Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Morning Sickness: When It Starts, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16566-morning-sickness-nausea-and-vomiting-of-pregnancy

  About 70% of women get morning sickness. […] The cause of morning sickness isn’t entirely known, but healthcare providers believe it’s a mix of physical and chemical changes. It may be caused by: […] An increase in pregnancy hormones like human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) or estrogen. […] Morning sickness may be worsened by: […] Yes. Most women with morning sickness feel nauseous for a short time each day and may vomit once or twice. In more severe cases of morning sickness, nausea can last several hours each day and vomiting occurs more than four times per day. This is a condition called hyperemesis gravidarum. […] Mild to moderate nausea and vomiting during pregnancy usually isn’t harmful to you or the fetus. However, it can become a problem if you can’t keep food or liquid down, become dehydrated and lose weight. Unmanaged severe nausea and vomiting can prevent you from getting the nutrition you need and affect your baby’s weight at birth. […] The risk for severe morning sickness increases if you: […] Some studies have shown that women with severe morning sickness are more likely to give birth to girls.

• #2 Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3676933/

  Nausea and vomiting are common experiences in pregnancy, affecting 70-80% of all pregnant women. […] Various metabolic and neuromuscular factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of NVP and HG; however, their exact cause is unknown. […] It is widely accepted that gestational vomiting results from various metabolic and endocrine factors, many of placental origin. […] The most implicated factor is human chorionic gonadatropin (hCG). […] Despite the multitude of studies linking hCG to NVP and HG, others have found no relationship between serum hCG in pregnant women during the first trimester and the frequency or intensity of nausea and vomiting. […] The ovarian hormones, estrogen and progesterone, have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of NVP and HG. […] Maternal genetics also appear to serve as risk factors for NVP. […] An increased incidence of infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) has been observed in women with HG and is now considered to play a role in its pathogenesis.

• #3 Researchers identify key cause of pregnancy sickness and a potential way to prevent it

  https://keck.usc.edu/news/researchers-identify-key-cause-of-pregnancy-sickness-and-a-potential-way-to-prevent-it/

  A team of researchers from the United States, United Kingdom and Sri Lanka have collected extensive evidence showing the cause of pregnancy sickness: a hormone known as GDF15. […] A new USC and University of Cambridge study finds that a hormone produced by the fetus – and a mother’s sensitivity to the hormone – are the cause behind nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, which, in its more extreme form can put the mother and fetus at risk. […] Recently, a growing body of evidence has linked the symptoms to GDF15, a hormone produced in the placenta that increases substantially during pregnancy. […] The new study supports the causal role of GDF15 in pregnancy sickness and reveals the role a woman’s sensitivity to the hormone has in determining the severity of her symptoms. […] Women exposed to lower levels of GDF15 before pregnancy experience more severe symptoms.

• #4 Scientists Pinpoint Cause of Severe Morning Sickness – The New York Times

  https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/13/health/morning-sickness-hyperemesis-gravidarum.html

  The nausea and vomiting that often define the first trimester of pregnancy are primarily caused by a single hormone, according to a study published on Wednesday in the journal Nature. […] The study confirms prior research that had pointed to the hormone, called GDF15. […] The researchers found that women experiencing hyperemesis had significantly higher GDF15 levels during pregnancy than did those who had no symptoms. […] The findings offer hope for better treatments for hyperemesis, experts said. […] The new study is powerful because it offers genetic proof of a causal relationship between GDF15 and the disease, said Dr. Rachel Freathy, who is a geneticist at the University of Exeter and was not involved in the study.

• #5 Why seven in ten women experience pregnancy sickness

  https://www.cam.ac.uk/stories/pregnancy-sickness-cause

  A Cambridge-led study has shown why many women experience nausea and vomiting during pregnancy and why some women, including the then Duchess of Cambridge, become so sick they need to be admitted to hospital. […] The culprit is a hormone produced by the fetus a protein known as GDF15. But how sick the mother feels depends on a combination of how much of the hormone is produced by the fetus and how much exposure the mother had to this hormone before becoming pregnant. […] Until recently, the cause of pregnancy sickness was entirely unknown. Recently, some evidence, from biochemical and genetic studies has suggested that it might relate to the production by the placenta of the hormone GDF15, which acts on the mothers brain to cause her to feel nauseous and vomit. […] The researchers showed that the degree of nausea and vomiting that a woman experiences in pregnancy is directly related to both the amount of GDF15 made by the fetal part of placenta and sent into her bloodstream, and how sensitive she is to the nauseating effect of this hormone.

• #6 What Causes Severe Morning Sickness, and What Treatments Exist? | Scientific American

  https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-causes-severe-morning-sickness-and-what-treatments-exist/

  Severe Morning Sickness Is Caused by a Specific HormoneAnd It Could Unlock New Treatments […] Up to 3 percent of people who are pregnant experience a severe and sometimes life-threatening form of morning sickness known as hyperemesis gravidarum (HG), which makes it extremely difficult to keep down food or liquid. […] Fejzo and her colleagues published a 2023 study in Nature that confirmed the role of the hormone GDF15whose production is controlled by the GDF15 genein HG and milder morning sickness. […] Most people produce the GDF15 hormone in response to physiological stress, even when theyre not pregnant, but people with HG have a version of the gene that results in lower levels of the hormone. […] During pregnancy, the placentawhich develops from embryonic tissueproduces GDF15 at high levels that can trigger morning sickness.

• #7 Researchers Find the Cause of Severe Morning Sickness

  https://www.healthline.com/health-news/researchers-say-this-hormone-is-behind-morning-sickness

  A new study has found evidence for what causes morning sickness. […] Researchers say a hormone produced by the fetus may be the reason some women develop nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. […] Morning sickness, the common side effect of pregnancy most known as nausea and vomiting in the first trimester of pregnancy, is very likely caused by a single hormone. […] Researchers said that the hormone, a protein called GDF15 that is produced by the fetus, can cause the nausea and vomiting which affects seven out 10 pregnancies. […] A limited amount of exposure before pregnancy can lead to more severe first-trimester sickness known as hyperemesis gravidarum, which can send some women to the hospital with dehydration and, in extreme cases, leads to death. […] The research suggests that by creating more opportunities for exposure to GDF15 before pregnancy, a woman’s resilience to it will increase, and the severity of morning sickness can be reduced.

