Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hammertoe and mallet toe – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hammertoe-and-mallet-toe/symptoms-causes/syc-20350839

  Hammertoe and mallet toe are foot problems that cause a bend in a toe or toes. […] A hammertoe has an unusual bend in the middle joint of a toe. Mallet toe has a bend in the joint nearest the toenail. […] Changing footwear, wearing shoe inserts, and using other devices might relieve the pain and pressure of hammertoe and mallet toe. Surgery can correct the condition and relieve the pressure if these treatments don’t work. […] Hammertoe and mallet toe have an unusual bend in the joints of one or more of the toes. […] See a health care provider if you have lasting foot pain that affects your ability to walk. […] Hammertoe and mallet toe have been linked to: […] A toe that has been stubbed, jammed or broken might be more likely to develop hammertoe or mallet toe. […] If the muscles aren’t balanced, they can put pressure on the tendons and joints. This imbalance can lead to hammertoe and mallet toe over time.

• #1 Hammertoe and mallet toe – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hammertoe-and-mallet-toe/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350845

  To diagnose hammertoe or mallet toe, a health care provider inspects the foot. X-rays can help show the bones and joints of the feet and toes. But they’re not always needed. […] For hammertoe or mallet toe, some basic questions to ask your doctor include: What tests do I need? […] Your health care provider is likely to ask you questions, such as: What type of shoes do you usually wear?

• #1 Hammertoe Diagnosis | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/hammertoe/diagnosis

  Doctors at NYU Langone diagnose hammertoe by examining your feet to confirm that a toe is bent at the middle joint and the muscles are contracted, causing the end of the toe to point downward. […] Often, your doctor can confirm the diagnosis in a physical exam. […] Details about your symptoms and lifestyle can help a doctor diagnose hammertoe. […] A physical examination of the foot is often all that’s needed for your doctor to diagnose hammertoe. […] If hammertoe causes significant pain or has severely changed the shape of the foot, your doctor may recommend X-ray imaging. […] If your symptoms include tingling or numbness and your doctor suspects that a neuroma, or nerve irritation, may be the cause, he or she may recommend ultrasound imaging. […] If a doctor suspects that changes in the structure of the foot caused by chronic hammertoe have led to other types of damage—for example, a tiny break in a bone of the foot, called a stress fracture—he or she may recommend an MRI scan.

• #1 Hammertoe

  https://www.foothealthfacts.org/conditions/hammertoe

  Hammertoes are readily apparent, to arrive at a diagnosis, the foot and ankle surgeon will obtain a thorough history of your symptoms and examine your foot. […] During the physical examination, the doctor may attempt to reproduce your symptoms by manipulating your foot and will study the contractures of the toes. […] In addition, the foot and ankle surgeon may take x-rays to determine the degree of the deformities and assess any changes that may have occurred. […] Hammertoes are progressive they do not go away by themselves and usually they will get worse over time. […] However, not all cases are alike some hammertoes progress more rapidly than others. […] Once your foot and ankle surgeon has evaluated your hammertoes, a treatment plan can be developed that is suited to your needs.

• #1 Hammertoe – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559268/

  The distinction between flexible and rigid hammertoes, as well as the absence or presence of associated MTPJ deformity, will help to guide you to conservative care or to the best surgical intervention. […] Plantar plate rupture may be diagnosed on physical examination by the Lachman test and is considered the most accurate clinical test for diagnosing MTPJ pathology.

• #1 Hammertoe – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559268/

  The hammertoe is commonly described as a chronic progressive deformity with flexion noted to the proximal interphalangeal joint of the affected digit. It is not uncommon that the affected toe will become red and painful. […] To properly evaluate hammertoes, it is beneficial to retrieve diagnostic imaging. […] The anterior-posterior, oblique, and lateral plain film radiographs are helpful in the evaluation of hammertoe deformities and should be taken with the patient being weight-bearing. […] Magnetic resonance imaging series may be helpful in the event that there is a suspicion for a plantar plate rupture. […] Surgical correction of hammertoe deformities is therefore among the most commonly performed surgical procedures performed on the forefoot. […] Once the flexion contractures start forming and becoming constant along with pain, surgical intervention may be indicated.

