Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Polyhydramnios: Causes, Symptoms, Complications & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17852-polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios means theres too much amniotic fluid in your uterus during pregnancy. A mild case of polyhydramnios may not cause any symptoms or problems, but more severe forms may require treatment. […] Polyhydramnios is when you have too much amniotic fluid during pregnancy. […] This condition usually happens in the second half of pregnancy, but it may occur as early as 16 weeks into pregnancy. Mild polyhydramnios doesnt usually cause complications. Your pregnancy care provider will monitor you closely in case your condition worsens and treatment is necessary. […] Polyhydramnios is rare and affects about 1% of pregnancies. […] Your pregnancy care provider will measure your abdomen (a measurement called fundal height) to determine if your uterus is too large. Typically, that means youre measuring two or more weeks ahead of your expected due date.

• #1 Polyhydramnios: Etiology, diagnosis, and management in singleton gestations – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/polyhydramnios-etiology-diagnosis-and-management-in-singleton-gestations

  Polyhydramnios (also known as hydramnios) refers to an excessive volume of amniotic fluid. It should be suspected clinically when uterine size is large for gestational age (fundal height [cm] that exceeds the weeks of gestation by >3). Prenatal diagnosis is based upon documentation of excessive amniotic fluid volume (AFV) by a quantitative ultrasound technique, such as amniotic fluid index (AFI) ≥24 cm or single deepest pocket (SDP) ≥8 cm. […] Polyhydramnios can be idiopathic or related to a variety of maternal and fetal disorders. Potential consequences include increased risks for preterm birth, fetal malposition, placental abruption, and cord prolapse. […] The incidence of polyhydramnios in a general obstetric population generally ranges from 1 to 2 percent. Reported rates are highly influenced by the gestational age at the time of the ultrasound examination (higher preterm, lower postterm), the population studied (low or high risk, screening or indicated ultrasound examination, antepartum or intrapartum), and variations in diagnostic criteria (use of amniotic fluid index [AFI] versus single deepest pocket [SDP]). […] In a series including over 93,000 singleton pregnancies over six years at a single hospital, polyhydramnios was diagnosed during prenatal sonography in 0.7 percent and was described as mild, moderate, or severe in 66, 22, and 12 percent of cases, respectively.

• #1 Polyhydramnios – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios is a medical condition describing an excess of amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac. It is seen in about 1% of pregnancies. It is typically diagnosed when the amniotic fluid index (AFI) is greater than 24 cm. […] There are several pathologic conditions that can predispose a pregnancy to polyhydramnios. These include a maternal history of diabetes mellitus, Rh incompatibility between the fetus and mother, intrauterine infection, and multiple pregnancies. […] During the pregnancy, certain clinical signs may suggest polyhydramnios. In the mother, the physician may observe increased abdominal size out of proportion for her weight gain and gestation age, uterine size that outpaces gestational age, shiny skin with stria (seen mostly in severe polyhydramnios), dyspnea, and chest heaviness. When examining the fetus, faint fetal heart sounds are also an important clinical sign of this condition.

• #1 Polyhydramnios (too much amniotic fluid)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/polyhydramnios/

  Polyhydramnios is when there’s too much amniotic fluid (the fluid that surrounds the baby in the womb) during pregnancy. […] Polyhydramnios (too much amniotic fluid) does not usually cause symptoms. […] If you do have symptoms of polyhydramnios, such as your tummy getting bigger suddenly, you may be referred for an ultrasound scan. […] A sonographer will measure the amount of amniotic fluid around the baby. […] Polyhydramnios (too much amniotic fluid) usually does not need any treatment. […] If you have severe polyhydramnios, you may have some of the amniotic fluid drained from your womb using a thin needle. […] Complications of polyhydramnios (too much amniotic fluid) are rare. […] If you have moderate or severe polyhydramnios, you may be advised to give birth in hospital.

• #1 Polyhydramnios – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/polyhydramnios/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20368494

  To find out if you have polyhydramnios, you’ll likely have a fetal ultrasound. This test uses high-frequency sound waves to make images of your unborn baby on a monitor. […] Health care professionals can check for polyhydramnios by measuring the single largest pocket of amniotic fluid around the baby. This is called the maximum vertical pocket (MVP). Or they might measure the fluid in the four quadrants of the uterus, also called the amniotic fluid index (AFI). Polyhydramnios is diagnosed if the MVP is 8 or greater, or the AFI is 24 or greater. […] Depending on the timing and how serious polyhydramnios is, your health care team may recommend other tests to try to determine the cause of the polyhydramnios: […] Amniocentesis. This is a procedure in which a sample of amniotic fluid is removed from the uterus for testing. The fluid contains fetal cells and various chemicals produced by the baby. The cells in the fluid also can be used for genetic testing if there is concern for a genetic disorder.

• #1 Polyhydramnios | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/planning-baby/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios happens when there is too much amniotic fluid around your baby during pregnancy. […] Your health care provider may notice this condition during an ultrasound. […] Polyhydramnios is when you have too much amniotic fluid. […] Your health care provider uses ultrasound to measure the amount of amniotic fluid. There are two ways to measure the fluid: amniotic fluid index (AFI) and maximum vertical pocket (MPV). […] If your AFI is more than 25 centimeters, you have polyhydramnios. The MPV measures the deepest area of your uterus to check the amniotic fluid level. If your MPV is more than 8 centimeters, you have polyhydramnios. […] Polyhydramnios may increase the risk of these problems during pregnancy: Preterm birth Birth before 37 weeks of pregnancy, Premature rupture of the membranes (PROM) When the amniotic sac breaks after 37 weeks of pregnancy but before labor starts, Placental abruption When the placenta partially or completely peels away from the wall of the uterus before birth, Stillbirth When a baby dies in the womb after 20 weeks of pregnancy, Postpartum hemorrhage Heavy bleeding after having a baby, Fetal malposition When a baby is not in a head-down position and may need to be born via Cesarean section, Severe breathing problems during pregnancy, Uterine atony When the uterus becomes stretched out and cant contract normally, Bleeding after delivery, Prolapsed umbilical cord When the umbilical cord comes out of the vagina before the baby, Macrosomia When the baby weighs more than 8 pounds, 13 ounces (4,000 grams) at birth, Shoulder dystocia A birth injury that happens when one or both of a babys shoulders get stuck inside the pelvis during labor, Birth defects, including problems with the babys bones and genetic conditions.

