Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Polymyositis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/polymyositis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353208

  The exact cause of polymyositis is unknown, but the disease shares many characteristics with autoimmune disorders, in which your immune system mistakenly attacks your own body tissues. […] Your risk of polymyositis is higher if you have lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, or Sjogren’s syndrome. […] Polymyositis may cause the muscular walls of your heart to become inflamed (myocarditis). In a small number of people who have polymyositis, congestive heart failure and heart arrhythmias may develop. […] People who have polymyositis have an elevated risk of cancer.

• #2 Polymyositis: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12053-polymyositis

  Polymyositis is an autoimmune disease, but experts aren’t sure what causes it. Autoimmune diseases happen when your immune system accidentally attacks your body instead of protecting it. […] Polymyositis can start on its own with no cause (idiopathically). Sometimes, other health conditions or reactions to medications trigger it. […] You’re more likely to develop polymyositis if you have other autoimmune diseases, including lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and scleroderma. […] Some viral infections can trigger polymyositis, including COVID-19, influenza (the flu), the common cold, and HIV.

• #3 Polymyositis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/arthritis/polymyositis

  No one knows the exact cause of polymyositis. Research shows that it might be similar to an autoimmune disorder. This is when your immune system, which usually protects you against foreign invaders such as viruses, makes a mistake and attacks your own tissues instead. It might be an inherited condition, which means it’s passed down through families. […] Its not clear what causes polymyositis. Some researchers think it might be linked to autoimmune disorders, which cause your immune system to fight your healthy cells as if they were invading germs.

• #4 Polymyositis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563129/

  Polymyositis (PM), an autoimmune disorder, develops due to abnormal activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8 cells) and macrophages against muscular antigens as well as the strong extrafusal muscular expression of major histocompatibility complex 1, causing damage to the endomysium of skeletal muscles. […] Different cytokines, including interleukins, tumor necrosis factor, etc, play an important role in causing rhabdomyolysis. It mostly affects individuals already suffering from some kind of systematic disease due to viral infections, malignancies, or other autoimmune disorders. […] The commonly responsible viruses for polymyositis are the retroviruses human immunodeficiency virus and human T-lymphotropic virus 1, and hepatitis C virus that possibly cause this inflammatory muscle degeneration by causing endomysial damage leading to edematous swelling and nodular mass formation in the myocytes.

• #5 What Is Polymyositis? | UC Health | Symptoms & Causes

  https://www.uchealth.com/en/conditions/polymyositis

  Polymyositis is a disease in which muscles in the body become irritated and inflamed. The affected muscles begin to break down and weaken. […] The exact cause of polymyositis is not known. It most often happens in people ages 31 to 60. It rarely occurs in people younger than 18. Experts think that polymyositis may be related to or triggered by a virus or an autoimmune reaction. An autoimmune reaction is when the body attacks its own tissues. In some cases, a medicine may lead to an allergic response that causes muscle irritation and damage. But in most cases, healthcare providers aren’t able to find the exact cause of the condition. […] There is no known way to prevent polymyositis, because the exact cause is not known. In some cases where medicines may be to blame, stopping these medicines can prevent future episodes of the condition. Don’t stop taking any medicine without your doctor’s approval.

• #6 Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis – Brigham and Women’s Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomens.org/medicine/rheumatology-inflammation-immunity/services/polymyositis-and-dermatomyositis

  The exact causes of polymyositis and dermatomyositis are not known, though they most often occur in people aged 31 to 60 and rarely occur in people younger than 18.

• #7 Polymyositis – What is it? How is it treated? – Myositis UK

  https://www.myositis.org.uk/myositis-info/conditions/polymyositis/

  Polymyositis can affect people of any age and gender. It affects about twice as many females as males. […] We do not know what causes polymyositis. Like all types of myositis, it is thought to be down to a number of factors both genetic and environmental, and nothing a particular individual has done themselves. Many doctors and researchers worldwide are looking into the cause of myositis. […] Most think that myositis is an autoimmune disease. This means that the disease is a result of a defect in the immune system, which is the bodys natural defence against disease. […] Others feel myositis may be started by a virus or the combination of a viral infection and defective immune system.

