Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3676933/

  NVP is found more often in Western countries and urban populations and is rare among Africans, Native Americans, Eskimos, and most Asian populations. […] It is estimated that 70-80% of pregnant women experience NVP. In the United States and Canada this translates to approximately 4,000,000 and 350,000 women who are affected each year, respectively. […] HG is rare in comparison to NVP, occurring in 0.32% of all pregnancies. The incidence appears to vary with ethnicity and ranges between 3 and 20 per 1,000 pregnancies. […] A systematic review from 2007 evaluating 14 case-control trials from 1966 to 2007 found a significant association between maternal H.pylori infection and HG in 10 studies. […] Infection with H. pylori in pregnancy may occur due to steroid-hormone induced changes in gastric pH and/or increased susceptibility due to changes in humoral and cell-mediated immunity.

• #2 Time’s up for morning sickness? How a research hospital is leading an effort to pull the plug on pregnancy nausea | AHA

  https://www.aha.org/role-hospitals-keck-medicine-usc

  A research hospital in California is at the forefront of an international effort to prevent pregnancy nausea and vomiting, commonly known as morning sickness. […] Nausea and vomiting affect upwards of 80% of women at some point during pregnancy, something that researchers at the Keck School of Medicine of the University of South California and University of Cambridge attribute to GDF15, a hormone produced in the placenta during pregnancy. […] An additional 2% experience hyperemesis gravidarum (HG), an extreme response that can lead to weight loss, dehydration and hospitalization. […] Hopefully, now that we understand the main cause of HG, were a step closer to developing effective treatments to stop other mothers from going through what I, and many other women, have experienced, said Marlena Fejzo, PhD, a clinical assistant professor of population and public health sciences in the Center for Genetic Epidemiology at the Keck School of Medicine.

• #3 Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: Clinical findings and evaluation – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/nausea-and-vomiting-of-pregnancy-clinical-findings-and-evaluation

  Nausea with or without vomiting is so common in early pregnancy that mild symptoms may be considered part of normal pregnancy physiology in the first/early second trimester. However, these symptoms can significantly impact the quality of life of both the pregnant person and their family, especially when persistent and/or severe. […] Some degree of nausea with or without vomiting occurs in up to 90 percent of pregnancies. […] In a prospective study including almost 800 patients followed from conception, 57 percent reported nausea and 27 percent reported both nausea and vomiting by 8 weeks of gestation.

• #4 Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3676933/

  NVP is found more often in Western countries and urban populations and is rare among Africans, Native Americans, Eskimos, and most Asian populations. […] It is estimated that 70-80% of pregnant women experience NVP. In the United States and Canada this translates to approximately 4,000,000 and 350,000 women who are affected each year, respectively. […] HG is rare in comparison to NVP, occurring in 0.32% of all pregnancies. The incidence appears to vary with ethnicity and ranges between 3 and 20 per 1,000 pregnancies. […] A systematic review from 2007 evaluating 14 case-control trials from 1966 to 2007 found a significant association between maternal H.pylori infection and HG in 10 studies. […] Infection with H. pylori in pregnancy may occur due to steroid-hormone induced changes in gastric pH and/or increased susceptibility due to changes in humoral and cell-mediated immunity.

• #5 A prospective study of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8373648/

  The symptoms of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy were described by 363 pregnant women who kept daily symptom diaries. […] It was found that 80% of women had symptoms, 28% experienced nausea only, while 52% had nausea and vomiting. […] The detailed information gathered should help in the investigation of the aetiology of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. […] The symptom complex can be defined as episodic daytime pregnancy sickness. […] Seventy three of these women (35%) spent a mean of 62 hours away from their paid work because of symptoms of nausea and vomiting, showing the socioeconomic significance of this condition.

• #6 Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3676933/

  NVP is found more often in Western countries and urban populations and is rare among Africans, Native Americans, Eskimos, and most Asian populations. […] It is estimated that 70-80% of pregnant women experience NVP. In the United States and Canada this translates to approximately 4,000,000 and 350,000 women who are affected each year, respectively. […] HG is rare in comparison to NVP, occurring in 0.32% of all pregnancies. The incidence appears to vary with ethnicity and ranges between 3 and 20 per 1,000 pregnancies. […] A systematic review from 2007 evaluating 14 case-control trials from 1966 to 2007 found a significant association between maternal H.pylori infection and HG in 10 studies. […] Infection with H. pylori in pregnancy may occur due to steroid-hormone induced changes in gastric pH and/or increased susceptibility due to changes in humoral and cell-mediated immunity.

• #7 Hyperemesis Gravidarum: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/796564-overview

  Of all pregnancies, 0.3-2% are affected by hyperemesis gravidarum (approximately 5 per 1000 pregnancies). […] In a study conducted in Finland, the incidence of hyperemesis gravidarum was 1.3%. Hyperemesis gravidarum appears to be more common in westernized industrialized societies and urban areas than in rural areas. […] No clear racial predominance is noted for hyperemesis gravidarum, although it is less common in American Indian and Eskimo populations, as well as less common in African and some Asian populations (but not industrialized Japan). Hyperemesis gravidarum affects females. The risk of hyperemesis gravidarum appears to decrease with advanced maternal age.

• #8 Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/nausea-and-vomiting-in-pregnancy-including-hyperemesis-gravidarum

  Nausea and vomiting are common in pregnancy, affecting up to 90% of pregnant women. 35% of affected women are thought to have clinically significant symptoms. […] It tends to be a disease of Western society and is less common in developing countries, especially in rural communities. […] Hyperemesis gravidarum affects 0.3-2% of pregnancies. […] There is evidence that hyperemesis gravidarum is more common when the fetus is female. […] A Canadian study found that hyperthyroid disorders, psychiatric illness, previous molar pregnancy, pre-existing diabetes, gastrointestinal disorders and asthma were all risk factors for hyperemesis gravidarum, whereas maternal smoking and maternal age older than 30 were associated with decreased risk.

• #9 Epidemiology of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: prevalence, severity, determinants, and the importance of race/ethnicity | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2393-9-26

  Studies that contributed to the epidemiology of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy have reported conflicting findings, and often failed to account for all possible co-variables necessary to evaluate the multidimensional associations. […] The first objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence and the severity of NVP during the 1st and the 2nd trimester of pregnancy according to race/ethnicity. Furthermore, we sought to identify the determinants of NVP during the 1st and the 2nd trimester of pregnancy separately, with a special emphasis on the impact of race/ethnicity. […] Our study showed that race/ethnicity was associated with the reporting of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy in the 1st trimester of pregnancy. […] In the 1st trimester of pregnancy, 78.5% of women reported NVP; this prevalence decreased to 40.1% at the beginning of the 2nd trimester of pregnancy. Our study showed that when potential confounders are taken into account, race/ethnicity is associated with the reporting of NVP in the 1st trimester of pregnancy (Black and Asian women being less likely to report NVP than Caucasian women).

