Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Polyhydramnios – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios is a medical condition describing an excess of amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac. It is seen in about 1% of pregnancies. It is typically diagnosed when the amniotic fluid index (AFI) is greater than 24 cm. There are two clinical varieties of polyhydramnios: chronic polyhydramnios where excess amniotic fluid accumulates gradually, and acute polyhydramnios where excess amniotic fluid collects rapidly. […] In most cases, the exact cause cannot be identified. A single case may have one or more causes, including intrauterine infection (TORCH), rh-isoimmunisation, or chorioangioma of the placenta. In a multiple gestation pregnancy, the cause of polyhydramnios usually is twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. Maternal causes include cardiac problems, kidney problems, and maternal diabetes mellitus, which causes fetal hyperglycemia and resulting polyuria (fetal urine is a major source of amniotic fluid). […] There are several pathologic conditions that can predispose a pregnancy to polyhydramnios. These include a maternal history of diabetes mellitus, Rh incompatibility between the fetus and mother, intrauterine infection, and multiple pregnancies.

• #2 Polyhydramnios – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/polyhydramnios/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20368494

  Polyhydramnios is diagnosed if the MVP is 8 or greater, or the AFI is 24 or greater. […] Depending on the timing and how serious polyhydramnios is, your health care team may recommend other tests to try to determine the cause of the polyhydramnios: […] Blood tests. These can check for infectious diseases linked with polyhydramnios. […] Otherwise, treatment for an underlying cause such as diabetes may help clear up polyhydramnios. […] Polyhydramnios treatment may include: […] Drainage of extra amniotic fluid. Your health care team may use amniocentesis to drain the extra amniotic fluid from your uterus. […] If you have mild to moderate polyhydramnios, your care team probably will plan to have you deliver your baby at 39 or 40 weeks. If you have severe polyhydramnios, your team likely will talk about the right timing of delivery. […] Having polyhydramnios can be stressful.

• #3 Polyhydramnios (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios, or amniotic fluid disorder, is defined as an abnormally large volume of amniotic fluid that surrounds your baby. It is known to be associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and may raise suspicion of a problem with the pregnancy. Greater deviations from the norm are more strongly associated with abnormality. […] Conditions which affect any of these mechanisms may result in abnormal quantities of amniotic fluid; either polyhydramnios (too much) or oligohydramnios (too little). […] Polyhydramnios causes are numerous and include: Idiopathic (the most common; no cause identified – around 50% of cases). Congenital anomalies and genetic disorders. 8-24% of cases. Anomalies may be isolated or due to a genetic disorder. […] Maternal diabetes. 5-26% of cases. […] Polyhydramnios affects up to 1.6% of all pregnancies and this is generally similar across low- and middle-income countries. Rates are much higher however in pregnancies of women with diabetes (8.5%) or gestational diabetes.

• #4 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Polyhydramnios | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20339036

  Polyhydramnios (pol-e-hi-DRAM-nee-os) is the buildup of increased amniotic fluid the fluid that surrounds the baby in the uterus during pregnancy. Polyhydramnios happens in about 1% to 2% of pregnancies. […] Some of the known causes of polyhydramnios include: Conditions that affect the baby’s digestive tract, central nervous system or certain other organs. Genetic conditions that affect the baby. Diabetes in the pregnant person. A complication of identical twin pregnancies in which one twin receives too much blood and the other too little. This is called twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. A decreased amount of red blood cells in the baby, also called fetal anemia. A condition in which the pregnant parent’s blood cells attack the baby’s blood cells. Infection during pregnancy. […] Often, the cause of polyhydramnios isn’t clear, especially when the condition is mild.

• #5 Polyhydramnios – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562140/

  Polyhydramnios is a pathological condition characterized by an excess of amniotic fluid associated with increased rates of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. This condition develops when the mechanisms regulating amniotic fluid volume are disrupted, most commonly due to excess fetal urine production, impaired swallowing, or gastrointestinal obstruction. […] In 50% to 60% of affected patients, polyhydramnios is idiopathic. However, the idiopathic classification is one of exclusion and can only be made after ruling out other potential causes. Polyhydramnios may result from any pathology that impairs fetal swallowing, reduces fluid reabsorption from the gastrointestinal tract, or results in excessive urine production. One of the most common pathological causes of polyhydramnios is gestational diabetes, though chromosomal abnormalities are also relatively common. Less often, intrapartum transplacental infections lead to polyhydramnios.

• #6 Polyhydramnios and Oligohydramnios: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/975821-overview

  The underlying cause of the excessive amniotic fluid volume is obvious in some clinical conditions and is not completely understood in others. Causes include the following: […] In a study by Kollmann et al of 860 singleton pregnancies complicated by polyhydramnios, 68.8% of the polyhydramnios cases were idiopathic, whereas maternal diabetes was found in 19.8% of cases; congenital anomalies, in 8.5%; and a positive TORCH (toxoplasmosis, other [such as syphilis, varicella-zoster, parvovirus B19], rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes infection) serology, in 2.9%. […] Polyhydramnios occurs in 1% of pregnancies, whereas oligohydramnios occurs in about 11% of pregnancies. […] In pregnancies affected by polyhydramnios, approximately 20% of neonates are born with a congenital anomaly of some type; therefore, the delivery of these newborns in a tertiary care setting is preferred.

• #7 What Causes Polyhydramnios and the Birth Defects Associated with it? | Know Polyhydramnios

  https://polyhydramnios.org/learn-more-about-polyhydramnios/what-causes-polyhydramnios/

  Polyhydramnios is the condition that occurs when there is too much amniotic fluid surrounding a baby in utero. It has been associated with many conditions including brain and facial abnormalities, gastrointestinal obstructions, compressive pulmonary disorders, narrow thoracic cage disorders, neuromuscular impairments, maternal conditions, fetal anemia, blood incompatibilities, infections, fetal and placental tumors, fetal syndromes, and complications involving multiples. […] Even though researchers have been able to link many different things with Polyhydramnios, as many as 60% of cases of Polyhydramnios are considered idiopathic at the time of delivery, meaning either it happened spontaneously or that the cause is not yet known. Up to 1/3 of those idiopathic cases end up being diagnosed with a genetic anomaly before the baby’s first birthday.

• #8 High Amniotic Fluid During Pregnancy | American Pregnancy Association

  https://americanpregnancy.org/healthy-pregnancy/pregnancy-complications/polyhydramnios-high-amniotic-fluid/

  Polyhydramnios or commonly referred to as “Poly,” is a relatively rare condition that happens in about one percent of pregnancies. Polyhydramnios occurs when excess amniotic fluid accumulates in the uterus during pregnancy. […] In many cases, the cause is unknown. Mild polyhydramnios is probably just caused by the gradual buildup of amniotic fluid over the course of pregnancy. The following conditions could cause moderate to severe polyhydramnios: A birth defect or congenital disability – Sometimes polyhydramnios is a side effect of a birth defect that impairs the baby’s ability to swallow. […] Maternal diabetes – Elevated blood glucose levels can lead to an excessive buildup of amniotic fluid. […] Twin To Twin Transfusion Syndrome (TTTS) – If you are carrying identical twins, it’s possible that you could have a complication in which one twin is getting too much blood, and the other is getting too little.

• #9 The Fetal Medicine Foundation

  https://fetalmedicine.org/education/fetal-abnormalities/amniotic-fluid/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios […] Prevalence: 1 in 100 pregnancies. […] Ultrasound diagnosis: The vertical measurement of the deepest pocket of amniotic fluid free of fetal parts is used to classify polyhydramnios into mild (8-11 cm), moderate (12-15 cm) and severe (≥16 cm). In about 80% of cases the polyhydramnios is mild, in 15% moderate and in 5% severe. Most cases of mild polyhydramnios are idiopathic, but most cases with moderate or severe polyhydramnios are due to maternal or fetal disorders. In most cases, polyhydramnios develops late in the second or in the third trimester of pregnancy. Acute polyhydramnios at 16-22 weeks is mainly seen in association with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. […] Associated abnormalities: There are essentially two major causes of polyhydramnios: […] Reduced fetal swallowing: due to brain abnormalities (e.g anencephaly, Dandy-Walker malformation), facial tumors, gastrointestinal obstruction (e.g. esophageal or duodenal atresia, small bowel obstruction), compressive pulmonary disorders (e.g. pleural effusions, diaphragmatic hernia, CPAM, CHAOS), narrow thoracic cage due to skeletal dysplasias), and fetal akinesia deformation sequence (due to neuromuscular impairment of fetal swallowing). […] Increased fetal urination: maternal diabetes mellitus and maternal uremia (increased glucose and urea cause osmotic diuresis), hyperdynamic fetal circulation due to fetal anemia (e.g. red blood cell isoimmunization or congenital infection), fetal and placental tumors (e.g. sacrococcygeal teratoma, placental chorioangioma), or twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. […] Prognosis: This depends on the cause of polyhydramnios and the gestational age at delivery.

• #10 Polyhydramnios – Possible Causes and Next Steps – The ObG Project

  https://www.obgproject.com/2016/08/05/polyhydramnios-what-is-it/

  The term polyhydramnios, also known as hydramnios, refers to an excessive amount of amniotic fluid. The primary sources of amniotic fluid are fetal urine production, fetal lung fluid and fetal oral and nasal secretions. The main routes of amniotic fluid removal are fetal swallowing and absorption via the intramembranous pathway. […] Causes of polyhydramnios are many and account for varying percentages of cases: Idiopathic polyhydramnios (50-60%), Congenital anomalies and genetic disorders (8-45%), Maternal diabetes (5-26%), Multiple gestation (8-10%), Fetal anemia (1-11%). […] Increasing severity of polyhydramnios correlates with an increased risk of perinatal mortality and congenital abnormalities.

• #11 Polyhydramnios | Texas Children’s

  https://www.texaschildrens.org/content/conditions/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios is a condition in which there is too much amniotic fluid during pregnancy, the fluid that surrounds the developing fetus. Excess amniotic fluid can put both mother and baby at risk of complications. […] The condition may occur as a result of other maternal or fetal conditions, including fetal birth defects or genetic abnormalities. […] Excess fluid can result from too much fluid being produced, not enough fluid being excreted, or both. It can be caused by problems with the fetus, such as birth defects that affect the baby’s ability to swallow or process amniotic fluid, or by maternal health issues. […] Common causes include: Birth defects of the gastrointestinal (GI) system that block fluid passage, such as duodenal atresia and stenosis and esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula; Birth defects of the central nervous system (brain and spinal column), such as microcephaly or arthrogryposis, that cause problems swallowing; Birth defects affecting the fetal heart, lungs or kidneys, such as pleural effusion, congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), CPAM, or CHAOS – by increased pressure in the chest compressing the esophagus preventing swallowing; Maternal diabetes, which can cause the baby’s urine output to increase; Twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), a condition in which identical twins share one placenta and one twin receives too much blood and the other too little; Fetal anemia (lack of red blood cells) in cases where it results in heart failure and hydrops; Infection during pregnancy; Genetic conditions. […] In many cases, the cause is unknown.

• #12 Polyhydramnios | Texas Children’s

  https://www.texaschildrens.org/content/conditions/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios is a condition in which there is too much amniotic fluid during pregnancy, the fluid that surrounds the developing fetus. Excess amniotic fluid can put both mother and baby at risk of complications. […] The condition may occur as a result of other maternal or fetal conditions, including fetal birth defects or genetic abnormalities. […] Excess fluid can result from too much fluid being produced, not enough fluid being excreted, or both. It can be caused by problems with the fetus, such as birth defects that affect the baby’s ability to swallow or process amniotic fluid, or by maternal health issues. […] Common causes include: Birth defects of the gastrointestinal (GI) system that block fluid passage, such as duodenal atresia and stenosis and esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula; Birth defects of the central nervous system (brain and spinal column), such as microcephaly or arthrogryposis, that cause problems swallowing; Birth defects affecting the fetal heart, lungs or kidneys, such as pleural effusion, congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), CPAM, or CHAOS – by increased pressure in the chest compressing the esophagus preventing swallowing; Maternal diabetes, which can cause the baby’s urine output to increase; Twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), a condition in which identical twins share one placenta and one twin receives too much blood and the other too little; Fetal anemia (lack of red blood cells) in cases where it results in heart failure and hydrops; Infection during pregnancy; Genetic conditions. […] In many cases, the cause is unknown.

• #13 Polyhydramnios | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/planning-baby/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios happens when there is too much amniotic fluid around your baby during pregnancy. […] It can be caused by problems with the babys swallowing or heart rate, or preexisting diabetes. […] In about half of cases, we dont know what causes polyhydramnios. In other cases, we can identify a cause. Some known causes are: Birth defects, including gastrointestinal and lung disorders, brain and nervous system problems and those that affect the babys swallowing. A babys swallowing keeps the fluid at a steady level in the uterus. […] Preexisting diabetes Having too much sugar in your blood. […] Problems with the babys heart rate. […] Problems with the placenta. […] An infection in the baby. […] Not enough red blood cells in the baby (anemia).

• #14 Polyhydramnios | Texas Children’s

  https://www.texaschildrens.org/content/conditions/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios is a condition in which there is too much amniotic fluid during pregnancy, the fluid that surrounds the developing fetus. Excess amniotic fluid can put both mother and baby at risk of complications. […] The condition may occur as a result of other maternal or fetal conditions, including fetal birth defects or genetic abnormalities. […] Excess fluid can result from too much fluid being produced, not enough fluid being excreted, or both. It can be caused by problems with the fetus, such as birth defects that affect the baby’s ability to swallow or process amniotic fluid, or by maternal health issues. […] Common causes include: Birth defects of the gastrointestinal (GI) system that block fluid passage, such as duodenal atresia and stenosis and esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula; Birth defects of the central nervous system (brain and spinal column), such as microcephaly or arthrogryposis, that cause problems swallowing; Birth defects affecting the fetal heart, lungs or kidneys, such as pleural effusion, congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), CPAM, or CHAOS – by increased pressure in the chest compressing the esophagus preventing swallowing; Maternal diabetes, which can cause the baby’s urine output to increase; Twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), a condition in which identical twins share one placenta and one twin receives too much blood and the other too little; Fetal anemia (lack of red blood cells) in cases where it results in heart failure and hydrops; Infection during pregnancy; Genetic conditions. […] In many cases, the cause is unknown.

• #15 Polyhydramnios – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562140/

  Causes of impaired fetal swallowing include central nervous system lesions; neuromuscular dysfunction, such as myotonic dystrophy or arthrogryposis syndromes; craniofacial abnormalities, such as a cleft lip or palate; micrognathia; and obstructive neck masses. In addition, obstruction in the fetal gastrointestinal tract due to duodenal atresia, tracheoesophageal fistula, esophageal atresia, a thoracic mass, or a diaphragmatic hernia can significantly limit amniotic fluid absorption and lead to polyhydramnios. […] Excessive fetal urine production is most often associated with maternal diabetes. In addition, macrosomic fetuses tend to produce more urine, even in non-diabetic pregnant individuals. […] Twin-twin transfusion syndrome is a serious complication affecting 8% to 10% of monochorionic twin pregnancies. In twin-twin transfusion syndrome, vascular connections within the monochorionic placenta shunt blood from one fetus (the donor) to the other (the recipient). The result of this shunting can be severe volume depletion and oligohydramnios in the donor, whereas fluid overload, hydrops fetalis, and high-output cardiac failure in the recipient.

• #16 Polyhydramnios | Texas Children’s

  https://www.texaschildrens.org/content/conditions/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios is a condition in which there is too much amniotic fluid during pregnancy, the fluid that surrounds the developing fetus. Excess amniotic fluid can put both mother and baby at risk of complications. […] The condition may occur as a result of other maternal or fetal conditions, including fetal birth defects or genetic abnormalities. […] Excess fluid can result from too much fluid being produced, not enough fluid being excreted, or both. It can be caused by problems with the fetus, such as birth defects that affect the baby’s ability to swallow or process amniotic fluid, or by maternal health issues. […] Common causes include: Birth defects of the gastrointestinal (GI) system that block fluid passage, such as duodenal atresia and stenosis and esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula; Birth defects of the central nervous system (brain and spinal column), such as microcephaly or arthrogryposis, that cause problems swallowing; Birth defects affecting the fetal heart, lungs or kidneys, such as pleural effusion, congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), CPAM, or CHAOS – by increased pressure in the chest compressing the esophagus preventing swallowing; Maternal diabetes, which can cause the baby’s urine output to increase; Twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), a condition in which identical twins share one placenta and one twin receives too much blood and the other too little; Fetal anemia (lack of red blood cells) in cases where it results in heart failure and hydrops; Infection during pregnancy; Genetic conditions. […] In many cases, the cause is unknown.