• #1 Hammer Toe: Comprehensive Guide – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/hammer-toe/

  A hammer toe is a deformity of the second, third, or fourth toes. In this condition, the toe is bent at the middle joint, so that it resembles a hammer. […] Initially, hammer toes are flexible and can be corrected with simple measures; however, if left untreated, they can become fixed and require surgery. […] Your doctor will perform a physical examination to determine whether the toe joint is flexible or rigid. This information will help the doctor determine the appropriate treatment. […] X-rays provide images of dense structures, such as bone. Your doctor may order an X-ray of your foot to confirm the diagnosis. […] Patients who have diabetes or decreased sensation in their feet may require further testing to determine whether a neurological condition is the cause of the tendon imbalance.

• #1 What Causes Hammertoe: Types, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/hammertoe-5216177

  How Is Hammertoe Diagnosed? […] Your healthcare professional can make a diagnosis of hammertoe by examining your affected toe. Your doctor will do a physical exam that includes touching and moving the foot and toes to see how the joints respond. They may request imaging of your toes to look for joint damage. […] If you have diabetes or another condition that causes nerve damage, your doctor may request additional testing to look for tendon damage or another cause of your toe pain.

• #1 Physical Therapy & Occupational Therapy in Chicago for Foot – Claw and Hammer Toes

  https://www.physiopartners.com/Injuries-Conditions/Foot/Foot-Issues/Claw-Toes-and-Hammer-Toes/a~6716/article.html

  In a hammer toe deformity, the first joint (MTP) is cocked upward, and the middle joint (PIP) is bent downward. A claw toe deformity has a cocked up MTP joint, and both the middle joint (PIP) and the small joint at the end of the toe (the DIP) are curled downward like a claw. […] Diagnosis of these two conditions is usually obvious from the physical exam. In some cases, it is important to check to make sure no other nerve problems are to blame for the condition, particularly when claw toes are present. Other special tests may be required.

• #1 Hammer Toes : Wheeless’ Textbook of Orthopaedics

  https://www.wheelessonline.com/muscles-tendons/hammer-toes/

  – the hammer toe deformity is similar to the curly toe deformity but is not malrotated; […] – long second metatarsal may be a predisposing factor; […] – high heels and crowded shoe wear are also common causes; […] – less common causes are RA, cross over deformity, diabetes; […] – w/ MP joint contracture, contracture of EDL may prevent the MP joint from obtaining a neutral position; […] – it has been suggested that pressure on the plantar aspect of the metatarsal heads will cause toe extension in supple hammer toes; […] – if the hammer toe is due to contracture of FDL tendon, then plantar flexion of the ankle will straighten the toe; […] – hammer toe can be corrected by transfer of FDL to EDL tendon over mid-portion of proximal phalanx, which serves to augment intrinsic function (MTP flexion IP extension);

• #1 Hammertoe Deformity Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1235341-differential

  Surgeons should be able to distinguish between flexible and fixed hammertoe deformities, as well as mallet toe, claw toe, and curly toe deformities. […] Furthermore, isolated hammertoe should be distinguished from autoimmune forefoot disease.

• #1 Mallet Toe: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/mallet-toe

  Mallet toe is a deformity that affects the top joint of your toe at the tip, causing it to bend downward. […] A podiatrist can diagnose mallet toe with a thorough physical exam and X-rays. Theyll look at your shoes, how you walk and where your calluses are, then confirm with images of the joint. If they suspect you have an underlying condition, like arthritis or neuropathy, they might want to run additional tests. […] Most of the time, mallet toe can improve with conservative treatments, although these treatments may take time and persistence to work. Mallet toe becomes harder to treat if it goes untreated for too long and becomes rigid. If this happens, you might need surgery. But surgery usually succeeds in fixing it.