• #8 Research finds GDF15 hormone linked to morning sickness | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/news/article/research-finds-gdf15-hormone-linked-morning-sickness

  „Morning sickness” is a general term that refers to the unpleasant, and sometimes debilitating, sensations of nausea that can occur during pregnancy. […] When it comes to what causes morning sickness, the answer has been a general one: It is related to hormones. Now, an international team of researchers from the United States, United Kingdom and Sri Lanka has identified a specific hormone as the catalyst for the distress. Known as growth/differentiation factor 15, or GDF15, it plays a role in several physiological pathways in the body. […] Some fortunate women have no response to this increase in levels of GDF15. But for those with a sensitivity to the hormone, morning sickness is the result. […] The good news is that this discovery points to potential treatment avenues for both morning sickness and hyperemesis gravidarum. One approach is developing medications that would suppress production of GDF15 or decrease or inactivate it. Researchers have also proposed the development of a treatment that would gradually expose a woman to the hormone prior to a planned pregnancy, and thus desensitize her to its effects.

• #9 Why seven in ten women experience pregnancy sickness

  https://www.cam.ac.uk/stories/pregnancy-sickness-cause

  GDF15 is made at low levels in all tissues outside of pregnancy. How sensitive the mother is to the hormone during pregnancy is influenced by how much of it she was exposed to prior to pregnancy women with normally low levels of GDF15 in blood have a higher risk of developing severe nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. […] The team found that a rare genetic variant that puts women at a much greater risk of hyperemesis gravidarum was associated with lower levels of the hormone in the blood and tissues outside of pregnancy. Similarly, women with the inherited blood disorder beta thalassemia, which causes them to have naturally very high levels of GDF15 prior to pregnancy, experience little or no nausea or vomiting. […] Knowing this gives us a clue as to how we might prevent this from happening. It also makes us more confident that preventing GDF15 from accessing its highly specific receptor in the mothers brain will ultimately form the basis for an effective and safe way of treating this disorder. […] The researchers believe that building up a womans tolerance to the hormone prior to pregnancy could hold the key to preventing sickness.

• #10 We think we have found a cause of pregnancy sickness, and it may lead to a treatment

  https://theconversation.com/we-think-we-have-found-a-cause-of-pregnancy-sickness-and-it-may-lead-to-a-treatment-219663

  Natural variation in DNA of future mothers contributes to risk of pregnancy sickness. Previous studies have identified changes in DNA near GDF15 as the biggest determinants of risk of pregnancy sickness. […] The conclusion of these studies is clear – predisposition to higher levels of GDF15 when not pregnant reduces the risk of pregnancy sickness. […] Our findings suggest that lower levels of GDF15 before pregnancy result in women being hypersensitive to the large amounts of GDF15 being released from the developing pregnancy.

• #11 Study finds cause and potential prevention for pregnancy sickness – UKRI

  https://www.ukri.org/news/study-finds-cause-and-potential-prevention-for-pregnancy-sickness/

  The team found that a rare genetic variant that puts women at a much greater risk of hyperemesis gravidarum are associated with lower levels of the hormone in the blood and tissues outside of pregnancy. […] The more sensitive she is to this hormone, the sicker she will become. Knowing this gives us a clue as to how we might prevent this from happening. […] The researchers believe that building up womans tolerance to the hormone prior to pregnancy could hold the key to preventing sickness.

• #12 Cambridge-led study discovers cause of pregnancy sickness – and potential treatment – NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre

  https://cambridgebrc.nihr.ac.uk/2023/12/13/cambridge-led-study-discovers-cause-of-pregnancy-sickness-and-potential-treatment/

  The researchers showed that the degree of nausea and vomiting that a woman experiences in pregnancy is directly related to both the amount of GDF15 made by the fetal part of placenta and sent into her bloodstream, and how sensitive she is to the nauseating effect of this hormone. […] GDF15 is made at low levels in all tissues outside of pregnancy. How sensitive the mother is to the hormone during pregnancy is influenced by how much of it she was exposed to prior to pregnancy – women with normally low levels of GDF15 in blood have a higher risk of developing severe nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. […] The team found that a rare genetic variant that puts women at a much greater risk of hyperemesis gravidarum was associated with lower levels of the hormone in the blood and tissues outside of pregnancy. Similarly, women with the inherited blood disorder beta thalassemia, which causes them to have naturally very high levels of GDF15 prior to pregnancy, experience little or no nausea or vomiting.

• #13 Cambridge-led study discovers cause of pregnancy sickness – and potential treatment | EurekAlert!

  https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1010402

  GDF15 is made at low levels in all tissues outside of pregnancy. How sensitive the mother is to the hormone during pregnancy is influenced by how much of it she was exposed to prior to pregnancy women with normally low levels of GDF15 in blood have a higher risk of developing severe nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. […] The team found that a rare genetic variant that puts women at a much greater risk of hyperemesis gravidarum was associated with lower levels of the hormone in the blood and tissues outside of pregnancy. […] We now know why: the baby growing in the womb is producing a hormone at levels the mother is not used to. The more sensitive she is to this hormone, the sicker she will become. […] The researchers believe that building up womans tolerance to the hormone prior to pregnancy could hold the key to preventing sickness. […] Hopefully, now that we understand the cause of hyperemesis gravidarum, were a step closer to developing effective treatments to stop other mothers going through what I and many other women have experienced.

• #14 Morning sickness: Treatments, prevention, and when it starts

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/179633

  Morning sickness is a common term for nausea and vomiting that occurs during pregnancy. It results from hormonal changes. […] The exact causes of morning sickness are still unknown. However, hormonal changes may play a key role. […] Increased levels of the hormone estrogen circulating in the body may contribute to morning sickness. However, studies have yet to confirm this link. […] When a person is pregnant, their levels of the hormone progesterone also rise. This relaxes the muscles of the uterus, or womb, to prevent early childbirth. However, it may also relax the stomach and intestines, resulting in excess stomach acid and gastroesophageal reflux disease, or acid reflux. […] Levels of the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) rise as well, and this may cause vomiting. The developing embryo produces this hormone soon after conception.

• #15 Morning sickness: Treatments, prevention, and when it starts

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/179633

  hCG levels peak around weeks 9-12 of pregnancy, and nausea and vomiting may peak at this time, as well. While many studies have found that increased hCG and nausea and vomiting are linked, the exact role of the hormone in morning sickness is still unclear. […] During pregnancy, a person may become more sensitive to odors. This can overstimulate the body’s regular nausea triggers and lead to nausea and vomiting. […] Up to 80% of pregnant people experience some degree of nausea and vomiting, and these issues are more common in the first trimester. The precise underlying cause is still unclear, though changing hormone levels may play a role.