• #10 Extreme Nausea And Vomiting Varies Among Pregnant Women From Different Countries | ScienceDaily

  https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/04/080425102414.htm

  Mothers born in India and Sri Lanka are three times more likely to suffer from extreme nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (hyperemesis gravidarum) than ethnic Norwegians. […] Earlier studies reported that 90 percent of pregnant women experience some degree of nausea and vomiting, whereas 0.5 to 2 percent have hyperemesis gravidarum. […] Vikanes and her colleagues collected data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway, which since 1967 has recorded data on all pregnancies and pregnancy complications. 8,300 cases of hyperemesis gravidarum were recorded out of 900,000 pregnancies, giving an overall prevalence of 0.89 percent. […] This is one of the largest studies carried out on hyperemesis gravidarum. […] Mothers born in India and Sri Lanka had the highest prevalence of hyperemesis gravidarum, followed by those born in Africa (excluding North Africa) and Pakistan by 3.2 percent, 3.1 percent and 2.1 percent, respectively. […] The difference in prevalence of hyperemesis gravidarum related to the mothers country of birth cannot be explained by differences in socio-demographic characteristics, says Vikanes.

• #11 Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0615/p965.html

  Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy affects nearly 75% of pregnant women. […] About 1% of women develop hyper-emesis gravidarum, which may result in adverse outcomes for the mother and fetus. […] Women who are less educated, older, or black, and those who have lower incomes, multiple gestations, or increasing gravidity (including miscarriages) are at greater risk of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. […] Hyperemesis gravidarum describes nausea and vomiting that is severe enough to cause fluid and electrolyte disturbances, and often requires hospitalization. […] It affects up to 1% of pregnant women and is associated with persistent vomiting (more than three episodes per day) that results in severe dehydration, ketonuria, electrolyte abnormalities such as hypokalemia, and weight loss of more than 5%.

• #12 Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0615/p965.html

  The risk may be increased by as much as 50% if the fetus is female. […] In pregnancies with uncomplicated nausea and vomiting, there is a decreased risk of miscarriage, as well as lower rates of preterm delivery, fetal death, and growth restriction. […] However, infants of women who lost weight early in the pregnancy, particularly in the setting of hyperemesis gravidarum, are at increased risk of growth restriction or low birth weight. […] Women with nausea and vomiting that is refractory to treatment or complicated by weight loss have increased risks of fetal growth restriction and fetal death, as well as preeclampsia and maternal complications associated with vomiting. […] Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy is a common and sometimes challenging problem, and hyperemesis gravidarum may be associated with adverse perinatal outcomes.

• #13 The Claim: Morning Sickness Means a Girl Is More Likely – The New York Times

  https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/19/health/19real.html

  THE FACTS […] But the notion that morning sickness can sometimes indicate that a girl is on the way may be an exception. A number of large studies in various countries have examined the claim, and almost all have found it to be true, with caveats. Specifically, studies have found that it applies to women with morning sickness in the first trimester, and with symptoms so severe that it leads to hospitalization, a condition known as hyperemesis gravidarum. […] One of the most recent studies was conducted by epidemiologists at the University of Washington. The scientists compared 2,110 pregnant women who were hospitalized with morning sickness in their first trimester and a control group of 9,783 women who did not get severely ill. They found that the women in the first group were more likely to deliver a girl, and that those who were the sickest — hospitalized for three days or more — had the greatest odds: an increase of 80 percent compared with the control women. […] Other studies in The Lancet and the journal Epidemiology, among others, have repeated the findings. It is thought that certain hormones produced by female fetuses may be the culprit. […] THE BOTTOM LINE […] Severe morning sickness may indicate a higher likelihood that the baby will be a girl.

• #14 Hyperemesis Gravidarum: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/796564-overview

  Of all pregnancies, 0.3-2% are affected by hyperemesis gravidarum (approximately 5 per 1000 pregnancies). […] In a study conducted in Finland, the incidence of hyperemesis gravidarum was 1.3%. Hyperemesis gravidarum appears to be more common in westernized industrialized societies and urban areas than in rural areas. […] No clear racial predominance is noted for hyperemesis gravidarum, although it is less common in American Indian and Eskimo populations, as well as less common in African and some Asian populations (but not industrialized Japan). Hyperemesis gravidarum affects females. The risk of hyperemesis gravidarum appears to decrease with advanced maternal age.

• #15 Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/nausea-and-vomiting-in-pregnancy-including-hyperemesis-gravidarum

  Nausea and vomiting are common in pregnancy, affecting up to 90% of pregnant women. 35% of affected women are thought to have clinically significant symptoms. […] It tends to be a disease of Western society and is less common in developing countries, especially in rural communities. […] Hyperemesis gravidarum affects 0.3-2% of pregnancies. […] There is evidence that hyperemesis gravidarum is more common when the fetus is female. […] A Canadian study found that hyperthyroid disorders, psychiatric illness, previous molar pregnancy, pre-existing diabetes, gastrointestinal disorders and asthma were all risk factors for hyperemesis gravidarum, whereas maternal smoking and maternal age older than 30 were associated with decreased risk.

• #16 Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3676933/

  HG is the most common reason for hospitalization in early pregnancy and second only to preterm labor throughout the whole of pregnancy. […] Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) is a condition of severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy leading to fluid, electrolyte and acid-base imbalance, nutritional deficiency and weight loss. […] Unlike NVP, HG is associated with both adverse maternal and fetal outcomes.

• #17 Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3676933/

  NVP is found more often in Western countries and urban populations and is rare among Africans, Native Americans, Eskimos, and most Asian populations. […] It is estimated that 70-80% of pregnant women experience NVP. In the United States and Canada this translates to approximately 4,000,000 and 350,000 women who are affected each year, respectively. […] HG is rare in comparison to NVP, occurring in 0.32% of all pregnancies. The incidence appears to vary with ethnicity and ranges between 3 and 20 per 1,000 pregnancies. […] A systematic review from 2007 evaluating 14 case-control trials from 1966 to 2007 found a significant association between maternal H.pylori infection and HG in 10 studies. […] Infection with H. pylori in pregnancy may occur due to steroid-hormone induced changes in gastric pH and/or increased susceptibility due to changes in humoral and cell-mediated immunity.