• #17 Polyhydramnios – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562140/

  Causes of impaired fetal swallowing include central nervous system lesions; neuromuscular dysfunction, such as myotonic dystrophy or arthrogryposis syndromes; craniofacial abnormalities, such as a cleft lip or palate; micrognathia; and obstructive neck masses. In addition, obstruction in the fetal gastrointestinal tract due to duodenal atresia, tracheoesophageal fistula, esophageal atresia, a thoracic mass, or a diaphragmatic hernia can significantly limit amniotic fluid absorption and lead to polyhydramnios. […] Excessive fetal urine production is most often associated with maternal diabetes. In addition, macrosomic fetuses tend to produce more urine, even in non-diabetic pregnant individuals. […] Twin-twin transfusion syndrome is a serious complication affecting 8% to 10% of monochorionic twin pregnancies. In twin-twin transfusion syndrome, vascular connections within the monochorionic placenta shunt blood from one fetus (the donor) to the other (the recipient). The result of this shunting can be severe volume depletion and oligohydramnios in the donor, whereas fluid overload, hydrops fetalis, and high-output cardiac failure in the recipient.

• #18 When is too much amniotic fluid harmful during pregnancy? | Dayton Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrensdayton.org/when-too-much-amniotic-fluid-harmful-during-pregnancy

  Polyhydramnios is a medical condition in pregnant women where an excess of amniotic fluid occurs in the amniotic sac. […] However, in some pregnancies, the excess amniotic fluid can signal gestational diabetes, chromosomal anomalies or other medical conditions in the fetus. […] The fetus’ inability to swallow could be for several reasons such as an esophagus or neurological cause. […] The medical term for this small jaw is called micrognathia. […] Pierre Robin Sequence (PRS), Goldenhar syndrome (GS), Bilateral Hemifacial (B-HFM), Nager/Miller syndromes and Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) are just some of the craniofacial conditions known to cause micrognathia. […] Even if a condition is present, sometimes it cannot be determined in testing and the baby may not be diagnosed until after birth.

• #19 The Fetal Medicine Foundation

  https://fetalmedicine.org/education/fetal-abnormalities/amniotic-fluid/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios […] Prevalence: 1 in 100 pregnancies. […] Ultrasound diagnosis: The vertical measurement of the deepest pocket of amniotic fluid free of fetal parts is used to classify polyhydramnios into mild (8-11 cm), moderate (12-15 cm) and severe (≥16 cm). In about 80% of cases the polyhydramnios is mild, in 15% moderate and in 5% severe. Most cases of mild polyhydramnios are idiopathic, but most cases with moderate or severe polyhydramnios are due to maternal or fetal disorders. In most cases, polyhydramnios develops late in the second or in the third trimester of pregnancy. Acute polyhydramnios at 16-22 weeks is mainly seen in association with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. […] Associated abnormalities: There are essentially two major causes of polyhydramnios: […] Reduced fetal swallowing: due to brain abnormalities (e.g anencephaly, Dandy-Walker malformation), facial tumors, gastrointestinal obstruction (e.g. esophageal or duodenal atresia, small bowel obstruction), compressive pulmonary disorders (e.g. pleural effusions, diaphragmatic hernia, CPAM, CHAOS), narrow thoracic cage due to skeletal dysplasias), and fetal akinesia deformation sequence (due to neuromuscular impairment of fetal swallowing). […] Increased fetal urination: maternal diabetes mellitus and maternal uremia (increased glucose and urea cause osmotic diuresis), hyperdynamic fetal circulation due to fetal anemia (e.g. red blood cell isoimmunization or congenital infection), fetal and placental tumors (e.g. sacrococcygeal teratoma, placental chorioangioma), or twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. […] Prognosis: This depends on the cause of polyhydramnios and the gestational age at delivery.

• #20 Polyhydramnios and Oligohydramnios: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/975821-overview

  Studies show an increased risk of associated fetal anomalies in more severe forms of polyhydramnios. In a series, 20% of cases of polyhydramnios involved associated fetal anomalies, including problems of the gastrointestinal system (40%), central nervous system (26%), cardiovascular system (22%), or genitourinary system (13%).

• #21 Polyhydramnios – Possible Causes and Next Steps – The ObG Project

  https://www.obgproject.com/2016/08/05/polyhydramnios-what-is-it/

  The term polyhydramnios, also known as hydramnios, refers to an excessive amount of amniotic fluid. The primary sources of amniotic fluid are fetal urine production, fetal lung fluid and fetal oral and nasal secretions. The main routes of amniotic fluid removal are fetal swallowing and absorption via the intramembranous pathway. […] Causes of polyhydramnios are many and account for varying percentages of cases: Idiopathic polyhydramnios (50-60%), Congenital anomalies and genetic disorders (8-45%), Maternal diabetes (5-26%), Multiple gestation (8-10%), Fetal anemia (1-11%). […] Increasing severity of polyhydramnios correlates with an increased risk of perinatal mortality and congenital abnormalities.

• #22 Polyhydramnios (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios, or amniotic fluid disorder, is defined as an abnormally large volume of amniotic fluid that surrounds your baby. It is known to be associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and may raise suspicion of a problem with the pregnancy. Greater deviations from the norm are more strongly associated with abnormality. […] Conditions which affect any of these mechanisms may result in abnormal quantities of amniotic fluid; either polyhydramnios (too much) or oligohydramnios (too little). […] Polyhydramnios causes are numerous and include: Idiopathic (the most common; no cause identified – around 50% of cases). Congenital anomalies and genetic disorders. 8-24% of cases. Anomalies may be isolated or due to a genetic disorder. […] Maternal diabetes. 5-26% of cases. […] Polyhydramnios affects up to 1.6% of all pregnancies and this is generally similar across low- and middle-income countries. Rates are much higher however in pregnancies of women with diabetes (8.5%) or gestational diabetes.

• #23 Too much amniotic fluid (polyhydramnios)

  https://www.babycenter.com/pregnancy/health-and-safety/excessive-amniotic-fluid-polyhydramnios_1200199

  Polyhydramnios (also called hydramnios) means you have too much amniotic fluid. Most cases are mild and not dangerous, but in some cases polyhydramnios can put you at increased risk for complications. […] Experts don’t know what causes many cases of polyhydramnios, particularly mild ones. The most common causes of polyhydramnios are: […] Maternal diabetes You can end up with high fluid levels if you have diabetes and you’re having trouble managing it properly. That’s because you’re probably carrying a large baby as a result of your diabetes. Polyhydramnios is diagnosed in about 10 percent of pregnant diabetics, usually in the third trimester. […] Carrying twins or multiples You’re at risk for high fluid levels if you’re carrying twins or multiples because, again, they will produce more fluid than a single baby. Polyhydramnios is especially likely in the case of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome, in which one twin has too little amniotic fluid while the other has too much.

• #24 Polyhydramnios | Article | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/article/heading/vol-10–common-obstetric-conditions–polyhydramnios/id/409583

  Polyhydramnios can be caused by fetal anomalies in most organ systems. The most common structural anomalies associated with polyhydramnios are those that interfere with fetal swallowing and/or the absorption of amniotic fluid. […] Increased urine production may occur in high fetal cardiac output states (e.g. fetal anemia due to alloimmunization, parvovirus infection, fetomaternal hemorrhage, and hemolysis) or, rarely in syndromes such as fetal Bartter syndrome. […] The mechanism for polyhydramnios in pregnancies complicated by maternal diabetes is unclear, but theoretically may be owing to fetal osmotic diuresis secondary to fetal hyperglycemia. This contributes to mild degrees of polyhydramnios in most of the cases.

• #25

  https://www.today.com/parents/too-much-amniotic-fluid-pregnancy-polyhydramnios-causes-t221310

  Polyhydramnios is the presence of excess amniotic fluid the protective liquid that surrounds an unborn baby in the uterus during pregnancy. It occurs in roughly 1 to 2% of pregnancies, according to the Mayo Clinic. […] Polyhydramnios is often associated with gestational diabetes. […] When a mothers blood sugar is high, shell pee more and then the baby will pee more, Columbo said, noting that amniotic fluid after 20 weeks of pregnancy is mostly baby urine. […] If gestational diabetes is ruled out, your doctor will look for other causes such as chromosomal abnormalities and obstructions. […] Children who have an obstruction between the mouth and the stomach will have extra fluid because they cant drink and the fluid doesnt get absorbed, Colombo explained. […] Sometimes structural abnormalities can cause polyhydramnios. […] New antibodies in the blood and viral infections can cause the fluid to be high. […] Theres really a whole list of things that we look for.

• #26 Polyhydramnios: Causes, Symptoms, Complications & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17852-polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios means theres too much amniotic fluid in your uterus during pregnancy. […] Polyhydramnios is when you have too much amniotic fluid during pregnancy. […] For most people (especially people with mild cases), the cause of polyhydramnios is unknown. […] Moderate to severe polyhydramnios could be caused by the following: The fetus cant swallow amniotic fluid due to a congenital disorder. High blood glucose levels (caused by diabetes before or after becoming pregnant). Carrying identical twins with twin to twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). Differing Rh factor (youre Rh-negative and the fetus is Rh-positive). Complications with the fetal heart rate. The fetus has an infection. […] Too much amniotic fluid in your uterus puts pressure on your nearby organs and causes pregnancy complications.

• #27 Polyhydramnios – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562140/

  Causes of impaired fetal swallowing include central nervous system lesions; neuromuscular dysfunction, such as myotonic dystrophy or arthrogryposis syndromes; craniofacial abnormalities, such as a cleft lip or palate; micrognathia; and obstructive neck masses. In addition, obstruction in the fetal gastrointestinal tract due to duodenal atresia, tracheoesophageal fistula, esophageal atresia, a thoracic mass, or a diaphragmatic hernia can significantly limit amniotic fluid absorption and lead to polyhydramnios. […] Excessive fetal urine production is most often associated with maternal diabetes. In addition, macrosomic fetuses tend to produce more urine, even in non-diabetic pregnant individuals. […] Twin-twin transfusion syndrome is a serious complication affecting 8% to 10% of monochorionic twin pregnancies. In twin-twin transfusion syndrome, vascular connections within the monochorionic placenta shunt blood from one fetus (the donor) to the other (the recipient). The result of this shunting can be severe volume depletion and oligohydramnios in the donor, whereas fluid overload, hydrops fetalis, and high-output cardiac failure in the recipient.

• #28 Too much amniotic fluid (polyhydramnios): Signs, causes, and risks

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323232

  Polyhydramnios occurs when too much amniotic fluid surrounds the fetus in the womb. This excess fluid can slightly increase the risk of complications during pregnancy and delivery. […] Polyhydramnios, or hydramnios, refers to an excessive amount of amniotic fluid around the fetus in the uterus. […] Polyhydramnios can develop for several reasons, such as: multiple pregnancies, which are those with two or more fetuses in the womb; maternal diabetes, which doctors also refer to as gestational diabetes; the fetus having difficulty swallowing the amniotic fluid; the fetus producing an increased amount of urine; congenital malformations, such as a blockage of the fetus’s gastrointestinal or urinary tract, or an abnormal development of the brain and spinal cord; problems affecting the fetus’s genetic makeup, lungs, or nervous system; an infection in the fetus; anemia, or a lack of red blood cells, in the fetus.

• #29 Hydramnios and Polyhydramnios

  https://www.webmd.com/baby/what-is-hydramnios

  Polyhydramnios can have a number of different causes, some linked to the mothers health and others to the child. […] In a normal pregnancy, amniotic fluid is produced by the babys lungs and kidneys. As it grows, the baby swallows the fluid and urinates it along with waste products. Then, its removed from the amniotic sac by the placenta. In all cases of hydramnios, part of this process is disrupted. […] For example, your baby may be producing too much amniotic fluid, or there are problems processing and removing it. […] Possible causes include: Gestational diabetes. Infections during the pregnancy. This includes parvovirus. Certain digestive problems. These include birth defects in the gastrointestinal tract. Problems swallowing. These are possibly due to defects in the central nervous system or from chromosomal abnormalities. Heart failure. Bartter Syndrome. A genetic condition that affects fetal kidney development. Twin-Twin Syndrome. An uneven distribution of amniotic fluid between twins where one gets too much fluid. Hemolytic anemia. A condition that causes too much heart activity and leads to too much urine output. […] Between 60% and 70% of all cases dont have a detectable cause this is known as idiopathic polyhydramnios.

• #30 Polyhydramnios – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562140/

  Causes of impaired fetal swallowing include central nervous system lesions; neuromuscular dysfunction, such as myotonic dystrophy or arthrogryposis syndromes; craniofacial abnormalities, such as a cleft lip or palate; micrognathia; and obstructive neck masses. In addition, obstruction in the fetal gastrointestinal tract due to duodenal atresia, tracheoesophageal fistula, esophageal atresia, a thoracic mass, or a diaphragmatic hernia can significantly limit amniotic fluid absorption and lead to polyhydramnios. […] Excessive fetal urine production is most often associated with maternal diabetes. In addition, macrosomic fetuses tend to produce more urine, even in non-diabetic pregnant individuals. […] Twin-twin transfusion syndrome is a serious complication affecting 8% to 10% of monochorionic twin pregnancies. In twin-twin transfusion syndrome, vascular connections within the monochorionic placenta shunt blood from one fetus (the donor) to the other (the recipient). The result of this shunting can be severe volume depletion and oligohydramnios in the donor, whereas fluid overload, hydrops fetalis, and high-output cardiac failure in the recipient.

• #31 Polyhydramnios – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562140/

  Causes of impaired fetal swallowing include central nervous system lesions; neuromuscular dysfunction, such as myotonic dystrophy or arthrogryposis syndromes; craniofacial abnormalities, such as a cleft lip or palate; micrognathia; and obstructive neck masses. In addition, obstruction in the fetal gastrointestinal tract due to duodenal atresia, tracheoesophageal fistula, esophageal atresia, a thoracic mass, or a diaphragmatic hernia can significantly limit amniotic fluid absorption and lead to polyhydramnios. […] Excessive fetal urine production is most often associated with maternal diabetes. In addition, macrosomic fetuses tend to produce more urine, even in non-diabetic pregnant individuals. […] Twin-twin transfusion syndrome is a serious complication affecting 8% to 10% of monochorionic twin pregnancies. In twin-twin transfusion syndrome, vascular connections within the monochorionic placenta shunt blood from one fetus (the donor) to the other (the recipient). The result of this shunting can be severe volume depletion and oligohydramnios in the donor, whereas fluid overload, hydrops fetalis, and high-output cardiac failure in the recipient.

• #32 High Amniotic Fluid During Pregnancy | American Pregnancy Association

  https://americanpregnancy.org/healthy-pregnancy/pregnancy-complications/polyhydramnios-high-amniotic-fluid/

  Polyhydramnios or commonly referred to as “Poly,” is a relatively rare condition that happens in about one percent of pregnancies. Polyhydramnios occurs when excess amniotic fluid accumulates in the uterus during pregnancy. […] In many cases, the cause is unknown. Mild polyhydramnios is probably just caused by the gradual buildup of amniotic fluid over the course of pregnancy. The following conditions could cause moderate to severe polyhydramnios: A birth defect or congenital disability – Sometimes polyhydramnios is a side effect of a birth defect that impairs the baby’s ability to swallow. […] Maternal diabetes – Elevated blood glucose levels can lead to an excessive buildup of amniotic fluid. […] Twin To Twin Transfusion Syndrome (TTTS) – If you are carrying identical twins, it’s possible that you could have a complication in which one twin is getting too much blood, and the other is getting too little.

