Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Obesity – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obesity/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375749

  The goal of obesity treatment is to reach and stay at a healthy weight. This improves overall health and lowers the risk of developing complications related to obesity. […] You may need to work with a team of health professionals including a dietitian, behavioral counselor or an obesity specialist to help you understand and make changes in your eating and activity habits. […] The first treatment goal is usually a modest weight loss 5% to 10% of your total weight. That means that if you weigh 200 pounds (91 kilograms), you’d need to lose only about 10 to 20 pounds (4.5 to 9 kilograms) for your health to begin to improve. But the more weight you lose, the greater the benefits. […] All weight-loss programs require that you change your eating habits and get more active. The treatment methods that are right for you depend on your weight, your overall health and your willingness to participate in a weight-loss plan.

• #2 Obesity Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Patient Screening, Assessment, and Expectations, Weight-Loss Goals

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-treatment

  Treatment of obesity starts with comprehensive lifestyle management (ie, diet, physical activity, behavior modification), which should include the following: Self-monitoring of caloric intake and physical activity, Goal setting, Stimulus control, Nonfood rewards, Relapse prevention. […] As with all chronic medical conditions, effective management of obesity must be based on a partnership between a highly motivated patient and a committed team of health professionals. This team may include the physician, a psychologist or psychiatrist, physical and exercise therapists, dietitians, and other specialists, depending on the comorbidities of the individual patient. Scientific evidence indicates that multidisciplinary programs reliably produce and sustain modest weight loss between 5% and 10% for the long-term.

• #3 Obesity – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obesity/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375749

  The goal of obesity treatment is to reach and stay at a healthy weight. This improves overall health and lowers the risk of developing complications related to obesity. […] You may need to work with a team of health professionals including a dietitian, behavioral counselor or an obesity specialist to help you understand and make changes in your eating and activity habits. […] The first treatment goal is usually a modest weight loss 5% to 10% of your total weight. That means that if you weigh 200 pounds (91 kilograms), you’d need to lose only about 10 to 20 pounds (4.5 to 9 kilograms) for your health to begin to improve. But the more weight you lose, the greater the benefits. […] All weight-loss programs require that you change your eating habits and get more active. The treatment methods that are right for you depend on your weight, your overall health and your willingness to participate in a weight-loss plan.

• #4 Obesity Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Patient Screening, Assessment, and Expectations, Weight-Loss Goals

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-treatment

  Treatment of obesity starts with comprehensive lifestyle management (ie, diet, physical activity, behavior modification), which should include the following: Self-monitoring of caloric intake and physical activity, Goal setting, Stimulus control, Nonfood rewards, Relapse prevention. […] As with all chronic medical conditions, effective management of obesity must be based on a partnership between a highly motivated patient and a committed team of health professionals. This team may include the physician, a psychologist or psychiatrist, physical and exercise therapists, dietitians, and other specialists, depending on the comorbidities of the individual patient. Scientific evidence indicates that multidisciplinary programs reliably produce and sustain modest weight loss between 5% and 10% for the long-term.

• #5 Obesity Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Patient Screening, Assessment, and Expectations, Weight-Loss Goals

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-treatment

  Treatment of obesity starts with comprehensive lifestyle management (ie, diet, physical activity, behavior modification), which should include the following: Self-monitoring of caloric intake and physical activity, Goal setting, Stimulus control, Nonfood rewards, Relapse prevention. […] As with all chronic medical conditions, effective management of obesity must be based on a partnership between a highly motivated patient and a committed team of health professionals. This team may include the physician, a psychologist or psychiatrist, physical and exercise therapists, dietitians, and other specialists, depending on the comorbidities of the individual patient. Scientific evidence indicates that multidisciplinary programs reliably produce and sustain modest weight loss between 5% and 10% for the long-term.

• #6 Obesity in adults: Dietary therapy – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/obesity-in-adults-dietary-therapy

  Obesity in adults: Dietary therapy […] The management of all patients who have overweight or obesity requires a combination of diet (ie, a reduction in caloric intake), exercise, and behavioral modification. […] In addition, some patients may eventually require pharmacologic therapy and/or bariatric surgery. […] The health risk posed by excess adiposity should be evaluated before beginning any treatment program for each individual patient. […] Selection of treatment can then be guided using a risk-benefit assessment for each individual. […] The choice of therapy is dependent on several factors, including the degree of overweight or obesity, comorbidities, and patient preference. […] This topic will review the dietary therapy of obesity.

• #7 Obesity – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obesity/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375749

  The goal of obesity treatment is to reach and stay at a healthy weight. This improves overall health and lowers the risk of developing complications related to obesity. […] You may need to work with a team of health professionals including a dietitian, behavioral counselor or an obesity specialist to help you understand and make changes in your eating and activity habits. […] The first treatment goal is usually a modest weight loss 5% to 10% of your total weight. That means that if you weigh 200 pounds (91 kilograms), you’d need to lose only about 10 to 20 pounds (4.5 to 9 kilograms) for your health to begin to improve. But the more weight you lose, the greater the benefits. […] All weight-loss programs require that you change your eating habits and get more active. The treatment methods that are right for you depend on your weight, your overall health and your willingness to participate in a weight-loss plan.

• #8 The Four Pillars of Obesity Treatment | Obesity Medicine Association

  https://obesitymedicine.org/about/four-pillars/

  The OMA endorses a comprehensive, scientific, and individualized approach when treating obesity. […] This comprehensive care model is built on the four pillars of obesity treatment: nutrition therapy, physical activity, behavioral modification, medical interventions. […] Nutrition therapy advocates for dietary options that create a negative caloric balance as a means to attain and sustain a healthy weight. […] Physical activity increases metabolism while promoting the body’s ability to burn calories efficiently. […] Behavioral modification has a profound influence on obesity treatment by addressing the complex relationship of patients psychological and emotional needs. […] The OMA recommends patients with obesity have access to evidenced-based, Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved anti-obesity medications (AOMs) which must include a comprehensive review of a patient’s medications accompanied by a thorough health assessment.

• #9 The Four Pillars of Obesity Treatment | Obesity Medicine Association

  https://obesitymedicine.org/about/four-pillars/

  The OMA endorses a comprehensive, scientific, and individualized approach when treating obesity. […] This comprehensive care model is built on the four pillars of obesity treatment: nutrition therapy, physical activity, behavioral modification, medical interventions. […] Nutrition therapy advocates for dietary options that create a negative caloric balance as a means to attain and sustain a healthy weight. […] Physical activity increases metabolism while promoting the body’s ability to burn calories efficiently. […] Behavioral modification has a profound influence on obesity treatment by addressing the complex relationship of patients psychological and emotional needs. […] The OMA recommends patients with obesity have access to evidenced-based, Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved anti-obesity medications (AOMs) which must include a comprehensive review of a patient’s medications accompanied by a thorough health assessment.

• #10 Obesity Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Patient Screening, Assessment, and Expectations, Weight-Loss Goals

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-treatment

  In women with a BMI of 27 kg/m2 or more with comorbidities or a BMI of 30 kg/m2 or more, seeking contraception, oral contraceptives are suggested over injectable medications because of weight gain with injectables, provided that women are well informed about the risks and benefits (ie, oral contraceptives are not contraindicated). […] The three major phases of any successful weight-loss program are as follows: Preinclusion screening phase, Weight-loss phase, Maintenance phase – This can conceivably last for the rest of the patient’s life but ideally lasts for at least 1 year after the weight-loss program has been completed. […] Evidence supports the use of commercial weight-loss programs. A 12-week randomized, controlled trial found that commercially available weight-loss programs are more successful and more affordable than primary care practice-based programs led by specially trained staff.

• #11 Obesity Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Patient Screening, Assessment, and Expectations, Weight-Loss Goals

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-treatment

  In women with a BMI of 27 kg/m2 or more with comorbidities or a BMI of 30 kg/m2 or more, seeking contraception, oral contraceptives are suggested over injectable medications because of weight gain with injectables, provided that women are well informed about the risks and benefits (ie, oral contraceptives are not contraindicated). […] The three major phases of any successful weight-loss program are as follows: Preinclusion screening phase, Weight-loss phase, Maintenance phase – This can conceivably last for the rest of the patient’s life but ideally lasts for at least 1 year after the weight-loss program has been completed. […] Evidence supports the use of commercial weight-loss programs. A 12-week randomized, controlled trial found that commercially available weight-loss programs are more successful and more affordable than primary care practice-based programs led by specially trained staff.

• #12 Overweight and Obesity – Treatment | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/overweight-and-obesity/treatment

  If you are diagnosed with overweight or obesity, you and your healthcare provider will work together to develop a treatment plan. Your plan will likely include reducing the number of calories you eat each day, getting more physical activity, and adopting lifelong healthy lifestyle changes. […] The goal of your treatment plan is to reduce your risk of obesity-related complications and improve your quality of life. Depending on your body mass index (BMI) and other health conditions you have, your provider may also talk to you about dietary or nutritional counseling, behavioral weight-loss treatment programs, medicines, or surgery. […] To help you aim for and maintain a healthy weight, your provider may recommend that you adopt lifelong healthy lifestyle changes. A 5% to 10% weight loss can significantly improve your health and quality of life.

• #13 Obesity Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Patient Screening, Assessment, and Expectations, Weight-Loss Goals

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-treatment

  In January, 2015, the Endocrine Society released new guidelines on the treatment of obesity that included the following: Diet, exercise, and behavioral modification should be included in all obesity management approaches for BMI of 25 kg/m2 or higher; other tools, such as pharmacotherapy for BMI of 27 kg/m2 or higher with comorbidity or BMI over 30 kg/m2 and bariatric surgery for BMI of 35 kg/m2 with comorbidity or BMI over 40 kg/m2, should be used as adjuncts to behavioral modification to reduce food intake and increase physical activity when this is possible. […] Drugs may amplify adherence to behavior change and may improve physical functioning such that increased physical activity is easier in those who cannot exercise initially; patients who have a history of being unable to successfully lose and maintain weight and who meet label indications are candidates for weight loss medications.