• #18 Hyperemesis Gravidarum: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/796564-overview

  Of all pregnancies, 0.3-2% are affected by hyperemesis gravidarum (approximately 5 per 1000 pregnancies). […] In a study conducted in Finland, the incidence of hyperemesis gravidarum was 1.3%. Hyperemesis gravidarum appears to be more common in westernized industrialized societies and urban areas than in rural areas. […] No clear racial predominance is noted for hyperemesis gravidarum, although it is less common in American Indian and Eskimo populations, as well as less common in African and some Asian populations (but not industrialized Japan). Hyperemesis gravidarum affects females. The risk of hyperemesis gravidarum appears to decrease with advanced maternal age.

• #19 Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0615/p965.html

  Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy affects nearly 75% of pregnant women. […] About 1% of women develop hyper-emesis gravidarum, which may result in adverse outcomes for the mother and fetus. […] Women who are less educated, older, or black, and those who have lower incomes, multiple gestations, or increasing gravidity (including miscarriages) are at greater risk of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. […] Hyperemesis gravidarum describes nausea and vomiting that is severe enough to cause fluid and electrolyte disturbances, and often requires hospitalization. […] It affects up to 1% of pregnant women and is associated with persistent vomiting (more than three episodes per day) that results in severe dehydration, ketonuria, electrolyte abnormalities such as hypokalemia, and weight loss of more than 5%.

• #20 Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3676933/

  NVP is found more often in Western countries and urban populations and is rare among Africans, Native Americans, Eskimos, and most Asian populations. […] It is estimated that 70-80% of pregnant women experience NVP. In the United States and Canada this translates to approximately 4,000,000 and 350,000 women who are affected each year, respectively. […] HG is rare in comparison to NVP, occurring in 0.32% of all pregnancies. The incidence appears to vary with ethnicity and ranges between 3 and 20 per 1,000 pregnancies. […] A systematic review from 2007 evaluating 14 case-control trials from 1966 to 2007 found a significant association between maternal H.pylori infection and HG in 10 studies. […] Infection with H. pylori in pregnancy may occur due to steroid-hormone induced changes in gastric pH and/or increased susceptibility due to changes in humoral and cell-mediated immunity.

• #21 Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3676933/

  HG is the most common reason for hospitalization in early pregnancy and second only to preterm labor throughout the whole of pregnancy. […] Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) is a condition of severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy leading to fluid, electrolyte and acid-base imbalance, nutritional deficiency and weight loss. […] Unlike NVP, HG is associated with both adverse maternal and fetal outcomes.

• #22 Hyperemesis gravidarum – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperemesis_gravidarum

  Vomiting is a common condition affecting about 50% of pregnant women, with another 25% having nausea. However, the incidence of HG is only 0.3-1.5%. After preterm labor, hyperemesis gravidarum is the second most common reason for hospital admission during the first half of pregnancy. Factors such as infection with Helicobacter pylori, a rise in thyroid hormone production, low age, low body mass index before pregnancy, multiple pregnancies, molar pregnancies, and a history of hyperemesis gravidarum have been associated with the development of HG.

• #23 Study shows extreme form of pregnancy-related morning sickness could be genetic | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/news/release/study-shows-extreme-form-of-pregnancy-related-morning-sickness-could-be-genetic

  Approximately 60,000 pregnant women are hospitalized each year due to hyperemesis gravidarum (HG), an extreme form of nausea and vomiting that endangers their lives and often forces them to reluctantly terminate their pregnancies. […] Researchers traced both the maternal and paternal family histories of women with HG and found not only that the condition could be genetic but that women with sisters who had HG could have a more than 17-fold risk of experiencing the debilitating condition too. […] „The high familial prevalence strongly suggests a genetic component to this condition.” […] Researchers surveyed about 650 participants for the joint study on the genetics and epidemiology of HG. […] „Because the incidence of hyperemesis gravidarum is most commonly reported to be 0.5 percent in the population, and the sisters of cases have as much as an 18-fold increased familial risk for HG compared to controls, this study provides strong evidence for a genetic component to extreme nausea and vomiting in pregnancy,” the authors conclude. […] Overall, the prior studies also suggested that genetics are involved.

• #24 Study shows extreme form of pregnancy-related morning sickness could be genetic | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/news/release/study-shows-extreme-form-of-pregnancy-related-morning-sickness-could-be-genetic

  Approximately 60,000 pregnant women are hospitalized each year due to hyperemesis gravidarum (HG), an extreme form of nausea and vomiting that endangers their lives and often forces them to reluctantly terminate their pregnancies. […] Researchers traced both the maternal and paternal family histories of women with HG and found not only that the condition could be genetic but that women with sisters who had HG could have a more than 17-fold risk of experiencing the debilitating condition too. […] „The high familial prevalence strongly suggests a genetic component to this condition.” […] Researchers surveyed about 650 participants for the joint study on the genetics and epidemiology of HG. […] „Because the incidence of hyperemesis gravidarum is most commonly reported to be 0.5 percent in the population, and the sisters of cases have as much as an 18-fold increased familial risk for HG compared to controls, this study provides strong evidence for a genetic component to extreme nausea and vomiting in pregnancy,” the authors conclude. […] Overall, the prior studies also suggested that genetics are involved.

• #25

  https://www.ijrcog.org/index.php/ijrcog/article/view/548

  Nausea, vomiting in pregnancy (NVP) and hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) can have adverse effects on the mother and foetus. […] High risk groups for HG seem to include young women, non-smokers, non-Caucasian and women carrying multiple foetuses. […] Other risk factors implicated in NVP and HG include psychological and genetic as well as external factors such as smoking status, age, bacterial infection and diet. […] This calls for investigations and of note is whether severities of NVP and HG correlate to blood glucose levels. […] This proposal reviews current thinking on the causes of NVP and HG as well as possible pathology evidence-based monitoring measures. […] Bailit J. Hyperemesis gravidarum: epidemiologic findings from a large cohort. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2005;193(3):811-4.

• #26

  https://www.ijrcog.org/index.php/ijrcog/article/view/548

  Vikanes A, Skjrven R, Grjibovski A, Gunnes N, Vangen S, Magnus P. Recurrence of hyperemesis gravidarum across generations: population based cohort study. British Medical Journal. 2010;340(7755):1071-5. […] Nelson-Piercy C. Recurrence of hyperemesis across generations. British Medical Journal. 2010;340(7755):1043-4. […] Fejzo M, Ingles S, Wilson M, Wang W, Macgibbon K, Romero R, Goodwin T. High prevalence of severe nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum among relatives of affected individuals. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Biology. 2008;141(1):13-7. […] Zhang J, Cai W. Severe vomiting during pregnancy: Antenatal correlates and fetal outcomes. Epidemiology. 1991;2(6):454-7.

