia) and dehydration.

• #40

  https://bpac.org.nz/bpj/2011/november/pregnancy.aspx

  While persistent nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy can be particularly debilitating for some women, it is not usually associated with any adverse pregnancy outcomes and in fact has been associated with lower rates of miscarriage. Hyperemesis gravidarum is on rare occasions associated with maternal complications such as Wernickes encephalopathy due to thiamine deficiency and foetal growth restriction. […] The causes of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy are unknown, however, it is thought to be associated with rising levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). This is based on the observation that the incidence of hyperemesis is highest at the time where hCG production reaches its peak and that conditions associated with higher hCG levels (e.g twin and molar pregnancies) are also associated with higher rates of hyperemesis gravidarum. Oestrogen is another suggested cause with the presence of a female foetus reported to increase the likelihood of severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy.

• #41 In utero exposure to extreme morning sickness may result in neurological deficit | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/news/release/in-utero-exposure-to-extreme-morning-sickness-may-result-in-neurological-deficit

  Women who experience extreme morning sickness during pregnancy are three times more likely to have children with developmental deficits including attention disorders and language and speech delays than women who have normal nausea and vomiting, a UCLA study found. […] The researchers do not yet know the mechanism that causes abnormal neurologic development in children of women with hyperemesis gravidarum. […] A significant increase in neurodevelopmental and behavioral disorders in children exposed to HG in utero was demonstrated which suggests HG may be linked to life-long effects on the exposed fetus, the study states. The cause for this is unknown, but may be due to maternal stress, abnormal hormone levels during fetal development and/or maternal-newborn bonding after birth, or malnutrition and vitamin deficiency.

• #42 British Journal Of Midwifery – Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: An ‘alternative’ approach to care

  https://www.britishjournalofmidwifery.com/content/clinical-practice/nausea-and-vomiting-in-pregnancy-an-alternative-approach-to-care/

  Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy is a complex biopsychosocial syndrome, which is multifactorial, both in terms of aetiology and manifestation. […] The causative factors are thought to be primarily endocrinological, namely human chorionic gonadotrophin, oestrogen, progesterone and thyroid hormones. […] Immunological disturbance is thought to play a part, as are nutritional factors, including hypoglycaemia and deficiencies of vitamins B6, B12 and C, plus zinc and magnesium. […] More controversial aetiological theories include disturbance of the vestibular apparatus in the ear, gastrointestinal Helicobacter pylori and musculoskeletal misalignment. […] More recently, genetic incompatibility has been explored and it is known that familial history of pregnancy sickness predisposes daughters and siblings to the condition.

• #43 GDF15 linked to maternal risk of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy 2023 Fejzo et al (hyperemesis gravidarum – morning sickness in pregnancy) | Science for ME

  https://www.s4me.info/threads/gdf15-linked-to-maternal-risk-of-nausea-and-vomiting-during-pregnancy-2023-fejzo-et-al-hyperemesis-gravidarum-morning-sickness-in-pregnancy.36567/

  Our findings support a putative causal role for fetally-derived GDF15 in the nausea and vomiting of human pregnancy, with maternal sensitivity, at least partly determined by pre-pregnancy exposure to the hormone, being a major influence on its severity. […] They also suggest mechanism-based approaches to the treatment and prevention of HG.

• #44 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Morning-Sickness-Causes.aspx

  Morning sickness, which nausea and vomiting affect about two out of every three pregnant women. […] One hypothesis that has been proposed to explain morning sickness is that the nausea and vomiting can protect the fetus from noxious chemicals, especially those which are teratogenic or capable of causing abortion. […] The common factor between all of the proposed causes is thought to be human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), as this substance reaches its peak in the period associated with the highest incidence of morning sickness, namely, 12-14 weeks of gestation, and because its levels are higher in such women compared to those without such symptoms. […] Moreover, the higher the hCG levels, the worse the nausea and vomiting generally are. […] Estrogen and progesterone are also implicated, and these are high in women with low parity or increased body mass.

• #45 Recent Insights into Morning Sickness Bring Up New Evidence for Design – Reasons to Believe

  https://reasons.org/explore/blogs/the-cells-design/recent-insights-into-morning-sickness-bring-up-new-evidence-for-design

  Somewhere between 50% to 70% of women experience morning sicknessnausea, vomiting, and disgust toward certain foodsbeginning near the onset of their pregnancies, and continuing for 2 to 3 months into the second trimester. […] Interestingly, no other mammal experiences morning sickness. It is a uniquely human trait. This has prompted anthropologists and biomedical scientists to ask, why does morning sickness only occur in humans? […] Many anthropologists think that it is an epiphenomenona nonfunctional byproduct of humanitys evolutionary origin. These scientists argue that morning sickness results from the genetic incompatibility between the mother and fetus that leads to a conflict for resources, causing the mother to become ill. […] But, in recent years, scientists have identified another explanation for morning sickness, dubbed the prophylaxis hypothesis. They view nausea, vomiting, and disgust toward certain foods as a protective mechanism that keeps both mother and fetus healthy during the initial critical phase of embryonic development.

• #46 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/ScienceBasedParenting/comments/1cjdrab/nausea_and_vomiting_of_pregnancy_in_an/

  The proximate mechanisms underlying gestational nausea and vomiting have been intensively studied, but the possibility that the symptoms themselves serve a useful function has only recently been considered seriously. […] We found greatest support for the hypothesis that normal levels of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (excluding hyperemesis) protect pregnant women and their embryos from harmful substances in food, particularly pathogenic microorganisms in meat products and toxins in strong-tasting plants. […] Knowledge that normal nausea and vomiting of pregnancy indicates the functioning of a woman’s defense system, rather than a bodily malfunction, may reassure patients and enable health care providers to develop new ways of minimizing the uncomfortable symptoms.

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