Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hammertoe – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559268/

  Hammertoes are among the most common deformities of the forefoot. […] The causes of hammertoe deformity are many and multifactorial, including congenital and acquired, with the most accepted factor and component being a biomechanical dysfunction. The etiology of deformities of the lesser digits includes: Neuromuscular conditions, Diabetes, Inflammatory arthropathies, Ill-fitting shoes and high heels, Intrinsic muscle imbalance, Hallux valgus, Long metatarsals, Pes planus. […] There are different types of characteristics of the digital deformities; they may be static or dynamic, flexible or rigid and may occur in conjunction with other pathologies such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, cavus deformity and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). […] Whether due to neuromuscular, anatomic abnormalities such as the second ray being longer than the first or improperly fitted shoes, there is an imbalance in the extrinsic or intrinsic forces that are exerted on the digit causing a deformity.

• #1 Hammer Toe: Comprehensive Guide – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/hammer-toe/

  A hammer toe is a deformity of the second, third, or fourth toes. In this condition, the toe is bent at the middle joint, so that it resembles a hammer. […] Hammer toe is the result of a muscle imbalance that puts pressure on the toe tendons and joints. Muscles work in pairs to straighten and bend the toes. If the toe is bent in one position long enough, the muscles and joints tighten and cannot stretch out. […] Wearing shoes that do not fit properly is a common cause of this imbalance. Shoes that narrow toward the toe push the smaller toes into a flexed (bent) position. The toes rub against the shoe, leading to the formation of corns and calluses, which further aggravate the condition. Shoes with a higher heel force the foot down and push the toes against the shoe, increasing the pressure and the bend in the toe. Other times, some of the small muscles in the foot can weaken over time and cause an imbalance. Eventually, the toe muscles can no longer straighten the toe.

• #1 Understanding Hammertoes: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/understanding-hammertoes-basics

  A hammertoe happens when the muscles and ligaments around your toe joint get out of balance. This makes the middle joint of your toe curve upward and get stuck in this position. […] The muscles of each toe work in pairs. When the toe muscles get out of balance, a hammertoe can form. Muscle imbalance puts a lot of pressure on your toe’s tendons and joints. This pressure forces your toe into a hammerhead shape. […] Causes include: Shoes that dont fit. If your shoes are too tight or too small, they push your toes out of balance. […] Wearing high heels. Pointy, high-heeled footwear squishes your toes and smushes them into the front of the shoe. That severe pressure on the toes can cause hammertoe and other problems. […] Having long toes. If your lower digits are extra long, you may have a hard time finding shoes that accommodate their length. Ill-fitting shoes can put pressure on toes, causing them to bend.

• #1 Hammertoe – Podiatry, Orthopedics, & Physical Therapy

  https://www.southfloridasportsmedicine.com/hammer-toe

  Hammertoes are a condition when the digits are contracted in an upward position. In most cases the condition is aquired over time. This is a condition that causes the toes to contract and shorten often leading to the top of the toes rubbing against shoes and causing irritation and/or pain with closed shoes as well as activity. There are three types of causes for hammertoes. All three causes involved a breakdown in the mechanics of the lower extremities. […] Usually occurs in individuals with flatfeet who excessively pronate during walking. Because there is no support of the midfoot bones from the flat foot condition, the flexor muscles started to contract earlier and longer than normally to try and stabalize the forefoot. The flexor tendons overpower the interosseus muscles of the foot and casue hammering or clawing of the digits. This is the most common cause of hammertoes.

• #1 Hammertoe and mallet toe | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/hammertoe-and-mallet-toe

  Hammertoe and mallet toe are foot problems that cause a bend in a toe or toes. Wearing shoes that don’t fit well can cause hammertoe and mallet toe. Other causes are foot injury and certain illnesses, such as diabetes. Often the cause isn’t known. […] Hammertoe and mallet toe have been linked to: […] Certain shoes. High-heeled shoes or footwear that’s too tight in the toe can crowd toes so they can’t lie flat. In time, the toe might remain curled even when not in shoes. […] Trauma. A toe that has been stubbed, jammed or broken might be more likely to develop hammertoe or mallet toe. […] Imbalance of the toe muscles. If the muscles aren’t balanced, they can put pressure on the tendons and joints. This imbalance can lead to hammertoe and mallet toe over time.

• #1 What causes hammertoe and mallet toe? – Beaver Valley Foot Clinic

  https://bvfootclinic.com/what-causes-hammertoe-and-mallet-toe/

  Hammertoe symptoms PittsburghThese hammertoe deformities have several well-established causes which include: […] Poorly fitting footwear: any shoes or boots which dont allow the toes to lie flat have the potential to cause either deformity. Overly tight toe boxes are also major contributors. Note that high-heeled shoes are notorious for causing these conditions and several others. […] Injury: trauma such as a severely stubbed toe can set a patient up for hammer or mallet toe. Poorly set fractures can also play a role. […] Abnormal toe musculature: this can cause poor biomechanics which can lead to a host of foot conditions. This includes the deformities mentioned above. […] Age and genetics can both play significant roles in the development of hammer toe and mallet toe: […] Age: As people age, the ligaments and tendons in their feet may weaken or become less flexible, leading to changes in foot structure and function. Additionally, the natural aging process can result in a loss of fat pads in the ball of the foot, which can contribute to the development of hammer toe and mallet toe.