• #1 Polyhydramnios – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562140/

  A normal deepest vertical pocket is 2 and 8 cm. Measurements 8 cm indicate polyhydramnios, with mild polyhydramnios defined as a deepest vertical pocket of 8 to 11.9 cm, moderate polyhydramnios as a deepest vertical pocket of 12 to 15.9 cm, and severe polyhydramnios as a deepest vertical pocket 16 cm. […] The amniotic fluid index can further classify polyhydramnios as mild (24 to 30 cm), moderate (30 to 35 cm), or severe (35 cm).

• #1 The Fetal Medicine Foundation

  https://fetalmedicine.org/education/fetal-abnormalities/amniotic-fluid/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios […] Prevalence: […] 1 in 100 pregnancies. […] Ultrasound diagnosis: […] The vertical measurement of the deepest pocket of amniotic fluid free of fetal parts is used to classify polyhydramnios into mild (8-11 cm), moderate (12-15 cm) and severe (≥16 cm). […] In about 80% of cases the polyhydramnios is mild, in 15% moderate and in 5% severe. […] Most cases of mild polyhydramnios are idiopathic, but most cases with moderate or severe polyhydramnios are due to maternal or fetal disorders. […] In most cases, polyhydramnios develops late in the second or in the third trimester of pregnancy. Acute polyhydramnios at 16-22 weeks is mainly seen in association with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. […] Associated abnormalities: […] There are essentially two major causes of polyhydramnios:

• #1 The Fetal Medicine Foundation

  https://fetalmedicine.org/education/fetal-abnormalities/amniotic-fluid/polyhydramnios

  Investigations: […] Detailed ultrasound examination. […] Invasive testing for karyotyping and array if there are fetal abnormalities or growth restriction. DNA testing for the myotonic dystrophy mutation if there is abnormal posturing of the extremities. […] Glucose tolerance test if there is associated macrosomia. […] TORCH test if there are fetal features suggestive of infection. […] Follow up: […] Ultrasound scans every 1-3 weeks to monitor fetal condition, amniotic fluid volume and cervical length. […] Prenatal therapy: […] Maternal diabetes mellitus: good glycemic control. […] Hydrops due to dysrhythmias: antiarrhythmic medication. […] Hydrops due to fetal anemia: intrauterine blood transfusion. […] Pulmonary cysts or pleural effusions: thoracoamniotic shunting.

• #1 How is Polyhydramnios Diagnosed and What Testing do I Need? | Know Polyhydramnios

  https://polyhydramnios.org/learn-more-about-polyhydramnios/diagnosis-and-testing-of-polyhydramnios/

  These tests should always be ordered following a diagnosis of Polyhydramnios. […] A Non-Stress Test (NST) is a non-invasive procedure that checks how your baby’s heart reacts to his/her movement. […] A Biophysical Profile (BPP) is another non-invasive test that combines the NST with an ultrasound to check your baby’s breathing, muscle tone, and movement, as well as your amniotic fluid level. […] A Growth Scan is a simple ultrasound procedure done to measure the growth of your baby. […] Severe idiopathic polyhydramnios should be considered as a reason to investigate for heart conditions. […] If you are newly diagnosed with Polyhydramnios and it has been more than one month since your last antibody screen, it needs to be repeated. […] Too much amniotic fluid is known as Polyhydramnios. It is diagnosed with either a single pocket of amniotic fluid greater than 8 cm or an amniotic fluid index (AFI) greater than 24 cm. The severity of high levels of amniotic fluid is further classified as follows: Mild: SDP =8 cm or AFI =24 cm, Moderate: SDP =12 cm or AFI =30.1 cm, Severe SDP 16 cm or AFI 35.1 cm. […] Treatment for Polyhydramnios includes management of the underlying condition (when possible), fetal surveillance, reducing fluid, and creating an effective care plan.

• #1 Polyhydramnios – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/polyhydramnios/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20368494

  Your health care team closely tracks your pregnancy if you have polyhydramnios. You may receive the following exams: […] Biophysical profile. This test uses an ultrasound to provide more information about your baby’s breathing, tone and movement. It also can help measure the volume of amniotic fluid in the uterus. It may be combined with a nonstress test. […] If you have mild to moderate polyhydramnios, your care team probably will plan to have you deliver your baby at 39 or 40 weeks. If you have severe polyhydramnios, your team likely will talk about the right timing of delivery. The goal is to lower the chances of health problems for you and your baby.

• #1 Polyhydramnios – Possible Causes and Next Steps – The ObG Project

  https://www.obgproject.com/2016/08/05/polyhydramnios-what-is-it/

  However, additional findings such as altered growth or movement may involve offering invasive testing to determine underlying cause. […] SMFM recommends against amnioreduction except in the presence of severe polyhydramnios. […] Induction vs Spontaneous Labor (GRADE 1C): SMFM recommends that labor be allowed to occur spontaneously in the case of mild idiopathic polyhydramnios. […] Data to support higher risk for dysfunctional labor and cesarean section.

• #1 Evaluation and management of polyhydramnios

  https://www.contemporaryobgyn.net/view/evaluation-and-management-polyhydramnios

  When an etiology of polyhydramnios is identified, it is most commonly a fetal anomaly or maternal diabetes. Other potential causes of apparently isolated polyhydramnios in a structurally normal fetus include alloimmunization and congenital infection. […] Idiopathic polyhydramnios is a diagnosis of exclusion. While the cause may be unexplained during pregnancy, the underlying risk that a structural or genetic abnormality is identified after birth in a pregnancy associated with apparently idiopathic polyhydramnios is 9% in the neonatal period to as high as 28% when infants were followed up to age 1 year. […] Polyhydramnios severe enough to cause maternal respiratory compromise, significant discomfort, or preterm labor often has an underlying etiology, whereas idiopathic polyhydramnios, because it is usually mild and does not present until the mid-third trimester, does not typically require treatment.