• #27 Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3676933/

  NVP is found more often in Western countries and urban populations and is rare among Africans, Native Americans, Eskimos, and most Asian populations. […] It is estimated that 70-80% of pregnant women experience NVP. In the United States and Canada this translates to approximately 4,000,000 and 350,000 women who are affected each year, respectively. […] HG is rare in comparison to NVP, occurring in 0.32% of all pregnancies. The incidence appears to vary with ethnicity and ranges between 3 and 20 per 1,000 pregnancies. […] A systematic review from 2007 evaluating 14 case-control trials from 1966 to 2007 found a significant association between maternal H.pylori infection and HG in 10 studies. […] Infection with H. pylori in pregnancy may occur due to steroid-hormone induced changes in gastric pH and/or increased susceptibility due to changes in humoral and cell-mediated immunity.

• #28 Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3676933/

  NVP is found more often in Western countries and urban populations and is rare among Africans, Native Americans, Eskimos, and most Asian populations. […] It is estimated that 70-80% of pregnant women experience NVP. In the United States and Canada this translates to approximately 4,000,000 and 350,000 women who are affected each year, respectively. […] HG is rare in comparison to NVP, occurring in 0.32% of all pregnancies. The incidence appears to vary with ethnicity and ranges between 3 and 20 per 1,000 pregnancies. […] A systematic review from 2007 evaluating 14 case-control trials from 1966 to 2007 found a significant association between maternal H.pylori infection and HG in 10 studies. […] Infection with H. pylori in pregnancy may occur due to steroid-hormone induced changes in gastric pH and/or increased susceptibility due to changes in humoral and cell-mediated immunity.

• #29 Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/0701/p121.html

  Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, commonly known as morning sickness, affects approximately 80 percent of pregnant women. […] The condition has been shown to be more common in urban women than in rural women. […] Hyperemesis gravidarum, a severe form of nausea and vomiting, affects one in 200 pregnant women. […] Women with uncomplicated nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (morning sickness) have been noted to have improved pregnancy outcomes, including fewer miscarriages, pre-term deliveries, and stillbirths, as well as fewer instances of fetal low birth weight, growth retardation, and mortality. […] In contrast, hyperemesis gravidarum has been associated with increases in maternal adverse effects, including splenic avulsion, esophageal rupture, Mallory-Weiss tears, pneumothorax, peripheral neuropathy, and preeclampsia, as well as increases in fetal growth restriction and mortality. […] A recent study suggested that chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori may play a role in hyperemesis gravidarum.

• #30 Researchers identify key cause of pregnancy sickness and a potential way to prevent it

  https://keck.usc.edu/news/researchers-identify-key-cause-of-pregnancy-sickness-and-a-potential-way-to-prevent-it/

  A new USC and University of Cambridge study finds that a hormone produced by the fetus – and a mother’s sensitivity to the hormone – are the cause behind nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, which, in its more extreme form can put the mother and fetus at risk. […] Nausea and vomiting have long been a forgone conclusion for expectant mothers, affecting 80% of women at some point during pregnancy. An additional 2% experience an extreme form called hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) that can lead to weight loss, dehydration and hospitalization. […] The new study supports the causal role of GDF15 in pregnancy sickness and reveals the role a woman’s sensitivity to the hormone has in determining the severity of her symptoms. […] Lowering GDF15 is one way to potentially address pregnancy sickness—and the present study provides the first human evidence that it is likely safe to do so. […] This study provides strong evidence that one or both of those methods will be effective in preventing or treating HG. […] The next step for the research team is to test whether priming women with GDF15 exposure prior to pregnancy can reduce nausea and vomiting or even prevent HG.

• #31 Hormone identified as cause of pregnancy morning sickness

  https://www.personneltoday.com/hr/hormone-identified-as-cause-of-morning-sickness-during-pregnancy/

  Researchers have unlocked the reason why most women experience morning sickness during pregnancy, which can be so severe as to need time off from work or even lead to hospitalisation. […] The team of scientists from the US, UK, Europe and Sri Lanka have identified the cause of morning sickness as a hormone called GDF15. […] Around 80% of women experience such symptoms at some point during pregnancy, with 2% suffering from extreme morning sickness, or hyperemesis gravidarum, which can lead to hospitalisation. […] It is also estimated that around 30% of pregnant women in paid employment will need time off work because of nausea and vomiting. […] The latest study, however, suggests that being exposed to GDF15 before pregnancy could help to mitigate symptoms later on. […] We now know that women get sick during pregnancy when they are exposed to higher levels of the hormone GDF15 than they are used to, said Dr Marlena Fejzo, a clinical assistant professor of population and public health sciences in the Center for Genetic Epidemiology at the Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, and the papers lead author.

• #32 Researchers identify key cause of pregnancy sickness and a potential way to prevent it

  https://keck.usc.edu/news/researchers-identify-key-cause-of-pregnancy-sickness-and-a-potential-way-to-prevent-it/

  A new USC and University of Cambridge study finds that a hormone produced by the fetus – and a mother’s sensitivity to the hormone – are the cause behind nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, which, in its more extreme form can put the mother and fetus at risk. […] Nausea and vomiting have long been a forgone conclusion for expectant mothers, affecting 80% of women at some point during pregnancy. An additional 2% experience an extreme form called hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) that can lead to weight loss, dehydration and hospitalization. […] The new study supports the causal role of GDF15 in pregnancy sickness and reveals the role a woman’s sensitivity to the hormone has in determining the severity of her symptoms. […] Lowering GDF15 is one way to potentially address pregnancy sickness—and the present study provides the first human evidence that it is likely safe to do so. […] This study provides strong evidence that one or both of those methods will be effective in preventing or treating HG. […] The next step for the research team is to test whether priming women with GDF15 exposure prior to pregnancy can reduce nausea and vomiting or even prevent HG.

• #33 Hormone identified as cause of pregnancy morning sickness

  https://www.personneltoday.com/hr/hormone-identified-as-cause-of-morning-sickness-during-pregnancy/

  Researchers have unlocked the reason why most women experience morning sickness during pregnancy, which can be so severe as to need time off from work or even lead to hospitalisation. […] The team of scientists from the US, UK, Europe and Sri Lanka have identified the cause of morning sickness as a hormone called GDF15. […] Around 80% of women experience such symptoms at some point during pregnancy, with 2% suffering from extreme morning sickness, or hyperemesis gravidarum, which can lead to hospitalisation. […] It is also estimated that around 30% of pregnant women in paid employment will need time off work because of nausea and vomiting. […] The latest study, however, suggests that being exposed to GDF15 before pregnancy could help to mitigate symptoms later on. […] We now know that women get sick during pregnancy when they are exposed to higher levels of the hormone GDF15 than they are used to, said Dr Marlena Fejzo, a clinical assistant professor of population and public health sciences in the Center for Genetic Epidemiology at the Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, and the papers lead author.