• #16 Morning Sickness: When It Starts, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16566-morning-sickness-nausea-and-vomiting-of-pregnancy

  About 70% of women get morning sickness. […] The cause of morning sickness isn’t entirely known, but healthcare providers believe it’s a mix of physical and chemical changes. It may be caused by: […] An increase in pregnancy hormones like human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) or estrogen. […] Morning sickness may be worsened by: […] Yes. Most women with morning sickness feel nauseous for a short time each day and may vomit once or twice. In more severe cases of morning sickness, nausea can last several hours each day and vomiting occurs more than four times per day. This is a condition called hyperemesis gravidarum. […] Mild to moderate nausea and vomiting during pregnancy usually isn’t harmful to you or the fetus. However, it can become a problem if you can’t keep food or liquid down, become dehydrated and lose weight. Unmanaged severe nausea and vomiting can prevent you from getting the nutrition you need and affect your baby’s weight at birth. […] The risk for severe morning sickness increases if you: […] Some studies have shown that women with severe morning sickness are more likely to give birth to girls.

• #17 Pregnancy week by week

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/expert-answers/nausea-during-pregnancy/faq-20057917

  Nausea during early pregnancy, also called morning sickness, might be a good sign. Studies have shown that pregnant people with nausea and vomiting during the first trimester have a lower risk of miscarriage than do pregnant people without these symptoms. […] Nausea and vomiting during early pregnancy may signal the rise in hormones within the body that’s needed for a healthy pregnancy. Research suggests that nausea and vomiting during pregnancy might be due to the effects of a hormone made by the placenta. That hormone is called human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). […] Pregnant people who have severe morning sickness, called hyperemesis gravidarum, have higher HCG levels than other pregnant people do. People pregnant with twins or multiples also have higher HCG levels. They are more likely to have morning sickness too. Estrogen, another hormone that rises during pregnancy, also is linked with more-severe morning sickness. […] High pregnancy hormone levels aren’t always associated with nausea and vomiting, however. And some research suggests that nausea and vomiting during pregnancy could be related to the growth of the placenta.

• #18 Morning sickness: Treatments, prevention, and when it starts

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/179633

  Morning sickness is a common term for nausea and vomiting that occurs during pregnancy. It results from hormonal changes. […] The exact causes of morning sickness are still unknown. However, hormonal changes may play a key role. […] Increased levels of the hormone estrogen circulating in the body may contribute to morning sickness. However, studies have yet to confirm this link. […] When a person is pregnant, their levels of the hormone progesterone also rise. This relaxes the muscles of the uterus, or womb, to prevent early childbirth. However, it may also relax the stomach and intestines, resulting in excess stomach acid and gastroesophageal reflux disease, or acid reflux. […] Levels of the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) rise as well, and this may cause vomiting. The developing embryo produces this hormone soon after conception.

• #19 Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3676933/

  Nausea and vomiting are common experiences in pregnancy, affecting 70-80% of all pregnant women. […] Various metabolic and neuromuscular factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of NVP and HG; however, their exact cause is unknown. […] It is widely accepted that gestational vomiting results from various metabolic and endocrine factors, many of placental origin. […] The most implicated factor is human chorionic gonadatropin (hCG). […] Despite the multitude of studies linking hCG to NVP and HG, others have found no relationship between serum hCG in pregnant women during the first trimester and the frequency or intensity of nausea and vomiting. […] The ovarian hormones, estrogen and progesterone, have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of NVP and HG. […] Maternal genetics also appear to serve as risk factors for NVP. […] An increased incidence of infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) has been observed in women with HG and is now considered to play a role in its pathogenesis.

• #20 GDF15 linked to maternal risk of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06921-9

  We can now conclude with confidence that higher circulating levels of GDF15 in maternal blood are associated with an increased risk of NVP and HG. […] A caveat to this observation is that these studies were undertaken in healthy pregnancies, and it is conceivable that, in women with established HG, stressed maternal tissues may, in theory, make an additional contribution to the circulating pool. […] The rare coding variant GDF15 C211G has been reported to greatly increase the risk of HG. […] We also demonstrate that common HG risk conferring variants are associated with lower circulating levels of GDF15 in the non-pregnant state. […] This finding is consistent with studies which report that prepregnancy cigarette smoking, a behaviour associated with elevated GDF15, reduces the risk of HG.

• #21 Severe vomiting in pregnancy – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/pregnancy/related-conditions/complications/severe-vomiting/

  Sickness in pregnancy (sometimes called morning sickness) is common. […] It’s not known exactly what causes HG, or why some women get it and others do not. There is evidence that it is linked to the changing hormones in your body that occur during pregnancy. […] There is some evidence that it runs in families, so if you have a mother or sister who has had HG in a pregnancy, you may be more likely to get it yourself. […] If you have had HG in a previous pregnancy, you are more likely to get it in your next pregnancy than women who have never had it before, so it’s worth planning in advance.

• #22 What Causes Severe Morning Sickness, and What Treatments Exist? | Scientific American

  https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-causes-severe-morning-sickness-and-what-treatments-exist/

  People with HG are hypersensitive to GDF15, so the effects are severe. […] It is the primary cause of hospitalization in early pregnancy and the second leading cause of hospitalization in pregnancy overall after preterm birth (tied with gestational hypertension). […] We found a high recurrence risk. More than 80 percent of the patients in our study had HG in a second pregnancy after the first one. […] It showed that both hyperemesis and regular nausea and vomiting are very strongly associated with this nausea and vomiting hormone GDF15. […] So that really helped to solidify the association between this hormone and hyperemesis, because it was a rare mutation that you’re born with, and then you get the disease. […] Exactly. Thats why, even though the mothers had lower levels of GDF15 before pregnancy that made them hypersensitive to the hormone, they would have less chance of getting hyperemesisbecause they had lower levels during pregnancy if the baby inherited the gene.

• #23 Severe Morning Sickness (Hyperemesis Gravidarum) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/hyperemesis-gravidarum.html

  During the first trimester of pregnancy, many women have the bouts of nausea and vomiting known as morning sickness. […] The cause of severe morning sickness isnt known. But it might be related to the hormone changes of pregnancy. A hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin, or HCG, might be to blame because severe morning sickness most often happens when HCG levels are at their highest in a pregnant woman’s body. […] Severe morning sickness also might run in families. Its more common in women whose close family members (such as mothers and sisters) have had it. […] Other things that can increase a woman’s chances of having severe morning sickness include carrying multiples (twins, triplets, etc.), history of motion sickness, and migraine headaches with nausea or vomiting.