• #1

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3964358/

  Polyhydramnios is defined as a pathological increase of amniotic fluid volume in pregnancy and is associated with increased perinatal morbidity and mortality. […] The diagnosis is obtained by ultrasound. […] The prognosis of polyhydramnios depends on its cause and severity. […] Typical symptoms of polyhydramnios include maternal dyspnea, preterm labor, premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), abnormal fetal presentation, cord prolapse and postpartum hemorrhage. […] The literature lists the following potential etiologies: fetal malformations and genetic anomalies, maternal diabetes mellitus, multiple pregnancies, fetal anemia, and other causes, e.g. viral infections. […] The diagnosis of polyhydramnios appears to be independent of gestational week. […] In the German Maternity Guidelines, assessment of amniotic fluid is a standard examination in prenatal care.

• #1 The Fetal Medicine Foundation

  https://fetalmedicine.org/education/fetal-abnormalities/amniotic-fluid/polyhydramnios

  Reduced fetal swallowing: due to brain abnormalities (e.g anencephaly, Dandy-Walker malformation), facial tumors, gastrointestinal obstruction (e.g. esophageal or duodenal atresia, small bowel obstruction), compressive pulmonary disorders (e.g. pleural effusions, diaphragmatic hernia, CPAM, CHAOS), narrow thoracic cage due to skeletal dysplasias), and fetal akinesia deformation sequence (due to neuromuscular impairment of fetal swallowing). […] Increased fetal urination: maternal diabetes mellitus and maternal uremia (increased glucose and urea cause osmotic diuresis), hyperdynamic fetal circulation due to fetal anemia (e.g. red blood cell isoimmunization or congenital infection), fetal and placental tumors (e.g. sacrococcygeal teratoma, placental chorioangioma), or twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome.

• #1

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3964358/

  If there is a suspicion of a developmental disorder, regular follow-up examinations and further diagnostic tests are recommended. […] The risk of fetal malformation in cases with severe polyhydramnios has been reported to increase to 11%. […] The following methods are used to reduce amniotic fluid volumes: amnioreduction (therapeutic amniocentesis) and pharmacological treatment. […] The intervention is usually concluded when ultrasound examination shows an AFI of 15 to 20cm or if intra-amniotic pressure drops to 20mmHg. […] In view of the increased perinatal mortality and morbidity associated with pregnancies with polyhydramnios, careful monitoring is recommended. […] Polyhydramnios diagnosed on ultrasound requires further maternal and fetal diagnostic tests.

• #1 Polyhydramnios // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/polyhydramnios

  Depending on the timing and how serious polyhydramnios is, your health care team may recommend other tests to try to determine the cause of the polyhydramnios: […] Your health care team closely tracks your pregnancy if you have polyhydramnios. […] Mild polyhydramnios rarely needs treatment. It may go away on its own. […] Otherwise, treatment for an underlying cause such as diabetes may help clear up polyhydramnios. […] You may need treatment in the hospital if you have severe polyhydramnios with symptoms such as shortness of breath, stomach pain or contractions. […] Polyhydramnios treatment may include: […] After treatment, your health care team likely will want to check your amniotic fluid level about every 1 to 3 weeks. […] If you have mild to moderate polyhydramnios, your care team probably will plan to have you deliver your baby at 39 or 40 weeks. If you have severe polyhydramnios, your team likely will talk about the right timing of delivery. The goal is to lower the chances of health problems for you and your baby.

• #1 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Polyhydramnios | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20339036

  Mild polyhydramnios rarely needs treatment. It may go away on its own. […] You may need treatment in the hospital if you have severe polyhydramnios with symptoms such as shortness of breath, stomach pain or contractions. Polyhydramnios treatment may include: […] Your health care team closely tracks your pregnancy if you have polyhydramnios. You may receive the following exams: […] After treatment, your health care team likely will want to check your amniotic fluid level about every 1 to 3 weeks. […] If you have mild to moderate polyhydramnios, your care team probably will plan to have you deliver your baby at 39 or 40 weeks. If you have severe polyhydramnios, your team likely will talk about the right timing of delivery. The goal is to lower the chances of health problems for you and your baby.

• #1 Polyhydramnios | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/polyhydramnios?content_id=CON-20339036

  Depending on the timing and how serious polyhydramnios is, your health care team may recommend other tests to try to determine the cause of the polyhydramnios: Blood tests. These can check for infectious diseases linked with polyhydramnios. Amniocentesis. This is a procedure in which a sample of amniotic fluid is removed from the uterus for testing. […] Mild polyhydramnios rarely needs treatment. It may go away on its own. […] You may need treatment in the hospital if you have severe polyhydramnios with symptoms such as shortness of breath, stomach pain or contractions. Polyhydramnios treatment may include: Drainage of extra amniotic fluid. Your health care team may use amniocentesis to drain the extra amniotic fluid from your uterus. […] After treatment, your health care team likely will want to check your amniotic fluid level about every 1 to 3 weeks.

• #1 Polyhydramnios Imaging: Practice Essentials, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Ultrasonography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/404856-overview

  Ultrasonography is the most reliable method for diagnosing and quantifying polyhydramnios. […] MRI is not necessary for the diagnosis of polyhydramnios, but polyhydramnios can be detected during MRI for other indications. […] The following are Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine recommendations for polyhydramnios: Suggest that polyhydramnios in singleton pregnancies be defined as either a deepest vertical pocket of 8 cm or an amniotic fluid index of 24 cm. […] Recommend that amnioreduction be considered only for the indication of severe maternal discomfort, dyspnea, or both in the setting of severe polyhydramnios. […] Recommend that indomethacin not be used for the sole purpose of decreasing amniotic fluid in the setting of polyhydramnios. […] Suggest that antenatal fetal surveillance is not required for the sole indication of mild idiopathic polyhydramnios.