• #34 Hormone identified as cause of pregnancy morning sickness

  https://www.personneltoday.com/hr/hormone-identified-as-cause-of-morning-sickness-during-pregnancy/

  Women who are more sensitive to the hormone get the sickest, agreed Professor Sir Stephen ORahilly, co-director of the Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science at the University of Cambridge, who led the collaboration. […] Lowering GDF15 is one way potentially to address pregnancy sickness. […] This study provides strong evidence that one or both of those methods will be effective in preventing or treating HG, said Dr Fejzo.

• #35 Researchers identify key cause of pregnancy sickness and a potential way to prevent it

  https://keck.usc.edu/news/researchers-identify-key-cause-of-pregnancy-sickness-and-a-potential-way-to-prevent-it/

  A new USC and University of Cambridge study finds that a hormone produced by the fetus – and a mother’s sensitivity to the hormone – are the cause behind nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, which, in its more extreme form can put the mother and fetus at risk. […] Nausea and vomiting have long been a forgone conclusion for expectant mothers, affecting 80% of women at some point during pregnancy. An additional 2% experience an extreme form called hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) that can lead to weight loss, dehydration and hospitalization. […] The new study supports the causal role of GDF15 in pregnancy sickness and reveals the role a woman’s sensitivity to the hormone has in determining the severity of her symptoms. […] Lowering GDF15 is one way to potentially address pregnancy sickness—and the present study provides the first human evidence that it is likely safe to do so. […] This study provides strong evidence that one or both of those methods will be effective in preventing or treating HG. […] The next step for the research team is to test whether priming women with GDF15 exposure prior to pregnancy can reduce nausea and vomiting or even prevent HG.

• #36 Researchers identify key cause of pregnancy sickness and a potential way to prevent it

  https://keck.usc.edu/news/researchers-identify-key-cause-of-pregnancy-sickness-and-a-potential-way-to-prevent-it/

  A new USC and University of Cambridge study finds that a hormone produced by the fetus – and a mother’s sensitivity to the hormone – are the cause behind nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, which, in its more extreme form can put the mother and fetus at risk. […] Nausea and vomiting have long been a forgone conclusion for expectant mothers, affecting 80% of women at some point during pregnancy. An additional 2% experience an extreme form called hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) that can lead to weight loss, dehydration and hospitalization. […] The new study supports the causal role of GDF15 in pregnancy sickness and reveals the role a woman’s sensitivity to the hormone has in determining the severity of her symptoms. […] Lowering GDF15 is one way to potentially address pregnancy sickness—and the present study provides the first human evidence that it is likely safe to do so. […] This study provides strong evidence that one or both of those methods will be effective in preventing or treating HG. […] The next step for the research team is to test whether priming women with GDF15 exposure prior to pregnancy can reduce nausea and vomiting or even prevent HG.

• #37 A prospective study of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8373648/

  The symptoms of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy were described by 363 pregnant women who kept daily symptom diaries. […] It was found that 80% of women had symptoms, 28% experienced nausea only, while 52% had nausea and vomiting. […] The detailed information gathered should help in the investigation of the aetiology of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. […] The symptom complex can be defined as episodic daytime pregnancy sickness. […] Seventy three of these women (35%) spent a mean of 62 hours away from their paid work because of symptoms of nausea and vomiting, showing the socioeconomic significance of this condition.

• #38 Hormone identified as cause of pregnancy morning sickness

  https://www.personneltoday.com/hr/hormone-identified-as-cause-of-morning-sickness-during-pregnancy/

  Researchers have unlocked the reason why most women experience morning sickness during pregnancy, which can be so severe as to need time off from work or even lead to hospitalisation. […] The team of scientists from the US, UK, Europe and Sri Lanka have identified the cause of morning sickness as a hormone called GDF15. […] Around 80% of women experience such symptoms at some point during pregnancy, with 2% suffering from extreme morning sickness, or hyperemesis gravidarum, which can lead to hospitalisation. […] It is also estimated that around 30% of pregnant women in paid employment will need time off work because of nausea and vomiting. […] The latest study, however, suggests that being exposed to GDF15 before pregnancy could help to mitigate symptoms later on. […] We now know that women get sick during pregnancy when they are exposed to higher levels of the hormone GDF15 than they are used to, said Dr Marlena Fejzo, a clinical assistant professor of population and public health sciences in the Center for Genetic Epidemiology at the Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, and the papers lead author.

• #39 Morning sickness – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_sickness

  Morning sickness affects about 7080% of all pregnant women to some extent. […] Hyperemesis gravidarum occurs in about 1.6% of pregnancies. […] Morning sickness can negatively affect quality of life, result in decreased ability to work while pregnant, and result in health-care expenses. […] Generally, mild to moderate cases have no effect on the fetus, and most severe cases also have normal outcomes. […] Taking prenatal vitamins before pregnancy may decrease the risk. […] There is a lack of good evidence to support the use of any particular intervention for morning sickness. […] A number of antiemetics are effective and safe in pregnancy including: pyridoxine/doxylamine, antihistamines (such as diphenhydramine), metoclopramide, and phenothiazines (such as promethazine). […] In the United States and Canada, the doxylamine-pyridoxine combination (as Diclegis in US and Diclectin in Canada) is the only approved pregnancy category „A” prescription treatment for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy.

• #40 The Genetic Predisposition Behind Extreme Morning Sickness | ParentData by Emily Osterframe_1-svgframe_2-svgframe_3-svg

  https://parentdata.org/the-genetic-predisposition-behind-extreme-morning-sickness/

  While 70% of pregnant people experience some form of morning sickness, HG affects 0.3% to 10.8% and can cause severe malnutrition, weight loss, and long-term complications. The economic burden alone is staggering, with billions lost annually in the U.S. due to missed work, hospitalizations, and inadequate treatment. […] These findings have exciting implications. We now know that maternal and fetal DNA both contribute to HG risk, providing a genetic explanation for why the condition can vary from one pregnancy to the next. Even more promising, our research has paved the way for potential preventive and therapeutic approaches. […] Specialized treatment centers are a critical step forward. That is why I helped open the Harmonia Healthcare Center in Red Bank, N.J., which takes insurance and focuses on compassionate care for HG patients. There is also a clinic in Birmingham, Alabama, the HG and Morning Sickness Clinic. These centers not only provide lifesaving treatment but also serve as hubs for research and, in the future, clinical trials.