• #1 What Causes Hammertoe: Types, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/hammertoe-5216177

  Hammertoe occurs when there is a muscle imbalance around the toe joint. This causes the toe to get stiff and bent in a hammer-like position. […] The most common cause of hammertoe is muscle and tendon imbalance, which is the result of changes that occur over time. But this is not the only cause. […] Shoes that are narrow and do not fit well, such as high heels, offer little or no arch support. High heels also put pressure on the toes and cause them to bend at the joints. […] While anyone can experience hammertoe, the risk for the condition increases with age. This is because over time the tendons that connect muscles become shorter, tighter, and less flexible. […] Females are more likely to experience hammertoe. This is due to the design of some footwear for women made with a narrow front end, causing the toes to become cramped.

• #1 Understanding Hammertoes: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/understanding-hammertoes-basics

  Having high arches or flat feet. Both can set the stage for hammertoe. […] Having bunions: A bunion occurs when your big toe gets pushed out of alignment, putting pressure on your other toes. […] Injuries. Trauma to your toes may cause hammertoe to develop. […] Your genes. Some people are born with hammertoes.

• #1 Hammertoe & Mallet Toe: A Comprehensive Guide | AOS

  https://advancedorthoandspine.com/orthopaedics/hammer-toe-mallet-toe-a-comprehensive-guide/

  Family history: Hammertoes and mallet toes can run in families, suggesting that there may be a genetic component to the condition. […] Trauma to the toes: A fracture or dislocation of the toe joint can increase the risk of developing a hammertoe or mallet toe. […] Repetitive stress injuries: People who participate in certain sports, such as dancing or running, may be more likely to develop hammertoes and mallet toes due to the repetitive stress placed on their feet. […] Aging: As we age, the muscles and tendons in our feet can weaken, making them more susceptible to hammertoes and mallet toes. […] It is important to note that the exact cause of hammertoes and mallet toes is not always known. In some cases, a combination of factors may contribute to the development of these conditions.

• #1 What Causes Hammertoe: Types, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/hammertoe-5216177

  Arthritis is a risk factor for hammertoe. It can make the joints of the toes stiff and sore. Inflammatory arthritis conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and gout have been linked to hammertoe. […] Diabetes (the body’s inability to regulate blood sugar) can lead to hammertoe because it increases the risk for infection and foot ulcers. […] Post-polio syndrome, a condition that strikes years or even decades after a person has recovered from polio, can sometimes cause problems with the feet. […] Hammertoe is sometimes the result of nerve damage caused by alcohol use disorder. […] Some survivors of stroke report the curling of their toes post-stroke. […] Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is a group of disorders that affect the peripheral nervous system and can result in smaller, weaker muscles.

• #1

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?Hwid=hw143427

  Hammer, claw, and mallet toes are toes that are bent into an odd position. […] Tight shoes are the most common cause of these toe problems. Wearing tight shoes can cause the toe muscles to get out of balance. If a shoe forces a toe to stay in a bent position for too long, the muscles tighten and the tendons shorten, or contract. This makes it harder to straighten the toe. Over time, the toe muscles can’t straighten the toe, even when you aren’t wearing shoes. […] Less often, these toe problems are linked with other conditions, such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, stroke, or an injury to the foot or ankle.

• #1 Hammer toes | Causes, treatments | Versus Arthritis

  https://versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/hammer-toes/

  Hammer toes (also known as claw toes, mallet toes or retracted toes) are toes that are permanently bent. Hammer toes are caused by hallux valgus or because your toes are squashed by poorly fitting shoes and/or socks. […] Hammer toes are most common in people who have bunions or high-arched feet.

• #1 Hammer Claw and Mallet Toe – Sportsmed Alabama

  https://sportsmedalabama.com/contents/hammer-claw-and-mallet-toe/

  Hammer, claw, and mallet toe refers to toes that are bent into an abnormal position. As the bone structure of the toes change, the muscles that control the toes get out of balance and cause the toes to bend into an odd position at one or more joints. […] Ill-fitting footwear is the most common cause of hammer, claw, and mallet toe. Wearing shoes that are too tight can negatively affect the muscles and tendons in the toe causing deformities. Toes that are squished day after day become fixed in that position and will not straighten out. Other common causes include: […] Hammertoe in the second toe is common in people with a bunion on their big toe. […] Claw toe is common in people with high arches. […] Nerve issues such as diabetes or neuropathy.

• #1 Facts About Hammertoe and Mallet Toe Deformities | Shenandoah Podiatry

  https://www.shenandoahpodiatry.com/library/facts-about-hammertoe-and-mallet-toe-deformities.cfm

  Additional Risk Factors Include: As you get older, the risk of hammertoe and mallet toe increases. Women are more likely to develop these conditions than men. If your second toe is longer than your big toe, it may be at risk of developing hammertoe or mallet toe. Diseases like arthritis and diabetes have been linked to a higher risk of foot deformities. Genetics may play a role. Hammertoe and mallet toe may be hereditary.