• #8 Polymyositis – adult: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000428.htm

  Polymyositis affects the skeletal muscles. It is also known as idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. The exact cause is unknown, but it may be related to an autoimmune reaction or infection. […] Polymyositis can affect people at any age. It is most common in adults between ages 50 and 60, and in older children. It affects women twice as often as men. It is more common in African Americans than white people. […] The major causes of death are cancer and lung disease.

• #9 Myositis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/myositis-symptoms-treatments-prognosis

  Myositis refers to a group of conditions that cause inflammation in muscles, but it can also refer to the muscle inflammation itself. Experts aren’t completely sure what causes myositis, but they think it could be triggered by infection, injury, autoimmune conditions, or drug side effects. […] Polymyositis is an autoimmune disease that causes your immune system to mistakenly attack your muscles. […] Polymyositis is rare, affecting fewer than 25 in 100,000 people each year. You’re more likely to develop it if you already have another autoimmune disease. […] While experts aren’t exactly sure what causes these diseases, several factors can trigger inflammation, including: Inflammatory conditions. Certain conditions that cause inflammation throughout the body may also affect the muscles. Many of these are autoimmune conditions, where the body attacks its own tissues. Some inflammatory conditions that could potentially cause more severe myositis include: Dermatomyositis, Polymyositis, Inclusion body myositis. […] It’s not clear what causes myositis, but some experts believe genetics can play a role.

• #10 Polymyositis | Johns Hopkins Myositis Center

  https://www.hopkinsmyositis.org/myositis/polymyositis/

  Polymyositis is a disease caused by inflammation of the muscles. This occurs when white blood cells, the immune cells of inflammation, begin to invade the muscle tissue. […] Polymyositis is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation in the muscles.

• #11 Causes/Inheritance – Polymyositis (PM) – Diseases | Muscular Dystrophy Association

  https://www.mda.org/disease/polymyositis/causes-inheritance

  In most cases, the cause of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM), the disease group that encompasses polymyositis (PM), is unclear. For some reason, the bodys immune system turns against its own tissues in an autoimmune process. In PM, the inflammatory cells of the immune system directly attack muscle fibers. […] PM is not a genetic disorder, although there may be genetic factors that make it more or less likely that an IIM will develop. A combination of genetic, immune, and environmental factors is thought to contribute to development of the IIMs. Some environmental triggers that have been associated with IIMs include viral infection and certain medications.

• #12 Polymyositis (PM) – Diseases | Muscular Dystrophy Association

  https://www.mda.org/disease/polymyositis

  Polymyositis (PM) is one of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs), a group of muscle diseases that involves inflammation of the muscles or associated tissues. […] In most cases, the cause of an IIM is unclear. For some reason, the body’s immune system turns against its own muscles and damages muscle tissue in an autoimmune process. In PM, the inflammatory cells of the immune system directly attack muscle fibers. […] PM is not a genetic disorder, although there may be genetic factors that make it more or less likely that an inflammatory myopathy will develop.

• #13 Polymyositis (PM) – Muscular Dystrophy UK

  https://www.musculardystrophyuk.org/conditions/a-z/polymyositis-pm/

  Polymyositis is an autoimmune condition that causes chronic muscle weakness and inflammation. […] The cause of polymyositis is unclear, but its believed to be an autoimmune condition. This means the immune system, which normally protects the body, mistakenly attacks healthy tissues. […] Polymyositis is typically not considered to be an inherited condition, but some people may inherit genes that make them more likely to develop an autoimmune condition.

• #14 Polymyositis | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/polymyositis

  Polymyositis is a connective tissue disease that triggers inflammation and muscular weakness. The cause is unknown, but polymyositis is thought to be an autoimmune disorder, possibly triggered by a viral infection of muscle tissue. […] The cause of polymyositis hasnt been found, but there is good evidence to indicate that it is likely to be an autoimmune disorder, which means the immune cells mistakenly attack the muscle fibres of the body. […] People with polymyositis also tend to have family members with connective tissue disorders, which further supports the theory of an inherited tendency.