• #41 The burden of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy: severe impacts on quality of life, daily life functioning and willingness to become pregnant again – results from a cross-sectional study | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-017-1249-0

  NVP was significantly associated with several characteristics, including daily life functioning, quality of life and willingness to become pregnant again. […] The negative impact was greater the more severe the symptoms were, although considerable adverse effects were also seen among women with mild and moderate NVP symptoms. […] Over one fourth of the women with severe NVP considered terminating the pregnancy due to NVP, and three in four considered not to get pregnant again. […] NVP as measured by PUQE had a major impact on various aspects of the womens lives, including global quality of life and willingness to become pregnant again. […] Given the high prevalence of NVP and its most often self-limiting nature, health care providers may tend to trivialise its impact. […] Though NVP in general is not associated with increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, NVP imposes significant negative impact on the womens lives.

• #42 The burden of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy: severe impacts on quality of life, daily life functioning and willingness to become pregnant again – results from a cross-sectional study | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-017-1249-0

  NVP was significantly associated with several characteristics, including daily life functioning, quality of life and willingness to become pregnant again. […] The negative impact was greater the more severe the symptoms were, although considerable adverse effects were also seen among women with mild and moderate NVP symptoms. […] Over one fourth of the women with severe NVP considered terminating the pregnancy due to NVP, and three in four considered not to get pregnant again. […] NVP as measured by PUQE had a major impact on various aspects of the womens lives, including global quality of life and willingness to become pregnant again. […] Given the high prevalence of NVP and its most often self-limiting nature, health care providers may tend to trivialise its impact. […] Though NVP in general is not associated with increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, NVP imposes significant negative impact on the womens lives.

• #43 The burden of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy: severe impacts on quality of life, daily life functioning and willingness to become pregnant again – results from a cross-sectional study | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-017-1249-0

  The mean total QOLS score among women with severe NVP symptoms that were pregnant or were experiencing NVP at time of participation was 67 and 64, respectively, demonstrating that severe NVP affects global quality of life to a great extent. […] This is reassuring as it may imply that the severity of NVP experienced while pregnant does not affect quality of life after birth, and that global quality of life normalises after birth for most women, despite having suffered from severe NVP while pregnant. […] Major impact of NVP on the womens quality of life has also previously been demonstrated in studies from other countries. […] In line with our results, the effects have been found to be increased according to the severity of the NVP symptoms. […] This study demonstrates that NVP affects the womens daily life functioning and willingness to become pregnant again.

• #44 The burden of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy: severe impacts on quality of life, daily life functioning and willingness to become pregnant again – results from a cross-sectional study | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-017-1249-0

  The fact that more than one fourth of the women with severe symptoms reported that they had considered terminating the pregnancy, is highly concerning. […] In total 94% reported major impact on their work capacity and over 90% had been on sick leave due to NVP, illustrating that occupational functioning is affected for most women with severe NVP. […] However, considerable adverse effects were also seen among women with moderate symptoms, and even some women with mild symptoms reported major impact on different aspects of daily life functioning. […] Our study implies that adequate management of NVP is not only important for moderate to severe cases, but also for mild cases.

• #45 The burden of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy: severe impacts on quality of life, daily life functioning and willingness to become pregnant again – results from a cross-sectional study | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-017-1249-0

  The fact that more than one fourth of the women with severe symptoms reported that they had considered terminating the pregnancy, is highly concerning. […] In total 94% reported major impact on their work capacity and over 90% had been on sick leave due to NVP, illustrating that occupational functioning is affected for most women with severe NVP. […] However, considerable adverse effects were also seen among women with moderate symptoms, and even some women with mild symptoms reported major impact on different aspects of daily life functioning. […] Our study implies that adequate management of NVP is not only important for moderate to severe cases, but also for mild cases.

• #46 The burden of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy: severe impacts on quality of life, daily life functioning and willingness to become pregnant again – results from a cross-sectional study | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-017-1249-0

  NVP was significantly associated with several characteristics, including daily life functioning, quality of life and willingness to become pregnant again. […] The negative impact was greater the more severe the symptoms were, although considerable adverse effects were also seen among women with mild and moderate NVP symptoms. […] Over one fourth of the women with severe NVP considered terminating the pregnancy due to NVP, and three in four considered not to get pregnant again. […] NVP as measured by PUQE had a major impact on various aspects of the womens lives, including global quality of life and willingness to become pregnant again. […] Given the high prevalence of NVP and its most often self-limiting nature, health care providers may tend to trivialise its impact. […] Though NVP in general is not associated with increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, NVP imposes significant negative impact on the womens lives.

• #47 Morning Sickness Myths Debunked by Scientist – Newsweek

  https://www.newsweek.com/scientist-debunks-life-threatening-morning-sickness-myths-1903560

  „The misguided belief that the severe form, HG, is psychological in nature.” […] „The incorrect belief that the severe form, HG, is self-limiting. It is now known to be associated with both maternal and child adverse outcomes.” […] „Obstetricians are generally not trained to ask their patients about their levels of nausea and vomiting, and patients may not talk about it either, so the severe form may be underdiagnosed.” […] „I lost a baby in the second trimester to very severe HG,” she said. […] „But I am very excited to report that I am working with a company, Harmonia Healthcare, and we just opened our first HG treatment center in New Jersey, with more to follow, that I think will change the way people with HG are treated,” she said. „We are making progress despite the myths.”

• #48 Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3676933/

  While the association between H. pylori and HG is intriguing, it is important to note that infection does not necessarily correlate with symptoms. […] The goal of treatment is to improve symptoms while minimizing risks to mother and fetus. […] Currently studies demonstrate that management of NVP is suboptimal. […] The initial therapy for NVP and HG should include dietary changes. […] The combination of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and doxylamine is the only medication that is specifically labeled for the treatment of NVP by the Food and Drug Administration. […] The phenothiazines, chlorpromazine and prochlorperazine, are central and peripheral dopamine antagonists which have been shown to reduce symptoms in NVP and HG. […] Metoclopramide is widely used for the treatment of NVP. […] Ondansetron is widely used for the treatment of postoperative and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and is currently one of the most commonly prescribed anti-emetics.

• #49 Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0615/p965.html

  The risk may be increased by as much as 50% if the fetus is female. […] In pregnancies with uncomplicated nausea and vomiting, there is a decreased risk of miscarriage, as well as lower rates of preterm delivery, fetal death, and growth restriction. […] However, infants of women who lost weight early in the pregnancy, particularly in the setting of hyperemesis gravidarum, are at increased risk of growth restriction or low birth weight. […] Women with nausea and vomiting that is refractory to treatment or complicated by weight loss have increased risks of fetal growth restriction and fetal death, as well as preeclampsia and maternal complications associated with vomiting. […] Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy is a common and sometimes challenging problem, and hyperemesis gravidarum may be associated with adverse perinatal outcomes.