• #1 The Fetal Medicine Foundation

  https://fetalmedicine.org/education/fetal-abnormalities/amniotic-fluid/polyhydramnios

  Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome: laser occlusion of placental anastomoses. […] Fetal or placental tumors: laser occlusion of feeding vessels. […] Defects resulting in reduced fetal swallowing or severe idiopathic polyhydramnios: serial amniodrainages if there is cervical shortening. However, the procedure itself may precipitate premature labor. An alternative and effective method of treatment is maternal administration of indomethacin; however, this drug may cause fetal ductal constriction, and close monitoring by serial fetal echocardiographic studies is necessary. […] Delivery: […] Standard obstetric care and delivery in most cases. […] Fetal abnormalities: induction of labor at 38 weeks gestation in a hospital with neonatal intensive care and facilities for pediatric surgery.

• #1 Polyhydramnios | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/polyhydramnios

  You may need treatment in the hospital if you have severe polyhydramnios with symptoms such as shortness of breath, stomach pain or contractions. Polyhydramnios treatment may include: […] After treatment, your health care team likely will want to check your amniotic fluid level about every 1 to 3 weeks. […] If you have mild to moderate polyhydramnios, your care team probably will plan to have you deliver your baby at 39 or 40 weeks. If you have severe polyhydramnios, your team likely will talk about the right timing of delivery. The goal is to lower the chances of health problems for you and your baby.

• #1 Polyhydramnios Imaging: Practice Essentials, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Ultrasonography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/404856-overview

  Recommend that women with severe polyhydramnios deliver at a tertiary center due to the significant possibility that fetal anomalies may be present. […] Ultrasonography is the main modality for the diagnosis of polyhydramnios and evaluation of the fetus. Features that are assessed in polyhydramnios include amniotic fluid, possibly because of multiple pregnancy, chorionicity in multiple pregnancy, fetal macrosomia, fetal thorax, fetal central nervous system, fetal gastrointestinal tract, cervical length, and posttreatment follow-up results. […] The increase in amniotic fluid, in many of cases, can be attributed to impaired fetal swallowing or the overproduction of fetal urine due to a high-output cardiac state, renal abnormality, or osmotic fetal diuresis. […] The degree of polyhydramnios is frequently categorized as mild, moderate, or severe, based on an AFI of 24.029.9 cm, 30.034.9 cm, and 35 cm, respectively, or a deep vertical pocket of 811 cm, 1215 cm, or 16 cm, respectively. […] The incidence of detection of polyhydramnios varies with the technique used.

• #1 Polyhydramnios: Causes, Symptoms, Complications & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17852-polyhydramnios

  Your birthing experience shouldnt be too different than someone without polyhydramnios. […] Mild cases of polyhydramnios shouldnt affect your baby. […] Severe cases of polyhydramnios may lead to premature labor and your baby being born early. […] Yes, most people will not have pregnancy complications from too much amniotic fluid and will have a healthy baby. […] Polyhydramnios is a complication of pregnancy that typically doesnt require treatment. Your provider will watch you closely and may recommend an induction.

• #1 The Fetal Medicine Foundation

  https://fetalmedicine.org/education/fetal-abnormalities/amniotic-fluid/polyhydramnios

  Fetal tumors: consideration for cesarean section and EXIT procedure. […] Severe polyhydramnios: controlled induction and membrane rupture at 38 weeks gestation to avoid risk of umbilical cord prolapse. […] Prognosis: […] This depends on the cause of polyhydramnios and the gestational age at delivery. […] Recurrence: […] Idiopathic: no increased risk. […] Associated maternal or fetal conditions: depends on the cause.

• #2 The Fetal Medicine Foundation

  https://fetalmedicine.org/education/fetal-abnormalities/amniotic-fluid/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios […] Prevalence: […] 1 in 100 pregnancies. […] Ultrasound diagnosis: […] The vertical measurement of the deepest pocket of amniotic fluid free of fetal parts is used to classify polyhydramnios into mild (8-11 cm), moderate (12-15 cm) and severe (≥16 cm). […] In about 80% of cases the polyhydramnios is mild, in 15% moderate and in 5% severe. […] Most cases of mild polyhydramnios are idiopathic, but most cases with moderate or severe polyhydramnios are due to maternal or fetal disorders. […] In most cases, polyhydramnios develops late in the second or in the third trimester of pregnancy. Acute polyhydramnios at 16-22 weeks is mainly seen in association with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. […] Associated abnormalities: […] There are essentially two major causes of polyhydramnios:

• #2 Polyhydramnios (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios, or amniotic fluid disorder, is defined as an abnormally large volume of amniotic fluid that surrounds your baby. It is known to be associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and may raise suspicion of a problem with the pregnancy. Greater deviations from the norm are more strongly associated with abnormality. […] Polyhydramnios affects up to 1.6% of all pregnancies and this is generally similar across low- and middle-income countries. Rates are much higher however in pregnancies of women with diabetes (8.5%) or gestational diabetes. […] Polyhydramnios is suspected when antenatal examination reveals a uterus that is large for dates. Fetal parts may be difficult to palpate. It may be picked up on clinical or ultrasound examination. […] There are two methods used to quantify amniotic fluid volume: Amniotic fluid index (AFI), or four-quadrant method: the uterine cavity is divided into four quadrants or pockets. The largest vertical pocket in each quadrant is measured in centimetres and the total volume is calculated by adding the four together. A total of more than 24 cm defines polyhydramnios.