• #24 Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy (Morning Sickness) | Causes and Treatment

  https://patient.info/pregnancy/common-problems-in-pregnancy-leaflet/morning-sickness-in-pregnancy

  Feeling sick (nauseous) or having vomiting is very common in early pregnancy. […] The exact cause of the sickness is not known. It is probably due to the hormonal changes of pregnancy. […] There are several things that can make nausea and vomiting in pregnancy more likely. These include the following: Having a female baby. Being in the first pregnancy. Having had nausea and vomiting in previous pregnancies, or having a family history of nausea and vomiting (in mothers or sisters). Having twins or another multiple pregnancy. Having a history of motion sickness. Having a history of migraines. Having experienced nausea when taking the combined oral contraceptive pill. Having obesity. […] Severe symptoms (hyperemesis gravidarum), if untreated, do seem to increase the risk of some problems, such as preterm labour and low birth weight. However, this doesn’t affect everyone with hyperemesis gravidarum.

• #25 Causes – HER Foundation

  https://www.hyperemesis.org/about-hyperemesis-gravidarum/causes/

  Increases in serum thyroxine levels have been documented in up to 73% of pregnancies complicated by HG. Thyroid hormones are stimulated by the increase in hCG and may result in transient hyperthyroidism. Severity of HG is sometimes linked to the degree of hyperthyroidism. Mutations of hCG or TSH receptors have also been found to be elevated in women with HG. […] Researchers have cited changes in gastrointestinal (GI) function that cause nausea and vomiting, as well as GI complications of HG. The causes include fasting, low protein intake, hormones and genes. […] Profound and prolonged nutritional deficiencies occur during HG, with some studies finding intake half of required. Yet oral vitamins are rarely tolerated during HG. Deficiencies worsen symptoms and cause additional symptoms such as changes in taste and smell, which may improve after administration of IV vitamins with fluids.

• #26 New Study Finds Cause of Morning Sickness

  https://www.parents.com/study-finds-cause-of-morning-sickness-8415213

  The overall model is that it is the GDF15 coming from the baby in pregnancy thats making you sick. […] The findings show that how intense a persons nausea and vomiting during pregnancy is largely dependent on the makeup of their DNA. […] If you’ve got twins, [GDF15] is higher in that pregnancy, Lockhart says. […] One of the implications of your baby making all this [GDF15] is that it’s not the mom’s DNA or the mom’s genome that is determining how much of this has been in pregnancy, it’s all the baby’s genome thats determining it, Lockhart says. […] So what we have some evidence of is that if you carry a mutation, that makes you more likely to have severe morning sickness. […] The researchers hope to use their future findings to help develop better, more targeted treatment for morning sickness, which is a much-needed advancement for maternal health. […] It’s important to bring up with a trusted prenatal provider because symptoms are easier to treat the earlier you start. […] I think that’s partly because it’s so poorly understood.

• #27 Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3676933/

  Nausea and vomiting are common experiences in pregnancy, affecting 70-80% of all pregnant women. […] Various metabolic and neuromuscular factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of NVP and HG; however, their exact cause is unknown. […] It is widely accepted that gestational vomiting results from various metabolic and endocrine factors, many of placental origin. […] The most implicated factor is human chorionic gonadatropin (hCG). […] Despite the multitude of studies linking hCG to NVP and HG, others have found no relationship between serum hCG in pregnant women during the first trimester and the frequency or intensity of nausea and vomiting. […] The ovarian hormones, estrogen and progesterone, have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of NVP and HG. […] Maternal genetics also appear to serve as risk factors for NVP. […] An increased incidence of infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) has been observed in women with HG and is now considered to play a role in its pathogenesis.

• #28 Morning Sickness: Treatment, Home Remedies, Symptoms & Causes

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/pregnancy_vomiting/article_em.htm

  The more popular theories fall into three areas: Hormonal: Elevated levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or a component of this hormone may play a role in inducing vomiting. […] Gastrointestinal: Helicobacter pylori bacteria that live in the intestinal tract may cause the development of peptic ulcer disease. […] Psychosocial: Although the idea is controversial, some researchers think the condition may be a woman’s psychological reaction against the pregnancy and might arise from conflict within the family and her home environment. […] Women with very severe symptoms, especially with dehydration and weight loss, are at higher risk for slowed fetal growth and low birth weight babies.

• #29

• #30 Morning sickness | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/pregnancy/morning-sickness

  Morning sickness is when you have nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. […] Morning sickness usually starts at about 6 weeks of pregnancy and goes away in the second trimester. […] Mild morning sickness doesnt harm you or your baby. But if nausea and vomiting becomes severe (called hyperemesis gravidarum), it can cause serious problems during pregnancy. […] We dont know for sure what causes morning sickness. It may be caused by low blood sugar or increased pregnancy hormones. Morning sickness may be worse if youre stressed or overly tired, if you eat certain foods or if youre traveling (if you often have motion sickness).

• #31

  https://www.ijrcog.org/index.php/ijrcog/article/view/548

  Nausea, vomiting in pregnancy (NVP) and hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) can have adverse effects on the mother and foetus. […] Medical databases show that oestrogen, human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), thyroxine and insulin are associated with NVP and HG by mechanisms that are unclear. […] It is possible that NVP and HG may have different hormonal aetiologies. […] Other risk factors implicated in NVP and HG include psychological and genetic as well as external factors such as smoking status, age, bacterial infection and diet. […] The hypothesis hereby proposed is that hypoglycaemia, nausea and vomiting are associated with pregnancy perhaps due to disturbances in metabolic control and increased requirements for glucose by growing foetus. […] During overnight fasting, the resultant hypoglycaemia possibly triggers nausea and vomiting. […] This calls for investigations and of note is whether severities of NVP and HG correlate to blood glucose levels. […] This proposal reviews current thinking on the causes of NVP and HG as well as possible pathology evidence-based monitoring measures.

• #32 Causes – HER Foundation

  https://www.hyperemesis.org/about-hyperemesis-gravidarum/causes/

  Increases in serum thyroxine levels have been documented in up to 73% of pregnancies complicated by HG. Thyroid hormones are stimulated by the increase in hCG and may result in transient hyperthyroidism. Severity of HG is sometimes linked to the degree of hyperthyroidism. Mutations of hCG or TSH receptors have also been found to be elevated in women with HG. […] Researchers have cited changes in gastrointestinal (GI) function that cause nausea and vomiting, as well as GI complications of HG. The causes include fasting, low protein intake, hormones and genes. […] Profound and prolonged nutritional deficiencies occur during HG, with some studies finding intake half of required. Yet oral vitamins are rarely tolerated during HG. Deficiencies worsen symptoms and cause additional symptoms such as changes in taste and smell, which may improve after administration of IV vitamins with fluids.