• #14 Obesity – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obesity/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375749

  Reducing calories and practicing healthier eating habits are key to overcoming obesity. […] There is no best weight-loss diet. Choose one that includes healthy foods that you feel will work for you. […] Weight-loss medicines are meant to be used along with diet, exercise and behavior changes, not instead of them. […] Weight-loss success after surgery depends on your commitment to making lifelong changes in your eating and exercise habits. […] Other treatments for obesity include: Hydrogels. Available by prescription, these edible capsules contain tiny particles that absorb water and get bigger in the stomach, to help you feel full. […] Your effort to overcome obesity is more likely to be successful if you follow strategies at home along with your formal treatment plan. […] Be sure to let your health care team know about any medical conditions you have and about any medicines, vitamins or supplements that you take.

• #15 Obesity – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obesity/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375749

  Reducing calories and practicing healthier eating habits are key to overcoming obesity. […] There is no best weight-loss diet. Choose one that includes healthy foods that you feel will work for you. […] Weight-loss medicines are meant to be used along with diet, exercise and behavior changes, not instead of them. […] Weight-loss success after surgery depends on your commitment to making lifelong changes in your eating and exercise habits. […] Other treatments for obesity include: Hydrogels. Available by prescription, these edible capsules contain tiny particles that absorb water and get bigger in the stomach, to help you feel full. […] Your effort to overcome obesity is more likely to be successful if you follow strategies at home along with your formal treatment plan. […] Be sure to let your health care team know about any medical conditions you have and about any medicines, vitamins or supplements that you take.

• #16 Obesity Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Patient Screening, Assessment, and Expectations, Weight-Loss Goals

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-treatment

  Contrary to the original belief, however, weight loss after nonsurgical intervention can be maintained long-term. […] In cases of childhood obesity, the goal is not to cause weight loss but to reduce the rate of weight gain to fit normal growth curves. […] Medication therapy may also be used in the management of pediatric obesity, but close monitoring and a combination of all the aforementioned modalities is required to achieve substantial and sustained weight loss. […] Achieving a caloric deficit is still the most important component in achieving sustained weight loss. […] Among the caveats is the fact that energy expenditure is related to body weight; about 22 kcal/kg of energy is required for basal maintenance of 1 kg of weight in a typical adult. […] Conventional diets can be broadly classified into two categories: balanced, low-calorie diets (or reduced portion sizes) and diets with different macronutrient compositions.

• #17 Obesity Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Patient Screening, Assessment, and Expectations, Weight-Loss Goals

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-treatment

  Contrary to the original belief, however, weight loss after nonsurgical intervention can be maintained long-term. […] In cases of childhood obesity, the goal is not to cause weight loss but to reduce the rate of weight gain to fit normal growth curves. […] Medication therapy may also be used in the management of pediatric obesity, but close monitoring and a combination of all the aforementioned modalities is required to achieve substantial and sustained weight loss. […] Achieving a caloric deficit is still the most important component in achieving sustained weight loss. […] Among the caveats is the fact that energy expenditure is related to body weight; about 22 kcal/kg of energy is required for basal maintenance of 1 kg of weight in a typical adult. […] Conventional diets can be broadly classified into two categories: balanced, low-calorie diets (or reduced portion sizes) and diets with different macronutrient compositions.

• #18 Obesity Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Patient Screening, Assessment, and Expectations, Weight-Loss Goals

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-treatment

  Balanced, low-calorie diets and reduced portion size diets are the types that dietitians and other weight-management professionals most commonly prescribe. […] Low-calorie diets involve reducing daily caloric intake by 500-1000 kcal/day, to a level of 800-1800 kcal/day. […] Very low-calorie diets (VLCDs) are best used in an established, comprehensive program. […] Surgical therapy for obesity (bariatric surgery) is associated with clinically significant and relatively sustained weight loss in subjects with severe obesity associated with comorbidities. […] Although bariatric surgery is associated with significant and rapid weight loss, it is expensive, highly procedure and surgeon specific, and certainly not the solution for the burgeoning obesity epidemic. […] The standard criteria for bariatric surgery have stated that at a minimum, patients should be considered candidates for bariatric procedures only if they have a BMI of greater than 40 kg/m2 and/or a weight greater than 45 kg above the age- and sex-defined ideal weight.

• #19 Obesity Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Patient Screening, Assessment, and Expectations, Weight-Loss Goals

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-treatment

  Although some data from randomized trials of diets of different macronutrient composition indicate that caloric restriction, self-monitoring, and program attendance are more important than any specific composition of dietary macronutrient, results from a large European study indicated that weight-loss maintenance is better achieved with a diet modestly high in protein with lower glycemic index comparison to other macronutrient compositions. […] According to a study by Blher et al, patients regaining weight after initial weight loss on long-term dietary intervention nevertheless continued to show long-lasting improvements in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, adiponectin, fetuin, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, progranulin, and vaspin. […] Diet-induced weight loss can result in elevated levels of hormones that increase appetite. After successful weight loss, circulating levels of these hormones do not decrease to levels recorded before diet-induced weight loss. Thus, long-term strategies are needed to prevent obesity relapse.

• #20 Obesity Treatment Overview | UMass Memorial Health

  https://www.ummhealth.org/health-library/obesity-treatment-overview

  Exercise lowers blood pressure and can help prevent type 2 diabetes. […] Some people may need to see a healthcare provider for treatment. This may be the case if they have not been able to lose weight, but they have other medical conditions that make it vital to lose weight. […] Weight-loss surgery (bariatric surgery) is the only choice today that effectively treats morbid obesity in people who have already tried diet, exercise, and medicine.

• #21 The Four Pillars of Obesity Treatment | Obesity Medicine Association

  https://obesitymedicine.org/about/four-pillars/

  The OMA endorses a comprehensive, scientific, and individualized approach when treating obesity. […] This comprehensive care model is built on the four pillars of obesity treatment: nutrition therapy, physical activity, behavioral modification, medical interventions. […] Nutrition therapy advocates for dietary options that create a negative caloric balance as a means to attain and sustain a healthy weight. […] Physical activity increases metabolism while promoting the body’s ability to burn calories efficiently. […] Behavioral modification has a profound influence on obesity treatment by addressing the complex relationship of patients psychological and emotional needs. […] The OMA recommends patients with obesity have access to evidenced-based, Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved anti-obesity medications (AOMs) which must include a comprehensive review of a patient’s medications accompanied by a thorough health assessment.

• #22 Obesity Treatment Overview | UMass Memorial Health

  https://www.ummhealth.org/health-library/obesity-treatment-overview

  Exercise lowers blood pressure and can help prevent type 2 diabetes. […] Some people may need to see a healthcare provider for treatment. This may be the case if they have not been able to lose weight, but they have other medical conditions that make it vital to lose weight. […] Weight-loss surgery (bariatric surgery) is the only choice today that effectively treats morbid obesity in people who have already tried diet, exercise, and medicine.

• #23 Obesity Treatment Overview | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/health-information/health-and-wellness-library/article/adult-diseases-and-conditions-v0/obesity-treatment-overview

  Regardless of the type or combination of obesity treatment, goal setting is an important part of any obesity treatment plan. […] Treatment for obesity may include a combination of different types of treatment. Always talk with your healthcare provider for a diagnosis and treatment advice. […] Successful weight loss that is maintained over a long period of time depends more on limiting energy consumed (calories) and increasing energy expenditure (exercise and daily activity) than just the composition of the diet. […] Fasting may result in rapid weight loss. But lean muscle mass may be lost as well as fat. […] A regular exercise program helps people who are obese by helping keep and add lean body mass, or muscle tissue, while losing fat. […] Exercise lowers blood pressure and can help prevent type 2 diabetes.

• #24

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/obesity/treatment/

  Speak to your GP first if you’re considering this type of diet. […] Your GP, weight loss adviser or staff at your local sports centre can help you create a plan suited to your own personal needs and circumstances, with achievable and motivating goals. […] It’s also important to find activities you enjoy and want to keep doing. […] Many different types of anti-obesity medicines have been tested in clinical trials, but the only ones that have proved to be safe and effective for use on the NHS for weight management are orlistat, liraglutide, semaglutide and tirzepatide. […] Orlistat will usually only be recommended if you’ve made a significant effort to lose weight through diet, exercise or changing your lifestyle. […] Treatment with orlistat should only continue beyond 3 months if you’ve lost 5% of your body weight.

• #25

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/obesity/treatment/

  Speak to your GP first if you’re considering this type of diet. […] Your GP, weight loss adviser or staff at your local sports centre can help you create a plan suited to your own personal needs and circumstances, with achievable and motivating goals. […] It’s also important to find activities you enjoy and want to keep doing. […] Many different types of anti-obesity medicines have been tested in clinical trials, but the only ones that have proved to be safe and effective for use on the NHS for weight management are orlistat, liraglutide, semaglutide and tirzepatide. […] Orlistat will usually only be recommended if you’ve made a significant effort to lose weight through diet, exercise or changing your lifestyle. […] Treatment with orlistat should only continue beyond 3 months if you’ve lost 5% of your body weight.

• #26 The Four Pillars of Obesity Treatment | Obesity Medicine Association

  https://obesitymedicine.org/about/four-pillars/

  The OMA endorses a comprehensive, scientific, and individualized approach when treating obesity. […] This comprehensive care model is built on the four pillars of obesity treatment: nutrition therapy, physical activity, behavioral modification, medical interventions. […] Nutrition therapy advocates for dietary options that create a negative caloric balance as a means to attain and sustain a healthy weight. […] Physical activity increases metabolism while promoting the body’s ability to burn calories efficiently. […] Behavioral modification has a profound influence on obesity treatment by addressing the complex relationship of patients psychological and emotional needs. […] The OMA recommends patients with obesity have access to evidenced-based, Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved anti-obesity medications (AOMs) which must include a comprehensive review of a patient’s medications accompanied by a thorough health assessment.