• #2 Polyhydramnios | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/polyhydramnios/

  Polyhydramnios is a pathological excess of amniotic fluid. Diagnosis is made based on ultrasound findings of an excessive amniotic fluid index 24 cm or single deepest pocket 8 cm. […] Polyhydramnios = AFI 24 cm. […] Polyhydramnios = SDP 8 cm. […] FH 3 cm above the gestational age in weeks is suspicious for polyhydramnios.

• #2 Polyhydramnios – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/womens-health/polyhydramnios/

  Polyhydramnios occurs in 1% to 2% of all pregnancies. […] The signs and symptoms of Polyhydramnios include: – Typically, there are no symptoms or the condition goes unrecognized in standard examinations. – Difficulty breathing, as the excess amniotic fluid puts pressure on the diaphragm, making it harder for it to move properly. – Tightness in the abdomen. – Swelling in the lower extremities. – Abnormalities such as an unusually large womb or the womb growing too quickly, which suggest the possibility of an overly large baby or polyhydramnios. – Some cases may require a cesarean section delivery, especially if the baby is too large. – There is a risk of heavy bleeding after birth due to the uterus being overstretched by the excess volume of amniotic fluid. […] The types of tests that may be needed for polyhydramnios include: 1. Ultrasound: This is commonly used to assess the volume of amniotic fluid in the womb. The Single Deepest Vertical Pocket (SDVP) method or the Amniotic Fluid Index (AFI) can be used to measure the amount of amniotic fluid.

• #2 Polyhydramnios – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562140/

  A normal deepest vertical pocket is 2 and 8 cm. Measurements 8 cm indicate polyhydramnios, with mild polyhydramnios defined as a deepest vertical pocket of 8 to 11.9 cm, moderate polyhydramnios as a deepest vertical pocket of 12 to 15.9 cm, and severe polyhydramnios as a deepest vertical pocket 16 cm. […] The amniotic fluid index can further classify polyhydramnios as mild (24 to 30 cm), moderate (30 to 35 cm), or severe (35 cm).

• #2 Polyhydramnios – Possible Causes and Next Steps – The ObG Project

  https://www.obgproject.com/2016/08/05/polyhydramnios-what-is-it/

  The term polyhydramnios, also known as hydramnios, refers to an excessive amount of amniotic fluid. The primary sources of amniotic fluid are fetal urine production, fetal lung fluid and fetal oral and nasal secretions. The main routes of amniotic fluid removal are fetal swallowing and absorption via the intramembranous pathway. […] Two commonly used sonographic measurements that suggest an increased volume of amniotic fluid include (Grade 2C) Amniotic fluid index (AFI) of ≥24 cm based on a total measurement of 4 different quadrants. […] A single deepest pocket (SDP) of ≥8 cm, measured by holding the ultrasound transducer perpendicular to the floor in the sagittal plane. […] SMFM states in the consult series that polyhydramnios can be defined by either AFI or SDP using the above parameters, but also recommends use of SDP in the 3rd trimester.

• #2 Polyhydramnios – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/polyhydramnios/

  Polyhydramnios is diagnosed with an obstetric ultrasound, typically in the 2nd or 3rd trimester. […] Indications include routine prenatal care or antepartum fetal surveillance and fundal height increased for gestational age. […] Increased amniotic fluid is determined by either of the following: Deepest vertical pocket (DVP): 8 cm or Amniotic fluid index (AFI): 24 cm. […] Severity of polyhydramnios is classified as follows: Mild polyhydramnios: AFI 24-29.9 cm or DVP 8-11 cm, Moderate polyhydramnios: AFI 30-35 cm or DVP 12-15 cm, Severe polyhydramnios: AFI 35 cm or DVP 16 cm.

• #2 Polyhydramnios: Etiology, diagnosis, and management in singleton gestations – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/polyhydramnios-etiology-diagnosis-and-management-in-singleton-gestations/print

  Polyhydramnios (also known as hydramnios) refers to an excessive volume of amniotic fluid. It should be suspected clinically when uterine size is large for gestational age (fundal height [cm] that exceeds the weeks of gestation by >3). Prenatal diagnosis is based upon documentation of excessive amniotic fluid volume (AFV) by a quantitative ultrasound technique, such as amniotic fluid index (AFI) ≥24 cm or single deepest pocket (SDP) ≥8 cm. […] In a series including over 93,000 singleton pregnancies over six years at a single hospital, polyhydramnios was diagnosed during prenatal sonography in 0.7 percent and was described as mild, moderate, or severe in 66, 22, and 12 percent of cases, respectively.

• #2 Polyhydramnios | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/polyhydramnios?content_id=CON-20339036

  Depending on the timing and how serious polyhydramnios is, your health care team may recommend other tests to try to determine the cause of the polyhydramnios: Blood tests. These can check for infectious diseases linked with polyhydramnios. Amniocentesis. This is a procedure in which a sample of amniotic fluid is removed from the uterus for testing. […] Mild polyhydramnios rarely needs treatment. It may go away on its own. […] You may need treatment in the hospital if you have severe polyhydramnios with symptoms such as shortness of breath, stomach pain or contractions. Polyhydramnios treatment may include: Drainage of extra amniotic fluid. Your health care team may use amniocentesis to drain the extra amniotic fluid from your uterus. […] After treatment, your health care team likely will want to check your amniotic fluid level about every 1 to 3 weeks.

• #2 The Fetal Medicine Foundation

  https://fetalmedicine.org/education/fetal-abnormalities/amniotic-fluid/polyhydramnios

  Investigations: […] Detailed ultrasound examination. […] Invasive testing for karyotyping and array if there are fetal abnormalities or growth restriction. DNA testing for the myotonic dystrophy mutation if there is abnormal posturing of the extremities. […] Glucose tolerance test if there is associated macrosomia. […] TORCH test if there are fetal features suggestive of infection. […] Follow up: […] Ultrasound scans every 1-3 weeks to monitor fetal condition, amniotic fluid volume and cervical length. […] Prenatal therapy: […] Maternal diabetes mellitus: good glycemic control. […] Hydrops due to dysrhythmias: antiarrhythmic medication. […] Hydrops due to fetal anemia: intrauterine blood transfusion. […] Pulmonary cysts or pleural effusions: thoracoamniotic shunting.