• #50 Morning Sickness Myths Debunked by Scientist – Newsweek

  https://www.newsweek.com/scientist-debunks-life-threatening-morning-sickness-myths-1903560

  „The misguided belief that the severe form, HG, is psychological in nature.” […] „The incorrect belief that the severe form, HG, is self-limiting. It is now known to be associated with both maternal and child adverse outcomes.” […] „Obstetricians are generally not trained to ask their patients about their levels of nausea and vomiting, and patients may not talk about it either, so the severe form may be underdiagnosed.” […] „I lost a baby in the second trimester to very severe HG,” she said. […] „But I am very excited to report that I am working with a company, Harmonia Healthcare, and we just opened our first HG treatment center in New Jersey, with more to follow, that I think will change the way people with HG are treated,” she said. „We are making progress despite the myths.”

• #51 The burden of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy: severe impacts on quality of life, daily life functioning and willingness to become pregnant again – results from a cross-sectional study | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-017-1249-0

  The review concluded that NVP causes decreased quality of life, and has adverse effects on social, occupational, and domestic life functioning. […] Findings indicate that the effects of NVP are amplified with increased severity of NVP symptoms. […] The primary aim of this study was to describe the impact of NVP on global quality of life as measured by QOLS, according to the severity of NVP symptoms as determined by PUQE. […] The study also shows that NVP has impact on daily life functioning and willingness to become pregnant again. […] This study is the first study to assess the impact of NVP on these outcomes in a Scandinavian population. […] The total QOLS score among women who were pregnant or who experienced NVP at time of participation were 72 and 68, respectively. […] Furthermore, we found that global quality of life was significantly associated with the severity of NVP.

• #52 Extreme Nausea And Vomiting Varies Among Pregnant Women From Different Countries | ScienceDaily

  https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/04/080425102414.htm

  Mothers born in India and Sri Lanka are three times more likely to suffer from extreme nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (hyperemesis gravidarum) than ethnic Norwegians. […] Earlier studies reported that 90 percent of pregnant women experience some degree of nausea and vomiting, whereas 0.5 to 2 percent have hyperemesis gravidarum. […] Vikanes and her colleagues collected data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway, which since 1967 has recorded data on all pregnancies and pregnancy complications. 8,300 cases of hyperemesis gravidarum were recorded out of 900,000 pregnancies, giving an overall prevalence of 0.89 percent. […] This is one of the largest studies carried out on hyperemesis gravidarum. […] Mothers born in India and Sri Lanka had the highest prevalence of hyperemesis gravidarum, followed by those born in Africa (excluding North Africa) and Pakistan by 3.2 percent, 3.1 percent and 2.1 percent, respectively. […] The difference in prevalence of hyperemesis gravidarum related to the mothers country of birth cannot be explained by differences in socio-demographic characteristics, says Vikanes.

• #53 The Genetic Predisposition Behind Extreme Morning Sickness | ParentData by Emily Osterframe_1-svgframe_2-svgframe_3-svg

  https://parentdata.org/the-genetic-predisposition-behind-extreme-morning-sickness/

  While 70% of pregnant people experience some form of morning sickness, HG affects 0.3% to 10.8% and can cause severe malnutrition, weight loss, and long-term complications. The economic burden alone is staggering, with billions lost annually in the U.S. due to missed work, hospitalizations, and inadequate treatment. […] These findings have exciting implications. We now know that maternal and fetal DNA both contribute to HG risk, providing a genetic explanation for why the condition can vary from one pregnancy to the next. Even more promising, our research has paved the way for potential preventive and therapeutic approaches. […] Specialized treatment centers are a critical step forward. That is why I helped open the Harmonia Healthcare Center in Red Bank, N.J., which takes insurance and focuses on compassionate care for HG patients. There is also a clinic in Birmingham, Alabama, the HG and Morning Sickness Clinic. These centers not only provide lifesaving treatment but also serve as hubs for research and, in the future, clinical trials.

• #54 Extreme Nausea And Vomiting Varies Among Pregnant Women From Different Countries | ScienceDaily

  https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/04/080425102414.htm

  Mothers born in India and Sri Lanka are three times more likely to suffer from extreme nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (hyperemesis gravidarum) than ethnic Norwegians. […] Earlier studies reported that 90 percent of pregnant women experience some degree of nausea and vomiting, whereas 0.5 to 2 percent have hyperemesis gravidarum. […] Vikanes and her colleagues collected data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway, which since 1967 has recorded data on all pregnancies and pregnancy complications. 8,300 cases of hyperemesis gravidarum were recorded out of 900,000 pregnancies, giving an overall prevalence of 0.89 percent. […] This is one of the largest studies carried out on hyperemesis gravidarum. […] Mothers born in India and Sri Lanka had the highest prevalence of hyperemesis gravidarum, followed by those born in Africa (excluding North Africa) and Pakistan by 3.2 percent, 3.1 percent and 2.1 percent, respectively. […] The difference in prevalence of hyperemesis gravidarum related to the mothers country of birth cannot be explained by differences in socio-demographic characteristics, says Vikanes.

• #55 Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0615/p965.html

  The risk may be increased by as much as 50% if the fetus is female. […] In pregnancies with uncomplicated nausea and vomiting, there is a decreased risk of miscarriage, as well as lower rates of preterm delivery, fetal death, and growth restriction. […] However, infants of women who lost weight early in the pregnancy, particularly in the setting of hyperemesis gravidarum, are at increased risk of growth restriction or low birth weight. […] Women with nausea and vomiting that is refractory to treatment or complicated by weight loss have increased risks of fetal growth restriction and fetal death, as well as preeclampsia and maternal complications associated with vomiting. […] Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy is a common and sometimes challenging problem, and hyperemesis gravidarum may be associated with adverse perinatal outcomes.

• #56 Morning sickness linked to lower risk of pregnancy loss | ScienceDaily

  https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/09/160926115114.htm

  Nausea and vomiting that occurs in pregnancy is often called „morning sickness,” as these symptoms typically begin in the morning and usually resolve as the day progresses. […] A new analysis by researchers at the National Institutes of Health has provided the strongest evidence to date that nausea and vomiting during pregnancy is associated with a lower risk of miscarriage in pregnant women. […] „Our study evaluates symptoms from the earliest weeks of pregnancy, immediately after conception, and confirms that there is a protective association between nausea and vomiting and a lower risk of pregnancy loss.” […] The researchers found that these women were 50 to 75 percent less likely to experience a pregnancy loss, compared to those who had not experienced nausea alone or nausea accompanied by vomiting.