• #1 Hammertoes | University Foot & Ankle Institute

  https://www.footankleinstitute.com/conditions/hammer-toe

  Hammertoe deformities occur due to an imbalance in the muscles, tendons, or ligaments that are responsible for holding the toe straight. The hammertoe deformity manifests as an abnormal bend in the middle joint of a toe. The deformity can be triggered or made worse by the type of shoes you wear, foot structure, trauma, and certain disease conditions. […] There are several things that can cause hammertoe. Most often, genetics play a role. If your parents or grandparents had hammertoe, you may get it as well. Additionally, people with flat feet or high-arched feet are more prone to this deformity. […] Other causes of hammertoe deformity include: Injury, Tendon imbalance, Long toes, Rheumatoid arthritis, Diabetes, Neuromuscular disease, Certain kinds of footwear, like high heels. […] Genetics is a top cause of hammertoe. Other causes include those with bunions or diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, or neuromuscular disease. Women who wear high heels are more likely to get hammertoes over time due to high heels’ pointy toe boxes that prevent the toes from moving freely.

• #1 Hammertoe & Mallet Toe: A Comprehensive Guide | AOS

  https://advancedorthoandspine.com/orthopaedics/hammer-toe-mallet-toe-a-comprehensive-guide/

  Hammertoes (hammer toes) and mallet toes are a few of the most common foot conditions. In fact, research by Nextremity Solutions, Inc. indicates that forefoot deformities, such as hammertoes and mallet toes, are an endemic problem in the US, affecting as many as 20% of Americans. Additionally, these conditions are more common in women than in men, and they tend to develop later in life. […] Several factors can contribute to developing hammertoes and mallet toes. Some potential causes include: […] Wearing tight or ill-fitting shoes: Shoes that are too tight or too short can put pressure on the toes and force them into a bent position. […] Having long toes: Long toes are more likely to develop hammertoes and mallet toes because they are more likely to rub against the inside of shoes. […] Having certain medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as arthritis, diabetes, and neurological disorders, can increase the risk of developing hammertoes and mallet toes.

• #1 Risk Factors for Hammer Toe – footsurgeon

  https://footsurgeon.com/risk-factors-for-hammer-toe/

  Hammer toe is a common condition that can be really painful. It occurs when your toe bends downward at the middle joint. The bend causes it to look like a hammer. […] There are a number of factors that can increase your risk for hammer toe. […] The length of your toes can increase your risk for the condition. If your second toe is longer than your first toe, it can create an imbalance that leads to unnecessary pressure on it. […] The natural aging process can put wear and tear on your toes. The muscles and ligaments in your feet can weaken and lose flexibility as you age. This can result in a higher risk for hammer toe as you age. […] Women are more likely than men to develop hammer toe. This is because women tend to wear shoes that impact their feet and toes more. High heels and shoes with pointed toes can increase your risk for hammer toe.

• #1 Hammer Toes – APMA MAIN

  https://www.apma.org/patients-and-the-public/conditions-affecting-the-foot-and-ankle/hammer-toes/

  A hammer toe develops because of an abnormal balance of the muscles in the toes. This abnormal balance causes increased pressures on the tendons and joints of the toe, leading to its contracture. Heredity and trauma can also lead to the formation of a hammer toe. Arthritis is another factor, because the balance around the toe in people with arthritis is disrupted. Wearing shoes that are too tight and cause the toes to squeeze can also cause a hammer toe to form. […] Hammer toes are more common in females than males.

• #1 Hammertoe Deformity: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1235341-overview

  Hammertoe deformity is the most common deformity of the lesser toes. The fundamental problem is a chronic, sustained imbalance between flexion and extension forces applied to the lesser toes. […] Etiologies of hammertoe deformity include the following: A foot in which the second ray is longer than the first, MTP joint synovitis and instability, inflammatory arthropathies, neuromuscular conditions, ill-fitting shoewear. […] MTP joint synovitis and instability are associated with a second ray that is longer than the first. Inflammatory arthropathies typically involve more than one of the lesser MTP joints. Ill-fitting shoewear compounds the effects of any of the other causes. […] The fundamental problem is a chronic, sustained imbalance between flexion and extension force of the lesser toes from intrinsic forces, extrinsic forces, or both. Hammertoe deformity primarily involves flexion deformity of the PIP joint of the toe, with hyperextension of the MTP and DIP joints.

• #1 Mallet Toe: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/mallet-toe

  Mallet toe usually develops gradually, when forces like the shoes you wear or the way you walk cause a tendon in your toe to tighten and contract. The contracture is usually somewhat flexible in the early stages, but after a while, it becomes rigid and fixed. Contributing causes may include: […] Poor-fitting shoes. […] High heels. […] Congenital (present at birth) foot differences. […] Previous injury. […] Neuromuscular disorders. […] Foot and ankle arthritis.