• #1 What is Hammer Toe? | Symptoms & Treatment | MedStar Health

  https://www.medstarhealth.org/services/hammer-toe

  At the first signs, it is important to speak with a foot and ankle specialist. MedStar Health is home to experts in a wide range of conditions who have years of experience diagnosing and treating hammer toe. Your initial exam will likely include the following: […] Your physician will discuss your medical history with you and any relevant prior toe injuries or foot pain […] Your doctor will evaluate the affected toes and may ask you questions about where and when you are feeling pain or discomfort […] Your orthopedist will also likely conduct imaging studies to rule out a broken toe and accurately diagnose your foot condition.

• #1 Hammertoe – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/hammertoe

  Hammertoe can usually be diagnosed simply by examining your toes and feet. […] X-rays of the feet are not needed to diagnose hammertoe, but they may be useful to look for signs of some types of arthritis (such as rheumatoid arthritis) or other disorders that can cause hammertoe. […] If the deformed toe is very painful, your doctor may recommend that you have a fluid sample withdrawn from the joint with a needle so the fluid can be checked for signs of infection or gout (arthritis from crystal deposits).

• #1 Hammer, Claw, and Mallet Toe | UK Healthcare

  https://ukhealthcare.uky.edu/orthopaedic-surgery-sports-medicine/conditions/general-orthopaedics/hammer-claw-mallet-toe

  Hammer, claw, and mallet toes may hurt and make it hard to find shoes that fit. […] Your doctor will ask questions about your symptoms and past health and do a physical exam. […] During the physical exam, your doctor will look at your foot to see if the toe joint is fixed or flexible. A joint that has some movement can sometimes be straightened without surgery. A fixed joint often requires surgery. […] If the doctor thinks you may need surgery to correct your problem, you may have tests, such as an X-ray, blood flow testing, or nerve testing.

• #1 Hammer Toe: Diagnosis & Treatment | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/orthopedics/columbia-orthopedics/hammer-toe/treatment

  How is a Hammer Toe Diagnosed? Diagnosis Doctors can typically diagnose a hammer toe through a physical exam. They will determine how rigid the toe joint has become before recommending a course of treatment. Imaging tests, such as an X-ray, may be needed in order to rule out injury to a bone, ligament, or muscle in the toe. […] At NewYork-Presbyterian Columbia Orthopedics, our foot and ankle specialists are well-versed in treating a wide range of orthopedic conditions, including hammer toe. We utilize state-of-the-art imaging technology combined with a physical examination to determine the symptoms and causes of your pain.

• #1 Hammer Toe & Claw Toe | Cause, Treatment, Surgery

  https://www.surgebright.com/en/hammertoe-clawtoe

  In most cases, a visual diagnosis is sufficient for hammertoe and claw toe, as they have a very characteristic appearance. The attending physician then checks the mobility of the toe. A distinction is made between a stiff (contracted) hammer toe and a flexible hammer toe. In the case of a flexible form of hammer toe, the doctor can compensate for the curvature by pressing on the sole of the foot. This is not the case with a contracted form of the hammer toe. The distinction between the two forms is important for the course of further treatment. […] If the success of conservative methods does not last and the hammertoe/claw toe does not show improvement, hammertoe/claw toe surgery should be considered. There are various surgical methods that are used depending on the degree of toe malposition. Thus, whether the toe can still be moved and how much the toe is curved is critical. Surgery for a hammer toe or claw toe usually takes 15 to 20 minutes. These operations are usually performed under general or local anesthesia. A very gentle method to correct a hammer toe or claw toe is by means of Shark Screw. This eliminates the risk for the patient of a second operation to remove the metal, since Shark Screw is converted to the patients own bone, advises the hammertoe and claw toe expert from Linz, Dr. Klaus Pastl.

• #1 Hammertoe and mallet toe – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hammertoe-and-mallet-toe/symptoms-causes/syc-20350839

  Women are more likely to develop hammertoe or mallet toe than are men. […] Arthritis and diabetes can increase the risk of having foot problems. […] For a while, the toe still might be able to unbend. But over time, the tendons and joints of a hammertoe or mallet toe might tighten. This can cause the toe to stay bent. […] Shoes can rub against the higher part of the bent toe. The bent position also may lead to excess pressure on the bone of the toe tip instead of the fat pad on the toe. This can cause painful corns or calluses.