• #57 Pregnancy morning sickness may point to a reduced risk of miscarriage | WIRED

  https://www.wired.com/story/morning-sickness-points-to-a-healthy-pregnancy/

  Morning sickness has been strongly linked to healthy pregnancies and a reduced risk of miscarriage in a study published today. […] According to the authors, the research provides the most definitive data available to date indicating the protective association of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy, following many years of anecdotal evidence. […] Our study evaluates symptoms from the earliest weeks of pregnancy, immediately after conception, and confirms there is a protective association between nausea and vomiting and a lower risk of pregnancy loss. […] The results, though limited, do indicate a potential correlation between a healthy pregnancy and symptoms of nausea and vomiting in the first trimester. […] Among women with one or two prior pregnancy losses, nausea and nausea with vomiting during pregnancy were associated with a 50 per cent to 75 per cent reduction in the risk for pregnancy loss.

• #58 Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0615/p965.html

  The risk may be increased by as much as 50% if the fetus is female. […] In pregnancies with uncomplicated nausea and vomiting, there is a decreased risk of miscarriage, as well as lower rates of preterm delivery, fetal death, and growth restriction. […] However, infants of women who lost weight early in the pregnancy, particularly in the setting of hyperemesis gravidarum, are at increased risk of growth restriction or low birth weight. […] Women with nausea and vomiting that is refractory to treatment or complicated by weight loss have increased risks of fetal growth restriction and fetal death, as well as preeclampsia and maternal complications associated with vomiting. […] Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy is a common and sometimes challenging problem, and hyperemesis gravidarum may be associated with adverse perinatal outcomes.

• #59 Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3676933/

  HG is the most common reason for hospitalization in early pregnancy and second only to preterm labor throughout the whole of pregnancy. […] Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) is a condition of severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy leading to fluid, electrolyte and acid-base imbalance, nutritional deficiency and weight loss. […] Unlike NVP, HG is associated with both adverse maternal and fetal outcomes.

• #60 The Genetic Predisposition Behind Extreme Morning Sickness | ParentData by Emily Osterframe_1-svgframe_2-svgframe_3-svg

  https://parentdata.org/the-genetic-predisposition-behind-extreme-morning-sickness/

  We have made incredible strides in science — we walked on the moon decades ago; we are talking about sending people to Mars. Yet women are still dying from nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP). This condition in its most severe form, hyperemesis gravidarum (HG), is not merely an inconvenience of pregnancy; it has profound implications for maternal and child health. HG is the second leading cause of pregnancy-related hospitalizations. It continues to lead to maternal and fetal deaths in the U.S., the U.K., and worldwide. Black and Asian women are disproportionately affected, and many patients suffer from PTSD, postpartum depression, and other lasting complications. The effects on children can be equally dire, with small but significant increased risks for preterm birth, neurodevelopmental delays, smaller brains, autism spectrum disorders, respiratory disorders, and even childhood cancer. These outcomes likely stem from the severe nutritional deficiencies experienced during HG pregnancies.

• #61 Epidemiology of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: prevalence, severity, determinants, and the importance of race/ethnicity | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2393-9-26

  Our results can contribute to existing literature regarding disease aetiology and are relevant for targeting specific groups of patients such as Caucasian or multiparous where management of NVP should be optimised. […] Since the association between race/ethnicity and NVP has not been extensively studied, further studies are needed to validate our findings.

• #62 Morning Sickness Myths Debunked by Scientist – Newsweek

  https://www.newsweek.com/scientist-debunks-life-threatening-morning-sickness-myths-1903560

  Severe sickness during pregnancy can be life-threatening for both mother and child, but women are often told it is all „in their heads,” said geneticist Marlena Fejzo, who is on a mission to dispel these myths and misconceptions to better support millions of pregnant people and even save lives. […] Nausea and vomiting affect about 70 percent of pregnant people from as early as four weeks into pregnancy. In about 1 to 2 percent of women, this nausea and vomiting is so excessive and persistent that hospitalization is required. This severe end of the spectrum is known as hyperemesis gravidarum, and without appropriate treatment, HG can be fatal. […] „The myths have led to limited progress on HG, undertreatment, and even mistreatment that has contributed to more suffering and poor maternal, fetal, and child outcomes,” Fejzo told Newsweek.

• #63 Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: Clinical findings and evaluation – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/nausea-and-vomiting-of-pregnancy-clinical-findings-and-evaluation

  Nausea with or without vomiting is so common in early pregnancy that mild symptoms may be considered part of normal pregnancy physiology in the first/early second trimester. However, these symptoms can significantly impact the quality of life of both the pregnant person and their family, especially when persistent and/or severe. […] Some degree of nausea with or without vomiting occurs in up to 90 percent of pregnancies. […] In a prospective study including almost 800 patients followed from conception, 57 percent reported nausea and 27 percent reported both nausea and vomiting by 8 weeks of gestation.

• #64 Epidemiology of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: prevalence, severity, determinants, and the importance of race/ethnicity | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2393-9-26

  Our results can contribute to existing literature regarding disease aetiology and are relevant for targeting specific groups of patients such as Caucasian or multiparous where management of NVP should be optimised. […] Since the association between race/ethnicity and NVP has not been extensively studied, further studies are needed to validate our findings.

• #65 PREVALENCE OF NAUSEA AND VOMITING OF PREGNANCY IN THE USA: A META-ANALYSIS | Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology

  https://jptcp.com/index.php/jptcp/article/view/386

  Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP) is the most common medical condition during gestation, carrying tremendous health burden, especially for the severe form, hyperemesis gravidarum (HG). The rates of NVP in the USA have not been systematically calculated. […] We have summarized rates of NVP and HG, which are similar to those found in other parts of the world. Almost 70% of women suffer some form of the syndrome; 1.2% have the severe form, most of whom were hospitalized because of the HG. Future research should address issues of cost and resource utilization.

• #66 The Genetic Predisposition Behind Extreme Morning Sickness | ParentData by Emily Osterframe_1-svgframe_2-svgframe_3-svg

  https://parentdata.org/the-genetic-predisposition-behind-extreme-morning-sickness/

  The lack of support for women’s health research has far-reaching consequences. HG is a glaring example of how gaps in knowledge and care perpetuate suffering. It should not have taken decades — and the loss of my own pregnancy — to make progress for this common and devastating condition. Moving forward, we need increased funding for women’s health, stronger support for female scientists, and systemic changes to prioritize maternal care.

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