• #33 Hydramnios and Polyhydramnios

  https://www.webmd.com/baby/what-is-hydramnios

  Polyhydramnios can have a number of different causes, some linked to the mothers health and others to the child. […] In a normal pregnancy, amniotic fluid is produced by the babys lungs and kidneys. As it grows, the baby swallows the fluid and urinates it along with waste products. Then, its removed from the amniotic sac by the placenta. In all cases of hydramnios, part of this process is disrupted. […] For example, your baby may be producing too much amniotic fluid, or there are problems processing and removing it. […] Possible causes include: Gestational diabetes. Infections during the pregnancy. This includes parvovirus. Certain digestive problems. These include birth defects in the gastrointestinal tract. Problems swallowing. These are possibly due to defects in the central nervous system or from chromosomal abnormalities. Heart failure. Bartter Syndrome. A genetic condition that affects fetal kidney development. Twin-Twin Syndrome. An uneven distribution of amniotic fluid between twins where one gets too much fluid. Hemolytic anemia. A condition that causes too much heart activity and leads to too much urine output. […] Between 60% and 70% of all cases dont have a detectable cause this is known as idiopathic polyhydramnios.

• #34 Polyhydramnios | Texas Children’s

  https://www.texaschildrens.org/content/conditions/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios is a condition in which there is too much amniotic fluid during pregnancy, the fluid that surrounds the developing fetus. Excess amniotic fluid can put both mother and baby at risk of complications. […] The condition may occur as a result of other maternal or fetal conditions, including fetal birth defects or genetic abnormalities. […] Excess fluid can result from too much fluid being produced, not enough fluid being excreted, or both. It can be caused by problems with the fetus, such as birth defects that affect the baby’s ability to swallow or process amniotic fluid, or by maternal health issues. […] Common causes include: Birth defects of the gastrointestinal (GI) system that block fluid passage, such as duodenal atresia and stenosis and esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula; Birth defects of the central nervous system (brain and spinal column), such as microcephaly or arthrogryposis, that cause problems swallowing; Birth defects affecting the fetal heart, lungs or kidneys, such as pleural effusion, congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), CPAM, or CHAOS – by increased pressure in the chest compressing the esophagus preventing swallowing; Maternal diabetes, which can cause the baby’s urine output to increase; Twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), a condition in which identical twins share one placenta and one twin receives too much blood and the other too little; Fetal anemia (lack of red blood cells) in cases where it results in heart failure and hydrops; Infection during pregnancy; Genetic conditions. […] In many cases, the cause is unknown.

• #35 Polyhydramnios | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/planning-baby/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios happens when there is too much amniotic fluid around your baby during pregnancy. […] It can be caused by problems with the babys swallowing or heart rate, or preexisting diabetes. […] In about half of cases, we dont know what causes polyhydramnios. In other cases, we can identify a cause. Some known causes are: Birth defects, including gastrointestinal and lung disorders, brain and nervous system problems and those that affect the babys swallowing. A babys swallowing keeps the fluid at a steady level in the uterus. […] Preexisting diabetes Having too much sugar in your blood. […] Problems with the babys heart rate. […] Problems with the placenta. […] An infection in the baby. […] Not enough red blood cells in the baby (anemia).

• #36 High Amniotic Fluid During Pregnancy | American Pregnancy Association

  https://americanpregnancy.org/healthy-pregnancy/pregnancy-complications/polyhydramnios-high-amniotic-fluid/

  Mismatched blood types – When a mother has the Rh-negative blood type, and her baby has the Rh-positive blood type, there is a risk of the baby developing, Rh-factor or Rh disease, a type of anemia. […] A problem with the baby’s heart rate – This includes anything from fetal arrhythmia, a faintness of heartbeat due to a large amount of amniotic fluid or a congenital heart defect.

• #37 5 Causes Of High Amniotic Fluid (Polyhydramnios) In Pregnancy

  https://www.momjunction.com/articles/high-amniotic-fluid-polyhydramniosis-during-pregnancy_00496017/

  Some other conditions, such as viral infections, fetal anemia, and kidney or heart problems, can also be responsible for increased amniotic fluid levels in the uterus. […] Most commonly, however, there is no cause for higher amniotic fluid, termed, idiopathic. […] Polyhydramnios may also happen if the baby has an Rh-positive blood type and the mother has an Rh-negative blood type. The baby may develop Rh-factor or Rh-disease, a type of anemia. It may also lead to polyhydramnios.

• #38 Polyhydramnios: Signs, Causes, And Treatment

  https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/diseases/polyhydramnios/

  Maternal diabetes can lead to polyhydramnios due to increased fetal urine production from high blood sugar levels. Fetal anomalies such as gastrointestinal obstructions can cause polyhydramnios by impairing the fetus’ ability to swallow amniotic fluid. Multiple gestations, like twins or triplets, can result in polyhydramnios as there are more fetuses producing amniotic fluid. Fetal anemia, a condition where the fetus has decreased red blood cells, can trigger polyhydramnios as a compensatory mechanism. Infections such as parvovirus B19 or cytomegalovirus can cause polyhydramnios by affecting fetal swallowing and fluid.

• #39 Polyhydramnios | Article | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/article/heading/vol-10–common-obstetric-conditions–polyhydramnios/id/409583

  Polyhydramnios can be caused by fetal anomalies in most organ systems. The most common structural anomalies associated with polyhydramnios are those that interfere with fetal swallowing and/or the absorption of amniotic fluid. […] Increased urine production may occur in high fetal cardiac output states (e.g. fetal anemia due to alloimmunization, parvovirus infection, fetomaternal hemorrhage, and hemolysis) or, rarely in syndromes such as fetal Bartter syndrome. […] The mechanism for polyhydramnios in pregnancies complicated by maternal diabetes is unclear, but theoretically may be owing to fetal osmotic diuresis secondary to fetal hyperglycemia. This contributes to mild degrees of polyhydramnios in most of the cases.

• #40 Polyhydramnios | Article | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/article/heading/vol-10–common-obstetric-conditions–polyhydramnios/id/409583

  Polyhydramnios can be caused by fetal anomalies in most organ systems. The most common structural anomalies associated with polyhydramnios are those that interfere with fetal swallowing and/or the absorption of amniotic fluid. […] Increased urine production may occur in high fetal cardiac output states (e.g. fetal anemia due to alloimmunization, parvovirus infection, fetomaternal hemorrhage, and hemolysis) or, rarely in syndromes such as fetal Bartter syndrome. […] The mechanism for polyhydramnios in pregnancies complicated by maternal diabetes is unclear, but theoretically may be owing to fetal osmotic diuresis secondary to fetal hyperglycemia. This contributes to mild degrees of polyhydramnios in most of the cases.

• #41 Hydramnios and Polyhydramnios

  https://www.webmd.com/baby/what-is-hydramnios

  Polyhydramnios can have a number of different causes, some linked to the mothers health and others to the child. […] In a normal pregnancy, amniotic fluid is produced by the babys lungs and kidneys. As it grows, the baby swallows the fluid and urinates it along with waste products. Then, its removed from the amniotic sac by the placenta. In all cases of hydramnios, part of this process is disrupted. […] For example, your baby may be producing too much amniotic fluid, or there are problems processing and removing it. […] Possible causes include: Gestational diabetes. Infections during the pregnancy. This includes parvovirus. Certain digestive problems. These include birth defects in the gastrointestinal tract. Problems swallowing. These are possibly due to defects in the central nervous system or from chromosomal abnormalities. Heart failure. Bartter Syndrome. A genetic condition that affects fetal kidney development. Twin-Twin Syndrome. An uneven distribution of amniotic fluid between twins where one gets too much fluid. Hemolytic anemia. A condition that causes too much heart activity and leads to too much urine output. […] Between 60% and 70% of all cases dont have a detectable cause this is known as idiopathic polyhydramnios.

• #42 The Fetal Medicine Foundation

  https://fetalmedicine.org/education/fetal-abnormalities/amniotic-fluid/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios […] Prevalence: 1 in 100 pregnancies. […] Ultrasound diagnosis: The vertical measurement of the deepest pocket of amniotic fluid free of fetal parts is used to classify polyhydramnios into mild (8-11 cm), moderate (12-15 cm) and severe (≥16 cm). In about 80% of cases the polyhydramnios is mild, in 15% moderate and in 5% severe. Most cases of mild polyhydramnios are idiopathic, but most cases with moderate or severe polyhydramnios are due to maternal or fetal disorders. In most cases, polyhydramnios develops late in the second or in the third trimester of pregnancy. Acute polyhydramnios at 16-22 weeks is mainly seen in association with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. […] Associated abnormalities: There are essentially two major causes of polyhydramnios: […] Reduced fetal swallowing: due to brain abnormalities (e.g anencephaly, Dandy-Walker malformation), facial tumors, gastrointestinal obstruction (e.g. esophageal or duodenal atresia, small bowel obstruction), compressive pulmonary disorders (e.g. pleural effusions, diaphragmatic hernia, CPAM, CHAOS), narrow thoracic cage due to skeletal dysplasias), and fetal akinesia deformation sequence (due to neuromuscular impairment of fetal swallowing). […] Increased fetal urination: maternal diabetes mellitus and maternal uremia (increased glucose and urea cause osmotic diuresis), hyperdynamic fetal circulation due to fetal anemia (e.g. red blood cell isoimmunization or congenital infection), fetal and placental tumors (e.g. sacrococcygeal teratoma, placental chorioangioma), or twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. […] Prognosis: This depends on the cause of polyhydramnios and the gestational age at delivery.

• #43 Polyhydramnios: symptoms, causes and treament | MadeForMums

  https://www.madeformums.com/pregnancy/polyhydramnios-symptoms-causes-and-treament/

  Polyhydramnios, or hydramnios, is a condition affecting a very small percentage pregnancies where the womb holds excessive amniotic fluid. […] Polyhydramnios is most common in the third trimester of pregnancy and occurs when the amniotic fluid increases more quickly than usual, in acute cases very quickly and up to three times the usual volume. […] In many cases it’s difficult to say what causes polyhydramnios but there are a few circumstances that make the condition more likely: Multiple / twin pregnancies – you’re more likely to have abnormal amniotic fluid levels if you’re carrying twins or other multiples. The cause of this is often twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome, where one twin has too little amniotic fluid and the other has too much. Maternal diabetes – greatly increases the likelihood of polyhydramnios. Around one in ten pregnant women with diabetes will develop some degree of excess amniotic fluid. Infection – certain infections such as rubella, toxoplasmosis and syphilis may lead to polyhydramnios. These can be checked for with blood tests. Fetal abnormalities – in about a fifth of cases, excess amniotic fluid may build up when the baby has difficulties swallowing or digesting the amniotic fluid, preventing the fluid from being recycled. This could be caused by an obstruction in the baby’s throat (such as cleft lip or palate) or gastrointestinal tract, or by a neurological problem. Polyhydramnios is also associated with problems with the baby’s heart, kidneys and with chromosomal abnormalities. But, while there is an association between polyhydramnios and fetal abnormalities, do keep in mind that most women diagnosed with the condition deliver healthy babies.

• #44 Polyhydramnios and Oligohydramnios: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/975821-overview

  The underlying cause of the excessive amniotic fluid volume is obvious in some clinical conditions and is not completely understood in others. Causes include the following: […] In a study by Kollmann et al of 860 singleton pregnancies complicated by polyhydramnios, 68.8% of the polyhydramnios cases were idiopathic, whereas maternal diabetes was found in 19.8% of cases; congenital anomalies, in 8.5%; and a positive TORCH (toxoplasmosis, other [such as syphilis, varicella-zoster, parvovirus B19], rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes infection) serology, in 2.9%. […] Polyhydramnios occurs in 1% of pregnancies, whereas oligohydramnios occurs in about 11% of pregnancies. […] In pregnancies affected by polyhydramnios, approximately 20% of neonates are born with a congenital anomaly of some type; therefore, the delivery of these newborns in a tertiary care setting is preferred.

• #45 Hydramnios and Polyhydramnios

  https://www.webmd.com/baby/what-is-hydramnios

  Polyhydramnios can have a number of different causes, some linked to the mothers health and others to the child. […] In a normal pregnancy, amniotic fluid is produced by the babys lungs and kidneys. As it grows, the baby swallows the fluid and urinates it along with waste products. Then, its removed from the amniotic sac by the placenta. In all cases of hydramnios, part of this process is disrupted. […] For example, your baby may be producing too much amniotic fluid, or there are problems processing and removing it. […] Possible causes include: Gestational diabetes. Infections during the pregnancy. This includes parvovirus. Certain digestive problems. These include birth defects in the gastrointestinal tract. Problems swallowing. These are possibly due to defects in the central nervous system or from chromosomal abnormalities. Heart failure. Bartter Syndrome. A genetic condition that affects fetal kidney development. Twin-Twin Syndrome. An uneven distribution of amniotic fluid between twins where one gets too much fluid. Hemolytic anemia. A condition that causes too much heart activity and leads to too much urine output. […] Between 60% and 70% of all cases dont have a detectable cause this is known as idiopathic polyhydramnios.

• #46 Polyhydramnios: Signs, Causes, And Treatment

  https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/diseases/polyhydramnios/

  Maternal diabetes can lead to polyhydramnios due to increased fetal urine production from high blood sugar levels. Fetal anomalies such as gastrointestinal obstructions can cause polyhydramnios by impairing the fetus’ ability to swallow amniotic fluid. Multiple gestations, like twins or triplets, can result in polyhydramnios as there are more fetuses producing amniotic fluid. Fetal anemia, a condition where the fetus has decreased red blood cells, can trigger polyhydramnios as a compensatory mechanism. Infections such as parvovirus B19 or cytomegalovirus can cause polyhydramnios by affecting fetal swallowing and fluid.

• #47 Too much amniotic fluid (polyhydramnios)

  https://www.babycenter.com/pregnancy/health-and-safety/excessive-amniotic-fluid-polyhydramnios_1200199

  Other, much less common causes of polyhydramnios include: […] Genetic abnormalities Babies with very high fluid levels are more likely to have a genetic abnormality such as Down syndrome. […] Fetal abnormalities In rare cases, a baby will have a medical problem or birth defect that causes him to stop swallowing fluid while his kidneys continue to produce more. This may include any condition that makes it hard for him to swallow, such as pyloric stenosis, a cleft lip or palate, or some kind of blockage in the gastrointestinal tract. Certain neurological problems, such as with a neural tube defect or hydrocephaly, can keep the baby from swallowing as well. […] Fetal anemia In even rarer cases, polyhydramnios can be a sign that the baby has severe anemia caused by an Rh blood incompatibility or an infection such as fifth disease. In both cases, the problem can be treated with a blood transfusion in utero. A baby with fifth disease may recover without treatment. […] Infection during pregnancy. Some maternal infections, such as toxoplasmosis and syphilis, can lead to polyhydramnios.

• #48 Polyhydramnios: symptoms, causes and treament | MadeForMums

  https://www.madeformums.com/pregnancy/polyhydramnios-symptoms-causes-and-treament/

  Polyhydramnios, or hydramnios, is a condition affecting a very small percentage pregnancies where the womb holds excessive amniotic fluid. […] Polyhydramnios is most common in the third trimester of pregnancy and occurs when the amniotic fluid increases more quickly than usual, in acute cases very quickly and up to three times the usual volume. […] In many cases it’s difficult to say what causes polyhydramnios but there are a few circumstances that make the condition more likely: Multiple / twin pregnancies – you’re more likely to have abnormal amniotic fluid levels if you’re carrying twins or other multiples. The cause of this is often twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome, where one twin has too little amniotic fluid and the other has too much. Maternal diabetes – greatly increases the likelihood of polyhydramnios. Around one in ten pregnant women with diabetes will develop some degree of excess amniotic fluid. Infection – certain infections such as rubella, toxoplasmosis and syphilis may lead to polyhydramnios. These can be checked for with blood tests. Fetal abnormalities – in about a fifth of cases, excess amniotic fluid may build up when the baby has difficulties swallowing or digesting the amniotic fluid, preventing the fluid from being recycled. This could be caused by an obstruction in the baby’s throat (such as cleft lip or palate) or gastrointestinal tract, or by a neurological problem. Polyhydramnios is also associated with problems with the baby’s heart, kidneys and with chromosomal abnormalities. But, while there is an association between polyhydramnios and fetal abnormalities, do keep in mind that most women diagnosed with the condition deliver healthy babies.