• #33 New Study Finds Cause of Morning Sickness

  https://www.parents.com/study-finds-cause-of-morning-sickness-8415213

  The overall model is that it is the GDF15 coming from the baby in pregnancy thats making you sick. […] The findings show that how intense a persons nausea and vomiting during pregnancy is largely dependent on the makeup of their DNA. […] If you’ve got twins, [GDF15] is higher in that pregnancy, Lockhart says. […] One of the implications of your baby making all this [GDF15] is that it’s not the mom’s DNA or the mom’s genome that is determining how much of this has been in pregnancy, it’s all the baby’s genome thats determining it, Lockhart says. […] So what we have some evidence of is that if you carry a mutation, that makes you more likely to have severe morning sickness. […] The researchers hope to use their future findings to help develop better, more targeted treatment for morning sickness, which is a much-needed advancement for maternal health. […] It’s important to bring up with a trusted prenatal provider because symptoms are easier to treat the earlier you start. […] I think that’s partly because it’s so poorly understood.

• #34 Pregnancy week by week

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/expert-answers/nausea-during-pregnancy/faq-20057917

  Nausea during early pregnancy, also called morning sickness, might be a good sign. Studies have shown that pregnant people with nausea and vomiting during the first trimester have a lower risk of miscarriage than do pregnant people without these symptoms. […] Nausea and vomiting during early pregnancy may signal the rise in hormones within the body that’s needed for a healthy pregnancy. Research suggests that nausea and vomiting during pregnancy might be due to the effects of a hormone made by the placenta. That hormone is called human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). […] Pregnant people who have severe morning sickness, called hyperemesis gravidarum, have higher HCG levels than other pregnant people do. People pregnant with twins or multiples also have higher HCG levels. They are more likely to have morning sickness too. Estrogen, another hormone that rises during pregnancy, also is linked with more-severe morning sickness. […] High pregnancy hormone levels aren’t always associated with nausea and vomiting, however. And some research suggests that nausea and vomiting during pregnancy could be related to the growth of the placenta.

• #35 Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy (Morning Sickness) | Causes and Treatment

  https://patient.info/pregnancy/common-problems-in-pregnancy-leaflet/morning-sickness-in-pregnancy

  Feeling sick (nauseous) or having vomiting is very common in early pregnancy. […] The exact cause of the sickness is not known. It is probably due to the hormonal changes of pregnancy. […] There are several things that can make nausea and vomiting in pregnancy more likely. These include the following: Having a female baby. Being in the first pregnancy. Having had nausea and vomiting in previous pregnancies, or having a family history of nausea and vomiting (in mothers or sisters). Having twins or another multiple pregnancy. Having a history of motion sickness. Having a history of migraines. Having experienced nausea when taking the combined oral contraceptive pill. Having obesity. […] Severe symptoms (hyperemesis gravidarum), if untreated, do seem to increase the risk of some problems, such as preterm labour and low birth weight. However, this doesn’t affect everyone with hyperemesis gravidarum.

• #36 Morning Sickness: When It Starts, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16566-morning-sickness-nausea-and-vomiting-of-pregnancy

  About 70% of women get morning sickness. […] The cause of morning sickness isn’t entirely known, but healthcare providers believe it’s a mix of physical and chemical changes. It may be caused by: […] An increase in pregnancy hormones like human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) or estrogen. […] Morning sickness may be worsened by: […] Yes. Most women with morning sickness feel nauseous for a short time each day and may vomit once or twice. In more severe cases of morning sickness, nausea can last several hours each day and vomiting occurs more than four times per day. This is a condition called hyperemesis gravidarum. […] Mild to moderate nausea and vomiting during pregnancy usually isn’t harmful to you or the fetus. However, it can become a problem if you can’t keep food or liquid down, become dehydrated and lose weight. Unmanaged severe nausea and vomiting can prevent you from getting the nutrition you need and affect your baby’s weight at birth. […] The risk for severe morning sickness increases if you: […] Some studies have shown that women with severe morning sickness are more likely to give birth to girls.

• #37 Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy (Morning Sickness) | Causes and Treatment

  https://patient.info/pregnancy/common-problems-in-pregnancy-leaflet/morning-sickness-in-pregnancy

  Feeling sick (nauseous) or having vomiting is very common in early pregnancy. […] The exact cause of the sickness is not known. It is probably due to the hormonal changes of pregnancy. […] There are several things that can make nausea and vomiting in pregnancy more likely. These include the following: Having a female baby. Being in the first pregnancy. Having had nausea and vomiting in previous pregnancies, or having a family history of nausea and vomiting (in mothers or sisters). Having twins or another multiple pregnancy. Having a history of motion sickness. Having a history of migraines. Having experienced nausea when taking the combined oral contraceptive pill. Having obesity. […] Severe symptoms (hyperemesis gravidarum), if untreated, do seem to increase the risk of some problems, such as preterm labour and low birth weight. However, this doesn’t affect everyone with hyperemesis gravidarum.

• #38 Severe Morning Sickness (Hyperemesis Gravidarum) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/hyperemesis-gravidarum.html

  During the first trimester of pregnancy, many women have the bouts of nausea and vomiting known as morning sickness. […] The cause of severe morning sickness isnt known. But it might be related to the hormone changes of pregnancy. A hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin, or HCG, might be to blame because severe morning sickness most often happens when HCG levels are at their highest in a pregnant woman’s body. […] Severe morning sickness also might run in families. Its more common in women whose close family members (such as mothers and sisters) have had it. […] Other things that can increase a woman’s chances of having severe morning sickness include carrying multiples (twins, triplets, etc.), history of motion sickness, and migraine headaches with nausea or vomiting.

• #39

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/morning-sickness/

  Nausea and vomiting happens because of hormonal changes in your body. […] You’re more likely to have severe morning sickness if you: […] have a family history of bad morning sickness […] had severe morning sickness during a previous pregnancy […] are expecting twins, triplets or more […] suffer from migraines […] get bad motion sickness […] used to get sick if you took contraception containing oestrogen […] are having a molar pregnancy – this is when some of the cells that form the placenta or afterbirth grow abnormally (this is rare).