• #2 Polyhydramnios – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/polyhydramnios/

  Polyhydramnios (pol-e-hi-DRAM-nee-os) is the buildup of increased amniotic fluid — the fluid that surrounds the baby in the uterus during pregnancy. Polyhydramnios happens in about 1% to 2% of pregnancies. […] To find out if you have polyhydramnios, you’ll likely have a fetal ultrasound. This test uses high-frequency sound waves to make images of your unborn baby on a monitor. Health care professionals can check for polyhydramnios by measuring the single largest pocket of amniotic fluid around the baby. This is called the maximum vertical pocket (MVP). Or they might measure the fluid in the four quadrants of the uterus, also called the amniotic fluid index (AFI). Polyhydramnios is diagnosed if the MVP is 8 or greater, or the AFI is 24 or greater. […] Depending on the timing and how serious polyhydramnios is, your health care team may recommend other tests to try to determine the cause of the polyhydramnios: Blood tests. These can check for infectious diseases linked with polyhydramnios. Amniocentesis. This is a procedure in which a sample of amniotic fluid is removed from the uterus for testing. The fluid contains fetal cells and various chemicals produced by the baby. The cells in the fluid also can be used for genetic testing if there is concern for a genetic disorder.

• #2 Polyhydramnios – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/polyhydramnios/

  Your health care team closely tracks your pregnancy if you have polyhydramnios. You may receive the following exams: Nonstress test. This test checks how your baby’s heart rate reacts when your baby moves. During the test, you’ll wear a special device on your stomach, also called the abdomen, to measure the baby’s heart rate. A buzzer-like device also may be used to wake the baby and encourage movement. Biophysical profile. This test uses an ultrasound to provide more information about your baby’s breathing, tone and movement. It also can help measure the volume of amniotic fluid in the uterus. It may be combined with a nonstress test.

• #2 How is Polyhydramnios Diagnosed and What Testing do I Need? | Know Polyhydramnios

  https://polyhydramnios.org/learn-more-about-polyhydramnios/diagnosis-and-testing-of-polyhydramnios/

  These tests should always be ordered following a diagnosis of Polyhydramnios. […] A Non-Stress Test (NST) is a non-invasive procedure that checks how your baby’s heart reacts to his/her movement. […] A Biophysical Profile (BPP) is another non-invasive test that combines the NST with an ultrasound to check your baby’s breathing, muscle tone, and movement, as well as your amniotic fluid level. […] A Growth Scan is a simple ultrasound procedure done to measure the growth of your baby. […] Severe idiopathic polyhydramnios should be considered as a reason to investigate for heart conditions. […] If you are newly diagnosed with Polyhydramnios and it has been more than one month since your last antibody screen, it needs to be repeated. […] Too much amniotic fluid is known as Polyhydramnios. It is diagnosed with either a single pocket of amniotic fluid greater than 8 cm or an amniotic fluid index (AFI) greater than 24 cm. The severity of high levels of amniotic fluid is further classified as follows: Mild: SDP =8 cm or AFI =24 cm, Moderate: SDP =12 cm or AFI =30.1 cm, Severe SDP 16 cm or AFI 35.1 cm. […] Treatment for Polyhydramnios includes management of the underlying condition (when possible), fetal surveillance, reducing fluid, and creating an effective care plan.

• #2 How is Polyhydramnios Diagnosed and What Testing do I Need? | Know Polyhydramnios

  https://polyhydramnios.org/learn-more-about-polyhydramnios/diagnosis-and-testing-of-polyhydramnios/

  Following a Polyhydramnios diagnosis, routine testing should include a glucose tolerance test, non-stress tests, a biophysical profile, and a growth scan, with additional testing in more severe cases. […] Diagnosing Polyhydramnios is the easy part, finding the primary condition that is causing it may prove to be more difficult. In fact, in 60% of cases, the cause does not get identified before birth. […] If your healthcare provider suspects you might have Polyhydramnios, he/she will order an ultrasound of your baby to measure the amniotic fluid level. If your total amniotic fluid index is greater than 24 cm or you have a single deepest pocket greater than 8 cm then you will probably be diagnosed with Polyhydramnios. […] Determining an accurate cause of your Polyhydramnios can help both you and your provider prepare for what is to come. But keep in mind that not all things that cause Polyhydramnios can be detected prenatally.

• #2 The Fetal Medicine Foundation

  https://fetalmedicine.org/education/fetal-abnormalities/amniotic-fluid/polyhydramnios

  Reduced fetal swallowing: due to brain abnormalities (e.g anencephaly, Dandy-Walker malformation), facial tumors, gastrointestinal obstruction (e.g. esophageal or duodenal atresia, small bowel obstruction), compressive pulmonary disorders (e.g. pleural effusions, diaphragmatic hernia, CPAM, CHAOS), narrow thoracic cage due to skeletal dysplasias), and fetal akinesia deformation sequence (due to neuromuscular impairment of fetal swallowing). […] Increased fetal urination: maternal diabetes mellitus and maternal uremia (increased glucose and urea cause osmotic diuresis), hyperdynamic fetal circulation due to fetal anemia (e.g. red blood cell isoimmunization or congenital infection), fetal and placental tumors (e.g. sacrococcygeal teratoma, placental chorioangioma), or twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome.

• #2 Polyhydramnios | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/planning-baby/polyhydramnios

  In about half of cases, we dont know what causes polyhydramnios. In other cases, we can identify a cause. Some known causes are: Birth defects, including gastrointestinal and lung disorders, brain and nervous system problems and those that affect the babys swallowing, Preexisting diabetes Having too much sugar in your blood, Problems with the babys heart rate, An infection in the baby, Problems with the placenta, Not enough red blood cells in the baby (anemia). […] When an ultrasound shows you have too much amniotic fluid, your provider does a more detailed ultrasound to check for birth defects and twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. […] If you have polyhydramnios, you usually have ultrasounds weekly or more often to check amniotic fluid levels. […] Having too much amniotic fluid may make you uncomfortable. Your provider may give you medicine called indomethacin. This medicine helps lower the amount of urine that your baby makes, so it lowers the amount of amniotic fluid. Amniocentesis also can remove extra fluid. […] About 2 out of 100 (2 percent) pregnant people have too much amniotic fluid.