• #49 Polyhydramnios: Signs, Causes, And Treatment

  https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/diseases/polyhydramnios/

  Maternal diabetes can lead to polyhydramnios due to increased fetal urine production from high blood sugar levels. Fetal anomalies such as gastrointestinal obstructions can cause polyhydramnios by impairing the fetus’ ability to swallow amniotic fluid. Multiple gestations, like twins or triplets, can result in polyhydramnios as there are more fetuses producing amniotic fluid. Fetal anemia, a condition where the fetus has decreased red blood cells, can trigger polyhydramnios as a compensatory mechanism. Infections such as parvovirus B19 or cytomegalovirus can cause polyhydramnios by affecting fetal swallowing and fluid.

• #50 Too much amniotic fluid (polyhydramnios)

  https://www.babycenter.com/pregnancy/health-and-safety/excessive-amniotic-fluid-polyhydramnios_1200199

  Other, much less common causes of polyhydramnios include: […] Genetic abnormalities Babies with very high fluid levels are more likely to have a genetic abnormality such as Down syndrome. […] Fetal abnormalities In rare cases, a baby will have a medical problem or birth defect that causes him to stop swallowing fluid while his kidneys continue to produce more. This may include any condition that makes it hard for him to swallow, such as pyloric stenosis, a cleft lip or palate, or some kind of blockage in the gastrointestinal tract. Certain neurological problems, such as with a neural tube defect or hydrocephaly, can keep the baby from swallowing as well. […] Fetal anemia In even rarer cases, polyhydramnios can be a sign that the baby has severe anemia caused by an Rh blood incompatibility or an infection such as fifth disease. In both cases, the problem can be treated with a blood transfusion in utero. A baby with fifth disease may recover without treatment. […] Infection during pregnancy. Some maternal infections, such as toxoplasmosis and syphilis, can lead to polyhydramnios.

• #51 Polyhydramnios

  https://www.babycentre.co.uk/a551936/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios can be a sign that your baby has a chromosomal or genetic condition, such as Down’s syndrome, Edwards’ syndrome, or spina bifida (Beloosesky and Ross 2018, Carter 2017, Harding 2015, SMFM et al 2018). […] A very rare condition called hydrops fetalis can cause your baby to have fluid build-up in his lungs and abdomen, and this in turn can lead to too much amniotic fluid developing around him (Harding 2015). […] Another very rare cause is a mismatch between your rhesus status, and your baby’s rhesus status (Beloosesky and Ross 2018). […] If a GTT shows your blood sugar levels are high, and you’re not already being treated for diabetes, you may be referred to a diabetes specialist (SIGN 2010). […] If your polyhydramnios has a specific cause, you’ll be offered additional care.

• #52 Polyhydramnios (too much amniotic fluid): causes, risks and treatment

  https://www.babycenter.in/pregnancy/pregnancy-health/polyhydramnios-too-much-amniotic-fluid-causes-risks-and-trea_551936

  Polyhydramnios is a pregnancy condition when you have too much amniotic fluid in your womb. […] It’s often difficult to pinpoint the cause of polyhydramnios, particularly if it is mild. In many cases, the trigger can’t be found. The extra fluid could be due to a health issue with you, or your baby, or it may be related to the placenta. Some of the possible causes of polyhydramnios include: Maternal diabetes. You’re more prone to polyhydramnios if you have pre-existing diabetes or gestational diabetes and have trouble managing it properly. […] You’re at risk for high fluid levels if you’re carrying twins or multiples because, again, they will produce more fluid than a single baby. […] Polyhydramnios can be a sign that your baby has a chromosomal or genetic condition, such as Down’s syndrome, Edwards’ syndrome, or spina bifida.

• #53 Polyhydramnios

  https://www.babycentre.co.uk/a551936/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios can be a sign that your baby has a chromosomal or genetic condition, such as Down’s syndrome, Edwards’ syndrome, or spina bifida (Beloosesky and Ross 2018, Carter 2017, Harding 2015, SMFM et al 2018). […] A very rare condition called hydrops fetalis can cause your baby to have fluid build-up in his lungs and abdomen, and this in turn can lead to too much amniotic fluid developing around him (Harding 2015). […] Another very rare cause is a mismatch between your rhesus status, and your baby’s rhesus status (Beloosesky and Ross 2018). […] If a GTT shows your blood sugar levels are high, and you’re not already being treated for diabetes, you may be referred to a diabetes specialist (SIGN 2010). […] If your polyhydramnios has a specific cause, you’ll be offered additional care.

• #54 Polyhydramnios (too much amniotic fluid): causes, risks and treatment

  https://www.babycenter.in/pregnancy/pregnancy-health/polyhydramnios-too-much-amniotic-fluid-causes-risks-and-trea_551936

  Polyhydramnios is a pregnancy condition when you have too much amniotic fluid in your womb. […] It’s often difficult to pinpoint the cause of polyhydramnios, particularly if it is mild. In many cases, the trigger can’t be found. The extra fluid could be due to a health issue with you, or your baby, or it may be related to the placenta. Some of the possible causes of polyhydramnios include: Maternal diabetes. You’re more prone to polyhydramnios if you have pre-existing diabetes or gestational diabetes and have trouble managing it properly. […] You’re at risk for high fluid levels if you’re carrying twins or multiples because, again, they will produce more fluid than a single baby. […] Polyhydramnios can be a sign that your baby has a chromosomal or genetic condition, such as Down’s syndrome, Edwards’ syndrome, or spina bifida.

• #55 Polyhydramnios Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/symptoms/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios occurs when too much amniotic fluid builds up during pregnancy. It can occur if the baby does not swallow and absorb amniotic fluid in normal amounts. This can happen if the baby has certain health problems, including gastrointestinal disorders, brain and nervous system problems, achondroplasia, and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. […] It can also happen if the mother has poorly controlled diabetes. Polyhydramnios also may occur if too much fluid is produced. This may be due to certain lung disorders in the baby, multiple pregnancy, or hydrops fetalis in the baby. […] Sometimes, no specific cause is found.

• #56 Polyhydramnios Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/symptoms/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios occurs when too much amniotic fluid builds up during pregnancy. It can occur if the baby does not swallow and absorb amniotic fluid in normal amounts. This can happen if the baby has certain health problems, including gastrointestinal disorders, brain and nervous system problems, achondroplasia, and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. […] It can also happen if the mother has poorly controlled diabetes. Polyhydramnios also may occur if too much fluid is produced. This may be due to certain lung disorders in the baby, multiple pregnancy, or hydrops fetalis in the baby. […] Sometimes, no specific cause is found.

• #57 Hydramnios and Polyhydramnios

  https://www.webmd.com/baby/what-is-hydramnios

  Polyhydramnios can have a number of different causes, some linked to the mothers health and others to the child. […] In a normal pregnancy, amniotic fluid is produced by the babys lungs and kidneys. As it grows, the baby swallows the fluid and urinates it along with waste products. Then, its removed from the amniotic sac by the placenta. In all cases of hydramnios, part of this process is disrupted. […] For example, your baby may be producing too much amniotic fluid, or there are problems processing and removing it. […] Possible causes include: Gestational diabetes. Infections during the pregnancy. This includes parvovirus. Certain digestive problems. These include birth defects in the gastrointestinal tract. Problems swallowing. These are possibly due to defects in the central nervous system or from chromosomal abnormalities. Heart failure. Bartter Syndrome. A genetic condition that affects fetal kidney development. Twin-Twin Syndrome. An uneven distribution of amniotic fluid between twins where one gets too much fluid. Hemolytic anemia. A condition that causes too much heart activity and leads to too much urine output. […] Between 60% and 70% of all cases dont have a detectable cause this is known as idiopathic polyhydramnios.

• #58 Too much amniotic fluid (polyhydramnios)

  https://www.babycenter.com/pregnancy/health-and-safety/excessive-amniotic-fluid-polyhydramnios_1200199

  Other, much less common causes of polyhydramnios include: […] Genetic abnormalities Babies with very high fluid levels are more likely to have a genetic abnormality such as Down syndrome. […] Fetal abnormalities In rare cases, a baby will have a medical problem or birth defect that causes him to stop swallowing fluid while his kidneys continue to produce more. This may include any condition that makes it hard for him to swallow, such as pyloric stenosis, a cleft lip or palate, or some kind of blockage in the gastrointestinal tract. Certain neurological problems, such as with a neural tube defect or hydrocephaly, can keep the baby from swallowing as well. […] Fetal anemia In even rarer cases, polyhydramnios can be a sign that the baby has severe anemia caused by an Rh blood incompatibility or an infection such as fifth disease. In both cases, the problem can be treated with a blood transfusion in utero. A baby with fifth disease may recover without treatment. […] Infection during pregnancy. Some maternal infections, such as toxoplasmosis and syphilis, can lead to polyhydramnios.

• #59 The Fetal Medicine Foundation

  https://fetalmedicine.org/education/fetal-abnormalities/amniotic-fluid/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios […] Prevalence: 1 in 100 pregnancies. […] Ultrasound diagnosis: The vertical measurement of the deepest pocket of amniotic fluid free of fetal parts is used to classify polyhydramnios into mild (8-11 cm), moderate (12-15 cm) and severe (≥16 cm). In about 80% of cases the polyhydramnios is mild, in 15% moderate and in 5% severe. Most cases of mild polyhydramnios are idiopathic, but most cases with moderate or severe polyhydramnios are due to maternal or fetal disorders. In most cases, polyhydramnios develops late in the second or in the third trimester of pregnancy. Acute polyhydramnios at 16-22 weeks is mainly seen in association with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. […] Associated abnormalities: There are essentially two major causes of polyhydramnios: […] Reduced fetal swallowing: due to brain abnormalities (e.g anencephaly, Dandy-Walker malformation), facial tumors, gastrointestinal obstruction (e.g. esophageal or duodenal atresia, small bowel obstruction), compressive pulmonary disorders (e.g. pleural effusions, diaphragmatic hernia, CPAM, CHAOS), narrow thoracic cage due to skeletal dysplasias), and fetal akinesia deformation sequence (due to neuromuscular impairment of fetal swallowing). […] Increased fetal urination: maternal diabetes mellitus and maternal uremia (increased glucose and urea cause osmotic diuresis), hyperdynamic fetal circulation due to fetal anemia (e.g. red blood cell isoimmunization or congenital infection), fetal and placental tumors (e.g. sacrococcygeal teratoma, placental chorioangioma), or twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. […] Prognosis: This depends on the cause of polyhydramnios and the gestational age at delivery.

• #60 The Fetal Medicine Foundation

  https://fetalmedicine.org/education/fetal-abnormalities/amniotic-fluid/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios […] Prevalence: 1 in 100 pregnancies. […] Ultrasound diagnosis: The vertical measurement of the deepest pocket of amniotic fluid free of fetal parts is used to classify polyhydramnios into mild (8-11 cm), moderate (12-15 cm) and severe (≥16 cm). In about 80% of cases the polyhydramnios is mild, in 15% moderate and in 5% severe. Most cases of mild polyhydramnios are idiopathic, but most cases with moderate or severe polyhydramnios are due to maternal or fetal disorders. In most cases, polyhydramnios develops late in the second or in the third trimester of pregnancy. Acute polyhydramnios at 16-22 weeks is mainly seen in association with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. […] Associated abnormalities: There are essentially two major causes of polyhydramnios: […] Reduced fetal swallowing: due to brain abnormalities (e.g anencephaly, Dandy-Walker malformation), facial tumors, gastrointestinal obstruction (e.g. esophageal or duodenal atresia, small bowel obstruction), compressive pulmonary disorders (e.g. pleural effusions, diaphragmatic hernia, CPAM, CHAOS), narrow thoracic cage due to skeletal dysplasias), and fetal akinesia deformation sequence (due to neuromuscular impairment of fetal swallowing). […] Increased fetal urination: maternal diabetes mellitus and maternal uremia (increased glucose and urea cause osmotic diuresis), hyperdynamic fetal circulation due to fetal anemia (e.g. red blood cell isoimmunization or congenital infection), fetal and placental tumors (e.g. sacrococcygeal teratoma, placental chorioangioma), or twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. […] Prognosis: This depends on the cause of polyhydramnios and the gestational age at delivery.

• #61 What Causes Polyhydramnios and the Birth Defects Associated with it? | Know Polyhydramnios

  https://polyhydramnios.org/learn-more-about-polyhydramnios/what-causes-polyhydramnios/

  Pregnancy in a uremic mother undergoing dialysis is associated with a higher risk of spontaneous abortion, hypertension, preeclampsia, polyhydramnios, preterm labor, and premature birth. […] Placental chorioangiomas can often be detected by an alpha-fetoprotein blood test or by ultrasound. […] Larger ones have been associated with Polyhydramnios, fetal hydrops, fetal anemia, thrombocytopenia, IUGR, and IUFD. […] Twin to Twin Transfusion Syndrome (TTTS) is a rare complication affecting monochorionic identical twins or other higher-order multiples who share the same placenta and the network of blood vessels needed for development inside the womb. […] In TTTS, the network of blood vessels is unevenly distributed resulting in not enough blood supply in one baby and too much in the other, which can cause low urine output, oligohydramnios, IUGR, and fetal death in the donor twin and excessive urine output, polyhydramnios, and heart failure in the recipient twin.

• #62 Polyhydramnios – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562140/

  Causes of impaired fetal swallowing include central nervous system lesions; neuromuscular dysfunction, such as myotonic dystrophy or arthrogryposis syndromes; craniofacial abnormalities, such as a cleft lip or palate; micrognathia; and obstructive neck masses. In addition, obstruction in the fetal gastrointestinal tract due to duodenal atresia, tracheoesophageal fistula, esophageal atresia, a thoracic mass, or a diaphragmatic hernia can significantly limit amniotic fluid absorption and lead to polyhydramnios. […] Excessive fetal urine production is most often associated with maternal diabetes. In addition, macrosomic fetuses tend to produce more urine, even in non-diabetic pregnant individuals. […] Twin-twin transfusion syndrome is a serious complication affecting 8% to 10% of monochorionic twin pregnancies. In twin-twin transfusion syndrome, vascular connections within the monochorionic placenta shunt blood from one fetus (the donor) to the other (the recipient). The result of this shunting can be severe volume depletion and oligohydramnios in the donor, whereas fluid overload, hydrops fetalis, and high-output cardiac failure in the recipient.

• #63 The Fetal Medicine Foundation

  https://fetalmedicine.org/education/fetal-abnormalities/amniotic-fluid/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios […] Prevalence: 1 in 100 pregnancies. […] Ultrasound diagnosis: The vertical measurement of the deepest pocket of amniotic fluid free of fetal parts is used to classify polyhydramnios into mild (8-11 cm), moderate (12-15 cm) and severe (≥16 cm). In about 80% of cases the polyhydramnios is mild, in 15% moderate and in 5% severe. Most cases of mild polyhydramnios are idiopathic, but most cases with moderate or severe polyhydramnios are due to maternal or fetal disorders. In most cases, polyhydramnios develops late in the second or in the third trimester of pregnancy. Acute polyhydramnios at 16-22 weeks is mainly seen in association with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. […] Associated abnormalities: There are essentially two major causes of polyhydramnios: […] Reduced fetal swallowing: due to brain abnormalities (e.g anencephaly, Dandy-Walker malformation), facial tumors, gastrointestinal obstruction (e.g. esophageal or duodenal atresia, small bowel obstruction), compressive pulmonary disorders (e.g. pleural effusions, diaphragmatic hernia, CPAM, CHAOS), narrow thoracic cage due to skeletal dysplasias), and fetal akinesia deformation sequence (due to neuromuscular impairment of fetal swallowing). […] Increased fetal urination: maternal diabetes mellitus and maternal uremia (increased glucose and urea cause osmotic diuresis), hyperdynamic fetal circulation due to fetal anemia (e.g. red blood cell isoimmunization or congenital infection), fetal and placental tumors (e.g. sacrococcygeal teratoma, placental chorioangioma), or twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. […] Prognosis: This depends on the cause of polyhydramnios and the gestational age at delivery.