• #40 Severe Morning Sickness (Hyperemesis Gravidarum) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/hyperemesis-gravidarum.html

  During the first trimester of pregnancy, many women have the bouts of nausea and vomiting known as morning sickness. […] The cause of severe morning sickness isnt known. But it might be related to the hormone changes of pregnancy. A hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin, or HCG, might be to blame because severe morning sickness most often happens when HCG levels are at their highest in a pregnant woman’s body. […] Severe morning sickness also might run in families. Its more common in women whose close family members (such as mothers and sisters) have had it. […] Other things that can increase a woman’s chances of having severe morning sickness include carrying multiples (twins, triplets, etc.), history of motion sickness, and migraine headaches with nausea or vomiting.

• #41

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/morning-sickness/

  Nausea and vomiting happens because of hormonal changes in your body. […] You’re more likely to have severe morning sickness if you: […] have a family history of bad morning sickness […] had severe morning sickness during a previous pregnancy […] are expecting twins, triplets or more […] suffer from migraines […] get bad motion sickness […] used to get sick if you took contraception containing oestrogen […] are having a molar pregnancy – this is when some of the cells that form the placenta or afterbirth grow abnormally (this is rare).

• #42 What causes morning sickness? | pregnancy nausea | Natural Cycles

  https://www.naturalcycles.com/cyclematters/what-causes-morning-sickness

  Feeling nauseous during early pregnancy is very common, but have you ever wondered what causes morning sickness and why it affects some of us more than others? […] The root causes of morning sickness is widely believed to be hormonal changes happening in the first twelve weeks of pregnancy. Specifically, it’s believed to be rising blood levels of a hormone called HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) that is responsible for making us feel nauseous. […] Not everyone experiences nausea during pregnancy, and there are some factors that can make us more likely to experience morning sickness such as: Having morning sickness in a previous pregnancy, Expecting more than one baby, Obesity, Stress, Suffering from migraine headaches, A family history of morning sickness, Susceptible to motion sickness (such as getting car sick or sea sick), It’s your first pregnancy, If you’ve been sick when taking birth control containing estrogen.

• #43 What causes morning sickness? | pregnancy nausea | Natural Cycles

  https://www.naturalcycles.com/cyclematters/what-causes-morning-sickness

  Feeling nauseous during early pregnancy is very common, but have you ever wondered what causes morning sickness and why it affects some of us more than others? […] The root causes of morning sickness is widely believed to be hormonal changes happening in the first twelve weeks of pregnancy. Specifically, it’s believed to be rising blood levels of a hormone called HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) that is responsible for making us feel nauseous. […] Not everyone experiences nausea during pregnancy, and there are some factors that can make us more likely to experience morning sickness such as: Having morning sickness in a previous pregnancy, Expecting more than one baby, Obesity, Stress, Suffering from migraine headaches, A family history of morning sickness, Susceptible to motion sickness (such as getting car sick or sea sick), It’s your first pregnancy, If you’ve been sick when taking birth control containing estrogen.

• #44 Morning Sickness Patient Information – Brigham and Women’s Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomens.org/obgyn/brigham-obgyn-group/patient-education/morning-sickness

  Morning sickness is nausea (upset stomach) and vomiting (throwing up) that may happen during pregnancy. […] It is not known for sure why pregnant women have morning sickness. Being pregnant causes changes in your hormones and blood sugar, leading to morning sickness. […] Morning sickness may be more likely to happen when you have an empty stomach. Stress and anxiety may make morning sickness worse. Strong odors (smells) may cause your morning sickness to start, or make it worse.

• #45 Morning Sickness: Causes, Treatments, and Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/morning-sickness

  Morning sickness usually happens within the first four months of pregnancy and is often the first sign that a woman is pregnant. […] Theres no one cause of morning sickness during pregnancy, and severity varies among women. Increased hormone levels during the first few weeks of pregnancy is among the most common causes. Reduced blood sugar is another common cause of morning sickness. […] Other factors can worsen morning sickness. These include: having twins or triplets, excessive fatigue, emotional stress, frequent traveling. […] Morning sickness can vary between pregnancies. While you may have had severe morning sickness during one pregnancy, in future pregnancies it may be very mild.

• #46 GDF15 linked to maternal risk of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06921-9

  We can now conclude with confidence that higher circulating levels of GDF15 in maternal blood are associated with an increased risk of NVP and HG. […] A caveat to this observation is that these studies were undertaken in healthy pregnancies, and it is conceivable that, in women with established HG, stressed maternal tissues may, in theory, make an additional contribution to the circulating pool. […] The rare coding variant GDF15 C211G has been reported to greatly increase the risk of HG. […] We also demonstrate that common HG risk conferring variants are associated with lower circulating levels of GDF15 in the non-pregnant state. […] This finding is consistent with studies which report that prepregnancy cigarette smoking, a behaviour associated with elevated GDF15, reduces the risk of HG.

• #47 Hyperemesis Gravidarum: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/254751-overview

  In a review of 1,301 cases of hyperemesis gravidarum from Canada, Fell et al showed that medical complications of hyperthyroid disorders, psychiatric illness, previous molar disease, gastrointestinal disorders, pregestational diabetes, and asthma were significantly independent risk factors for hyperemesis gravidarum, whereas maternal smoking and maternal age older than 30 years decreased the risk. Pregnancies with female fetuses and multiple fetuses were also at increased risk. […] Other factors that have been proposed include ethnicity, occupational status, fetal anomalies, increased body weight, nausea and vomiting in a prior pregnancy, history of infertility, interpregnancy interval, corpus luteum in right ovary, and prior intolerance to oral contraceptives. […] Risk factors for hyperemesis gravidarum may include the following: Previous pregnancies with hyperemesis gravidarum, Greater body weight, Multiple gestations, Trophoblastic disease, Nulliparity. […] Cigarette smoking is associated with a decreased risk for hyperemesis gravidarum.

• #48 Morning sickness – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_sickness

  Morning sickness affects about 70-80% of all pregnant women to some extent. […] The cause of morning sickness is unknown but may relate to changing levels of the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin. […] The cause of morning sickness is unknown but may relate to changing levels of estrogen and the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin. […] Some have proposed that morning sickness may be useful from an evolutionary point of view – it may protect both the pregnant woman and the developing embryo just when the fetus is most vulnerable. […] Morning sickness is related to diets low in cereals and high in sugars, oilcrops, alcohol and meat. […] Morning sickness may be an evolved trait that protects the fetus against toxins ingested by the mother. […] If morning sickness is a defense mechanism against the ingestion of toxins, the prescribing of anti-nausea medication to pregnant women may have the undesired side effect of causing birth defects or miscarriages by encouraging harmful dietary choices. […] Emerging research suggests that the health of the male partner and the quality of his sperm may influence the severity of morning sickness experienced by a pregnant woman.