• #27 Overweight and Obesity – Treatment | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/overweight-and-obesity/treatment

  Individual or group behavioral weight-loss programs are run by people who understand these brain connections. In these programs, one or more trained healthcare professionals, such as a registered dietitian and nutritionist (RDN), psychologist, or exercise physiologist, will work with you to develop a customized weight-loss plan. The plan will likely include a reduced-calorie diet, physical activity goals, and behavioral strategies to help you make and maintain these lifestyle changes. […] When healthy lifestyle changes are not enough, your provider may treat overweight and obesity with medicines. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved several medicines for weight loss or management. […] Weight-loss medicines are not recommended as a single treatment for weight loss. These medicines can help you lose weight but should be combined with lifestyle changes for greater and longer-lasting weight loss.

• #28 Obesity Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Patient Screening, Assessment, and Expectations, Weight-Loss Goals

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-treatment

  Treatment of obesity starts with comprehensive lifestyle management (ie, diet, physical activity, behavior modification), which should include the following: Self-monitoring of caloric intake and physical activity, Goal setting, Stimulus control, Nonfood rewards, Relapse prevention. […] As with all chronic medical conditions, effective management of obesity must be based on a partnership between a highly motivated patient and a committed team of health professionals. This team may include the physician, a psychologist or psychiatrist, physical and exercise therapists, dietitians, and other specialists, depending on the comorbidities of the individual patient. Scientific evidence indicates that multidisciplinary programs reliably produce and sustain modest weight loss between 5% and 10% for the long-term.

• #29 Obesity Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Patient Screening, Assessment, and Expectations, Weight-Loss Goals

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-treatment

  Treatment of obesity starts with comprehensive lifestyle management (ie, diet, physical activity, behavior modification), which should include the following: Self-monitoring of caloric intake and physical activity, Goal setting, Stimulus control, Nonfood rewards, Relapse prevention. […] As with all chronic medical conditions, effective management of obesity must be based on a partnership between a highly motivated patient and a committed team of health professionals. This team may include the physician, a psychologist or psychiatrist, physical and exercise therapists, dietitians, and other specialists, depending on the comorbidities of the individual patient. Scientific evidence indicates that multidisciplinary programs reliably produce and sustain modest weight loss between 5% and 10% for the long-term.

• #30 Obesity Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Patient Screening, Assessment, and Expectations, Weight-Loss Goals

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-treatment

  A specific goal has a much greater chance of being accomplished than a general goal does. […] In general, body weight and body fat are tenaciously regulated. This underlies the challenge of weight loss and highlights the importance of setting realistic weight-loss goals. […] Available data suggest that a loss of approximately 10% of body weight in persons with obesity is associated with substantial health benefits regarding obesity-related comorbidities. […] A reasonable goal for weight loss in the setting of a medical treatment program is approximately 1-2 lb/wk. […] In addition to the patient’s weight, factors to consider when setting individualized weight-loss goals are the weight of other family members, as well as the patient’s cultural, ethnic, and racial background. […] Evidence from the National Weight Control Registry (NWCR), which tracks indices and predictors in individuals who have lost at least 30 pounds and have maintained that loss for at least 1 year, suggests that patterns associated with successful weight maintenance include the following: Self-monitoring of weight, Consumption of a low-fat diet, Daily physical activity of approximately 60 minutes, Minimal sedentary screen time, Consumption of most meals at home.

• #31 Treatment for Children and Adolescents – Obesity Action Coalition

  https://www.obesityaction.org/education-support/learn-about-childhood-obesity/treatment/

  Behavioral treatment includes a focus on nutrition, physical activity and behavioral change support. The intervention helps families turn newly-learned healthy behaviors into habits. […] Pharmacotherapy: Four anti-obesity medications are now approved for treating adolescents starting at age 12: Xenical®/Alli® (Orlistat), liraglutide (Saxenda®), phentermine/topiramate ER (Qsymia®), and semaglutide (Wegovy®). […] Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery: Both laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) and vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) are effective weight loss procedures in children, leading to sustained weight loss and resolving many obesity-related conditions. […] Finding the right treatment for your child should be a family approach. As with adults, there is no one-size-fits-all treatment for childhood obesity.

• #32 Therapy for Obesity: Types and Benefits

  https://www.healthline.com/health/obesity-therapy

  Treatment options for obesity typically include lifestyle measures such as diet and exercise. However, therapy can also help by teaching you the skills needed to maintain a healthier lifestyle. […] A key approach to this is therapy, which can teach you skills needed to achieve, accept, and maintain lifestyle changes in a safe and healthy way. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is often considered the first-line therapy for obesity. […] Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) can help you examine your eating behaviors and develop and commit to goals with a positive outcome. […] Intensive behavioral therapy (IBT) can be an important component of obesity treatment. […] Interpersonal therapy (IPT) may be a beneficial treatment option for people who are experiencing obesity and depression.

• #33 Therapy for Obesity: Types and Benefits

  https://www.healthline.com/health/obesity-therapy

  Treatment options for obesity typically include lifestyle measures such as diet and exercise. However, therapy can also help by teaching you the skills needed to maintain a healthier lifestyle. […] A key approach to this is therapy, which can teach you skills needed to achieve, accept, and maintain lifestyle changes in a safe and healthy way. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is often considered the first-line therapy for obesity. […] Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) can help you examine your eating behaviors and develop and commit to goals with a positive outcome. […] Intensive behavioral therapy (IBT) can be an important component of obesity treatment. […] Interpersonal therapy (IPT) may be a beneficial treatment option for people who are experiencing obesity and depression.

• #34 Obesity – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obesity/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375749

  Reducing calories and practicing healthier eating habits are key to overcoming obesity. […] There is no best weight-loss diet. Choose one that includes healthy foods that you feel will work for you. […] Weight-loss medicines are meant to be used along with diet, exercise and behavior changes, not instead of them. […] Weight-loss success after surgery depends on your commitment to making lifelong changes in your eating and exercise habits. […] Other treatments for obesity include: Hydrogels. Available by prescription, these edible capsules contain tiny particles that absorb water and get bigger in the stomach, to help you feel full. […] Your effort to overcome obesity is more likely to be successful if you follow strategies at home along with your formal treatment plan. […] Be sure to let your health care team know about any medical conditions you have and about any medicines, vitamins or supplements that you take.

• #35 Obesity Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Patient Screening, Assessment, and Expectations, Weight-Loss Goals

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-treatment

  In January, 2015, the Endocrine Society released new guidelines on the treatment of obesity that included the following: Diet, exercise, and behavioral modification should be included in all obesity management approaches for BMI of 25 kg/m2 or higher; other tools, such as pharmacotherapy for BMI of 27 kg/m2 or higher with comorbidity or BMI over 30 kg/m2 and bariatric surgery for BMI of 35 kg/m2 with comorbidity or BMI over 40 kg/m2, should be used as adjuncts to behavioral modification to reduce food intake and increase physical activity when this is possible. […] Drugs may amplify adherence to behavior change and may improve physical functioning such that increased physical activity is easier in those who cannot exercise initially; patients who have a history of being unable to successfully lose and maintain weight and who meet label indications are candidates for weight loss medications.

• #36 Pharmacologic therapy of obesity: mechanisms of action and cardiometabolic effects

  https://atm.amegroups.org/article/view/27477/html

  Currently, most guidelines recommend pharmacotherapy as the second-line treatment for obesity (after lifestyle modification) with bariatric devices and surgery as third- and fourth-line treatments, respectively. […] According to current guidelines, pharmacological treatment should be considered as part of a comprehensive strategy of disease management for patients with a BMI 30 or 27 kg/m2 with an obesity-related co-morbidity, such as T2DM, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and sleep apnea. […] It should be stressed here that drugs are not a panacea for the treatment of obesity but only a means to facilitate weight loss, as healthy dieting and physical activity are a prerequisite for long-term maintenance of weight loss. […] This review aims to provide an overview of the mechanisms, efficacy, safety and cardiometabolic effects of the currently available pharmacologic agents for weight loss.

• #37 Treatment for Overweight & Obesity – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/weight-management/adult-overweight-obesity/treatment

  Most often, health care professionals treat overweight and obesity by helping you adopt lifestyle changes that may help you lose excess weight safely and keep it off over the long term. […] In some cases, other treatments such as weight-loss medicines or weight-loss surgery can be helpful. […] Health care professionals often treat overweight and obesity by recommending lifestyle changes, such as adopting a healthy eating plan and increasing your physical activity, to help you lose weight safely. […] In some cases, your health care professional may refer you to a health care specialist or a health care team trained in weight management. […] Weight loss can be difficult to achieve and maintain. When lifestyle changes are not enough, your health care professional may prescribe medicines to treat overweight and obesity.

• #38 Pharmacological Management of Obesity Guideline Resources | Endocrine Society

  https://www.endocrine.org/clinical-practice-guidelines/pharmacological-management-of-obesity

  The 2016 guideline on the pharmacological management of obesity addresses: […] The Endocrine Society recommends that diet, exercise and behavioral modifications be part of all obesity management approaches. Other tools such as weight loss medications and bariatric surgery can be combined with behavioral changes to reduce food intake and increase physical activity. […] Patients who have been unable to successfully lose weight and maintain a goal weight may be candidates for prescription medication if they meet the criteria on the drugs label. […] If a patient responds well to a weight loss medication and loses 5 percent or more of their body weight after three months, the medication should be continued. […] Since some diabetes medications are associated with weight gain, people with diabetes who are obese or overweight should be given medications that promote weight loss or have no effect on weight as first- and second-line treatments.