• #2 Polyhydramnios: Causes, Symptoms, Complications & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17852-polyhydramnios

  Theyll use an ultrasound to measure how much amniotic fluid is in your uterus. […] If one of these tests shows you have polyhydramnios, your provider will likely order additional tests to check for congenital disorders, diabetes or other conditions. […] Polyhydramnios is generally not treated if its a mild case or if youre at the end of your pregnancy. Your provider may schedule additional appointments to monitor your condition. […] Treatment may be needed if you have severe polyhydramnios. […] Too much amniotic fluid in your uterus puts pressure on your nearby organs and causes pregnancy complications. […] Other complications of too much amniotic fluid include: Early labor. Premature birth (your baby is born before 37 weeks). […] No, you cant prevent polyhydramnios. […] People with polyhydramnios may be monitored more closely for the remainder of the pregnancy.

• #2 Polyhydramnios

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/p/polyhydramnios2/?section=Causes

  Your health care provider may offer additional testing if you have a diagnosis of polyhydramnios. Testing will be based on your risk factors, exposure to infections and prior evaluations of your baby. […] If you’re diagnosed with polyhydramnios, your health care provider will closely monitor your pregnancy. Monitoring may include the following: […] If you have mild to moderate polyhydramnios, you’ll likely be able to carry your baby to term, delivering at 39 or 40 weeks. If you have severe polyhydramnios, your health care provider will discuss the appropriate timing of delivery, to avoid complications for you and your baby. […] Polyhydramnios can be a worrisome finding during pregnancy. Work with your pregnancy care provider to ensure that you and your baby receive the best possible care.

• #2 Polyhydramnios Imaging: Practice Essentials, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Ultrasonography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/404856-overview

  Ultrasonography is the most reliable method for diagnosing and quantifying polyhydramnios. […] MRI is not necessary for the diagnosis of polyhydramnios, but polyhydramnios can be detected during MRI for other indications. […] The following are Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine recommendations for polyhydramnios: Suggest that polyhydramnios in singleton pregnancies be defined as either a deepest vertical pocket of 8 cm or an amniotic fluid index of 24 cm. […] Recommend that amnioreduction be considered only for the indication of severe maternal discomfort, dyspnea, or both in the setting of severe polyhydramnios. […] Recommend that indomethacin not be used for the sole purpose of decreasing amniotic fluid in the setting of polyhydramnios. […] Suggest that antenatal fetal surveillance is not required for the sole indication of mild idiopathic polyhydramnios.

• #2 High Amniotic Fluid During Pregnancy | American Pregnancy Association

  https://americanpregnancy.org/healthy-pregnancy/pregnancy-complications/polyhydramnios-high-amniotic-fluid/

  Polyhydramnios can be treated by regularly draining amniotic fluid from the uterus using a large needle. This procedure does carry a risk of complications, so your doctor will only recommend it if the danger of continuing the pregnancy with untreated polyhydramnios is greater than the risk of draining the fluid.

• #2 Polyhydramnios | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/polyhydramnios

  To find out if you have polyhydramnios, you’ll likely have a fetal ultrasound. This test uses high-frequency sound waves to make images of your unborn baby on a monitor. […] Health care professionals can check for polyhydramnios by measuring the single largest pocket of amniotic fluid around the baby. This is called the maximum vertical pocket (MVP). Or they might measure the fluid in the four quadrants of the uterus, also called the amniotic fluid index (AFI). Polyhydramnios is diagnosed if the MVP is 8 or greater, or the AFI is 24 or greater. […] Depending on the timing and how serious polyhydramnios is, your health care team may recommend other tests to try to determine the cause of the polyhydramnios: […] Mild polyhydramnios rarely needs treatment. It may go away on its own. […] Otherwise, treatment for an underlying cause such as diabetes may help clear up polyhydramnios.

• #2 Polyhydramnios // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/polyhydramnios

  Depending on the timing and how serious polyhydramnios is, your health care team may recommend other tests to try to determine the cause of the polyhydramnios: […] Your health care team closely tracks your pregnancy if you have polyhydramnios. […] Mild polyhydramnios rarely needs treatment. It may go away on its own. […] Otherwise, treatment for an underlying cause such as diabetes may help clear up polyhydramnios. […] You may need treatment in the hospital if you have severe polyhydramnios with symptoms such as shortness of breath, stomach pain or contractions. […] Polyhydramnios treatment may include: […] After treatment, your health care team likely will want to check your amniotic fluid level about every 1 to 3 weeks. […] If you have mild to moderate polyhydramnios, your care team probably will plan to have you deliver your baby at 39 or 40 weeks. If you have severe polyhydramnios, your team likely will talk about the right timing of delivery. The goal is to lower the chances of health problems for you and your baby.

• #2 The Fetal Medicine Foundation

  https://fetalmedicine.org/education/fetal-abnormalities/amniotic-fluid/polyhydramnios

  Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome: laser occlusion of placental anastomoses. […] Fetal or placental tumors: laser occlusion of feeding vessels. […] Defects resulting in reduced fetal swallowing or severe idiopathic polyhydramnios: serial amniodrainages if there is cervical shortening. However, the procedure itself may precipitate premature labor. An alternative and effective method of treatment is maternal administration of indomethacin; however, this drug may cause fetal ductal constriction, and close monitoring by serial fetal echocardiographic studies is necessary. […] Delivery: […] Standard obstetric care and delivery in most cases. […] Fetal abnormalities: induction of labor at 38 weeks gestation in a hospital with neonatal intensive care and facilities for pediatric surgery.