• #1 Hammertoe & Mallet Toe: A Comprehensive Guide | AOS

  https://advancedorthoandspine.com/orthopaedics/hammer-toe-mallet-toe-a-comprehensive-guide/

  If you are experiencing any pain or discomfort in your toes or feet, it is important to see a specialist to receive a proper diagnosis and treatment plan. Hammertoes and mallet toes are common and treatable conditions. With early diagnosis and treatment, most people can find relief from their symptoms and improve their quality of life.

• #1 A Guide to Hammertoe and Mallet Toe – WWMG Blog

  https://www.wwmedgroup.com/guide-to-hammertoe-mallet-toe/

  Hammertoe and mallet toe are foot issues that cause a bend in a toe or multiple toes. Hammertoe is a bend in the second, or middle, joint of the toe. Mallet toe is a bend in the third joint of the toe, closest to the toenail. […] For both adults and children, hammertoe and mallet toe should be evaluated by a Podiatrist for early treatment and correction. […] Its important to note that hammertoe and mallet toe may worsen if left untreated. Seeking medical advice from a WWMG Podiatrist can help you find effective options for treatment. […] The first step to effective treatment is seeing a Podiatrist for a complete evaluation and diagnosis of your specific condition. A Podiatrist can offer advice and recommendations on how to reduce foot pain and restore normal function as much as possible. […] Early detection of hammertoe and mallet toe can help you get the treatment you need to reduce pain and significantly improve your quality of life.

• #1 Hammer Toe: Symptoms, Causes, Risk Factors & Treatment

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/foot-health/hammer-toe

  Hammer toes are often preventable, but if they do occur, the earlier they are treated, the better the outcome. […] If you have a hammer toe and diabetes or a condition that may affect blood flow to your feet and toes, speak with your doctor about what you can do to treat your hammer toe and any blisters or calluses on your toe. […] Surgery may be necessary to straighten the joint if the hammer toe is causing chronic pain or the malformation makes it difficult to wear shoes.

• #1 The Difference Between Hammertoe and Mallet Toe

  https://michiganavenuepodiatry.com/difference-between-hammertoe-and-mallet-toe/

  Foot deformities can cause discomfort and affect mobility, yet many people may not be familiar with the specific conditions that can cause them. Two such conditions, hammertoe and mallet toe, are often confused due to their similar names and symptoms. […] A podiatrist can diagnose hammertoe or mallet toe through a physical examination of the foot and toes. They may also order X-rays to assess the extent of the deformity and rule out other underlying conditions. […] If you experience persistent pain, difficulty walking, or notice changes in the appearance of your toes, its important to consult a podiatrist. They can provide an accurate diagnosis and recommend appropriate treatment options based on your specific needs.

• #1 Hammertoe and Corns: Diagnosis and Treatment in Brooklyn | NYCAccessibility ToolsIncrease TextDecrease TextGrayscaleHigh ContrastNegative ContrastLight BackgroundLinks UnderlineReadable FontReset

  https://bestfootdoctorny.com/hammertoe-and-corns-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Hammertoe and mallet toe typically only develop in the middle toes, not the great toe or pinky toe. […] A hammertoe is an abnormal contracture in the toe located at the joint nearest to the ball of the foot. […] The classic sign of a hammertoe is curling or bending at the middle joint. […] Hammertoe typically does not improve on its own; instead, the pain and deformity continues to worsen if not treated. […] Knowing and understanding what caused your hammertoe is key to treating it. […] If you suspect that your shoes are contributing to the pain, stop wearing them immediately and find a pair that is supportive and comfortable. […] If you are experiencing pain or notice any structural deformity around the middle joint in your toe, schedule an appointment with your local New York podiatrist immediately.