• #39 Obesity in adults: Drug therapy – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/obesity-in-adults-drug-therapy

  Obesity in adults: Drug therapy […] A number of medications are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of overweight or obesity. It is essential that the medications are used in conjunction with healthy eating, physical activity, and behavior modification, as medication usage without such changes are generally ineffective over the long term. […] The decision to initiate drug therapy in people with obesity should consider the risks and benefits of weight loss medications. The goals of drug therapy should be clear, along with an awareness that most medications require long-term use to maintain weight loss. This topic will review drug treatments for patients with overweight and obesity. Other treatments for the management of overweight and obesity are discussed elsewhere.

• #40 Obesity in adults: Drug therapy – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/obesity-in-adults-drug-therapy

  Obesity in adults: Drug therapy […] A number of medications are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of overweight or obesity. It is essential that the medications are used in conjunction with healthy eating, physical activity, and behavior modification, as medication usage without such changes are generally ineffective over the long term. […] The decision to initiate drug therapy in people with obesity should consider the risks and benefits of weight loss medications. The goals of drug therapy should be clear, along with an awareness that most medications require long-term use to maintain weight loss. This topic will review drug treatments for patients with overweight and obesity. Other treatments for the management of overweight and obesity are discussed elsewhere.

• #41 Medical Management of Obesity | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/0715/p419.html

  Patients with a BMI of 30 or greater with no complications and those with a BMI of 27.0 to 29.9 and two comorbid conditions may be candidates for pharmacologic therapy. […] Many different agents are available for the medical management of obesity. They can be classified by their mechanism of action: drugs that reduce energy intake, drugs that increase energy expenditure and nutrient-partitioning agents. […] The goal of obesity treatment is to exert a negative energy balance on the system by reducing energy input or increasing energy output, or both. […] When medical management and lifestyle changes prove insufficient, surgical intervention may be considered. Vertical banded gastroplasty and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass can result in dramatic weight loss of up to 25 percent.

• #42 Medical Management of Obesity | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/0715/p419.html

  Patients with a BMI of 30 or greater with no complications and those with a BMI of 27.0 to 29.9 and two comorbid conditions may be candidates for pharmacologic therapy. […] Many different agents are available for the medical management of obesity. They can be classified by their mechanism of action: drugs that reduce energy intake, drugs that increase energy expenditure and nutrient-partitioning agents. […] The goal of obesity treatment is to exert a negative energy balance on the system by reducing energy input or increasing energy output, or both. […] When medical management and lifestyle changes prove insufficient, surgical intervention may be considered. Vertical banded gastroplasty and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass can result in dramatic weight loss of up to 25 percent.

• #43 What’s New in Obesity Treatment?

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/whats-new-in-obesity-treatment-7556082

  Ozempic, Mounjaro, Wegovy, Zepbound, and Saxenda are in a newer class of drugs called GLP-1 agonists. These once-weekly injectable medications are currently the most effective diabetes and weight management medications available, leading to an average weight loss of 6% to 20% depending on the drug. But only Wegovy, Zepbound, and Saxenda are approved specifically for weight loss. […] Weight management medications should only be used in combination with lifestyle therapy (a healthy meal plan, physical activity, and behavioral interventions) and not alone. This combination is recommended for individuals with a BMI over 30 (obesity), or individuals with both a BMI of 27 (overweight) or greater with a weight related health problem such as hypertension or diabetes. […] To date, the FDA has approved eight medications for weight management. Xenical (orlistat), Alli (orlistat), Qsymia (phentermine-topiramate), Contrave (bupropion-naltrexone), Saxenda (liraglutide), Imcivree (setmelanotide), Wegovy (semaglutide), and Zepbound (tirzepatide).

• #44 Pharmacological Support for the Treatment of Obesity—Present and Future

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/11/3/433

  Obesity is a growing civilization problem, associated with a number of negative health consequences affecting almost all tissues and organs. Currently, obesity treatment includes lifestyle modifications (including diet and exercise), pharmacologic therapies, and in some clinical situations, bariatric surgery. These treatments seem to be the most effective method supporting the treatment of obesity. […] The pharmacotherapy of obesity is a fast-growing market. Currently, we have at our disposal drugs with various mechanisms of action (directly reducing the absorption of calories—orlistat, acting centrally—bupropion with naltrexone, phentermine with topiramate, or multidirectional—liraglutide, dulaglutide, semaglutide). […] The appropriate behavioral methods, based on changing the diet and increasing physical activity, constitute the basis of the therapeutic possibilities in obesity.

• #45 Pharmacological Support for the Treatment of Obesity—Present and Future

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/11/3/433

  With regards to bariatric surgery, it is considered the most effective treatment to date. However, despite its great efficacy, it is associated with a number of negative outcomes (perioperative chyloperitoneum and chylothorax) and postoperative complications (anemia, depression, fractures, malabsorption, etc.). […] The limitations with bariatric surgeries, along with the lifestyle modifications difficulties, has resulted in growing interest in the development of obesity drugs not only among the pharmaceutical industry but also with patients and the practitioners. […] The purpose of the following review is to summarize the latest evidence about weight-reducing drugs, taking into account their effectiveness and the individualization of use. […] The efficacy of orlistat in weight reduction in obese patients was demonstrated many years ago in two large, randomized, multicenter clinical studies.

• #46 Obesity Treatment: A Complete Guide

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/obesity/guide/treatment/

  Studies suggest people who take GLP-1 agonists can lose up to 15 percent of their body weight. […] GLP-1 agonists work by mimicking the effects of the hormone glucagon-like peptide-1, which your intestines release in response to eating. […] There are two GLP-1 agonists on the market that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved for weight loss: liraglutide (Saxenda) and semaglutide (Wegovy). […] Bariatric surgery refers to a group of surgical procedures designed to help people with obesity lose weight. […] Candidates for bariatric surgery generally either have a BMI of 40 or over, or 35 to 39.9 plus an obesity-related condition like diabetes or heart disease. […] Weight loss surgery isn’t for everyone, and it’s important to discuss the possible risks with your doctor.

• #47 How to Treat Obesity | American Diabetes Association

  https://diabetes.org/obesity

  Obesity is a medical condition and should be treated as one. […] Anti-obesity medications can effectively treat obesity, but it’s important to know the risks. […] Talk with your health care provider about the obesity care options that work best for you, which will most likely be a mixture of healthy eating, physical activity, medication, surgery, emotional well-being, and lifestyle changes. […] In combination with healthy lifestyle changes, medication can be a game-changer for obesity care. Anti-obesity medications work by making you feel less hungry and keeping you feeling full for longer. […] Surgeries that are a part of obesity care can help by either making your stomach smaller so you cannot eat as much, or by lowering the number of calories your body can absorb. […] Remember, even after you have surgery, you’ll still need to have an obesity care plan you create with your health care provider.

• #48 Obesity Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Patient Screening, Assessment, and Expectations, Weight-Loss Goals

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-treatment

  Several drugs, of variable efficacy and safety, are now available for the treatment of obesity. However, the benefits usually fade when these drugs are stopped. Because all medications inherently have more risks than diet and exercise do, pharmacologic therapy should be used only in patients in whom the benefit justifies the risk. […] Although bariatric surgery is the most effective intervention for patients with severe obesity, newer glucagonlike peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists like semaglutide (Wegovy) and tirzepatide (Zepbound) may induce significant weight loss (ranging on average between 15% and 22.5%) in patients with obesity. […] Well-performed bariatric surgery in carefully selected patients, carried out with a good multidisciplinary support team, substantially ameliorates the morbidities associated with severe obesity.

• #49 Obesity in adults: Drug therapy – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/obesity-in-adults-drug-therapy

  Treatment for individuals with overweight or obesity should focus on long-term weight reduction and improvement in overall health. […] Reduce weight and maintain weight loss – Contemporary clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of antiobesity medications have demonstrated 5 to 22.5 percent weight loss when added to lifestyle modification. We consider a weight loss medication to be effective if weight loss exceeds 4 to 5 percent of baseline weight after three months on a therapeutic dose of medication and is maintained at this level. […] Upon initiation of antiobesity medication, we communicate several important messages to patients. First, not every drug works for every patient; individual responses vary widely. Second, when the maximal therapeutic effect is achieved, weight loss plateaus or ceases. This does not mean the drug has „stopped” working. It simply means that further weight loss will require additional strategies. Finally, if drug therapy is discontinued, weight regain is expected.

• #50 Obesity in adults: Drug therapy – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/obesity-in-adults-drug-therapy

  Treatment for individuals with overweight or obesity should focus on long-term weight reduction and improvement in overall health. […] Reduce weight and maintain weight loss – Contemporary clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of antiobesity medications have demonstrated 5 to 22.5 percent weight loss when added to lifestyle modification. We consider a weight loss medication to be effective if weight loss exceeds 4 to 5 percent of baseline weight after three months on a therapeutic dose of medication and is maintained at this level. […] Upon initiation of antiobesity medication, we communicate several important messages to patients. First, not every drug works for every patient; individual responses vary widely. Second, when the maximal therapeutic effect is achieved, weight loss plateaus or ceases. This does not mean the drug has „stopped” working. It simply means that further weight loss will require additional strategies. Finally, if drug therapy is discontinued, weight regain is expected.

• #51 Obesity Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Patient Screening, Assessment, and Expectations, Weight-Loss Goals

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-treatment

  To promote long-term weight maintenance, the use of approved weight loss medication (over no pharmacologic therapy) is suggested to ameliorate comorbidities and amplify adherence to behavior changes, which may improve physical functioning and allow for greater physical activity in individuals with a BMI of 30 kg/m2 or higher or in individuals with a BMI of 27 kg/m2 and at least one associated comorbid medical condition (eg, hypertension, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and obstructive sleep apnea). […] If a patient’s response to a weight loss medication is deemed effective (weight loss of 5% or more of body weight at 3 mo) and safe, it is recommended that the medication be continued; if deemed ineffective (weight loss less than 5% at 3 mo) or if there are safety or tolerability issues at any time, it is recommended that the medication be discontinued and alternative medications or referral for alternative treatment approaches be considered.