• #2 The Fetal Medicine Foundation

  https://fetalmedicine.org/education/fetal-abnormalities/amniotic-fluid/polyhydramnios

  Fetal tumors: consideration for cesarean section and EXIT procedure. […] Severe polyhydramnios: controlled induction and membrane rupture at 38 weeks gestation to avoid risk of umbilical cord prolapse. […] Prognosis: […] This depends on the cause of polyhydramnios and the gestational age at delivery. […] Recurrence: […] Idiopathic: no increased risk. […] Associated maternal or fetal conditions: depends on the cause.

• #2 Polyhydramnios | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/polyhydramnios?lang=us

  It is usually detected after 20 weeks (often 3rd trimester). […] The prognosis is variable dependent on associated conditions. Usually minimal or no intervention is required for idiopathic mild uncomplicated cases. Options include: improved maternal diabetes control; cesarian section if there is profound macrosomia; therapeutic amniocentesis/amnioreduction; indomethacin. […] The risk of the following obstetric complications is increased when polyhydramnios is present due to over-expansion of the uterus: maternal dyspnea; premature membrane rupture; preterm labor; abnormal fetal presentation; umbilical cord prolapse; postpartum hemorrhage: due to reduced uterine myometrial tone.

• #3 Polyhydramnios: Etiology, diagnosis, and management in singleton gestations – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/polyhydramnios-etiology-diagnosis-and-management-in-singleton-gestations/print

  Polyhydramnios (also known as hydramnios) refers to an excessive volume of amniotic fluid. It should be suspected clinically when uterine size is large for gestational age (fundal height [cm] that exceeds the weeks of gestation by >3). Prenatal diagnosis is based upon documentation of excessive amniotic fluid volume (AFV) by a quantitative ultrasound technique, such as amniotic fluid index (AFI) ≥24 cm or single deepest pocket (SDP) ≥8 cm. […] In a series including over 93,000 singleton pregnancies over six years at a single hospital, polyhydramnios was diagnosed during prenatal sonography in 0.7 percent and was described as mild, moderate, or severe in 66, 22, and 12 percent of cases, respectively.

• #3 The Fetal Medicine Foundation

  https://fetalmedicine.org/education/fetal-abnormalities/amniotic-fluid/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios […] Prevalence: […] 1 in 100 pregnancies. […] Ultrasound diagnosis: […] The vertical measurement of the deepest pocket of amniotic fluid free of fetal parts is used to classify polyhydramnios into mild (8-11 cm), moderate (12-15 cm) and severe (≥16 cm). […] In about 80% of cases the polyhydramnios is mild, in 15% moderate and in 5% severe. […] Most cases of mild polyhydramnios are idiopathic, but most cases with moderate or severe polyhydramnios are due to maternal or fetal disorders. […] In most cases, polyhydramnios develops late in the second or in the third trimester of pregnancy. Acute polyhydramnios at 16-22 weeks is mainly seen in association with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. […] Associated abnormalities: […] There are essentially two major causes of polyhydramnios:

• #3 What do you need to know about Polyhydramnios?

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/polyhydramnios.htm

  Polyhydramnios or hydramniosis defined as a condition where the fluid in the amniotic sac surrounding the fetus becomes more than 2000mL. […] Diagnosis of polyhydramnios is made based on: […] Ultrasound is the method of choice to detect polyhydramnios. […] Blood tests: ABO and Rh blood grouping is done since, Rh mismatches can give rise to hydrops fetalis. […] Amniotic fluid tests: Estimation of alpha-fetoprotein in the amniotic fluid is done to find out congenital malformation. It is markedly increased if the fetus has an open neural tube defect.

• #3 How is Polyhydramnios Diagnosed and What Testing do I Need? | Know Polyhydramnios

  https://polyhydramnios.org/learn-more-about-polyhydramnios/diagnosis-and-testing-of-polyhydramnios/

  These tests should always be ordered following a diagnosis of Polyhydramnios. […] A Non-Stress Test (NST) is a non-invasive procedure that checks how your baby’s heart reacts to his/her movement. […] A Biophysical Profile (BPP) is another non-invasive test that combines the NST with an ultrasound to check your baby’s breathing, muscle tone, and movement, as well as your amniotic fluid level. […] A Growth Scan is a simple ultrasound procedure done to measure the growth of your baby. […] Severe idiopathic polyhydramnios should be considered as a reason to investigate for heart conditions. […] If you are newly diagnosed with Polyhydramnios and it has been more than one month since your last antibody screen, it needs to be repeated. […] Too much amniotic fluid is known as Polyhydramnios. It is diagnosed with either a single pocket of amniotic fluid greater than 8 cm or an amniotic fluid index (AFI) greater than 24 cm. The severity of high levels of amniotic fluid is further classified as follows: Mild: SDP =8 cm or AFI =24 cm, Moderate: SDP =12 cm or AFI =30.1 cm, Severe SDP 16 cm or AFI 35.1 cm. […] Treatment for Polyhydramnios includes management of the underlying condition (when possible), fetal surveillance, reducing fluid, and creating an effective care plan.

• #3 The Fetal Medicine Foundation

  https://fetalmedicine.org/education/fetal-abnormalities/amniotic-fluid/polyhydramnios

  Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome: laser occlusion of placental anastomoses. […] Fetal or placental tumors: laser occlusion of feeding vessels. […] Defects resulting in reduced fetal swallowing or severe idiopathic polyhydramnios: serial amniodrainages if there is cervical shortening. However, the procedure itself may precipitate premature labor. An alternative and effective method of treatment is maternal administration of indomethacin; however, this drug may cause fetal ductal constriction, and close monitoring by serial fetal echocardiographic studies is necessary. […] Delivery: […] Standard obstetric care and delivery in most cases. […] Fetal abnormalities: induction of labor at 38 weeks gestation in a hospital with neonatal intensive care and facilities for pediatric surgery.

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