• #49 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/ScienceBasedParenting/comments/1cjdrab/nausea_and_vomiting_of_pregnancy_in_an/

  The proximate mechanisms underlying gestational nausea and vomiting have been intensively studied, but the possibility that the symptoms themselves serve a useful function has only recently been considered seriously. […] We found greatest support for the hypothesis that normal levels of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (excluding hyperemesis) protect pregnant women and their embryos from harmful substances in food, particularly pathogenic microorganisms in meat products and toxins in strong-tasting plants. […] Knowledge that normal nausea and vomiting of pregnancy indicates the functioning of a woman’s defense system, rather than a bodily malfunction, may reassure patients and enable health care providers to develop new ways of minimizing the uncomfortable symptoms.

• #50 Morning Sickness – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=morning-sickness-1-2080

  Nobody really knows the exact reason why pregnant women have morning sickness. The most commonly thought reason is the natural increase in hormones, especially human chorionic gonadotropin, or hCG. […] According to the American Academy of Family Physicians, morning sickness results from a sudden increase in hormone levels released during pregnancy. Nausea may continue until the body adjusts to these new levels. […] Among women who experience morning sickness, symptoms peak precisely when organ development is most susceptible to chemical disruption, between the first month and up to the 16th week of pregnancy. Morning sickness may be a positive indicator that the placenta is developing well, since hCG comes from a placenta that is healthy and growing normally. Women with nausea and vomiting in pregnancy may have a lower rate of miscarriage.

• #51 Patient education: Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/nausea-and-vomiting-of-pregnancy-beyond-the-basics/print

  Between 50 and 90 percent of pregnant individuals have some degree of nausea, with or without vomiting, in the first half of pregnancy. This is commonly referred to as „morning sickness” or „nausea and vomiting of pregnancy”; nausea and vomiting of pregnancy is the more widely used medical term. The cause of pregnancy-related nausea and vomiting is unclear. Several theories have been proposed, although none have been definitively proven. Various effects from increased hormone levels of pregnancy, a genetic predisposition, and psychological factors are among the more common theories. […] Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy often develop by 5 to 6 weeks of gestation. Symptoms usually peak around 9 weeks and improve by 16 to 18 weeks of gestation. However, symptoms continue into the third trimester in 15 to 20 percent of individuals and until delivery in 5 percent of people. […] While symptoms may be distressing, individuals with mild nausea and vomiting during pregnancy experience fewer miscarriages and stillbirths than those without these symptoms.

• #52 Doing Battle With Morning Sickness

  https://www.webmd.com/baby/features/battle-morning-sickness

  Nothing can blast the euphoria of discovering you’re pregnant faster than morning sickness. […] As many as 90% of all pregnant women experience some degree of nausea or vomiting during pregnancy, says Dr. Jennifer Niebyl, head of obstetrics and gynecology at University of Iowa College of Medicine. […] Doctors still aren’t sure exactly what causes morning sickness, but the most popular theory is that morning sickness is the body’s reaction to the pregnancy hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which is produced at higher levels during the first trimester than at any other time during pregnancy, says Dr. Niebyl. […] Some studies, in fact, have indicated that women with little or no morning sickness have a higher rate of miscarriage. That’s because women who end up miscarrying typically have lower levels of hCG, says Dr. Niebyl. Another theory, although widely disputed, is that morning sickness is actually nature’s way of keeping women away from substances that could harm the developing fetus.

• #53 Causes of Morning Sickness Revealed | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/2531-morning-sickness-revealed.html

  Morning sickness is not normal, so it must have a reason. Researchers now think it’s Nature’s way of protecting the embryo or fetus by discouraging mothers from ingesting potentially harmful chemicals. […] Doctors have long known that morning sickness the nausea and vomiting usually experienced in early pregnancy is actually a good sign of a healthy pregnancy, despite the discomfort it brings. […] If morning sickness was just the byproduct of a healthy pregnancy, then it should accompany all healthy pregnancies. „But it doesn’t,” said researcher Samuel Flaxman, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Colorado at Boulder. […] Also, morning sickness does not seem to occur in other mammals, only humans, the researchers noted. […] Instead, morning sickness is usually triggered in specific circumstances in response to: the sight, smell, or taste of meats and strong-tasting vegetables, which were historically likely to contain foodborne microbes or birth-defect-inducing chemicals; alcohol and cigarette smoke.

• #54 Causes of Morning Sickness Revealed | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/2531-morning-sickness-revealed.html

  This all suggests morning sickness serves a useful function, evolving to protect mothers and embryos from things that may be dangerous, the researchers figure. […] The reason that humans alone have morning sickness may be due to our extraordinarily broad diet in comparison to other mammals, including other primates, the scientists conjectured. […] Despite decades of medical research and the widespread nature of morning sickness, little remains known about how it works, as it is of course unethical to experiment on pregnant women, and no other animals are known to experience it.

• #55 Cambridge-led study discovers cause of pregnancy sickness – and potential treatment – NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre

  https://cambridgebrc.nihr.ac.uk/2023/12/13/cambridge-led-study-discovers-cause-of-pregnancy-sickness-and-potential-treatment/

  The researchers showed that the degree of nausea and vomiting that a woman experiences in pregnancy is directly related to both the amount of GDF15 made by the fetal part of placenta and sent into her bloodstream, and how sensitive she is to the nauseating effect of this hormone. […] GDF15 is made at low levels in all tissues outside of pregnancy. How sensitive the mother is to the hormone during pregnancy is influenced by how much of it she was exposed to prior to pregnancy – women with normally low levels of GDF15 in blood have a higher risk of developing severe nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. […] The team found that a rare genetic variant that puts women at a much greater risk of hyperemesis gravidarum was associated with lower levels of the hormone in the blood and tissues outside of pregnancy. Similarly, women with the inherited blood disorder beta thalassemia, which causes them to have naturally very high levels of GDF15 prior to pregnancy, experience little or no nausea or vomiting.