• #1 Hammertoe Correction without Surgery – The Foot Practice Podiatry Clinic

  https://thefootpractice.com/hammertoe-correction-without-surgery/

  Early diagnosis can help manage hammertoe correction without surgery, especially in the early stages of the foot condition. […] A consultation with one of our podiatrists can quickly diagnose if your symptoms are from hammertoes. […] Each of these ailments are quite different, though they may appear similar to the layman. They each require different treatment plans, so consult a podiatrist for a proper diagnosis to restore the full function of your feet. […] If you’re concerned about hammertoes, suspect you have the condition, or simply experience foot pain, our expert podiatrist can properly diagnose your condition to manage hammertoe correction or foot dysfunction with proper conservative podiatric therapies to avoid more lasting damage to your feet.

• #1 Hammer Toe Surgery to Correct Mallet Toe | Pete Smith, DPM

  https://ankleandfootcenters.com/hammer-toe-surgery/

  Regular follow-up appointments after surgery are crucial to monitor the healing process, ensure that the bone is aligning correctly, and check for any potential complications. […] If you suspect you have a hammertoe or mallet toe, its crucial to seek professional advice as early as possible. Early diagnosis and treatment can often prevent the condition from worsening and preserve the functionality of your foot.

• #1 Hammer Toe | Florida Orthopaedic Institute

  https://www.floridaortho.com/specialties/foot-ankle/hammer-toe/

  Hammer toe is a common foot condition with more than 200,000 cases in the United States every year. […] Moderate to severe hammer toe is readily visible, which makes the condition somewhat easy to diagnose. Your physician will still move the affected toe to gauge its flexibility levels and help determine the most appropriate treatment. […] In some cases, diagnostic imaging like X-rays may be required to complete the diagnosis. Occasionally, your physician might use various other diagnostic tools to rule out other conditions.

• #1 Hammertoe – Premier Medical Group

  https://www.premiermedicalhv.com/divisions/services/hammertoe/

  Hammertoe and other foot deformities are diagnosed and treated by the Podiatry Division of Premier Medical Group. […] Only a doctor can diagnose hammertoe, so if you believe you may have a foot deformity, make an appointment as soon as possible. Hammertoes are a progressive deformity, which means they will only get worse over time. […] Hammertoe is easily diagnosed with a visit to the podiatrist. During this visit, the doctor will examine your foot and ask about your symptoms. They may attempt to reproduce symptoms by manipulating the foot, which will allow them to study toe contractures. X-rays are often ordered to evaluate the bone and joint structure, especially in severe cases. These images are extremely helpful to practitioners as they develop treatment recommendations. […] If the foot deformity is advanced, blood flow may be reduced. As a result, a doctor may order blood flow testing, which can include a Doppler ultrasound, as well as nerve testing if the affliction appears to be severe.

• #1 Hammer toe | Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment | The Foot Hub

  https://thefoothub.com.au/hammer-toe/

  Hammer toe is a common deformity seen in the feet and happens when your toe bends downwards and looks like a hammer from the side view. […] Hammer toes can only be corrected by surgery. Padding and taping can help temporarily straighten or cushion painful joints. […] If you have any pain, you should see a podiatrist for treatment. Hammer toes are progressive in nature, if left untreated they can become rigid and will require complex treatment to correct. […] Most treatment of hammer toes is non-surgical, and the majority of patients find relief from it. […] During your initial assessment we will listen to your concerns and expectations regarding any pain or disability as well as cosmetic appearance issues and recommend treatment accordingly.

• #1 Hammertoes | University Foot & Ankle Institute

  https://www.footankleinstitute.com/conditions/hammer-toe

  Hammertoe is a deformity where one or both joints of the second, third, fourth or fifth toes begin to bend outside of their normal alignment. […] Hammertoe deformities occur due to an imbalance in the muscles, tendons, or ligaments that are responsible for holding the toe straight. The hammertoe deformity manifests as an abnormal bend in the middle joint of a toe. […] If a hammertoe deformity is addressed at the onset with the right conservative treatment, it can be reversed to an extent. […] If your hammertoe is severe and conservative treatment options have not worked, then surgery may be needed. […] There are both conservative and surgical treatments to fix hammertoe deformities. Conservative treatments include proper footwear, custom orthotics, and physical therapy. Surgical options are also available if needed. Your board-certified podiatrist can recommend the best path for you. […] If left untreated, your hammertoe will likely freeze in the curled shape. This will impede your comfort in shoes, especially if your shoes don’t have a wide toe box.