• #52 Obesity Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Patient Screening, Assessment, and Expectations, Weight-Loss Goals

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-treatment

  To promote long-term weight maintenance, the use of approved weight loss medication (over no pharmacologic therapy) is suggested to ameliorate comorbidities and amplify adherence to behavior changes, which may improve physical functioning and allow for greater physical activity in individuals with a BMI of 30 kg/m2 or higher or in individuals with a BMI of 27 kg/m2 and at least one associated comorbid medical condition (eg, hypertension, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and obstructive sleep apnea). […] If a patient’s response to a weight loss medication is deemed effective (weight loss of 5% or more of body weight at 3 mo) and safe, it is recommended that the medication be continued; if deemed ineffective (weight loss less than 5% at 3 mo) or if there are safety or tolerability issues at any time, it is recommended that the medication be discontinued and alternative medications or referral for alternative treatment approaches be considered.

• #53 Obesity in adults: Drug therapy – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/obesity-in-adults-drug-therapy

  Treatment for individuals with overweight or obesity should focus on long-term weight reduction and improvement in overall health. […] Reduce weight and maintain weight loss – Contemporary clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of antiobesity medications have demonstrated 5 to 22.5 percent weight loss when added to lifestyle modification. We consider a weight loss medication to be effective if weight loss exceeds 4 to 5 percent of baseline weight after three months on a therapeutic dose of medication and is maintained at this level. […] Upon initiation of antiobesity medication, we communicate several important messages to patients. First, not every drug works for every patient; individual responses vary widely. Second, when the maximal therapeutic effect is achieved, weight loss plateaus or ceases. This does not mean the drug has „stopped” working. It simply means that further weight loss will require additional strategies. Finally, if drug therapy is discontinued, weight regain is expected.

• #54 Obesity in adults: Drug therapy – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/obesity-in-adults-drug-therapy

  Treatment for individuals with overweight or obesity should focus on long-term weight reduction and improvement in overall health. […] Reduce weight and maintain weight loss – Contemporary clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of antiobesity medications have demonstrated 5 to 22.5 percent weight loss when added to lifestyle modification. We consider a weight loss medication to be effective if weight loss exceeds 4 to 5 percent of baseline weight after three months on a therapeutic dose of medication and is maintained at this level. […] Upon initiation of antiobesity medication, we communicate several important messages to patients. First, not every drug works for every patient; individual responses vary widely. Second, when the maximal therapeutic effect is achieved, weight loss plateaus or ceases. This does not mean the drug has „stopped” working. It simply means that further weight loss will require additional strategies. Finally, if drug therapy is discontinued, weight regain is expected.

• #55 Management of obesity – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_of_obesity

  Management of obesity can include lifestyle changes, medications, or surgery. Although many studies have sought effective interventions, there is currently no evidence-based, well-defined, and efficient intervention to prevent obesity. […] Treatment for obesity often consists of weight loss via healthy nutrition and increasing physical exercise. […] The most effective treatment for obesity is bariatric surgery. Surgery for severe obesity is associated with long-term weight loss and decreased overall mortality. […] In June 2021, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved semaglutide injection sold under the brand name Wegovy for long-term weight management in adults. […] Another medication, orlistat, is widely available and approved for long-term use. […] Diet programs can produce short-term weight loss and, to a lesser extent, over the long-term.

• #56 Management of obesity – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_of_obesity

  Management of obesity can include lifestyle changes, medications, or surgery. Although many studies have sought effective interventions, there is currently no evidence-based, well-defined, and efficient intervention to prevent obesity. […] Treatment for obesity often consists of weight loss via healthy nutrition and increasing physical exercise. […] The most effective treatment for obesity is bariatric surgery. Surgery for severe obesity is associated with long-term weight loss and decreased overall mortality. […] In June 2021, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved semaglutide injection sold under the brand name Wegovy for long-term weight management in adults. […] Another medication, orlistat, is widely available and approved for long-term use. […] Diet programs can produce short-term weight loss and, to a lesser extent, over the long-term.

• #57 Obesity Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Patient Screening, Assessment, and Expectations, Weight-Loss Goals

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-treatment

  Balanced, low-calorie diets and reduced portion size diets are the types that dietitians and other weight-management professionals most commonly prescribe. […] Low-calorie diets involve reducing daily caloric intake by 500-1000 kcal/day, to a level of 800-1800 kcal/day. […] Very low-calorie diets (VLCDs) are best used in an established, comprehensive program. […] Surgical therapy for obesity (bariatric surgery) is associated with clinically significant and relatively sustained weight loss in subjects with severe obesity associated with comorbidities. […] Although bariatric surgery is associated with significant and rapid weight loss, it is expensive, highly procedure and surgeon specific, and certainly not the solution for the burgeoning obesity epidemic. […] The standard criteria for bariatric surgery have stated that at a minimum, patients should be considered candidates for bariatric procedures only if they have a BMI of greater than 40 kg/m2 and/or a weight greater than 45 kg above the age- and sex-defined ideal weight.

• #58 Obesity Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Patient Screening, Assessment, and Expectations, Weight-Loss Goals

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-treatment

  However, guidelines published in 2022 by the American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS) and the International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders (IFSO) revised the criteria for bariatric surgery. […] Comorbidities that have been reported to be improved, ameliorated, or resolved through bariatric surgery include the following: Obstructive sleep apnea, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Hypertension, Heart failure, Peripheral edema, Respiratory insufficiency, Asthma, Dyslipidemia, Esophagitis, Pseudotumor cerebri, Operative risk, Osteoarthritis, Thromboembolism, Urinary incontinence. […] The mortality rate associated with standard bariatric surgical procedures in an experienced center should not exceed 1.5-2%.

• #59

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/obesity/treatment/

  Weight loss surgery, also called bariatric surgery, is sometimes used to treat people with severe obesity. […] Bariatric surgery is usually only available on the NHS to treat people with severe obesity who fulfil all of the following criteria: they have a BMI of 40 or more, or between 35 and 39.9 and have a serious health condition that could be improved with weight loss, such as type 2 diabetes or high blood pressure. […] Treating children living with obesity usually involves improvements to diet and increasing physical activity using behaviour change strategies.

• #60

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/obesity/treatment/

  Weight loss surgery, also called bariatric surgery, is sometimes used to treat people with severe obesity. […] Bariatric surgery is usually only available on the NHS to treat people with severe obesity who fulfil all of the following criteria: they have a BMI of 40 or more, or between 35 and 39.9 and have a serious health condition that could be improved with weight loss, such as type 2 diabetes or high blood pressure. […] Treating children living with obesity usually involves improvements to diet and increasing physical activity using behaviour change strategies.

• #61 Obesity | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/nutritional/obesity/

  Bariatric surgery may also be considered as a possible treatment option for people with a BMI of 30 to 35 who have recently (in the last 10 years) been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. […] Treating obesity in children usually involves improvements to diet and increasing physical activity using behaviour change strategies.

• #62 6 possible treatments for obesity

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323691

  Weight loss surgery involves removing or changing a part of a person’s stomach or small intestine so that they do not consume as much food or absorb as many calories as before. This can help an individual to lose weight and also reduce the risk of high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, and other aspects of metabolic syndrome that can occur with obesity. […] Small trials show that hormone treatments may assist in weight loss among people with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Harnessing these hormones could lead to novel, non-surgical options. However, research in the field is lacking, and further large-scale studies are necessary to fully assess the impact of hormonal treatments for obesity. […] Help is available for people who are concerned that they have too much weight. A change in diet and an increase in exercise can help in many cases. If these do not work, a doctor may be able to recommend another solution.

• #63 Obesity Treatment Overview

  https://healthlibrary.uwmedicine.org/Conditions/Bariatric/Understanding/85,P07857

  Some people may need to see a healthcare provider for treatment. This may be the case if they have not been able to lose weight, but they have other medical conditions that make it vital to lose weight. […] Weight-loss surgery (bariatric surgery) is the only choice today that effectively treats morbid obesity in people who have already tried diet, exercise, and medicine. […] There are a few different types of bariatric surgery. But all procedures are either malabsorptive, restrictive, or a combination of both. […] Malabsorptive procedures often result in more weight loss than restrictive procedures. They also lead to more nutritional deficiencies over time.

• #64 Obesity Treatment: A Complete Guide

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/obesity/guide/treatment/

  Here are some of your surgical obesity treatment options. […] Sleeve gastrectomy is the most popular type of bariatric surgery by far, with more than 160,000 procedures performed in 2022. […] Bariatric surgery options, including sleeve gastrectomy, gastric bypass, and gastric balloon, offer effective long-term weight loss but come with risks and require a commitment to lifestyle changes post-surgery. […] Lifestyle changes, especially dietary adjustments and exercise, are key to weight loss success. […] The following strategies may help with obesity: Reduce your daily calorie intake gradually. […] I have my patients set a [weight loss] goal of one pound a week. […] According to research, there’s no evidence that any supplements can help you lose weight or treat obesity. […] But the following complementary approaches may help with other obesity treatments by increasing self-awareness: Meditation, Mindful eating, Yoga. […] All these therapies work best when combined with proven treatments.