• #15 Polymyositis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/335925-overview

  Polymyositis is an immune-mediated syndrome secondary to defective cellular immunity that is most commonly associated with other systemic autoimmune diseases. It may be due to diverse causes that occur alone or in association with viral infections, malignancies, or connective-tissue disorders. […] An increased association of myositis has been found with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes A1, B8, and DR3, which also increase the risk for autoimmune diseases. Environmental triggers, especially infectious agents, have been suggested as etiologic agents. These include the following: Coxsackievirus B1, HIV, HTLV-1, Hepatitis B virus, Influenza, Echovirus, Adenovirus, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. […] Many drugs are known to cause myopathy. Most of those drugs, such as hydroxychloroquine and colchicine, cause a toxic or metabolic myopathy. However, several drugs may rarely induce an immune-mediated myopathy or myositis; in these cases, muscle biopsy shows chronic inflammatory changes consistent with polymyositis. Drugs such as D-penicillamine, hydralazine, procainamide, phenytoin, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have been associated with this type of inflammatory myopathy. Statins can cause severe muscle inflammation and rhabdomyolysis.

• #16 Polymyositis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563129/

  Another important etiological factor for polymyositis-induced rhabdomyolysis is an underlying malignancy, eg, lung carcinoma, genitourinary malignancy, or lymphomas. […] The presence of polymyositis also increases the possibility of having carcinoma in 2 to 5 years after the diagnosis, especially non-Hodgkin lymphoma. […] Other causes include the presence of certain human leukocyte antigen variants (A1, B8, DR3), the presence of another autoimmune disease such as celiac disease, and the use of few medications such as hydralazine, procainamide, antiepileptics, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors due to their ability to act as a hapten.

• #17 Polymyositis | Causes, Signs, Treatment in Vancouver | 2025

  https://vancouverbbc.com/polymyositis/

  While the exact cause of polymyositis is still unknown, researchers believe it involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors triggering an abnormal immune response. […] The exact cause of polymyositis remains unknown, but it is believed to be an autoimmune disease, where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own muscle tissue. […] Polymyositis is considered an autoimmune disorder, indicating that the immune system, which typically defends the body against infections, begins attacking healthy muscle cells. The reason behind this abnormal immune response is not entirely clear. […] There appears to be a genetic predisposition to autoimmune diseases like polymyositis. Certain genetic factors may influence an individual’s susceptibility to developing the condition.

• #18 Polymyositis | Causes, Signs, Treatment in Vancouver | 2025

  https://vancouverbbc.com/polymyositis/

  While the role of environmental factors in polymyositis is not fully understood, exposure to certain infections or environmental toxins might act as triggers in genetically susceptible individuals. […] Some research suggests that certain viral infections, such as Coxsackie B virus or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), may be associated with an increased risk of polymyositis in susceptible individuals. […] Individuals with other autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus, may have a higher risk of developing polymyositis. […] Although polymyositis can occur in people of all ethnic backgrounds, some studies suggest that certain ethnic groups may have a higher prevalence of the condition. […] In rare cases, certain medications, such as statins used to lower cholesterol, have been associated with the development of inflammatory myopathies, including polymyositis.

• #19 Myositis – Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis – Patient.info

  https://patient.info/doctor/myositis-polymyositis-and-dermatomyositis

  Polymyositis and dermatomyositis have an autoimmune basis. […] Viral infection has been implicated in the form of the human retroviruses HIV and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I), the simian retroviruses, and Coxsackievirus B. […] Polymyositis may have been over-diagnosed because not all studies were based on diagnostic muscle biopsies. […] Polymyositis and dermatomyositis may be associated with other autoimmune diseases such as myasthenia gravis, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, systemic sclerosis and Waldenstrm’s macroglobulinaemia. […] Myositis is associated with an increased risk of malignancy, particularly within three years of initial diagnosis. Dermatomyositis appears to have the strongest association with malignancy.

• #20 Polymyositis | UK Healthcare

  https://ukhealthcare.uky.edu/kentucky-neuroscience-institute/conditions/neuromuscular-disorders/polymyositis

  Because the cause of polymyositis is unknown, there is currently no way to prevent the condition. […] Its still unclear what causes polymyositis, but it is thought to be related to autoimmune reactions and may have a genetic component. […] Some people develop an autoimmune myositis after viral infections like HIV, HTLV-1 or Coxsackie B. Exposure to drugs such as carbimazole, carticaine, cimetidine, human growth hormone, interferon-alpha, penicillamine and phenytoin have also been linked to some cases.