• #1 Facts About Hammertoe and Mallet Toe Deformities | Shenandoah Podiatry

  https://www.shenandoahpodiatry.com/library/facts-about-hammertoe-and-mallet-toe-deformities.cfm

  Conditions like hammertoe and mallet toe deformities can cause a great deal of foot and heel pain if left untreated. […] The root cause of hammertoe and mallet toe relates to the imbalance between the muscles and connective tissues in the toe and foot. […] If the toe is bent in a position for a prolonged period of time, the muscles and joints may tighten. […] As a result, they become unable to stretch out from that position. […] Your podiatrist, or Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (DPM), can work with you to develop an effective treatment plan for your hammertoe or mallet toe. […] The customized plan depends on your specific situation and may include any of the following: Taking pain medication to alleviate discomfort, Padding and taping to address the imbalance around the toes, Wearing orthotic shoe inserts to reposition your toe and relieve pressure, Specific exercises to stretch and strengthen toe muscles, Injecting steroids to reduce inflammation, Gently smoothing out calluses, Splinting the affected toes to encourage better alignment, Surgery is also available as a last resort, including arthroplasty, tendon release, and tendon transfer.

• #2

  https://www.amerikanhastanesi.org/mayo-clinic-care-network/mayo-clinic-health-information-library/diseases-conditions/hammertoe-and-mallet-toe

  Hammertoe and mallet toe are foot problems that cause a bend in a toe or toes. Wearing shoes that don’t fit well can cause hammertoe and mallet toe. Other causes are foot injury and certain illnesses, such as diabetes. Often the cause isn’t known. […] A hammertoe has an unusual bend in the middle joint of a toe. Mallet toe has a bend in the joint nearest the toenail. Hammertoe and mallet toe usually occur in the second, third and fourth toes. […] To diagnose hammertoe or mallet toe, a health care provider inspects the foot. X-rays can help show the bones and joints of the feet and toes. But they’re not always needed.

• #2 Hammer Toe: Comprehensive Guide – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/hammer-toe/

  A hammer toe is a deformity of the second, third, or fourth toes. In this condition, the toe is bent at the middle joint, so that it resembles a hammer. […] Initially, hammer toes are flexible and can be corrected with simple measures; however, if left untreated, they can become fixed and require surgery. […] Your doctor will perform a physical examination to determine whether the toe joint is flexible or rigid. This information will help the doctor determine the appropriate treatment. […] X-rays provide images of dense structures, such as bone. Your doctor may order an X-ray of your foot to confirm the diagnosis. […] Patients who have diabetes or decreased sensation in their feet may require further testing to determine whether a neurological condition is the cause of the tendon imbalance.

• #2 Hammertoe – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559268/

  The distinction between flexible and rigid hammertoes, as well as the absence or presence of associated MTPJ deformity, will help to guide you to conservative care or to the best surgical intervention. […] Plantar plate rupture may be diagnosed on physical examination by the Lachman test and is considered the most accurate clinical test for diagnosing MTPJ pathology.

• #2 Hammertoe – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559268/

  The hammertoe is commonly described as a chronic progressive deformity with flexion noted to the proximal interphalangeal joint of the affected digit. It is not uncommon that the affected toe will become red and painful. […] To properly evaluate hammertoes, it is beneficial to retrieve diagnostic imaging. […] The anterior-posterior, oblique, and lateral plain film radiographs are helpful in the evaluation of hammertoe deformities and should be taken with the patient being weight-bearing. […] Magnetic resonance imaging series may be helpful in the event that there is a suspicion for a plantar plate rupture. […] Surgical correction of hammertoe deformities is therefore among the most commonly performed surgical procedures performed on the forefoot. […] Once the flexion contractures start forming and becoming constant along with pain, surgical intervention may be indicated.

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