• #56 Cambridge-led study discovers cause of pregnancy sickness – and potential treatment | EurekAlert!

  https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1010402

  GDF15 is made at low levels in all tissues outside of pregnancy. How sensitive the mother is to the hormone during pregnancy is influenced by how much of it she was exposed to prior to pregnancy women with normally low levels of GDF15 in blood have a higher risk of developing severe nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. […] The team found that a rare genetic variant that puts women at a much greater risk of hyperemesis gravidarum was associated with lower levels of the hormone in the blood and tissues outside of pregnancy. […] We now know why: the baby growing in the womb is producing a hormone at levels the mother is not used to. The more sensitive she is to this hormone, the sicker she will become. […] The researchers believe that building up womans tolerance to the hormone prior to pregnancy could hold the key to preventing sickness. […] Hopefully, now that we understand the cause of hyperemesis gravidarum, were a step closer to developing effective treatments to stop other mothers going through what I and many other women have experienced.

• #57 Researchers identify key cause of pregnancy sickness and a potential way to prevent it

  https://keck.usc.edu/news/researchers-identify-key-cause-of-pregnancy-sickness-and-a-potential-way-to-prevent-it/

  “We now know that women get sick during pregnancy when they are exposed to higher levels of the hormone GDF15 than they are used to,” said Marlena Fejzo, PhD, a clinical assistant professor of population and public health sciences in the Center for Genetic Epidemiology at the Keck School of Medicine and the paper’s first author. […] Lowering GDF15 is one way to potentially address pregnancy sickness—and the present study provides the first human evidence that it is likely safe to do so. […] The researchers also hope to test an additional class of drugs that may help with HG by blocking GDF15 from binding to its receptor in the brain.

• #58 What Causes Severe Morning Sickness, and What Treatments Exist? | Scientific American

  https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-causes-severe-morning-sickness-and-what-treatments-exist/

  I have done a retrospective study of metformin use prior to pregnancy and risk of hyperemesis, and that showed positive results. […] Metformin increases GDF15 levels. […] The company [NGM Biopharmaceuticals], which I have been working with, just announced that they treated their first patient with a drug that is an antibody to the receptor for GDF15.

• #59 What Causes Severe Morning Sickness, and What Treatments Exist? | Scientific American

  https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-causes-severe-morning-sickness-and-what-treatments-exist/

  I have done a retrospective study of metformin use prior to pregnancy and risk of hyperemesis, and that showed positive results. […] Metformin increases GDF15 levels. […] The company [NGM Biopharmaceuticals], which I have been working with, just announced that they treated their first patient with a drug that is an antibody to the receptor for GDF15.

• #60 What Causes Morning Sickness? We May Now Know | The Well by Northwell

  https://thewell.northwell.edu/pregnancy/morning-sickness-hormones

  It hasnt always been clear what causes morning sickness but we may be on the way to a cure. […] Until recently, it was unclear why many women experienced morning sickness. Now, researchers from Cambridge University have discovered that a hormone called GDF15 passes through the placenta to the mother, triggering nausea. […] GDF15 is always present in the body. However, the rapid rise in GDF15 is what causes severe symptoms, and women who naturally have low levels of this hormone before pregnancy are the ones most affected by HG. […] This is a landmark finding because now that we finally know why morning sickness occurs, we can begin working on a cure. […] We’re now exploring two new ways we can target morning sickness. The first way is to slowly expose women to higher levels of GDF15 before they become pregnant so their bodies have a chance to get used to it. The second option focuses on lowering levels of GDF15 in pregnant women with medications. […] It’s important to remember that drug development can take 10 to 15 years. […] While this generation of pregnant women of reproductive age wont be able to take advantage of this discovery, in the future well have new targeted therapies, and thats a huge breakthrough for womens health care.

• #61 GDF15 linked to maternal risk of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06921-9

  The acute rise in GDF15 which accompanies normal pregnancy is, we would argue, likely to be necessary, if not sufficient, for the causation of HG. […] The fact that high GDF15 levels in the non-pregnant state appears to protect against the development of NVP and HG suggests that strategies which safely increase circulating GDF15 levels before pregnancy may be useful in the prevention of these conditions.

• #62 We think we have found a cause of pregnancy sickness, and it may lead to a treatment

  https://theconversation.com/we-think-we-have-found-a-cause-of-pregnancy-sickness-and-it-may-lead-to-a-treatment-219663

  Natural variation in DNA of future mothers contributes to risk of pregnancy sickness. Previous studies have identified changes in DNA near GDF15 as the biggest determinants of risk of pregnancy sickness. […] The conclusion of these studies is clear – predisposition to higher levels of GDF15 when not pregnant reduces the risk of pregnancy sickness. […] Our findings suggest that lower levels of GDF15 before pregnancy result in women being hypersensitive to the large amounts of GDF15 being released from the developing pregnancy.

• #63 Scientists Pinpoint Cause of Severe Morning Sickness – The New York Times

  https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/13/health/morning-sickness-hyperemesis-gravidarum.html

  The nausea and vomiting that often define the first trimester of pregnancy are primarily caused by a single hormone, according to a study published on Wednesday in the journal Nature. […] The study confirms prior research that had pointed to the hormone, called GDF15. […] The researchers found that women experiencing hyperemesis had significantly higher GDF15 levels during pregnancy than did those who had no symptoms. […] The findings offer hope for better treatments for hyperemesis, experts said. […] The new study is powerful because it offers genetic proof of a causal relationship between GDF15 and the disease, said Dr. Rachel Freathy, who is a geneticist at the University of Exeter and was not involved in the study.

• #64 Researchers Find the Cause of Severe Morning Sickness

  https://www.healthline.com/health-news/researchers-say-this-hormone-is-behind-morning-sickness

  The Cambridge researchers suggest in the study that the intensity of morning sickness can be tied to the sensitivity of a pregnant woman to the hormone. […] Lower levels of GDF15 in the blood and tissues before pregnancy are tied to a rare genetic variant that can increase a woman’s risk of hyperemesis gravidarum. […] Proposed treatment reflects exposing the woman in the nonpregnant state to the hormone, so she becomes sensitized to the hormone, and thus has no development of hyperemesis gravidarum once she becomes pregnant. […] A new study suggests that the hormone GDF15, which is produced by the fetus during pregnancy, could be a cause of morning sickness. […] The study offers some hope for severe cases of morning sickness known as hyperemesis gravidarum, which affects less than 3% of pregnant women but can send them to the hospital with dehydration. […] But more research needs to be done to establish a pharmaceutical application of the research, and studies on pregnant people are often complicated and slow to happen.

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