• #64 What Causes Polyhydramnios and the Birth Defects Associated with it? | Know Polyhydramnios

  https://polyhydramnios.org/learn-more-about-polyhydramnios/what-causes-polyhydramnios/

  The most common known cause of Polyhydramnios is genetic anomaly, followed by infection, blood incompatibility, fetal anemia, complications of multiples, and gestational diabetes. […] The majority of cases of Polyhydramnios are considered idiopathic. […] Maternal diabetes is a condition in which insulin in the body is not able to break down sugar and carbohydrates into energy, resulting in high blood sugar levels. […] Maternal Hashimoto’s Disease is an autoimmune disorder that damages the thyroid and is the most common cause of hypothyroidism. […] Untreated hypothyroidism during early pregnancy has been linked to birth defects that can cause Polyhydramnios, including problems with the heart, kidneys, and central nervous system. […] Maternal Uremia is a dangerous condition in which the kidneys are no longer able to function properly causing a dangerous build-up of toxins in the blood.

• #65 What Causes Polyhydramnios and the Birth Defects Associated with it? | Know Polyhydramnios

  https://polyhydramnios.org/learn-more-about-polyhydramnios/what-causes-polyhydramnios/

  The most common known cause of Polyhydramnios is genetic anomaly, followed by infection, blood incompatibility, fetal anemia, complications of multiples, and gestational diabetes. […] The majority of cases of Polyhydramnios are considered idiopathic. […] Maternal diabetes is a condition in which insulin in the body is not able to break down sugar and carbohydrates into energy, resulting in high blood sugar levels. […] Maternal Hashimoto’s Disease is an autoimmune disorder that damages the thyroid and is the most common cause of hypothyroidism. […] Untreated hypothyroidism during early pregnancy has been linked to birth defects that can cause Polyhydramnios, including problems with the heart, kidneys, and central nervous system. […] Maternal Uremia is a dangerous condition in which the kidneys are no longer able to function properly causing a dangerous build-up of toxins in the blood.

• #66 High Amniotic Fluid During Pregnancy | American Pregnancy Association

  https://americanpregnancy.org/healthy-pregnancy/pregnancy-complications/polyhydramnios-high-amniotic-fluid/

  Mismatched blood types – When a mother has the Rh-negative blood type, and her baby has the Rh-positive blood type, there is a risk of the baby developing, Rh-factor or Rh disease, a type of anemia. […] A problem with the baby’s heart rate – This includes anything from fetal arrhythmia, a faintness of heartbeat due to a large amount of amniotic fluid or a congenital heart defect.

• #67 Polyhydramnios

  https://www.babycentre.co.uk/a551936/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios can be a sign that your baby has a chromosomal or genetic condition, such as Down’s syndrome, Edwards’ syndrome, or spina bifida (Beloosesky and Ross 2018, Carter 2017, Harding 2015, SMFM et al 2018). […] A very rare condition called hydrops fetalis can cause your baby to have fluid build-up in his lungs and abdomen, and this in turn can lead to too much amniotic fluid developing around him (Harding 2015). […] Another very rare cause is a mismatch between your rhesus status, and your baby’s rhesus status (Beloosesky and Ross 2018). […] If a GTT shows your blood sugar levels are high, and you’re not already being treated for diabetes, you may be referred to a diabetes specialist (SIGN 2010). […] If your polyhydramnios has a specific cause, you’ll be offered additional care.

• #68 Polyhydramnios – Causes – Management – Prognosis – TeachMeObGyn

  https://teachmeobgyn.com/pregnancy/fetal-abnormality/polyhydramnios/

  Polyhydramnios is idiopathic in 50-60% of cases. Where an underlying abnormality can be identified, the most common causes include: […] Any condition that prevents the fetus from swallowing e.g. oesophageal atresia, CNS abnormalities, muscular dystrophies, congenital diaphragmatic hernia obstructing the oesophagus […] Maternal diabetes especially if poorly controlled […] Maternal ingestion of lithium leads to fetal diabetes insipidus […] Macrosomia larger babies produce more urine.

• #69 Polyhydramnios – Causes – Management – Prognosis – TeachMeObGyn

  https://teachmeobgyn.com/pregnancy/fetal-abnormality/polyhydramnios/

  Polyhydramnios is idiopathic in 50-60% of cases. Where an underlying abnormality can be identified, the most common causes include: […] Any condition that prevents the fetus from swallowing e.g. oesophageal atresia, CNS abnormalities, muscular dystrophies, congenital diaphragmatic hernia obstructing the oesophagus […] Maternal diabetes especially if poorly controlled […] Maternal ingestion of lithium leads to fetal diabetes insipidus […] Macrosomia larger babies produce more urine.

• #70 Polyhydramnios: Signs, Causes, And Treatment

  https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/diseases/polyhydramnios/

  Polyhydramnios is when there is an excessive amount of amniotic fluid in the womb during pregnancy. This condition can sometimes occur without a known cause, but it is often linked to certain factors. One possible cause is when the fetus is unable to swallow amniotic fluid properly, leading to an accumulation of fluid. Another factor could be issues with the mother’s health, such as gestational diabetes or certain infections. […] The primary factors include maternal diabetes, fetal anomalies affecting the gastrointestinal or central nervous system, multiple gestations, and genetic conditions like Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Maternal health issues such as gestational hypertension and certain infections may also contribute to the development of polyhydramnios. Understanding these underlying causes is crucial for the effective management and treatment of this condition to ensure the well-being of both the mother and the baby.

• #71 Polyhydramnios in Pregnancy – Miracle Babies

  https://www.miraclebabies.org.au/Polyhydramnios-in-Pregnancy

  Polyhydramnios develops as a consequence of disturbed equilibrium between production, fetal resorption, and secretion of amniotic fluid. […] Maternal disorders, such as diabetes, in utero infections, drug usage, placental abnormalities, and fetal conditions like congenital and chromosomal abnormalities, Rh iso-immunization, and multiple gestations, are generally associated with half of the cases with polyhydramnios. […] However, in about half of the cases, no clear cause is found, and it is referred to as idiopathic polyhydramnios. […] Some of the Known Causes of Polyhydramnios Include: Maternal Diabetes, Twin-twin transfusion a possible complication of identical twin pregnancies in which one twin receives too much blood and the other too little, A lack of red blood cells in the baby (fetal anaemia), Blood incompatibilities between mother and baby, Infection during pregnancy, Often, however, the cause of polyhydramnios isn’t clear.

• #72 What Is Polyhydramnios?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/pregnancy-and-trying-to-conceive/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios is an abnormal accumulation of amniotic fluid in pregnancy. […] The generation and resorption of amniotic fluid are in a dynamic equilibrium under physiological conditions. […] A disturbed balance can cause polyhydramnios that can be brought on by impaired swallowing ability or excessive urination. […] Some of the recognized causes of polyhydramnios are as follows: A birth abnormality that impacts the baby’s central nervous system or gastrointestinal tract. […] Diabetes in mothers (increased blood glucose level). […] Twin-twin transfusion, a potential issue with identical twin pregnancies where one twin receives much more blood whereas the other gets insufficient blood, can cause a deficit of red blood cells in the fetus (fetal anemia). […] Blood compatibility issues between the mother and the child. […] Infection during pregnancy. […] Abnormalities in the fetal heart rate. […] However, the cause of polyhydramnios is only sometimes apparent.

• #73 Hydramnios and Polyhydramnios

  https://www.webmd.com/baby/what-is-hydramnios

  Polyhydramnios can have a number of different causes, some linked to the mothers health and others to the child. […] In a normal pregnancy, amniotic fluid is produced by the babys lungs and kidneys. As it grows, the baby swallows the fluid and urinates it along with waste products. Then, its removed from the amniotic sac by the placenta. In all cases of hydramnios, part of this process is disrupted. […] For example, your baby may be producing too much amniotic fluid, or there are problems processing and removing it. […] Possible causes include: Gestational diabetes. Infections during the pregnancy. This includes parvovirus. Certain digestive problems. These include birth defects in the gastrointestinal tract. Problems swallowing. These are possibly due to defects in the central nervous system or from chromosomal abnormalities. Heart failure. Bartter Syndrome. A genetic condition that affects fetal kidney development. Twin-Twin Syndrome. An uneven distribution of amniotic fluid between twins where one gets too much fluid. Hemolytic anemia. A condition that causes too much heart activity and leads to too much urine output. […] Between 60% and 70% of all cases dont have a detectable cause this is known as idiopathic polyhydramnios.

• #74 The Fetal Medicine Foundation

  https://fetalmedicine.org/education/fetal-abnormalities/amniotic-fluid/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios […] Prevalence: 1 in 100 pregnancies. […] Ultrasound diagnosis: The vertical measurement of the deepest pocket of amniotic fluid free of fetal parts is used to classify polyhydramnios into mild (8-11 cm), moderate (12-15 cm) and severe (≥16 cm). In about 80% of cases the polyhydramnios is mild, in 15% moderate and in 5% severe. Most cases of mild polyhydramnios are idiopathic, but most cases with moderate or severe polyhydramnios are due to maternal or fetal disorders. In most cases, polyhydramnios develops late in the second or in the third trimester of pregnancy. Acute polyhydramnios at 16-22 weeks is mainly seen in association with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. […] Associated abnormalities: There are essentially two major causes of polyhydramnios: […] Reduced fetal swallowing: due to brain abnormalities (e.g anencephaly, Dandy-Walker malformation), facial tumors, gastrointestinal obstruction (e.g. esophageal or duodenal atresia, small bowel obstruction), compressive pulmonary disorders (e.g. pleural effusions, diaphragmatic hernia, CPAM, CHAOS), narrow thoracic cage due to skeletal dysplasias), and fetal akinesia deformation sequence (due to neuromuscular impairment of fetal swallowing). […] Increased fetal urination: maternal diabetes mellitus and maternal uremia (increased glucose and urea cause osmotic diuresis), hyperdynamic fetal circulation due to fetal anemia (e.g. red blood cell isoimmunization or congenital infection), fetal and placental tumors (e.g. sacrococcygeal teratoma, placental chorioangioma), or twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. […] Prognosis: This depends on the cause of polyhydramnios and the gestational age at delivery.

• #75 The Fetal Medicine Foundation

  https://fetalmedicine.org/education/fetal-abnormalities/amniotic-fluid/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios […] Prevalence: 1 in 100 pregnancies. […] Ultrasound diagnosis: The vertical measurement of the deepest pocket of amniotic fluid free of fetal parts is used to classify polyhydramnios into mild (8-11 cm), moderate (12-15 cm) and severe (≥16 cm). In about 80% of cases the polyhydramnios is mild, in 15% moderate and in 5% severe. Most cases of mild polyhydramnios are idiopathic, but most cases with moderate or severe polyhydramnios are due to maternal or fetal disorders. In most cases, polyhydramnios develops late in the second or in the third trimester of pregnancy. Acute polyhydramnios at 16-22 weeks is mainly seen in association with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. […] Associated abnormalities: There are essentially two major causes of polyhydramnios: […] Reduced fetal swallowing: due to brain abnormalities (e.g anencephaly, Dandy-Walker malformation), facial tumors, gastrointestinal obstruction (e.g. esophageal or duodenal atresia, small bowel obstruction), compressive pulmonary disorders (e.g. pleural effusions, diaphragmatic hernia, CPAM, CHAOS), narrow thoracic cage due to skeletal dysplasias), and fetal akinesia deformation sequence (due to neuromuscular impairment of fetal swallowing). […] Increased fetal urination: maternal diabetes mellitus and maternal uremia (increased glucose and urea cause osmotic diuresis), hyperdynamic fetal circulation due to fetal anemia (e.g. red blood cell isoimmunization or congenital infection), fetal and placental tumors (e.g. sacrococcygeal teratoma, placental chorioangioma), or twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. […] Prognosis: This depends on the cause of polyhydramnios and the gestational age at delivery.

• #76 Polyhydramnios – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562140/

  Causes of impaired fetal swallowing include central nervous system lesions; neuromuscular dysfunction, such as myotonic dystrophy or arthrogryposis syndromes; craniofacial abnormalities, such as a cleft lip or palate; micrognathia; and obstructive neck masses. In addition, obstruction in the fetal gastrointestinal tract due to duodenal atresia, tracheoesophageal fistula, esophageal atresia, a thoracic mass, or a diaphragmatic hernia can significantly limit amniotic fluid absorption and lead to polyhydramnios. […] Excessive fetal urine production is most often associated with maternal diabetes. In addition, macrosomic fetuses tend to produce more urine, even in non-diabetic pregnant individuals. […] Twin-twin transfusion syndrome is a serious complication affecting 8% to 10% of monochorionic twin pregnancies. In twin-twin transfusion syndrome, vascular connections within the monochorionic placenta shunt blood from one fetus (the donor) to the other (the recipient). The result of this shunting can be severe volume depletion and oligohydramnios in the donor, whereas fluid overload, hydrops fetalis, and high-output cardiac failure in the recipient.

• #77 Polyhydramnios – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562140/

  Causes of impaired fetal swallowing include central nervous system lesions; neuromuscular dysfunction, such as myotonic dystrophy or arthrogryposis syndromes; craniofacial abnormalities, such as a cleft lip or palate; micrognathia; and obstructive neck masses. In addition, obstruction in the fetal gastrointestinal tract due to duodenal atresia, tracheoesophageal fistula, esophageal atresia, a thoracic mass, or a diaphragmatic hernia can significantly limit amniotic fluid absorption and lead to polyhydramnios. […] Excessive fetal urine production is most often associated with maternal diabetes. In addition, macrosomic fetuses tend to produce more urine, even in non-diabetic pregnant individuals. […] Twin-twin transfusion syndrome is a serious complication affecting 8% to 10% of monochorionic twin pregnancies. In twin-twin transfusion syndrome, vascular connections within the monochorionic placenta shunt blood from one fetus (the donor) to the other (the recipient). The result of this shunting can be severe volume depletion and oligohydramnios in the donor, whereas fluid overload, hydrops fetalis, and high-output cardiac failure in the recipient.

• #78 Polyhydramnios | Texas Children’s

  https://www.texaschildrens.org/content/conditions/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios is a condition in which there is too much amniotic fluid during pregnancy, the fluid that surrounds the developing fetus. Excess amniotic fluid can put both mother and baby at risk of complications. […] The condition may occur as a result of other maternal or fetal conditions, including fetal birth defects or genetic abnormalities. […] Excess fluid can result from too much fluid being produced, not enough fluid being excreted, or both. It can be caused by problems with the fetus, such as birth defects that affect the baby’s ability to swallow or process amniotic fluid, or by maternal health issues. […] Common causes include: Birth defects of the gastrointestinal (GI) system that block fluid passage, such as duodenal atresia and stenosis and esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula; Birth defects of the central nervous system (brain and spinal column), such as microcephaly or arthrogryposis, that cause problems swallowing; Birth defects affecting the fetal heart, lungs or kidneys, such as pleural effusion, congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), CPAM, or CHAOS – by increased pressure in the chest compressing the esophagus preventing swallowing; Maternal diabetes, which can cause the baby’s urine output to increase; Twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), a condition in which identical twins share one placenta and one twin receives too much blood and the other too little; Fetal anemia (lack of red blood cells) in cases where it results in heart failure and hydrops; Infection during pregnancy; Genetic conditions. […] In many cases, the cause is unknown.

• #79 Polyhydramnios – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562140/

  Causes of impaired fetal swallowing include central nervous system lesions; neuromuscular dysfunction, such as myotonic dystrophy or arthrogryposis syndromes; craniofacial abnormalities, such as a cleft lip or palate; micrognathia; and obstructive neck masses. In addition, obstruction in the fetal gastrointestinal tract due to duodenal atresia, tracheoesophageal fistula, esophageal atresia, a thoracic mass, or a diaphragmatic hernia can significantly limit amniotic fluid absorption and lead to polyhydramnios. […] Excessive fetal urine production is most often associated with maternal diabetes. In addition, macrosomic fetuses tend to produce more urine, even in non-diabetic pregnant individuals. […] Twin-twin transfusion syndrome is a serious complication affecting 8% to 10% of monochorionic twin pregnancies. In twin-twin transfusion syndrome, vascular connections within the monochorionic placenta shunt blood from one fetus (the donor) to the other (the recipient). The result of this shunting can be severe volume depletion and oligohydramnios in the donor, whereas fluid overload, hydrops fetalis, and high-output cardiac failure in the recipient.