• #1 Hammertoe, Claw-toe, Mallet-toe deformity — Bone Talks

  http://www.bonetalks.com/foothammertoe

  Hammertoe ( Hammer toe ) is an issue with the PIP joint, its over flexed. A hammertoe is a toe deformity that occurs at the P.I.P joint (proximal interphalangeal joint). The extensor tendon that attaches here (over the top of the foot) is too tight, and so it pulls the toe upward into a prominent position. This is a problem because this joint will rub against the toe-box of most shoes causing painful corns to develop. The neighboring MTP joint may be slightly extended but its not the major site of deformity (otherwise, its considered a claw toe). However, a loose MTP joint (like a floating toe from a plantar plate injury, see talk) is often associated with a hammertoe, and it should be evaluated whenever a hammertoe is seen. […] A mallet toe is a deformity that occurs at the D.I.P joint (distal interphalangeal joint). It is caused by a tendon imbalance. The flexor tendon becomes contracted (tightened) and this pulls the tip of the toe downward.

• #1 Mallet Toe, Hammer Toe & Claw Toe: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.foot-pain-explored.com/mallet-toe.html

  Mallet Toe, Hammer Toe Claw Toe are similar conditions, all caused by deformity of the toe joints. […] Toe deformities usually develop slowly from wearing poor fitting shoes, but can also be due to muscle or nerve damage. […] Hammertoe and Mallet Toe are caused by a problem in one joint whereas in Claw Toe, all three toe joints are affected. […] There are a number of things that can cause Mallet Toes to develop: […] Mallet toes are most commonly caused by wearing high heels or ill-fitting shoes that are too tight e.g. narrow toebox. […] Another common cause is Mortons Toe, where the second toe is longer than the big toe. […] conditions that affect the blood and oxygen flow to the feet e.g. peripheral vascular disease can lead to toe deformities […] Altered foot position e.g. bunions or flat feet pushes the toe joints out of place which can lead to hammer toe, mallet toe or claw toe

• #1 Mallet Toes, Hammertoes, Neuromas, and Metatarsophalangeal Joint Instability: 40 Years of Development in Forefoot Surgery

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7065734/

  The etiology of mallet toe is varied, and has been attributed to anatomy and toe length, shoewear, trauma, or a factor in systemic neurologic disease. […] In fact, we now know there are multiple causes of forefoot pain and dysfunction, the correct diagnosis and proper treatment of which are crucial to patient improvement. […] The current accepted definition of a hammertoe is a deformity in which the middle and distal phalanges are flexed on the proximal phalanx. […] Forty years ago, operative solutions for hammertoe deformity often resulted in instability, malalignment, progressive disfigurement, or recurrent deformity. […] As with mallet toe fixation, attempts were made to stabilize the hammertoe deformity at the PIP joint with external bolsters. […] Today, there is an active quest for hammertoe fixation, as evidenced by myriad available commercial implants to address the problem.

• #2 Hammertoe Deformity: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1235341-overview

  Hammertoe deformity is the most common deformity of the lesser toes. The fundamental problem is a chronic, sustained imbalance between flexion and extension forces applied to the lesser toes. […] Etiologies of hammertoe deformity include the following: A foot in which the second ray is longer than the first, MTP joint synovitis and instability, inflammatory arthropathies, neuromuscular conditions, ill-fitting shoewear. […] MTP joint synovitis and instability are associated with a second ray that is longer than the first. Inflammatory arthropathies typically involve more than one of the lesser MTP joints. Ill-fitting shoewear compounds the effects of any of the other causes. […] The fundamental problem is a chronic, sustained imbalance between flexion and extension force of the lesser toes from intrinsic forces, extrinsic forces, or both. Hammertoe deformity primarily involves flexion deformity of the PIP joint of the toe, with hyperextension of the MTP and DIP joints.

• #2

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?Hwid=hw143427

  Hammer, claw, and mallet toes are toes that are bent into an odd position. […] Tight shoes are the most common cause of these toe problems. Wearing tight shoes can cause the toe muscles to get out of balance. If a shoe forces a toe to stay in a bent position for too long, the muscles tighten and the tendons shorten, or contract. This makes it harder to straighten the toe. Over time, the toe muscles can’t straighten the toe, even when you aren’t wearing shoes. […] Less often, these toe problems are linked with other conditions, such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, stroke, or an injury to the foot or ankle.

• #2 Hammertoe – Podiatry, Orthopedics, & Physical Therapy

  https://www.southfloridasportsmedicine.com/hammer-toe

  This occurs with weakness of a muscle called the tricpes surae (calf muscle), The deep posterior leg and lateral leg muscles try to compensate for lack of plantarflexion. This causes an elevation of the arch creating a high arch and contracted digits. This cause is not as common. […] The extensor muscles will activate to dorsiflex the ankle to allow the foot to clear the ground during the swing phase of gait (walking). Extensor substitution occurs the extensors of the digits gain a mechanical advantage over the lumbricles because the large muscle at the front of the leg called the Tibialis Anterior and the toes become contracted. […] The severity of these deformities is multi-factorial involving genetics, altered mechanics with soft tissue contractures, and bad shoegear.