• #65 Obesity Treatment: A Complete Guide

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/obesity/guide/treatment/

  Here are some of your surgical obesity treatment options. […] Sleeve gastrectomy is the most popular type of bariatric surgery by far, with more than 160,000 procedures performed in 2022. […] Bariatric surgery options, including sleeve gastrectomy, gastric bypass, and gastric balloon, offer effective long-term weight loss but come with risks and require a commitment to lifestyle changes post-surgery. […] Lifestyle changes, especially dietary adjustments and exercise, are key to weight loss success. […] The following strategies may help with obesity: Reduce your daily calorie intake gradually. […] I have my patients set a [weight loss] goal of one pound a week. […] According to research, there’s no evidence that any supplements can help you lose weight or treat obesity. […] But the following complementary approaches may help with other obesity treatments by increasing self-awareness: Meditation, Mindful eating, Yoga. […] All these therapies work best when combined with proven treatments.

• #66 Treatment for Children and Adolescents – Obesity Action Coalition

  https://www.obesityaction.org/education-support/learn-about-childhood-obesity/treatment/

  Behavioral treatment includes a focus on nutrition, physical activity and behavioral change support. The intervention helps families turn newly-learned healthy behaviors into habits. […] Pharmacotherapy: Four anti-obesity medications are now approved for treating adolescents starting at age 12: Xenical®/Alli® (Orlistat), liraglutide (Saxenda®), phentermine/topiramate ER (Qsymia®), and semaglutide (Wegovy®). […] Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery: Both laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) and vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) are effective weight loss procedures in children, leading to sustained weight loss and resolving many obesity-related conditions. […] Finding the right treatment for your child should be a family approach. As with adults, there is no one-size-fits-all treatment for childhood obesity.

• #67 Obesity Treatment Overview

  https://healthlibrary.uwmedicine.org/Conditions/Bariatric/Understanding/85,P07857

  Some people may need to see a healthcare provider for treatment. This may be the case if they have not been able to lose weight, but they have other medical conditions that make it vital to lose weight. […] Weight-loss surgery (bariatric surgery) is the only choice today that effectively treats morbid obesity in people who have already tried diet, exercise, and medicine. […] There are a few different types of bariatric surgery. But all procedures are either malabsorptive, restrictive, or a combination of both. […] Malabsorptive procedures often result in more weight loss than restrictive procedures. They also lead to more nutritional deficiencies over time.

• #68 Obesity Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Patient Screening, Assessment, and Expectations, Weight-Loss Goals

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-treatment

  However, guidelines published in 2022 by the American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS) and the International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders (IFSO) revised the criteria for bariatric surgery. […] Comorbidities that have been reported to be improved, ameliorated, or resolved through bariatric surgery include the following: Obstructive sleep apnea, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Hypertension, Heart failure, Peripheral edema, Respiratory insufficiency, Asthma, Dyslipidemia, Esophagitis, Pseudotumor cerebri, Operative risk, Osteoarthritis, Thromboembolism, Urinary incontinence. […] The mortality rate associated with standard bariatric surgical procedures in an experienced center should not exceed 1.5-2%.

• #69 Obesity Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Patient Screening, Assessment, and Expectations, Weight-Loss Goals

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-treatment

  However, guidelines published in 2022 by the American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS) and the International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders (IFSO) revised the criteria for bariatric surgery. […] Comorbidities that have been reported to be improved, ameliorated, or resolved through bariatric surgery include the following: Obstructive sleep apnea, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Hypertension, Heart failure, Peripheral edema, Respiratory insufficiency, Asthma, Dyslipidemia, Esophagitis, Pseudotumor cerebri, Operative risk, Osteoarthritis, Thromboembolism, Urinary incontinence. […] The mortality rate associated with standard bariatric surgical procedures in an experienced center should not exceed 1.5-2%.

• #70 Overweight and Obesity – Treatment | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/overweight-and-obesity/treatment

  The FDA has approved three weight-loss devices for adults. About half the people who undergo procedures to implant these devices lose at least 5% of their initial body weight as a result of the devices. […] If your BMI is 35 or greater and you are at risk for obesity-related complications, you may be eligible for surgery if you develop obesity-related complications. […] Talk to your doctor to learn more about the benefits and risks of each type of surgery. All surgeries carry some type of risk of possible complications, including bleeding, infection, or even death.

• #71 Obesity Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Patient Screening, Assessment, and Expectations, Weight-Loss Goals

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-treatment

  However, guidelines published in 2022 by the American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS) and the International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders (IFSO) revised the criteria for bariatric surgery. […] Comorbidities that have been reported to be improved, ameliorated, or resolved through bariatric surgery include the following: Obstructive sleep apnea, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Hypertension, Heart failure, Peripheral edema, Respiratory insufficiency, Asthma, Dyslipidemia, Esophagitis, Pseudotumor cerebri, Operative risk, Osteoarthritis, Thromboembolism, Urinary incontinence. […] The mortality rate associated with standard bariatric surgical procedures in an experienced center should not exceed 1.5-2%.

• #72 Patient Journey Obesity – Stage 3 Treatment | American Association of Clinical Endocrinology

  https://www.aace.com/patient-journey/obesity/treatment/stage-3

  If you have stage 2 or stage 3 obesity, your health care professional may bring up the possibility of taking prescription weight-management medications. […] Weight-management medications come in both oral and injectable forms, but it’s crucial to understand the correct dosage for each. […] Obesity surgery doesn’t take the place of healthy eating, physical activity, and behavior changes. However, it could help you lose weight and improve your health if you have certain weight-related health conditions and have been unable to lose enough weight through other means. […] Your health care professional can help you set realistic expectations about how much weight you may lose if you have obesity surgery and its possible impact on your weight-related health conditions. […] Losing weight as a result of obesity surgery could improve weight-related medical conditions such as type 2 diabetes, sleep apnea, high blood pressure, and unhealthy cholesterol levels. It could also reduce your risk of developing weight-related cancers. […] If your health care professional recommends obesity surgery, take the time to learn about your options, ask questions, consider the pros and cons, and think carefully about whether it’s the right choice for you.

• #73 Obesity – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obesity/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375749

  Reducing calories and practicing healthier eating habits are key to overcoming obesity. […] There is no best weight-loss diet. Choose one that includes healthy foods that you feel will work for you. […] Weight-loss medicines are meant to be used along with diet, exercise and behavior changes, not instead of them. […] Weight-loss success after surgery depends on your commitment to making lifelong changes in your eating and exercise habits. […] Other treatments for obesity include: Hydrogels. Available by prescription, these edible capsules contain tiny particles that absorb water and get bigger in the stomach, to help you feel full. […] Your effort to overcome obesity is more likely to be successful if you follow strategies at home along with your formal treatment plan. […] Be sure to let your health care team know about any medical conditions you have and about any medicines, vitamins or supplements that you take.

• #74 Therapy for Obesity: Types and Benefits

  https://www.healthline.com/health/obesity-therapy

  Treatment options for obesity typically include lifestyle measures such as diet and exercise. However, therapy can also help by teaching you the skills needed to maintain a healthier lifestyle. […] A key approach to this is therapy, which can teach you skills needed to achieve, accept, and maintain lifestyle changes in a safe and healthy way. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is often considered the first-line therapy for obesity. […] Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) can help you examine your eating behaviors and develop and commit to goals with a positive outcome. […] Intensive behavioral therapy (IBT) can be an important component of obesity treatment. […] Interpersonal therapy (IPT) may be a beneficial treatment option for people who are experiencing obesity and depression.

• #75 Does Medicare Cover Obesity Treatment?

  https://www.ncoa.org/article/obesity-treatment-and-medicare-a-guide-to-understanding-coverage/

  Obesity Treatment and Medicare: A Guide to Understanding Coverage […] Medicare provides coverage for select obesity treatments, such as behavioral therapy. […] Many types of weight loss treatments are not covered by Medicare, which creates a barrier for older adults with obesity. […] Obesity is a treatable chronic disease. […] Treatment includes a range of interventions such as lifestyle and behavior changes, pharmacotherapy, and surgical weight loss procedures. […] Medicare does cover some obesity treatments, such as Intensive Behavioral Therapy and bariatric surgery, but it does not cover anti-obesity medications. […] The Medicare Part B program recently took a major step forward in encouraging doctors and patients to view obesity as a major health problem. […] Through its Intensive Behavioral Therapy for Obesity initiative, beneficiaries with a BMI of 30 or higher can receive no-cost obesity screenings and behavioral counseling. […] In cases of severe obesity (BMI of 35 or higher), Medicare covers bariatric surgery if it’s determined by your doctor to be medically necessary. […] Many common weight loss interventions are not fully covered by Medicare. […] Anti-obesity medications (AOMs), or pharmacotherapeutics, are also not covered by the Medicare Part D prescription drug benefit. […] Drug therapy is a key treatment component for certain groups of older adults living with obesity. […] Including FDA-approved medications and other anti-obesity treatments in Medicare coverage would help more older adults actively reduce their health risks. […] Certain advocacy groups, such as the Obesity Action Coalition (OAC), are working on legislation to broaden access to treatment options for Medicare beneficiaries affected by obesity. […]

• #76 Obesity Screening Coverage

  https://www.medicare.gov/coverage/obesity-behavioral-therapy

  If you have a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or more, Medicare Part B (Medical Insurance) covers obesity screenings and behavioral counseling. […] Obesity behavioral therapy includes an initial screening for BMI, and behavioral therapy sessions that include a dietary assessment and counseling to help you lose weight by focusing on diet and exercise.

• #77 Obesity Screening Coverage

  https://www.medicare.gov/coverage/obesity-behavioral-therapy

  If you have a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or more, Medicare Part B (Medical Insurance) covers obesity screenings and behavioral counseling. […] Obesity behavioral therapy includes an initial screening for BMI, and behavioral therapy sessions that include a dietary assessment and counseling to help you lose weight by focusing on diet and exercise.

• #78 Overweight and Obesity – Treatment | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/overweight-and-obesity/treatment

  The FDA has approved three weight-loss devices for adults. About half the people who undergo procedures to implant these devices lose at least 5% of their initial body weight as a result of the devices. […] If your BMI is 35 or greater and you are at risk for obesity-related complications, you may be eligible for surgery if you develop obesity-related complications. […] Talk to your doctor to learn more about the benefits and risks of each type of surgery. All surgeries carry some type of risk of possible complications, including bleeding, infection, or even death.