• #80 Polyhydramnios | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/planning-baby/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios happens when there is too much amniotic fluid around your baby during pregnancy. […] It can be caused by problems with the babys swallowing or heart rate, or preexisting diabetes. […] In about half of cases, we dont know what causes polyhydramnios. In other cases, we can identify a cause. Some known causes are: Birth defects, including gastrointestinal and lung disorders, brain and nervous system problems and those that affect the babys swallowing. A babys swallowing keeps the fluid at a steady level in the uterus. […] Preexisting diabetes Having too much sugar in your blood. […] Problems with the babys heart rate. […] Problems with the placenta. […] An infection in the baby. […] Not enough red blood cells in the baby (anemia).

• #81 The Fetal Medicine Foundation

  https://fetalmedicine.org/education/fetal-abnormalities/amniotic-fluid/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios […] Prevalence: 1 in 100 pregnancies. […] Ultrasound diagnosis: The vertical measurement of the deepest pocket of amniotic fluid free of fetal parts is used to classify polyhydramnios into mild (8-11 cm), moderate (12-15 cm) and severe (≥16 cm). In about 80% of cases the polyhydramnios is mild, in 15% moderate and in 5% severe. Most cases of mild polyhydramnios are idiopathic, but most cases with moderate or severe polyhydramnios are due to maternal or fetal disorders. In most cases, polyhydramnios develops late in the second or in the third trimester of pregnancy. Acute polyhydramnios at 16-22 weeks is mainly seen in association with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. […] Associated abnormalities: There are essentially two major causes of polyhydramnios: […] Reduced fetal swallowing: due to brain abnormalities (e.g anencephaly, Dandy-Walker malformation), facial tumors, gastrointestinal obstruction (e.g. esophageal or duodenal atresia, small bowel obstruction), compressive pulmonary disorders (e.g. pleural effusions, diaphragmatic hernia, CPAM, CHAOS), narrow thoracic cage due to skeletal dysplasias), and fetal akinesia deformation sequence (due to neuromuscular impairment of fetal swallowing). […] Increased fetal urination: maternal diabetes mellitus and maternal uremia (increased glucose and urea cause osmotic diuresis), hyperdynamic fetal circulation due to fetal anemia (e.g. red blood cell isoimmunization or congenital infection), fetal and placental tumors (e.g. sacrococcygeal teratoma, placental chorioangioma), or twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. […] Prognosis: This depends on the cause of polyhydramnios and the gestational age at delivery.

• #82 Polyhydramnios | Article | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/article/heading/vol-10–common-obstetric-conditions–polyhydramnios/id/409583

  Polyhydramnios can be caused by fetal anomalies in most organ systems. The most common structural anomalies associated with polyhydramnios are those that interfere with fetal swallowing and/or the absorption of amniotic fluid. […] Increased urine production may occur in high fetal cardiac output states (e.g. fetal anemia due to alloimmunization, parvovirus infection, fetomaternal hemorrhage, and hemolysis) or, rarely in syndromes such as fetal Bartter syndrome. […] The mechanism for polyhydramnios in pregnancies complicated by maternal diabetes is unclear, but theoretically may be owing to fetal osmotic diuresis secondary to fetal hyperglycemia. This contributes to mild degrees of polyhydramnios in most of the cases.

• #83 The Fetal Medicine Foundation

  https://fetalmedicine.org/education/fetal-abnormalities/amniotic-fluid/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios […] Prevalence: 1 in 100 pregnancies. […] Ultrasound diagnosis: The vertical measurement of the deepest pocket of amniotic fluid free of fetal parts is used to classify polyhydramnios into mild (8-11 cm), moderate (12-15 cm) and severe (≥16 cm). In about 80% of cases the polyhydramnios is mild, in 15% moderate and in 5% severe. Most cases of mild polyhydramnios are idiopathic, but most cases with moderate or severe polyhydramnios are due to maternal or fetal disorders. In most cases, polyhydramnios develops late in the second or in the third trimester of pregnancy. Acute polyhydramnios at 16-22 weeks is mainly seen in association with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. […] Associated abnormalities: There are essentially two major causes of polyhydramnios: […] Reduced fetal swallowing: due to brain abnormalities (e.g anencephaly, Dandy-Walker malformation), facial tumors, gastrointestinal obstruction (e.g. esophageal or duodenal atresia, small bowel obstruction), compressive pulmonary disorders (e.g. pleural effusions, diaphragmatic hernia, CPAM, CHAOS), narrow thoracic cage due to skeletal dysplasias), and fetal akinesia deformation sequence (due to neuromuscular impairment of fetal swallowing). […] Increased fetal urination: maternal diabetes mellitus and maternal uremia (increased glucose and urea cause osmotic diuresis), hyperdynamic fetal circulation due to fetal anemia (e.g. red blood cell isoimmunization or congenital infection), fetal and placental tumors (e.g. sacrococcygeal teratoma, placental chorioangioma), or twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. […] Prognosis: This depends on the cause of polyhydramnios and the gestational age at delivery.

• #84 Hydramnios and Polyhydramnios

  https://www.webmd.com/baby/what-is-hydramnios

  Polyhydramnios can have a number of different causes, some linked to the mothers health and others to the child. […] In a normal pregnancy, amniotic fluid is produced by the babys lungs and kidneys. As it grows, the baby swallows the fluid and urinates it along with waste products. Then, its removed from the amniotic sac by the placenta. In all cases of hydramnios, part of this process is disrupted. […] For example, your baby may be producing too much amniotic fluid, or there are problems processing and removing it. […] Possible causes include: Gestational diabetes. Infections during the pregnancy. This includes parvovirus. Certain digestive problems. These include birth defects in the gastrointestinal tract. Problems swallowing. These are possibly due to defects in the central nervous system or from chromosomal abnormalities. Heart failure. Bartter Syndrome. A genetic condition that affects fetal kidney development. Twin-Twin Syndrome. An uneven distribution of amniotic fluid between twins where one gets too much fluid. Hemolytic anemia. A condition that causes too much heart activity and leads to too much urine output. […] Between 60% and 70% of all cases dont have a detectable cause this is known as idiopathic polyhydramnios.

• #85 Hydramnios and Polyhydramnios

  https://www.webmd.com/baby/what-is-hydramnios

  Polyhydramnios can have a number of different causes, some linked to the mothers health and others to the child. […] In a normal pregnancy, amniotic fluid is produced by the babys lungs and kidneys. As it grows, the baby swallows the fluid and urinates it along with waste products. Then, its removed from the amniotic sac by the placenta. In all cases of hydramnios, part of this process is disrupted. […] For example, your baby may be producing too much amniotic fluid, or there are problems processing and removing it. […] Possible causes include: Gestational diabetes. Infections during the pregnancy. This includes parvovirus. Certain digestive problems. These include birth defects in the gastrointestinal tract. Problems swallowing. These are possibly due to defects in the central nervous system or from chromosomal abnormalities. Heart failure. Bartter Syndrome. A genetic condition that affects fetal kidney development. Twin-Twin Syndrome. An uneven distribution of amniotic fluid between twins where one gets too much fluid. Hemolytic anemia. A condition that causes too much heart activity and leads to too much urine output. […] Between 60% and 70% of all cases dont have a detectable cause this is known as idiopathic polyhydramnios.

• #86 The Fetal Medicine Foundation

  https://fetalmedicine.org/education/fetal-abnormalities/amniotic-fluid/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios […] Prevalence: 1 in 100 pregnancies. […] Ultrasound diagnosis: The vertical measurement of the deepest pocket of amniotic fluid free of fetal parts is used to classify polyhydramnios into mild (8-11 cm), moderate (12-15 cm) and severe (≥16 cm). In about 80% of cases the polyhydramnios is mild, in 15% moderate and in 5% severe. Most cases of mild polyhydramnios are idiopathic, but most cases with moderate or severe polyhydramnios are due to maternal or fetal disorders. In most cases, polyhydramnios develops late in the second or in the third trimester of pregnancy. Acute polyhydramnios at 16-22 weeks is mainly seen in association with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. […] Associated abnormalities: There are essentially two major causes of polyhydramnios: […] Reduced fetal swallowing: due to brain abnormalities (e.g anencephaly, Dandy-Walker malformation), facial tumors, gastrointestinal obstruction (e.g. esophageal or duodenal atresia, small bowel obstruction), compressive pulmonary disorders (e.g. pleural effusions, diaphragmatic hernia, CPAM, CHAOS), narrow thoracic cage due to skeletal dysplasias), and fetal akinesia deformation sequence (due to neuromuscular impairment of fetal swallowing). […] Increased fetal urination: maternal diabetes mellitus and maternal uremia (increased glucose and urea cause osmotic diuresis), hyperdynamic fetal circulation due to fetal anemia (e.g. red blood cell isoimmunization or congenital infection), fetal and placental tumors (e.g. sacrococcygeal teratoma, placental chorioangioma), or twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. […] Prognosis: This depends on the cause of polyhydramnios and the gestational age at delivery.

• #87 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?ContentTypeID=90&ContentID=P02430

  In this condition, there is too much amniotic fluid around your baby during pregnancy. Its also called polyhydramnios. […] This condition may happen for several reasons. Either too much fluid is made or theres a problem with the fluid being taken away. Or both of these things may be happening. Hydramnios may be caused by diabetes in the mother. […] It can also be caused by problems with the developing baby. These can include: Digestive problems that block fluid, Problems with swallowing that may be due to a central nervous system problem or chromosome issues, Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome, a condition where identical twins share a placenta, Heart failure, Infection. […] Hydramnios occurs when theres too much amniotic fluid around your baby during pregnancy. It can be caused by problems in both the mother and baby.

• #88 Polyhydramnios (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/polyhydramnios

  Studies of pregnancies associated with polyhydramnios but not congenital malformation showed that polyhydramnios was an independent risk factor for low birth weight, low Apgar scores, fetal death and neonatal mortality. […] The more severe the polyhydramnios, the more likely the chance of finding an underlying cause.

• #89 The Fetal Medicine Foundation

  https://fetalmedicine.org/education/fetal-abnormalities/amniotic-fluid/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios […] Prevalence: 1 in 100 pregnancies. […] Ultrasound diagnosis: The vertical measurement of the deepest pocket of amniotic fluid free of fetal parts is used to classify polyhydramnios into mild (8-11 cm), moderate (12-15 cm) and severe (≥16 cm). In about 80% of cases the polyhydramnios is mild, in 15% moderate and in 5% severe. Most cases of mild polyhydramnios are idiopathic, but most cases with moderate or severe polyhydramnios are due to maternal or fetal disorders. In most cases, polyhydramnios develops late in the second or in the third trimester of pregnancy. Acute polyhydramnios at 16-22 weeks is mainly seen in association with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. […] Associated abnormalities: There are essentially two major causes of polyhydramnios: […] Reduced fetal swallowing: due to brain abnormalities (e.g anencephaly, Dandy-Walker malformation), facial tumors, gastrointestinal obstruction (e.g. esophageal or duodenal atresia, small bowel obstruction), compressive pulmonary disorders (e.g. pleural effusions, diaphragmatic hernia, CPAM, CHAOS), narrow thoracic cage due to skeletal dysplasias), and fetal akinesia deformation sequence (due to neuromuscular impairment of fetal swallowing). […] Increased fetal urination: maternal diabetes mellitus and maternal uremia (increased glucose and urea cause osmotic diuresis), hyperdynamic fetal circulation due to fetal anemia (e.g. red blood cell isoimmunization or congenital infection), fetal and placental tumors (e.g. sacrococcygeal teratoma, placental chorioangioma), or twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. […] Prognosis: This depends on the cause of polyhydramnios and the gestational age at delivery.

• #90 The Fetal Medicine Foundation

  https://fetalmedicine.org/education/fetal-abnormalities/amniotic-fluid/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios […] Prevalence: 1 in 100 pregnancies. […] Ultrasound diagnosis: The vertical measurement of the deepest pocket of amniotic fluid free of fetal parts is used to classify polyhydramnios into mild (8-11 cm), moderate (12-15 cm) and severe (≥16 cm). In about 80% of cases the polyhydramnios is mild, in 15% moderate and in 5% severe. Most cases of mild polyhydramnios are idiopathic, but most cases with moderate or severe polyhydramnios are due to maternal or fetal disorders. In most cases, polyhydramnios develops late in the second or in the third trimester of pregnancy. Acute polyhydramnios at 16-22 weeks is mainly seen in association with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. […] Associated abnormalities: There are essentially two major causes of polyhydramnios: […] Reduced fetal swallowing: due to brain abnormalities (e.g anencephaly, Dandy-Walker malformation), facial tumors, gastrointestinal obstruction (e.g. esophageal or duodenal atresia, small bowel obstruction), compressive pulmonary disorders (e.g. pleural effusions, diaphragmatic hernia, CPAM, CHAOS), narrow thoracic cage due to skeletal dysplasias), and fetal akinesia deformation sequence (due to neuromuscular impairment of fetal swallowing). […] Increased fetal urination: maternal diabetes mellitus and maternal uremia (increased glucose and urea cause osmotic diuresis), hyperdynamic fetal circulation due to fetal anemia (e.g. red blood cell isoimmunization or congenital infection), fetal and placental tumors (e.g. sacrococcygeal teratoma, placental chorioangioma), or twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. […] Prognosis: This depends on the cause of polyhydramnios and the gestational age at delivery.

• #91 The Fetal Medicine Foundation

  https://fetalmedicine.org/education/fetal-abnormalities/amniotic-fluid/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios […] Prevalence: 1 in 100 pregnancies. […] Ultrasound diagnosis: The vertical measurement of the deepest pocket of amniotic fluid free of fetal parts is used to classify polyhydramnios into mild (8-11 cm), moderate (12-15 cm) and severe (≥16 cm). In about 80% of cases the polyhydramnios is mild, in 15% moderate and in 5% severe. Most cases of mild polyhydramnios are idiopathic, but most cases with moderate or severe polyhydramnios are due to maternal or fetal disorders. In most cases, polyhydramnios develops late in the second or in the third trimester of pregnancy. Acute polyhydramnios at 16-22 weeks is mainly seen in association with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. […] Associated abnormalities: There are essentially two major causes of polyhydramnios: […] Reduced fetal swallowing: due to brain abnormalities (e.g anencephaly, Dandy-Walker malformation), facial tumors, gastrointestinal obstruction (e.g. esophageal or duodenal atresia, small bowel obstruction), compressive pulmonary disorders (e.g. pleural effusions, diaphragmatic hernia, CPAM, CHAOS), narrow thoracic cage due to skeletal dysplasias), and fetal akinesia deformation sequence (due to neuromuscular impairment of fetal swallowing). […] Increased fetal urination: maternal diabetes mellitus and maternal uremia (increased glucose and urea cause osmotic diuresis), hyperdynamic fetal circulation due to fetal anemia (e.g. red blood cell isoimmunization or congenital infection), fetal and placental tumors (e.g. sacrococcygeal teratoma, placental chorioangioma), or twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. […] Prognosis: This depends on the cause of polyhydramnios and the gestational age at delivery.

• #92 The Fetal Medicine Foundation

  https://fetalmedicine.org/education/fetal-abnormalities/amniotic-fluid/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios […] Prevalence: 1 in 100 pregnancies. […] Ultrasound diagnosis: The vertical measurement of the deepest pocket of amniotic fluid free of fetal parts is used to classify polyhydramnios into mild (8-11 cm), moderate (12-15 cm) and severe (≥16 cm). In about 80% of cases the polyhydramnios is mild, in 15% moderate and in 5% severe. Most cases of mild polyhydramnios are idiopathic, but most cases with moderate or severe polyhydramnios are due to maternal or fetal disorders. In most cases, polyhydramnios develops late in the second or in the third trimester of pregnancy. Acute polyhydramnios at 16-22 weeks is mainly seen in association with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. […] Associated abnormalities: There are essentially two major causes of polyhydramnios: […] Reduced fetal swallowing: due to brain abnormalities (e.g anencephaly, Dandy-Walker malformation), facial tumors, gastrointestinal obstruction (e.g. esophageal or duodenal atresia, small bowel obstruction), compressive pulmonary disorders (e.g. pleural effusions, diaphragmatic hernia, CPAM, CHAOS), narrow thoracic cage due to skeletal dysplasias), and fetal akinesia deformation sequence (due to neuromuscular impairment of fetal swallowing). […] Increased fetal urination: maternal diabetes mellitus and maternal uremia (increased glucose and urea cause osmotic diuresis), hyperdynamic fetal circulation due to fetal anemia (e.g. red blood cell isoimmunization or congenital infection), fetal and placental tumors (e.g. sacrococcygeal teratoma, placental chorioangioma), or twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. […] Prognosis: This depends on the cause of polyhydramnios and the gestational age at delivery.