• #2 Hammertoes: What It Is, Causes, Relief & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17038-hammertoes

  Hammertoes happen when something puts pressure on your toes and pushes them out of place. Over time, muscles and tendons in your toes tighten, freezing your toes in a curled shape. Hammertoes develop when something pushes your toes out of their natural position for a long time. Hammertoes happen when something pushes your toes out of position for a long time. Eventually, the muscles and tendons in your feet and toes adjust to the unusual, cramped position and tighten up. The main causes of hammertoes include: Wearing poorly-fitting shoes: Shoes that are too narrow (have a small toe box) or dont have enough arch support can force your toes into unnatural positions. People who wear high heels and kids who keep wearing shoes theyve outgrown may develop hammertoes. Having high arch feet or flat feet: Your foots natural shape may make you more likely to develop hammertoes. Having long toes: If your toes are naturally longer than usual, they may not have enough room in common shoe widths or sizes. This can put extra pressure on them and cause hammertoes. Certain health conditions: Any condition that affects your feet and toes can cause hammertoes. People with diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis may have an increased risk. Bunions: Bunions can push your toes out of alignment and put extra pressure on them. Hammertoes are a common issue. They happen when extra pressure on your toes forces them into a bunched-up or curled shape. Eventually, they can get stuck in that position. Wearing shoes that dont fit well is the most common cause.

• #2 Hammertoe & Mallet Toe: A Comprehensive Guide | AOS

  https://advancedorthoandspine.com/orthopaedics/hammer-toe-mallet-toe-a-comprehensive-guide/

  Hammertoes (hammer toes) and mallet toes are a few of the most common foot conditions. In fact, research by Nextremity Solutions, Inc. indicates that forefoot deformities, such as hammertoes and mallet toes, are an endemic problem in the US, affecting as many as 20% of Americans. Additionally, these conditions are more common in women than in men, and they tend to develop later in life. […] Several factors can contribute to developing hammertoes and mallet toes. Some potential causes include: […] Wearing tight or ill-fitting shoes: Shoes that are too tight or too short can put pressure on the toes and force them into a bent position. […] Having long toes: Long toes are more likely to develop hammertoes and mallet toes because they are more likely to rub against the inside of shoes. […] Having certain medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as arthritis, diabetes, and neurological disorders, can increase the risk of developing hammertoes and mallet toes.

• #2 What Causes Hammertoe and What Are My Treatment Options?: Kelly L. Geoghan, DPM: Podiatrist

  https://www.flawlessfeet.net/blog/what-causes-hammertoe-and-what-are-my-treatment-options

  Because women often wear these types of shoes, theyre much more likely to develop hammertoes than men. […] Severely jamming, stubbing, or breaking your toe makes the joints even more susceptible to bending awkwardly. […] Sometimes your hammertoe stems from an imbalance within your toe muscles. Healthy toe muscles do a good job of holding your toes straight and firmly in the correct position. If your muscles arent working properly, your toe can easily curl and bend at the joint.

• #2

  https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/orthopedics/conditions/hammer-toe

  Hammer toe is a condition where the second, third, fourth or fifth toe is bent in the middle, giving it a hammer shape. Imbalance in connective tissues within the toe is what causes hammer toe, and wearing shoes that dont fit can make it worse. […] Causes of hammer toe typically include a combination of: […] Muscle imbalance: Pairs of muscles control toe movement. When a toe stays bent for a long period, the muscles get tight and cant straighten out. […] Footwear: Shoes that are too narrow, such as high heels, compress the toes and cause them to become bent and sometimes overlap each other. […] Injury: An injury like jamming or fracturing your toe can increase your chances of developing hammer toe. […] Your genes may contribute to the development of hammer toe. You may be predisposed to hammer toe should you have a family history of the condition or if you have any of the following: […] Flat feet […] High arches […] Tight tendons or ligaments in your feet […] Second toes that are longer than your big toes […] Bunions, which can put pressure on your second toe.

• #2 Facts About Hammertoe and Mallet Toe Deformities | Shenandoah Podiatry

  https://www.shenandoahpodiatry.com/library/facts-about-hammertoe-and-mallet-toe-deformities.cfm

  Additional Risk Factors Include: As you get older, the risk of hammertoe and mallet toe increases. Women are more likely to develop these conditions than men. If your second toe is longer than your big toe, it may be at risk of developing hammertoe or mallet toe. Diseases like arthritis and diabetes have been linked to a higher risk of foot deformities. Genetics may play a role. Hammertoe and mallet toe may be hereditary.

• #2 Hammertoe and mallet toe | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/hammertoe-and-mallet-toe

  Hammertoe and mallet toe are foot problems that cause a bend in a toe or toes. Wearing shoes that don’t fit well can cause hammertoe and mallet toe. Other causes are foot injury and certain illnesses, such as diabetes. Often the cause isn’t known. […] Hammertoe and mallet toe have been linked to: Certain shoes. High-heeled shoes or footwear that’s too tight in the toe can crowd toes so they can’t lie flat. In time, the toe might remain curled even when not in shoes. […] Trauma. A toe that has been stubbed, jammed or broken might be more likely to develop hammertoe or mallet toe. […] Imbalance of the toe muscles. If the muscles aren’t balanced, they can put pressure on the tendons and joints. This imbalance can lead to hammertoe and mallet toe over time.