• #21 Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.medicinenet.com/polymyositis/article.htm

  Muscle Pain Polymyositis is a disease of muscle featuring inflammation of the muscle fibers. The cause of the disease is not known. It begins when white blood cells, the immune cells of inflammation, spontaneously invade muscles. […] To date, no cause of polymyositis has been isolated by scientific researchers. There are indicators of heredity (genetic) susceptibility that can be found in some patients. There is indirect evidence of infection by a virus that has yet to be identified in a muscle disease related to polymyositis that is particularly resistant to treatment, called inclusion body myositis. […] Researchers have found that T-cells of the immune system in some polymyositis or dermatomyositis patients reacted against cytomegalovirus (CMV) and that detectable antibodies against CMV were present. Their conclusion was that there may be subsets of patients who develop their disease, in part, because of infection with this particular virus.

• #22 Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.medicinenet.com/polymyositis/article.htm

  Aside from diseases with which polymyositis can be associated (as mentioned above), many other diseases and conditions can mimic polymyositis. These include nerve-muscle diseases (such as muscular dystrophies), drug toxins (such as alcohol, cocaine, steroids, colchicine, hydroxychloroquine, and cholesterol-lowering drugs, called statins), metabolic disorders (where muscle cells are unable to process chemicals normally), hormone disorders (such as abnormal thyroid), inclusion body myositis, calcium and magnesium conditions, and infectious diseases (such as influenza virus, AIDS, streptococcus and Lyme bacteria, pork tapeworm, and schistosomiasis). […] There is no prevention for polymyositis. When the precise cause of polymyositis is identified, preventative measures might be possible.

• #23 Polymyositis

  https://healthlibrary.overlakehospital.org/Library/News/Newsletters/Child/134,45

  Polymyositis is a disease that causes muscles to become irritated and inflamed. […] The exact cause of polymyositis is not known. […] Experts think that polymyositis may be linked to or triggered by a virus or an autoimmune reaction. […] In some cases, a medicine may lead to an allergic response that causes muscle irritation and damage. […] In most cases, healthcare providers aren’t able to find the exact cause of the condition. […] There is no known way to prevent polymyositis because the exact cause is not known. […] In some cases where medicines may be to blame, stopping these medicines can prevent future episodes of the condition.

• #24 Polymyositis Causes | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/brain-and-nerves/polymyositis/causes.html

  Researchers do not yet know exactly what causes polymyositis. Some patients with polymyositis also have an autoimmune disease like lupus. […] Polymyositis is one of many inflammatory myopathies.

• #25 Polymyositis: Causes, Symptoms And Treatment

  https://www.netmeds.com/health-library/post/polymyositis-causes-symptoms-and-treatment?srsltid=AfmBOorb-KGyo8eD-wkVW-5ge8Ydw-iu1UqZQcIJKVh7ApVRjeHYXHnu

  The exact cause of polymyositis is not clear; however, the condition shares several traits with autoimmune disorders, in which the immune system mistakenly attacks your body’s healthy cells and tissues. […] The risk of developing polymyositis is higher if a person suffers from lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma or Sjogrens syndrome.

• #26 Polymyositis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymyositis

  Polymyositis is an inflammatory myopathy mediated by cytotoxic T cells with an as yet unknown autoantigen, while dermatomyositis is a humorally mediated angiopathy resulting in myositis and a typical dermatitis. […] The cause of polymyositis is unknown and may involve viruses and autoimmune factors. Cancer may trigger polymyositis and dermatomyositis, possibly through an immune reaction against cancer that also attacks a component of muscles. […] There is tentative evidence of an association with celiac disease.