• #93 The Fetal Medicine Foundation

  https://fetalmedicine.org/education/fetal-abnormalities/amniotic-fluid/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios […] Prevalence: 1 in 100 pregnancies. […] Ultrasound diagnosis: The vertical measurement of the deepest pocket of amniotic fluid free of fetal parts is used to classify polyhydramnios into mild (8-11 cm), moderate (12-15 cm) and severe (≥16 cm). In about 80% of cases the polyhydramnios is mild, in 15% moderate and in 5% severe. Most cases of mild polyhydramnios are idiopathic, but most cases with moderate or severe polyhydramnios are due to maternal or fetal disorders. In most cases, polyhydramnios develops late in the second or in the third trimester of pregnancy. Acute polyhydramnios at 16-22 weeks is mainly seen in association with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. […] Associated abnormalities: There are essentially two major causes of polyhydramnios: […] Reduced fetal swallowing: due to brain abnormalities (e.g anencephaly, Dandy-Walker malformation), facial tumors, gastrointestinal obstruction (e.g. esophageal or duodenal atresia, small bowel obstruction), compressive pulmonary disorders (e.g. pleural effusions, diaphragmatic hernia, CPAM, CHAOS), narrow thoracic cage due to skeletal dysplasias), and fetal akinesia deformation sequence (due to neuromuscular impairment of fetal swallowing). […] Increased fetal urination: maternal diabetes mellitus and maternal uremia (increased glucose and urea cause osmotic diuresis), hyperdynamic fetal circulation due to fetal anemia (e.g. red blood cell isoimmunization or congenital infection), fetal and placental tumors (e.g. sacrococcygeal teratoma, placental chorioangioma), or twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. […] Prognosis: This depends on the cause of polyhydramnios and the gestational age at delivery.

• #94 High Amniotic Fluid During Pregnancy | American Pregnancy Association

  https://americanpregnancy.org/healthy-pregnancy/pregnancy-complications/polyhydramnios-high-amniotic-fluid/

  Polyhydramnios or commonly referred to as “Poly,” is a relatively rare condition that happens in about one percent of pregnancies. Polyhydramnios occurs when excess amniotic fluid accumulates in the uterus during pregnancy. […] In many cases, the cause is unknown. Mild polyhydramnios is probably just caused by the gradual buildup of amniotic fluid over the course of pregnancy. The following conditions could cause moderate to severe polyhydramnios: A birth defect or congenital disability – Sometimes polyhydramnios is a side effect of a birth defect that impairs the baby’s ability to swallow. […] Maternal diabetes – Elevated blood glucose levels can lead to an excessive buildup of amniotic fluid. […] Twin To Twin Transfusion Syndrome (TTTS) – If you are carrying identical twins, it’s possible that you could have a complication in which one twin is getting too much blood, and the other is getting too little.

• #95 Polyhydramnios (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/polyhydramnios

  Studies of pregnancies associated with polyhydramnios but not congenital malformation showed that polyhydramnios was an independent risk factor for low birth weight, low Apgar scores, fetal death and neonatal mortality. […] The more severe the polyhydramnios, the more likely the chance of finding an underlying cause.

• #96 Polyhydramnios – Possible Causes and Next Steps – The ObG Project

  https://www.obgproject.com/2016/08/05/polyhydramnios-what-is-it/

  The term polyhydramnios, also known as hydramnios, refers to an excessive amount of amniotic fluid. The primary sources of amniotic fluid are fetal urine production, fetal lung fluid and fetal oral and nasal secretions. The main routes of amniotic fluid removal are fetal swallowing and absorption via the intramembranous pathway. […] Causes of polyhydramnios are many and account for varying percentages of cases: Idiopathic polyhydramnios (50-60%), Congenital anomalies and genetic disorders (8-45%), Maternal diabetes (5-26%), Multiple gestation (8-10%), Fetal anemia (1-11%). […] Increasing severity of polyhydramnios correlates with an increased risk of perinatal mortality and congenital abnormalities.

• #97 Polyhydramnios (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/polyhydramnios

  Studies of pregnancies associated with polyhydramnios but not congenital malformation showed that polyhydramnios was an independent risk factor for low birth weight, low Apgar scores, fetal death and neonatal mortality. […] The more severe the polyhydramnios, the more likely the chance of finding an underlying cause.

• #98 The Fetal Medicine Foundation

  https://fetalmedicine.org/education/fetal-abnormalities/amniotic-fluid/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios […] Prevalence: 1 in 100 pregnancies. […] Ultrasound diagnosis: The vertical measurement of the deepest pocket of amniotic fluid free of fetal parts is used to classify polyhydramnios into mild (8-11 cm), moderate (12-15 cm) and severe (≥16 cm). In about 80% of cases the polyhydramnios is mild, in 15% moderate and in 5% severe. Most cases of mild polyhydramnios are idiopathic, but most cases with moderate or severe polyhydramnios are due to maternal or fetal disorders. In most cases, polyhydramnios develops late in the second or in the third trimester of pregnancy. Acute polyhydramnios at 16-22 weeks is mainly seen in association with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. […] Associated abnormalities: There are essentially two major causes of polyhydramnios: […] Reduced fetal swallowing: due to brain abnormalities (e.g anencephaly, Dandy-Walker malformation), facial tumors, gastrointestinal obstruction (e.g. esophageal or duodenal atresia, small bowel obstruction), compressive pulmonary disorders (e.g. pleural effusions, diaphragmatic hernia, CPAM, CHAOS), narrow thoracic cage due to skeletal dysplasias), and fetal akinesia deformation sequence (due to neuromuscular impairment of fetal swallowing). […] Increased fetal urination: maternal diabetes mellitus and maternal uremia (increased glucose and urea cause osmotic diuresis), hyperdynamic fetal circulation due to fetal anemia (e.g. red blood cell isoimmunization or congenital infection), fetal and placental tumors (e.g. sacrococcygeal teratoma, placental chorioangioma), or twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. […] Prognosis: This depends on the cause of polyhydramnios and the gestational age at delivery.

• #99 Polyhydramnios – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios is a medical condition describing an excess of amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac. It is seen in about 1% of pregnancies. It is typically diagnosed when the amniotic fluid index (AFI) is greater than 24 cm. There are two clinical varieties of polyhydramnios: chronic polyhydramnios where excess amniotic fluid accumulates gradually, and acute polyhydramnios where excess amniotic fluid collects rapidly. […] In most cases, the exact cause cannot be identified. A single case may have one or more causes, including intrauterine infection (TORCH), rh-isoimmunisation, or chorioangioma of the placenta. In a multiple gestation pregnancy, the cause of polyhydramnios usually is twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. Maternal causes include cardiac problems, kidney problems, and maternal diabetes mellitus, which causes fetal hyperglycemia and resulting polyuria (fetal urine is a major source of amniotic fluid). […] There are several pathologic conditions that can predispose a pregnancy to polyhydramnios. These include a maternal history of diabetes mellitus, Rh incompatibility between the fetus and mother, intrauterine infection, and multiple pregnancies.

• #100 Polyhydramnios | Texas Children’s

  https://www.texaschildrens.org/content/conditions/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios is a condition in which there is too much amniotic fluid during pregnancy, the fluid that surrounds the developing fetus. Excess amniotic fluid can put both mother and baby at risk of complications. […] The condition may occur as a result of other maternal or fetal conditions, including fetal birth defects or genetic abnormalities. […] Excess fluid can result from too much fluid being produced, not enough fluid being excreted, or both. It can be caused by problems with the fetus, such as birth defects that affect the baby’s ability to swallow or process amniotic fluid, or by maternal health issues. […] Common causes include: Birth defects of the gastrointestinal (GI) system that block fluid passage, such as duodenal atresia and stenosis and esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula; Birth defects of the central nervous system (brain and spinal column), such as microcephaly or arthrogryposis, that cause problems swallowing; Birth defects affecting the fetal heart, lungs or kidneys, such as pleural effusion, congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), CPAM, or CHAOS – by increased pressure in the chest compressing the esophagus preventing swallowing; Maternal diabetes, which can cause the baby’s urine output to increase; Twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), a condition in which identical twins share one placenta and one twin receives too much blood and the other too little; Fetal anemia (lack of red blood cells) in cases where it results in heart failure and hydrops; Infection during pregnancy; Genetic conditions. […] In many cases, the cause is unknown.

• #101

  https://www.today.com/parents/too-much-amniotic-fluid-pregnancy-polyhydramnios-causes-t221310

  Polyhydramnios is the presence of excess amniotic fluid the protective liquid that surrounds an unborn baby in the uterus during pregnancy. It occurs in roughly 1 to 2% of pregnancies, according to the Mayo Clinic. […] Polyhydramnios is often associated with gestational diabetes. […] When a mothers blood sugar is high, shell pee more and then the baby will pee more, Columbo said, noting that amniotic fluid after 20 weeks of pregnancy is mostly baby urine. […] If gestational diabetes is ruled out, your doctor will look for other causes such as chromosomal abnormalities and obstructions. […] Children who have an obstruction between the mouth and the stomach will have extra fluid because they cant drink and the fluid doesnt get absorbed, Colombo explained. […] Sometimes structural abnormalities can cause polyhydramnios. […] New antibodies in the blood and viral infections can cause the fluid to be high. […] Theres really a whole list of things that we look for.

• #102 Polyhydramnios | Texas Children’s

  https://www.texaschildrens.org/content/conditions/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios is a condition in which there is too much amniotic fluid during pregnancy, the fluid that surrounds the developing fetus. Excess amniotic fluid can put both mother and baby at risk of complications. […] The condition may occur as a result of other maternal or fetal conditions, including fetal birth defects or genetic abnormalities. […] Excess fluid can result from too much fluid being produced, not enough fluid being excreted, or both. It can be caused by problems with the fetus, such as birth defects that affect the baby’s ability to swallow or process amniotic fluid, or by maternal health issues. […] Common causes include: Birth defects of the gastrointestinal (GI) system that block fluid passage, such as duodenal atresia and stenosis and esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula; Birth defects of the central nervous system (brain and spinal column), such as microcephaly or arthrogryposis, that cause problems swallowing; Birth defects affecting the fetal heart, lungs or kidneys, such as pleural effusion, congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), CPAM, or CHAOS – by increased pressure in the chest compressing the esophagus preventing swallowing; Maternal diabetes, which can cause the baby’s urine output to increase; Twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), a condition in which identical twins share one placenta and one twin receives too much blood and the other too little; Fetal anemia (lack of red blood cells) in cases where it results in heart failure and hydrops; Infection during pregnancy; Genetic conditions. […] In many cases, the cause is unknown.

• #103 The Fetal Medicine Foundation

  https://fetalmedicine.org/education/fetal-abnormalities/amniotic-fluid/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios […] Prevalence: 1 in 100 pregnancies. […] Ultrasound diagnosis: The vertical measurement of the deepest pocket of amniotic fluid free of fetal parts is used to classify polyhydramnios into mild (8-11 cm), moderate (12-15 cm) and severe (≥16 cm). In about 80% of cases the polyhydramnios is mild, in 15% moderate and in 5% severe. Most cases of mild polyhydramnios are idiopathic, but most cases with moderate or severe polyhydramnios are due to maternal or fetal disorders. In most cases, polyhydramnios develops late in the second or in the third trimester of pregnancy. Acute polyhydramnios at 16-22 weeks is mainly seen in association with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. […] Associated abnormalities: There are essentially two major causes of polyhydramnios: […] Reduced fetal swallowing: due to brain abnormalities (e.g anencephaly, Dandy-Walker malformation), facial tumors, gastrointestinal obstruction (e.g. esophageal or duodenal atresia, small bowel obstruction), compressive pulmonary disorders (e.g. pleural effusions, diaphragmatic hernia, CPAM, CHAOS), narrow thoracic cage due to skeletal dysplasias), and fetal akinesia deformation sequence (due to neuromuscular impairment of fetal swallowing). […] Increased fetal urination: maternal diabetes mellitus and maternal uremia (increased glucose and urea cause osmotic diuresis), hyperdynamic fetal circulation due to fetal anemia (e.g. red blood cell isoimmunization or congenital infection), fetal and placental tumors (e.g. sacrococcygeal teratoma, placental chorioangioma), or twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. […] Prognosis: This depends on the cause of polyhydramnios and the gestational age at delivery.

• #104 Polyhydramnios – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562140/

  Causes of impaired fetal swallowing include central nervous system lesions; neuromuscular dysfunction, such as myotonic dystrophy or arthrogryposis syndromes; craniofacial abnormalities, such as a cleft lip or palate; micrognathia; and obstructive neck masses. In addition, obstruction in the fetal gastrointestinal tract due to duodenal atresia, tracheoesophageal fistula, esophageal atresia, a thoracic mass, or a diaphragmatic hernia can significantly limit amniotic fluid absorption and lead to polyhydramnios. […] Excessive fetal urine production is most often associated with maternal diabetes. In addition, macrosomic fetuses tend to produce more urine, even in non-diabetic pregnant individuals. […] Twin-twin transfusion syndrome is a serious complication affecting 8% to 10% of monochorionic twin pregnancies. In twin-twin transfusion syndrome, vascular connections within the monochorionic placenta shunt blood from one fetus (the donor) to the other (the recipient). The result of this shunting can be severe volume depletion and oligohydramnios in the donor, whereas fluid overload, hydrops fetalis, and high-output cardiac failure in the recipient.

• #105 Polyhydramnios: Signs, Causes, And Treatment

  https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/diseases/polyhydramnios/

  Polyhydramnios is when there is an excessive amount of amniotic fluid in the womb during pregnancy. This condition can sometimes occur without a known cause, but it is often linked to certain factors. One possible cause is when the fetus is unable to swallow amniotic fluid properly, leading to an accumulation of fluid. Another factor could be issues with the mother’s health, such as gestational diabetes or certain infections. […] The primary factors include maternal diabetes, fetal anomalies affecting the gastrointestinal or central nervous system, multiple gestations, and genetic conditions like Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Maternal health issues such as gestational hypertension and certain infections may also contribute to the development of polyhydramnios. Understanding these underlying causes is crucial for the effective management and treatment of this condition to ensure the well-being of both the mother and the baby.

• #106 Polyhydramnios | Article | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/article/heading/vol-10–common-obstetric-conditions–polyhydramnios/id/409583

  Polyhydramnios (which can be sometimes referred to as hydramnios) is an excessive accumulation of amniotic fluid. […] Other authors classify polyhydramnios according to the etiological causes whether idiopathic, or due to maternal or fetal causes. This is because the outcome and pregnancy management vary according to the causes. […] The incidence of polyhydramnios ranges between 0.2 and 1.6%, with differences in the reported rates due to variations in diagnostic criteria. Causes of polyhydramnios can be idiopathic (60%; where no fetal or maternal causes can be identified such as in cases of fetal macrosomia not associated with maternal diabetes) or due to maternal or fetal causes. […] In cases when polyhydramnios is due to fetal anomalies, the outcome depends on the underlying pathology. Severe polyhydramnios in the second trimester has a significant association with perinatal mortality rates due to prematurity or aneuploidy.

• #107 Polyhydramnios – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/polyhydramnios/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20368494

  Polyhydramnios is diagnosed if the MVP is 8 or greater, or the AFI is 24 or greater. […] Depending on the timing and how serious polyhydramnios is, your health care team may recommend other tests to try to determine the cause of the polyhydramnios: […] Blood tests. These can check for infectious diseases linked with polyhydramnios. […] Otherwise, treatment for an underlying cause such as diabetes may help clear up polyhydramnios. […] Polyhydramnios treatment may include: […] Drainage of extra amniotic fluid. Your health care team may use amniocentesis to drain the extra amniotic fluid from your uterus. […] If you have mild to moderate polyhydramnios, your care team probably will plan to have you deliver your baby at 39 or 40 weeks. If you have severe polyhydramnios, your team likely will talk about the right timing of delivery. […] Having polyhydramnios can be stressful.