• #2 Facts About Hammertoe and Mallet Toe Deformities | Shenandoah Podiatry

  https://www.shenandoahpodiatry.com/library/facts-about-hammertoe-and-mallet-toe-deformities.cfm

  Conditions like hammertoe and mallet toe deformities can cause a great deal of foot and heel pain if left untreated. These deformities can result from an imbalance in the muscles, tendons, and ligaments of the toes and feet. […] The root cause of hammertoe and mallet toe relates to the imbalance between the muscles and connective tissues in the toe and foot. If the toe is bent in a position for a prolonged period of time, the muscles and joints may tighten. As a result, they become unable to stretch out from that position. […] Causes relating to toe deformities include: Shoe choice. Wearing high heels or shoes that are too tight around the toes can crowd your toes in an unnatural way. With prolonged or habitual wear, your curled toes may even persist when you take off your shoes. Trauma or injury. Physical trauma to the affected area can result in the development of hammertoe or mallet toe. This includes stubbing, jamming, or breaking one of your toes. Nerve damage. In addition to physical trauma to the bones, muscles, and connective tissue, damage to the nerves may also lead to toe deformities. Muscle balance. If the toe muscles are imbalanced or weak, this can lead to an instability in how you walk. This can then force your toe or toes to contract. Bone imbalance. Foot bones that are too short or otherwise imbalanced can also lead to hammertoe and mallet toe.

• #2 What Causes Hammertoe: Types, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/hammertoe-5216177

  Arthritis is a risk factor for hammertoe. It can make the joints of the toes stiff and sore. Inflammatory arthritis conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and gout have been linked to hammertoe. […] Diabetes (the body’s inability to regulate blood sugar) can lead to hammertoe because it increases the risk for infection and foot ulcers. […] Post-polio syndrome, a condition that strikes years or even decades after a person has recovered from polio, can sometimes cause problems with the feet. […] Hammertoe is sometimes the result of nerve damage caused by alcohol use disorder. […] Some survivors of stroke report the curling of their toes post-stroke. […] Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is a group of disorders that affect the peripheral nervous system and can result in smaller, weaker muscles.

• #2

  https://www.orthobullets.com/foot-and-ankle/7014/hammer-toe

  Hammer Toe is a lesser toe deformity characterized by PIP flexion, DIP extension and MTP slight extension. […] Etiology includes pathoanatomy factors such as plantar plate injury, overpull of EDL, and imbalance of intrinsics. […] Associated conditions include painful corns at dorsal PIP joint.

• #2 Hammer, Claw, and Mallet Toe | UK Healthcare

  https://ukhealthcare.uky.edu/orthopaedic-surgery-sports-medicine/conditions/general-orthopaedics/hammer-claw-mallet-toe

  Hammer, claw, and mallet toes are toes that are bent into an odd position. […] A hammer toe bends down toward the floor at the middle toe joint. […] A mallet toe bends down at the joint closest to the tip of the toe. […] Hammer, claw, and mallet toes may hurt and make it hard to find shoes that fit. […] Any medical conditions you have that could be related, such as arthritis, diabetes, or poor blood flow (circulation). […] A joint that has some movement can sometimes be straightened without surgery. […] If your toe joint is flexible, you can also try:

• #2 Hammertoe – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559268/

  Hammertoes are among the most common deformities of the forefoot. […] The causes of hammertoe deformity are many and multifactorial, including congenital and acquired, with the most accepted factor and component being a biomechanical dysfunction. The etiology of deformities of the lesser digits includes: Neuromuscular conditions, Diabetes, Inflammatory arthropathies, Ill-fitting shoes and high heels, Intrinsic muscle imbalance, Hallux valgus, Long metatarsals, Pes planus. […] There are different types of characteristics of the digital deformities; they may be static or dynamic, flexible or rigid and may occur in conjunction with other pathologies such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, cavus deformity and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). […] Whether due to neuromuscular, anatomic abnormalities such as the second ray being longer than the first or improperly fitted shoes, there is an imbalance in the extrinsic or intrinsic forces that are exerted on the digit causing a deformity.

• #2 Mallet Toes, Hammertoes, Neuromas, and Metatarsophalangeal Joint Instability: 40 Years of Development in Forefoot Surgery

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7065734/

  The results of k-wire fixation have been encouraging in that surgery is helpful in the majority of patients; however, they highlight room for improvement with respect to fusion and malalignment. […] In the span of the senior authors career, understanding of lesser MTP joint instability has brought two major advancements: first, is the knowledge that plantar plate pathology is the primary cause of lesser MTP joint instability; and second, is the adoption of techniques to directly address the problem of instability by plantar plate repair.