• #79 Overweight and Obesity – Treatment | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/overweight-and-obesity/treatment

  The FDA has approved three weight-loss devices for adults. About half the people who undergo procedures to implant these devices lose at least 5% of their initial body weight as a result of the devices. […] If your BMI is 35 or greater and you are at risk for obesity-related complications, you may be eligible for surgery if you develop obesity-related complications. […] Talk to your doctor to learn more about the benefits and risks of each type of surgery. All surgeries carry some type of risk of possible complications, including bleeding, infection, or even death.

• #80 Management of obesity – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_of_obesity

  A preoperative diet such as low-calorie diets or very-low-calorie diet, is usually recommended to reduce liver volume by 16-20%, and preoperative weight loss is the only factor associated with postoperative weight loss. […] The effects of liposuction on obesity are less well determined. […] An implantable nerve simulator which improves the feeling of fullness was approved by the FDA in 2015.

• #81 Obesity – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obesity/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375749

  Reducing calories and practicing healthier eating habits are key to overcoming obesity. […] There is no best weight-loss diet. Choose one that includes healthy foods that you feel will work for you. […] Weight-loss medicines are meant to be used along with diet, exercise and behavior changes, not instead of them. […] Weight-loss success after surgery depends on your commitment to making lifelong changes in your eating and exercise habits. […] Other treatments for obesity include: Hydrogels. Available by prescription, these edible capsules contain tiny particles that absorb water and get bigger in the stomach, to help you feel full. […] Your effort to overcome obesity is more likely to be successful if you follow strategies at home along with your formal treatment plan. […] Be sure to let your health care team know about any medical conditions you have and about any medicines, vitamins or supplements that you take.

• #82 Management of obesity – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_of_obesity

  A preoperative diet such as low-calorie diets or very-low-calorie diet, is usually recommended to reduce liver volume by 16-20%, and preoperative weight loss is the only factor associated with postoperative weight loss. […] The effects of liposuction on obesity are less well determined. […] An implantable nerve simulator which improves the feeling of fullness was approved by the FDA in 2015.

• #83 Obesity Treatment Overview

  https://healthlibrary.brighamandwomens.org/library/Wellness/Safety/85,P07857

  Join a support group for encouragement and reinforcement of changing lifestyle behaviors. […] Some people may need to see a healthcare provider for treatment. This may be the case if they have not been able to lose weight, but they have other medical conditions that make it vital to lose weight. […] Weight-loss surgery (bariatric surgery) is the only choice today that effectively treats morbid obesity in people who have already tried diet, exercise, and medicine. Possible candidates for this surgery include: […] There are a few different types of bariatric surgery. But all procedures are either malabsorptive, restrictive, or a combination of both. […] Malabsorptive procedures often result in more weight loss than restrictive procedures. They also lead to more nutritional deficiencies over time.

• #84 Reducing Obesity | MedicaidLock(link is external)

  https://www.medicaid.gov/medicaid/quality-of-care/quality-improvement-initiatives/reducing-obesity/index.html

  A number of states have efforts underway to improve awareness and use of obesity-related services by Medicaid eligible individuals, including MassHealth’s „Mass in Motion,” Missouri’s PHIT Kids (Promoting Health in Teens and Kids) weight management program, and the Texas Medicaid Child Obesity Prevention Pilot. Several states are working with their managed care organizations to implement performance improvement projects focused on body-mass index screening and referral for healthy weight and physical activity counseling.

• #85 Treatments for Obesity | The University of Kansas Health System

  https://www.kansashealthsystem.com/care/treatments/obesity

  The recommendations that may come out of this visit are vast but may include: Anti-obesity medications may be recommended by your doctor if appropriate. These medications are indicated for patients with a BMI over 30 or those with a BMI over 27 and a medical condition associated with excess weight. […] Bariatric surgery is generally indicated for patients with a BMI over 40 or those with a BMI over 25 and a medical condition associated with excess weight. […] This is a nationally recognized lifestyle change program of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention proven to prevent or delay type 2 diabetes. The diabetes prevention program is a structured lifestyle change program in which a trained lifestyle coach leads group classes to help you change aspects of your lifestyle, like eating healthier, reducing stress and getting more physically active.

• #86 Treatments for Obesity | The University of Kansas Health System

  https://www.kansashealthsystem.com/care/treatments/obesity

  The recommendations that may come out of this visit are vast but may include: Anti-obesity medications may be recommended by your doctor if appropriate. These medications are indicated for patients with a BMI over 30 or those with a BMI over 27 and a medical condition associated with excess weight. […] Bariatric surgery is generally indicated for patients with a BMI over 40 or those with a BMI over 25 and a medical condition associated with excess weight. […] This is a nationally recognized lifestyle change program of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention proven to prevent or delay type 2 diabetes. The diabetes prevention program is a structured lifestyle change program in which a trained lifestyle coach leads group classes to help you change aspects of your lifestyle, like eating healthier, reducing stress and getting more physically active.

• #87 Treatment for Obesity – Obesity Action Coalition

  https://www.obesityaction.org/education-support/treatment/

  Making the decision to address your weight is an important first step toward making a change. Many face an even tougher decision deciding which method they will choose in order to lose weight. You may hear people talk about choosing a “treatment” for their obesity. This simply means deciding which weight-loss method is right for you. […] There are many programs and choices when looking at weight-loss options. Each treatment differs from person to person, as there is no one treatment for obesity. […] It is important to work with your healthcare provider in this journey. […] There are several methods available to address obesity and severe obesity. These methods include: Behavior Modification and Physical Activity, Community-Based Programs, Commercial Weight-loss, Physician-supervised Options, Bariatric Surgery and Devices. […] This section will help you learn more about obesity treatment and figure out which treatment may be best for you. Please remember to always talk with a healthcare provider about any obesity treatment, as there is no one-size-fits-all approach to treating obesity.

• #88 Treatment for Obesity – Obesity Action Coalition

  https://www.obesityaction.org/education-support/treatment/

  Making the decision to address your weight is an important first step toward making a change. Many face an even tougher decision deciding which method they will choose in order to lose weight. You may hear people talk about choosing a “treatment” for their obesity. This simply means deciding which weight-loss method is right for you. […] There are many programs and choices when looking at weight-loss options. Each treatment differs from person to person, as there is no one treatment for obesity. […] It is important to work with your healthcare provider in this journey. […] There are several methods available to address obesity and severe obesity. These methods include: Behavior Modification and Physical Activity, Community-Based Programs, Commercial Weight-loss, Physician-supervised Options, Bariatric Surgery and Devices. […] This section will help you learn more about obesity treatment and figure out which treatment may be best for you. Please remember to always talk with a healthcare provider about any obesity treatment, as there is no one-size-fits-all approach to treating obesity.

• #89 Obesity in adults: Dietary therapy – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/obesity-in-adults-dietary-therapy

  Obesity in adults: Dietary therapy […] The management of all patients who have overweight or obesity requires a combination of diet (ie, a reduction in caloric intake), exercise, and behavioral modification. […] In addition, some patients may eventually require pharmacologic therapy and/or bariatric surgery. […] The health risk posed by excess adiposity should be evaluated before beginning any treatment program for each individual patient. […] Selection of treatment can then be guided using a risk-benefit assessment for each individual. […] The choice of therapy is dependent on several factors, including the degree of overweight or obesity, comorbidities, and patient preference. […] This topic will review the dietary therapy of obesity.

• #90 Obesity in adults: Dietary therapy – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/obesity-in-adults-dietary-therapy

  Obesity in adults: Dietary therapy […] The management of all patients who have overweight or obesity requires a combination of diet (ie, a reduction in caloric intake), exercise, and behavioral modification. […] In addition, some patients may eventually require pharmacologic therapy and/or bariatric surgery. […] The health risk posed by excess adiposity should be evaluated before beginning any treatment program for each individual patient. […] Selection of treatment can then be guided using a risk-benefit assessment for each individual. […] The choice of therapy is dependent on several factors, including the degree of overweight or obesity, comorbidities, and patient preference. […] This topic will review the dietary therapy of obesity.

• #91 Obesity Treatment Overview | UMass Memorial Health

  https://www.ummhealth.org/health-library/obesity-treatment-overview

  Whatever treatment plan a person follows, losing weight slowly will be more effective and healthier over the long-term. […] Regardless of the type or combination of obesity treatment, goal setting is an important part of any obesity treatment plan. […] Treatment for obesity may include a combination of different types of treatment. Always talk with your healthcare provider for a diagnosis and treatment advice. […] Successful weight loss that is maintained over a long period of time depends more on limiting energy consumed (calories) and increasing energy expenditure (exercise and daily activity) than just the composition of the diet. […] Fasting may result in rapid weight loss. But lean muscle mass may be lost as well as fat. […] A regular exercise program helps people who are obese by helping keep and add lean body mass, or muscle tissue, while losing fat.

• #92 Obesity Treatment Overview

  https://healthlibrary.brighamandwomens.org/library/Wellness/Safety/85,P07857

  Treatment goals work best if they are tailored to a person’s needs. For instance, it’s safe to lose 1 or 2 pounds per week. But a person may be more comfortable losing at a lower rate of half a pound per week. Over 1 year, that is a 26-pound loss. If that rate is maintained over 3 years, it will lead to a significant weight loss of 78 pounds over time. Whatever treatment plan a person follows, losing weight slowly will be more effective and healthier over the long term. Quick weight loss often spurs weight regain. […] Treatment for obesity may include a combination of different types of treatment. Always talk with your healthcare provider for a diagnosis and treatment advice. […] There are many ways to treat obesity. It’s helpful to use more than 1 method. For instance, you can try making diet changes as well as adding exercise.