• #108 Polyhydramnios

  https://www.babycentre.co.uk/a551936/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios can be a sign that your baby has a chromosomal or genetic condition, such as Down’s syndrome, Edwards’ syndrome, or spina bifida (Beloosesky and Ross 2018, Carter 2017, Harding 2015, SMFM et al 2018). […] A very rare condition called hydrops fetalis can cause your baby to have fluid build-up in his lungs and abdomen, and this in turn can lead to too much amniotic fluid developing around him (Harding 2015). […] Another very rare cause is a mismatch between your rhesus status, and your baby’s rhesus status (Beloosesky and Ross 2018). […] If a GTT shows your blood sugar levels are high, and you’re not already being treated for diabetes, you may be referred to a diabetes specialist (SIGN 2010). […] If your polyhydramnios has a specific cause, you’ll be offered additional care.

• #109 Too Much Amniotic Fluid: Should I Be Concerned About Polyhydramnios?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/too-much-amniotic-fluid

  Some of the risks with more advanced polyhydramnios include increased risk of a breech baby, increased risk of umbilical cord prolapse, increased risk of bleeding complications after birth, premature rupture of membranes, and increased risk of placental abruption. […] If your doctor suspects polyhydramnios, the very first thing they’ll do is order additional testing to ensure that there’s nothing wrong with your baby.

• #110 Polyhydramnios: too Much Amniotic Fluid – Nabta Health

  https://nabtahealth.com/article/polyhdramnios-too-much-amniotic-fluid/?srsltid=AfmBOopqiOdqnqA5L3Su1wD0VkRoB0aes_7VjHqqnYJhtIR_0i0Xgb4j

  Polyhydramnios can be the result of a few different issues. Some genetic disorders and malformations (when organs are not developed properly) can result in this condition. For example, amniotic fluid is continuously swallowed by the fetus and is then urinated out. Any issues along the way, such as an abnormally developed esophagus, can cause too much fluid to accumulate around the baby. Other causes of polyhydramnios include diabetes in the mother or twin pregnancies where one twin makes too much amniotic fluid and the other too little. Lastly, many times the cause is never found and the reason for the polyhydramnios remains unknown. […] If a baby is found to have excessive amniotic fluid, a workup is usually done that includes a detailed ultrasound to examine the babys anatomy. Diabetes in the mother will need to be ruled out, and in some cases genetic testing of the baby is recommended either by blood work or amniocentesis. If all is found to be normal, additional testing during the pregnancy may be done to monitor the baby. This may include extra ultrasounds and monitoring of the babys growth and heart rate.

• #111 Polyhydramnios – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/polyhydramnios/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20368494

  Polyhydramnios is diagnosed if the MVP is 8 or greater, or the AFI is 24 or greater. […] Depending on the timing and how serious polyhydramnios is, your health care team may recommend other tests to try to determine the cause of the polyhydramnios: […] Blood tests. These can check for infectious diseases linked with polyhydramnios. […] Otherwise, treatment for an underlying cause such as diabetes may help clear up polyhydramnios. […] Polyhydramnios treatment may include: […] Drainage of extra amniotic fluid. Your health care team may use amniocentesis to drain the extra amniotic fluid from your uterus. […] If you have mild to moderate polyhydramnios, your care team probably will plan to have you deliver your baby at 39 or 40 weeks. If you have severe polyhydramnios, your team likely will talk about the right timing of delivery. […] Having polyhydramnios can be stressful.

• #112 10 Signs of Polyhydramnios: How to Know if you have Too Much Amniotic Fluid | Know Polyhydramnios

  https://polyhydramnios.org/learn-more-about-polyhydramnios/signs-and-symptoms-of-polyhydramnios/

  Having too much amniotic fluid can make for a very uncomfortable pregnancy, and higher than normal levels are directly related to increased risks of delivery complications. […] An amnioreduction can provide temporary relief in these cases. […] Some of the risks of Polyhydramnios include preterm labor, premature ROM, cord prolapse, fetal malpresentation, and maternal hemorrhage.

• #113 Polyhydramnios – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/womens-health/polyhydramnios/

  If a doctor diagnoses polyhydramnios, they will try to figure out the underlying cause. It can be due to a number of factors such as abnormalities in the baby, genetic diseases, maternal (mother’s) diabetes, having more than one baby (twins or triplets), infections in the baby, and more. […] The treatment for polyhydramnios depends on the severity of the condition and its underlying cause. Mild and unexplained cases usually do not require treatment. However, if the condition is severe or leads to symptoms, a specialist in maternal-fetal medicine may be consulted. […] Another possible treatment is a drug called Indomethacin, which can lower the volume of amniotic fluid and delay premature labor in severe cases of polyhydramnios. […] Complications can arise if the uterus stretches too much because of the excess fluid. The prognosis is directly related to the underlying cause of the excess amniotic fluid.

• #114 Polyhydramnios – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/polyhydramnios/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20368494

  Polyhydramnios is diagnosed if the MVP is 8 or greater, or the AFI is 24 or greater. […] Depending on the timing and how serious polyhydramnios is, your health care team may recommend other tests to try to determine the cause of the polyhydramnios: […] Blood tests. These can check for infectious diseases linked with polyhydramnios. […] Otherwise, treatment for an underlying cause such as diabetes may help clear up polyhydramnios. […] Polyhydramnios treatment may include: […] Drainage of extra amniotic fluid. Your health care team may use amniocentesis to drain the extra amniotic fluid from your uterus. […] If you have mild to moderate polyhydramnios, your care team probably will plan to have you deliver your baby at 39 or 40 weeks. If you have severe polyhydramnios, your team likely will talk about the right timing of delivery. […] Having polyhydramnios can be stressful.

• #115 Polyhydramnios: Causes, Symptoms, Complications & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17852-polyhydramnios

  Other complications of too much amniotic fluid include: Early labor. Premature birth (your baby is born before 37 weeks). Placental abruption. Postpartum hemorrhage. Umbilical cord prolapse. The fetus becomes breech. Stillbirth. […] No, you cant prevent polyhydramnios. […] Mild cases of polyhydramnios shouldnt affect your baby. In diabetes-related cases, the fetus may grow too large for a vaginal delivery. Severe cases of polyhydramnios may lead to premature labor and your baby being born early. […] Yes, most people will not have pregnancy complications from too much amniotic fluid and will have a healthy baby.

• #116

  https://www.emmasdiary.co.uk/pregnancy-and-birth/pregnancy-health/pregnancy-complications/polyhydramnios-too-much-amniotic-fluid-explained

  Polyhydramnios is when there is too much amniotic fluid around your baby during pregnancy. […] In 4 out of five cases its not clear why the amniotic fluid has built up too much. But polyhydramnios can sometimes be caused by: A twin (or multiple) pregnancy, Diabetes in the mother, including the diabetes of pregnancy (gestational diabetes), The baby having a blockage in their digestive system (called gut atresia), A mismatch between the rhesus blood group of mother and baby (called rhesus disease) which can make the baby anaemic, A genetic condition affecting the baby. […] Sometimes, polyhydramnios is linked to problems including: Going into labour too early (premature labour, before 37 weeks), The cord coming out before the baby (prolapsed cord), or the placenta coming away (abruption), Problems with the babys position, Heavy bleeding after the birth.

• #117 What Is Polyhydramnios | Birth Injury Lawyers

  https://www.nationalbirthinjurylaw.com/polyhydramnios

  Maternal infections, such as Group Strep B and certain viral infections may be the cause of polyhydramnios in some cases. […] If polyhydramnios is strongly suspected, the medical provider may decide to assess the baby for fetal anemia (insufficient red blood cells), which can cause polyhydramnios. […] When severe polyhydramnios is diagnosed, the medical provider should consider a procedure called amnioreduction depending upon when in the pregnancy this occurs. […] Researchers have highlighted the increased risks of vaginal delivery and labor complications in cases of mild, moderate, or severe polyhydramnios.

• #118 Polyhydramnios | Article | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/article/heading/vol-10–common-obstetric-conditions–polyhydramnios/id/409583

  Polyhydramnios (which can be sometimes referred to as hydramnios) is an excessive accumulation of amniotic fluid. […] Other authors classify polyhydramnios according to the etiological causes whether idiopathic, or due to maternal or fetal causes. This is because the outcome and pregnancy management vary according to the causes. […] The incidence of polyhydramnios ranges between 0.2 and 1.6%, with differences in the reported rates due to variations in diagnostic criteria. Causes of polyhydramnios can be idiopathic (60%; where no fetal or maternal causes can be identified such as in cases of fetal macrosomia not associated with maternal diabetes) or due to maternal or fetal causes. […] In cases when polyhydramnios is due to fetal anomalies, the outcome depends on the underlying pathology. Severe polyhydramnios in the second trimester has a significant association with perinatal mortality rates due to prematurity or aneuploidy.

• #119 Polyhydramnios and Oligohydramnios: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/975821-overview

  The underlying cause of the excessive amniotic fluid volume is obvious in some clinical conditions and is not completely understood in others. Causes include the following: […] In a study by Kollmann et al of 860 singleton pregnancies complicated by polyhydramnios, 68.8% of the polyhydramnios cases were idiopathic, whereas maternal diabetes was found in 19.8% of cases; congenital anomalies, in 8.5%; and a positive TORCH (toxoplasmosis, other [such as syphilis, varicella-zoster, parvovirus B19], rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes infection) serology, in 2.9%. […] Polyhydramnios occurs in 1% of pregnancies, whereas oligohydramnios occurs in about 11% of pregnancies. […] In pregnancies affected by polyhydramnios, approximately 20% of neonates are born with a congenital anomaly of some type; therefore, the delivery of these newborns in a tertiary care setting is preferred.

• #120 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Polyhydramnios | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20339036

  Polyhydramnios (pol-e-hi-DRAM-nee-os) is the buildup of increased amniotic fluid the fluid that surrounds the baby in the uterus during pregnancy. Polyhydramnios happens in about 1% to 2% of pregnancies. […] Some of the known causes of polyhydramnios include: Conditions that affect the baby’s digestive tract, central nervous system or certain other organs. Genetic conditions that affect the baby. Diabetes in the pregnant person. A complication of identical twin pregnancies in which one twin receives too much blood and the other too little. This is called twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. A decreased amount of red blood cells in the baby, also called fetal anemia. A condition in which the pregnant parent’s blood cells attack the baby’s blood cells. Infection during pregnancy. […] Often, the cause of polyhydramnios isn’t clear, especially when the condition is mild.

• #121 Polyhydramnios – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562140/

  Polyhydramnios is a pathological condition characterized by an excess of amniotic fluid associated with increased rates of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. This condition develops when the mechanisms regulating amniotic fluid volume are disrupted, most commonly due to excess fetal urine production, impaired swallowing, or gastrointestinal obstruction. […] In 50% to 60% of affected patients, polyhydramnios is idiopathic. However, the idiopathic classification is one of exclusion and can only be made after ruling out other potential causes. Polyhydramnios may result from any pathology that impairs fetal swallowing, reduces fluid reabsorption from the gastrointestinal tract, or results in excessive urine production. One of the most common pathological causes of polyhydramnios is gestational diabetes, though chromosomal abnormalities are also relatively common. Less often, intrapartum transplacental infections lead to polyhydramnios.

• #122 Polyhydramnios – Possible Causes and Next Steps – The ObG Project

  https://www.obgproject.com/2016/08/05/polyhydramnios-what-is-it/

  The term polyhydramnios, also known as hydramnios, refers to an excessive amount of amniotic fluid. The primary sources of amniotic fluid are fetal urine production, fetal lung fluid and fetal oral and nasal secretions. The main routes of amniotic fluid removal are fetal swallowing and absorption via the intramembranous pathway. […] Causes of polyhydramnios are many and account for varying percentages of cases: Idiopathic polyhydramnios (50-60%), Congenital anomalies and genetic disorders (8-45%), Maternal diabetes (5-26%), Multiple gestation (8-10%), Fetal anemia (1-11%). […] Increasing severity of polyhydramnios correlates with an increased risk of perinatal mortality and congenital abnormalities.

• #123 The Fetal Medicine Foundation

  https://fetalmedicine.org/education/fetal-abnormalities/amniotic-fluid/polyhydramnios

  Polyhydramnios […] Prevalence: 1 in 100 pregnancies. […] Ultrasound diagnosis: The vertical measurement of the deepest pocket of amniotic fluid free of fetal parts is used to classify polyhydramnios into mild (8-11 cm), moderate (12-15 cm) and severe (≥16 cm). In about 80% of cases the polyhydramnios is mild, in 15% moderate and in 5% severe. Most cases of mild polyhydramnios are idiopathic, but most cases with moderate or severe polyhydramnios are due to maternal or fetal disorders. In most cases, polyhydramnios develops late in the second or in the third trimester of pregnancy. Acute polyhydramnios at 16-22 weeks is mainly seen in association with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. […] Associated abnormalities: There are essentially two major causes of polyhydramnios: […] Reduced fetal swallowing: due to brain abnormalities (e.g anencephaly, Dandy-Walker malformation), facial tumors, gastrointestinal obstruction (e.g. esophageal or duodenal atresia, small bowel obstruction), compressive pulmonary disorders (e.g. pleural effusions, diaphragmatic hernia, CPAM, CHAOS), narrow thoracic cage due to skeletal dysplasias), and fetal akinesia deformation sequence (due to neuromuscular impairment of fetal swallowing). […] Increased fetal urination: maternal diabetes mellitus and maternal uremia (increased glucose and urea cause osmotic diuresis), hyperdynamic fetal circulation due to fetal anemia (e.g. red blood cell isoimmunization or congenital infection), fetal and placental tumors (e.g. sacrococcygeal teratoma, placental chorioangioma), or twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. […] Prognosis: This depends on the cause of polyhydramnios and the gestational age at delivery.

• #124 Polyhydramnios | Article | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/article/heading/vol-10–common-obstetric-conditions–polyhydramnios/id/409583

  Polyhydramnios (which can be sometimes referred to as hydramnios) is an excessive accumulation of amniotic fluid. […] Other authors classify polyhydramnios according to the etiological causes whether idiopathic, or due to maternal or fetal causes. This is because the outcome and pregnancy management vary according to the causes. […] The incidence of polyhydramnios ranges between 0.2 and 1.6%, with differences in the reported rates due to variations in diagnostic criteria. Causes of polyhydramnios can be idiopathic (60%; where no fetal or maternal causes can be identified such as in cases of fetal macrosomia not associated with maternal diabetes) or due to maternal or fetal causes. […] In cases when polyhydramnios is due to fetal anomalies, the outcome depends on the underlying pathology. Severe polyhydramnios in the second trimester has a significant association with perinatal mortality rates due to prematurity or aneuploidy.

• #125 Polyhydramnios (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/polyhydramnios

  Studies of pregnancies associated with polyhydramnios but not congenital malformation showed that polyhydramnios was an independent risk factor for low birth weight, low Apgar scores, fetal death and neonatal mortality. […] The more severe the polyhydramnios, the more likely the chance of finding an underlying cause.

• #126 Polyhydramnios – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/polyhydramnios/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20368494

  Polyhydramnios is diagnosed if the MVP is 8 or greater, or the AFI is 24 or greater. […] Depending on the timing and how serious polyhydramnios is, your health care team may recommend other tests to try to determine the cause of the polyhydramnios: […] Blood tests. These can check for infectious diseases linked with polyhydramnios. […] Otherwise, treatment for an underlying cause such as diabetes may help clear up polyhydramnios. […] Polyhydramnios treatment may include: […] Drainage of extra amniotic fluid. Your health care team may use amniocentesis to drain the extra amniotic fluid from your uterus. […] If you have mild to moderate polyhydramnios, your care team probably will plan to have you deliver your baby at 39 or 40 weeks. If you have severe polyhydramnios, your team likely will talk about the right timing of delivery. […] Having polyhydramnios can be stressful.

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