• #2 Mallet Toe, Hammer Toe & Claw Toe: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.foot-pain-explored.com/mallet-toe.html

  Mallet Toe, Hammer Toe Claw Toe are similar conditions, all caused by deformity of the toe joints. […] Toe deformities usually develop slowly from wearing poor fitting shoes, but can also be due to muscle or nerve damage. […] Hammertoe and Mallet Toe are caused by a problem in one joint whereas in Claw Toe, all three toe joints are affected. […] There are a number of things that can cause Mallet Toes to develop: […] Mallet toes are most commonly caused by wearing high heels or ill-fitting shoes that are too tight e.g. narrow toebox. […] Another common cause is Mortons Toe, where the second toe is longer than the big toe. […] conditions that affect the blood and oxygen flow to the feet e.g. peripheral vascular disease can lead to toe deformities […] Altered foot position e.g. bunions or flat feet pushes the toe joints out of place which can lead to hammer toe, mallet toe or claw toe

• #2 What causes hammertoe and mallet toe? – Beaver Valley Foot Clinic

  https://bvfootclinic.com/what-causes-hammertoe-and-mallet-toe/

  Genetics: There is evidence to suggest that genetics can predispose individuals to certain foot deformities, including hammer toe and mallet toe. If a persons parents or other close relatives have had these conditions, they may be more likely to develop them as well. […] Foot Mechanics: Certain foot structures or biomechanical abnormalities, which can be inherited, may increase the risk of developing hammer toe and mallet toe. For example, having a high arch or flat foot can alter the distribution of weight on the foot and contribute to toe deformities.

• #2 Is Hammer Toe Hereditary | Can Hammer Toe Be Genetic?

  https://afaig.com/blog/is-hammer-toe-hereditary/

  Toe deformities are a common complaint among many people. Hammertoe is a deformity that can occur in the second, third, or fourth toes. It happens due to an imbalance in the muscles around the toe joint, which leads to the toe bending downward. Hammertoe can be hereditary or develop due to wearing tight shoes or high heels. […] Heredity can play a role in a hammer toe. Certain hereditary conditions, such as neuromuscular or connective tissue disorders, can lead to this deformity. Additionally, people with abnormally flat feet and those with inherited foot structures that put them at risk for developing the condition are more likely to develop hammer toe. […] People with certain genetic muscle conditions, such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, tend to have high arches and weakened muscles in the foot region that can develop a hammer toe deformity. […] Also, individuals who have inherited the tendency to develop calluses or bunions due to excessive pronation are more prone to developing a hammer toe.

• #2 Hammer toe | Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment | The Foot Hub

  https://thefoothub.com.au/hammer-toe/

  Hammer toes are caused by an imbalance in the muscles, tendons and ligaments surrounding a toe that usually work together to keep it straight. If that contracted position remains over time, these structures become rigid and permanently fixed in that position. They are more common in the fifth and sixth decades of life, therefore progressive in nature, however trauma to the toe can cause a hammer to form at any time. […] The following are factors that can lead to hammer toes developing: […] Medical conditions: diabetes mellitus, arthritis, synovitis, and some neurological conditions can cause hammer toes to develop […] Trauma: blunt force trauma to the toe or plantar plate injuries […] Gender: women are more commonly affected than men […] Genetics […] Age.

• #2 Risk Factors for Hammer Toe – footsurgeon

  https://footsurgeon.com/risk-factors-for-hammer-toe/

  Certain diseases can make you more prone to developing hammer toe. Diseases such as arthritis and diabetes can both increase your risk for hammer toe. […] Similar to other medical conditions, your family history can increase your risk for the condition. Genetic predispositions and certain foot structures can result in hammer toe.

• #2 Hammer, Claw, and Mallet Toes | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.hammer-claw-and-mallet-toes.hw143427

  Hammer, claw, and mallet toes are toes that are bent into an odd position. […] Tight shoes are the most common cause of these toe problems. Wearing tight shoes can cause the toe muscles to get out of balance. If a shoe forces a toe to stay in a bent position for too long, the muscles tighten and the tendons shorten, or contract. This makes it harder to straighten the toe. Over time, the toe muscles can’t straighten the toe, even when you aren’t wearing shoes. […] These toe problems form over years and are common in adults. Women are affected more often than men because they are more likely to wear shoes with narrow toes or high heels. […] Less often, these toe problems are linked with other conditions, such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, stroke, or an injury to the foot or ankle.

• #2 Hammertoe – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559268/

  The most common cause of digital deformities occurs with excessive pronation. […] The flexors now fire longer and earlier and overpower the interosseous muscles. […] The distinction between flexible and rigid hammertoes, as well as the absence or presence of associated MTPJ deformity, will help to guide you to conservative care or to the best surgical intervention.

• #2 Hammertoe

  https://www.foothealthfacts.org/conditions/hammertoe

  Hammertoe is a contracture (bending) deformity of one or both joints of the second, third, fourth or fifth (little) toes. This abnormal bending can put pressure on the toe when wearing shoes, causing problems to develop. […] The most common cause of hammertoe is a muscle/tendon imbalance. This imbalance, which leads to a bending of the toe, results from mechanical (structural) or neurological changes in the foot that occur over time in some people. […] Hammertoes may be aggravated by shoes that do not fit properly. A hammertoe may result if a toe is too long and is forced into a cramped position when a tight shoe is worn. Occasionally, hammertoe is the result of an earlier trauma to the toe. In some people, hammertoes are inherited.