• #27 Patient education: Polymyositis, dermatomyositis, and other forms of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/polymyositis-dermatomyositis-and-other-forms-of-idiopathic-inflammatory-myopathy-beyond-the-basics/print

  The cause of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies remains undetermined. All are thought to be due to immune system abnormalities leading to the development of inflammation in muscle and other tissues. […] People with inflammatory myopathies, especially adults with dermatomyositis who do not have antisynthetase antibodies, have an increased risk of cancer. This risk increases with age and is associated with the same common cancers that affect the general population, including cancer of the lung, breast, prostate (in men), and ovaries (in women). […] The diagnosis of the inflammatory myopathies involves a careful history, a thorough physical exam, and some blood tests. People who have these conditions often have muscle weakness and/or typical skin changes, and blood tests showing evidence of muscle damage or the presence of antibody markers that signal these diseases.

• #28 Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/p/polymyositis-and-dermatomyositis.html

  It is not known what causes these conditions. It may be an immune reaction of the body against its own tissues. Viruses may play a role. A tumor may spark an immune reaction against both tumor and the muscle tissue. […] Polymyositis and dermatomyositis occur almost two times often in women than men. […] While it can occur at any age, it usually appears in people between the ages of five to 15 or 40 to 60.

• #29 Myositis: Muscle Inflammation | Inflammatory Myopathy | HSS

  https://www.hss.edu/condition-list_myositis.asp

  Myositis is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of muscle. […] The muscle inflammation in myositis is caused by white blood cells of the immune system, which are normally supposed to protect the body from infections. In people with myositis, however, these cells mistakenly attack a persons own healthy muscle fibers and can injure or destroy muscle fibers. […] It is not clear why these conditions develop, or what sets it off for most people, though there are clues in some cases. […] Polymyositis and dermatomyositis affect women two to three times more than men, while inclusion body myositis affects men about one-and-a-half to two times more than women. […] In approximately 15% to 20% of cases of dermatomyositis, and less often in other forms of myositis, myositis occurs in the setting of cancer.

• #30 A to Z: Polymyositis (for Parents) – Barbara Bush Children’s Hospital

  https://kidshealth.org/BarbaraBushChildrens/en/parents/az-polymyositis.html

  Polymyositis (pol-ee-my-uh-SY-tis) is an uncommon inflammatory disease that causes weakness, pain, and swelling in skeletal muscles (voluntary muscles that connect bones). It is one of three diseases that are classified as chronic inflammatory myopathies or myositis. […] With polymyositis, something causes the immune system to attack healthy muscle tissue. Muscles most affected by polymyositis include the hips, thighs, shoulders, neck, and upper arms. […] Polymyositis is a serious disease than can result in life-threatening complications such as heart disease, lung disease, and pneumonia.

• #31 Polymyositis – Adult – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/polymyositis-adult

  Polymyositis affects the skeletal muscles. It is also known as idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. The exact cause is unknown, but it may be related to an autoimmune reaction or infection. […] The major causes of death are cancer and lung disease.

• #32 Understanding Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis: Causes, Symptoms, and Management

  https://www.paducahrheumatology.com/post/understanding-dermatomyositis-and-polymyositis-causes-symptoms-and-management

  The exact cause of both dermatomyositis and polymyositis is unknown, but they are believed to be autoimmune diseases. In autoimmune diseases, the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissues. Potential contributing factors include: […] Genetic Predisposition: Certain genetic factors may increase the risk of developing these conditions. […] Environmental Triggers: Infections, certain medications, and other environmental factors might trigger the onset in genetically susceptible individuals. […] Immune System Dysregulation: Abnormal immune responses play a key role in the inflammation and muscle damage seen in these conditions.

• #33 Polymyositis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis & Prognosis

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/symptoms-and-conditions/polymyositis

  Polymyositis causes muscle weakness, typically in the muscles closest to the trunk. […] Doctors are unsure of the exact cause of polymyositis. The main theory is that it is a type of autoimmune disorder. […] The cause of polymyositis is unclear. Most experts believe it is a form of autoimmune disorder. These disorders occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissues as if they were foreign invaders. […] Like other autoimmune diseases, the trigger is likely a combination of environmental and genetic factors.

• #34 Polymyositis | Causes, Signs, Treatment in Vancouver | 2025

  https://vancouverbbc.com/polymyositis/

  Understanding the potential causes and risk factors of polymyositis is crucial for early detection and effective management. While the exact triggers may vary among individuals, a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors is likely to play a significant role in the development of this complex autoimmune condition.

Zobacz więcej