• #2 A Guide to Hammertoe and Mallet Toe – WWMG Blog

  https://www.wwmedgroup.com/guide-to-hammertoe-mallet-toe/

  Hammertoe and mallet toe are foot issues that cause a bend in a toe or multiple toes. Hammertoe is a bend in the second, or middle, joint of the toe. Mallet toe is a bend in the third joint of the toe, closest to the toenail. These conditions often result from an imbalance in the ligaments that hold the toes in proper alignment. […] The causes of hammertoe and mallet toe include: Wearing shoes that dont fit well high-heeled shoes or footwear thats too tight can crowd toes and cause them to curl. Foot injury a toe that has been stubbed, jammed, or broken. Imbalance of the toe muscles puts pressure on the tendons and joints. Health conditions, such as arthritis and diabetes increase the risk of having foot problems. Genes and family history may also play a role.

• #2 Lesser toe deformities | NHS Lanarkshire

  https://www.nhslanarkshire.scot.nhs.uk/services/podiatry/lesser-toe-deformities/

  Lesser toe deformities are changes in the shape of any of the four smaller toes of your foot. These changes can often cause pain in the toe itself or can be uncomfortable when wearing shoes due to friction and pressure of the toes against the shoe. These changes are commonly seen in the second toe but can affect any of the lesser toes, leading to clawing, curling or overlapping. […] The most common lesser toe deformities are hammer, claw, mallet and overlapping toes. They can occur due to an imbalance between the muscles and tendons within your foot that hold your toes straight. These changes are usually flexible but can become fixed in their new position over time. […] A hammer toe is when the proximal interphalangeal joint bends down. Due to the change in shape this can result in a corn/callous developing on the top and/or tip of your toe. This is most commonly seen in the second toe but can occur in any of the smaller toes. If left untreated can become fixed over a period of time.

• #2 Hammertoe & Mallet Toe: A Comprehensive Guide | AOS

  https://advancedorthoandspine.com/orthopaedics/hammer-toe-mallet-toe-a-comprehensive-guide/

  Family history: Hammertoes and mallet toes can run in families, suggesting that there may be a genetic component to the condition. […] Trauma to the toes: A fracture or dislocation of the toe joint can increase the risk of developing a hammertoe or mallet toe. […] Repetitive stress injuries: People who participate in certain sports, such as dancing or running, may be more likely to develop hammertoes and mallet toes due to the repetitive stress placed on their feet. […] Aging: As we age, the muscles and tendons in our feet can weaken, making them more susceptible to hammertoes and mallet toes. […] It is important to note that the exact cause of hammertoes and mallet toes is not always known. In some cases, a combination of factors may contribute to the development of these conditions.

• #2 What is a hammer toe vs a claw toe and a mallet toe? | Epitact

  https://epitact.co.uk/foot/hammer-toes/definition-causes

  Claw toes, mallet toes or hammer toes are three different deformities that affect the joints of the toes. […] Hammer toes, claw toes and mallet toes mainly result from muscle imbalance between the extensor and flexor muscles in the foot. […] It is possible to classify causes in two main categories. The first category corresponds to intrinsic factors including structure or posture deformity of the foot (flat foot, bunion…) and extrinsic factors like poor-fitting shoes (avoid wearing high heeled shoes for example). […] It is also necessary to look for more general factors like rheumatic or neurologic diseases for example. These factors play a role in the deformity and, if not eradicated, the condition gets worse.

• #2 Causes of Hammertoes and Treatment Options | Gait Happensplayshopping-cartinstagram

  https://gaithappens.com/causes-of-hammertoes/

  Muscular imbalances between the toe flexors and extensors can contribute to the formation of hammertoes. […] Certain medical conditions can cause hammertoes. Arthritis can lead to inflammation and deformities in the joints, including the joints of the toes. Diabetes can cause nerve damage, reducing sensation in the feet and increasing the risk of developing hammertoes. Neuromuscular disorders such as cerebral palsy and muscular dystrophy can also contribute to the development of hammertoes. […] Hammertoes can be caused by a variety of factors, including weakness of the foot musculature, wearing poorly fitting shoes, and medical conditions such as arthritis.

• #3 Hammer toe deformity | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/hammer-toe-deformity-2?lang=us

  Hammer toe deformity, also known as digitus malleus, is proximal interphalangeal joint hyperflexion, usually associated with distal interphalangeal joint hyperextension and either a neutral or less commonly hyperextended metatarsophalangeal joint. This deformity may affect one or more of the lesser toes and may be flexible or fixed. […] Associations include hallux valgus, ill-fitting footwear, long metatarsal, inflammatory arthropathy (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis), and neurological conditions (e.g. diabetes mellitus, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, Friedreich ataxia).

Zobacz więcej