• #93 Obesity Treatment Overview

  https://healthlibrary.brighamandwomens.org/library/Wellness/Safety/85,P07857

  Treatment goals work best if they are tailored to a person’s needs. For instance, it’s safe to lose 1 or 2 pounds per week. But a person may be more comfortable losing at a lower rate of half a pound per week. Over 1 year, that is a 26-pound loss. If that rate is maintained over 3 years, it will lead to a significant weight loss of 78 pounds over time. Whatever treatment plan a person follows, losing weight slowly will be more effective and healthier over the long term. Quick weight loss often spurs weight regain. […] Treatment for obesity may include a combination of different types of treatment. Always talk with your healthcare provider for a diagnosis and treatment advice. […] There are many ways to treat obesity. It’s helpful to use more than 1 method. For instance, you can try making diet changes as well as adding exercise.

• #94 Obesity Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Patient Screening, Assessment, and Expectations, Weight-Loss Goals

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-treatment

  A specific goal has a much greater chance of being accomplished than a general goal does. […] In general, body weight and body fat are tenaciously regulated. This underlies the challenge of weight loss and highlights the importance of setting realistic weight-loss goals. […] Available data suggest that a loss of approximately 10% of body weight in persons with obesity is associated with substantial health benefits regarding obesity-related comorbidities. […] A reasonable goal for weight loss in the setting of a medical treatment program is approximately 1-2 lb/wk. […] In addition to the patient’s weight, factors to consider when setting individualized weight-loss goals are the weight of other family members, as well as the patient’s cultural, ethnic, and racial background. […] Evidence from the National Weight Control Registry (NWCR), which tracks indices and predictors in individuals who have lost at least 30 pounds and have maintained that loss for at least 1 year, suggests that patterns associated with successful weight maintenance include the following: Self-monitoring of weight, Consumption of a low-fat diet, Daily physical activity of approximately 60 minutes, Minimal sedentary screen time, Consumption of most meals at home.

• #95 Obesity Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Patient Screening, Assessment, and Expectations, Weight-Loss Goals

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-treatment

  A specific goal has a much greater chance of being accomplished than a general goal does. […] In general, body weight and body fat are tenaciously regulated. This underlies the challenge of weight loss and highlights the importance of setting realistic weight-loss goals. […] Available data suggest that a loss of approximately 10% of body weight in persons with obesity is associated with substantial health benefits regarding obesity-related comorbidities. […] A reasonable goal for weight loss in the setting of a medical treatment program is approximately 1-2 lb/wk. […] In addition to the patient’s weight, factors to consider when setting individualized weight-loss goals are the weight of other family members, as well as the patient’s cultural, ethnic, and racial background. […] Evidence from the National Weight Control Registry (NWCR), which tracks indices and predictors in individuals who have lost at least 30 pounds and have maintained that loss for at least 1 year, suggests that patterns associated with successful weight maintenance include the following: Self-monitoring of weight, Consumption of a low-fat diet, Daily physical activity of approximately 60 minutes, Minimal sedentary screen time, Consumption of most meals at home.

• #96 Obesity Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Patient Screening, Assessment, and Expectations, Weight-Loss Goals

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-treatment

  The management of obesity is not complete without attention being paid to potential comorbidities. Addressing these issues can have profound effects on the patient’s well-being and risk of morbidity and mortality. […] According to guidelines released by the American College of Cardiology (ACC), the American Heart Association (AHA), and The Obesity Society (TOS), in 2013, weight loss should be encouraged at a BMI of 25 with just one comorbidity (instead of two, as was the case in previous guidelines), and elevated waist circumference can be one of those comorbidities. […] Although obesity in itself is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, massive, poorly monitored weight loss and/or weight cycling can have equally dire consequences. […] Before enrolling any patient in a weight-loss program, the clinician must have a clear idea of that individual’s expectations. A patient with unrealistic expectations should not be enrolled until these are changed to realistic and attainable goals.

• #97 Obesity Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Patient Screening, Assessment, and Expectations, Weight-Loss Goals

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-treatment

  The management of obesity is not complete without attention being paid to potential comorbidities. Addressing these issues can have profound effects on the patient’s well-being and risk of morbidity and mortality. […] According to guidelines released by the American College of Cardiology (ACC), the American Heart Association (AHA), and The Obesity Society (TOS), in 2013, weight loss should be encouraged at a BMI of 25 with just one comorbidity (instead of two, as was the case in previous guidelines), and elevated waist circumference can be one of those comorbidities. […] Although obesity in itself is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, massive, poorly monitored weight loss and/or weight cycling can have equally dire consequences. […] Before enrolling any patient in a weight-loss program, the clinician must have a clear idea of that individual’s expectations. A patient with unrealistic expectations should not be enrolled until these are changed to realistic and attainable goals.

• #98 Obesity Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Patient Screening, Assessment, and Expectations, Weight-Loss Goals

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-treatment

  In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with overweight or obesity, antidiabetic medications that have additional actions to promote weight loss (such as glucagonlike peptide-1 [GLP-1] analogs or sodium-glucose-linked transporter-2 [SGLT-2] inhibitors) are suggested, in addition to the first-line agent for type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity, metformin. […] In patients with obesity with type 2 diabetes mellitus who require insulin therapy, at least one of the following is suggested: metformin, pramlintide, or GLP-1 agonists to mitigate associated weight gain due to insulin; the first-line insulin for this type of patient should be basal insulin. This is preferable to using either insulin alone or insulin with sulfonylurea. […] Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and calcium channel blockers, rather than beta-adrenergic blockers, should be considered as first-line therapy for hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who have obesity.

• #99 Pharmacological Management of Obesity Guideline Resources | Endocrine Society

  https://www.endocrine.org/clinical-practice-guidelines/pharmacological-management-of-obesity

  In patients with T2DM who are overweight or obese, we suggest the use of antidiabetic medications that have additional actions to promote weight loss (such as glucagon-like peptide-1 [GLP-1] analogs or sodium-glucose-linked transporter-2 [SGLT-2] inhibitors), in addition to the first-line agent for T2DM and obesity, metformin. […] We recommend weight-losing and weight-neutral medications as first- and second-line agents in the management of a patient with T2DM who is overweight or obese. […] We suggest against the off-label use of medications approved for other disease states for the sole purpose of producing weight loss.

• #100 Obesity Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Patient Screening, Assessment, and Expectations, Weight-Loss Goals

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-treatment

  In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with overweight or obesity, antidiabetic medications that have additional actions to promote weight loss (such as glucagonlike peptide-1 [GLP-1] analogs or sodium-glucose-linked transporter-2 [SGLT-2] inhibitors) are suggested, in addition to the first-line agent for type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity, metformin. […] In patients with obesity with type 2 diabetes mellitus who require insulin therapy, at least one of the following is suggested: metformin, pramlintide, or GLP-1 agonists to mitigate associated weight gain due to insulin; the first-line insulin for this type of patient should be basal insulin. This is preferable to using either insulin alone or insulin with sulfonylurea. […] Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and calcium channel blockers, rather than beta-adrenergic blockers, should be considered as first-line therapy for hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who have obesity.

• #101 Obesity Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Patient Screening, Assessment, and Expectations, Weight-Loss Goals

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-treatment

  In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with overweight or obesity, antidiabetic medications that have additional actions to promote weight loss (such as glucagonlike peptide-1 [GLP-1] analogs or sodium-glucose-linked transporter-2 [SGLT-2] inhibitors) are suggested, in addition to the first-line agent for type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity, metformin. […] In patients with obesity with type 2 diabetes mellitus who require insulin therapy, at least one of the following is suggested: metformin, pramlintide, or GLP-1 agonists to mitigate associated weight gain due to insulin; the first-line insulin for this type of patient should be basal insulin. This is preferable to using either insulin alone or insulin with sulfonylurea. […] Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and calcium channel blockers, rather than beta-adrenergic blockers, should be considered as first-line therapy for hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who have obesity.

• #102 Obesity Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Patient Screening, Assessment, and Expectations, Weight-Loss Goals

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-treatment

  In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with overweight or obesity, antidiabetic medications that have additional actions to promote weight loss (such as glucagonlike peptide-1 [GLP-1] analogs or sodium-glucose-linked transporter-2 [SGLT-2] inhibitors) are suggested, in addition to the first-line agent for type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity, metformin. […] In patients with obesity with type 2 diabetes mellitus who require insulin therapy, at least one of the following is suggested: metformin, pramlintide, or GLP-1 agonists to mitigate associated weight gain due to insulin; the first-line insulin for this type of patient should be basal insulin. This is preferable to using either insulin alone or insulin with sulfonylurea. […] Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and calcium channel blockers, rather than beta-adrenergic blockers, should be considered as first-line therapy for hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who have obesity.

• #103 Treatment for Children and Adolescents – Obesity Action Coalition

  https://www.obesityaction.org/education-support/learn-about-childhood-obesity/treatment/

  Treating obesity in children and adolescents differs from treatment in adults. Involving the family in a child’s weight management program is a key element of treatment. As a support system, family is integral in meeting weight management goals. […] Comprehensive obesity treatment may include nutrition support, physical activity treatment, behavioral therapy, pharmacotherapy, and metabolic and bariatric surgery. […] Nutrition Support: When treating a child or adolescent affected by obesity, it is often recommended that they consult a dietitian specializing in children’s needs. Dietitians can best help children and their families understand healthy eating habits and how to implement them in their long-term diet. […] Physical Activity: Another form of obesity treatment in children is to increase physical activity, which is crucial for long-term health.

• #104 Treatment for Children and Adolescents – Obesity Action Coalition

  https://www.obesityaction.org/education-support/learn-about-childhood-obesity/treatment/

  Treating obesity in children and adolescents differs from treatment in adults. Involving the family in a child’s weight management program is a key element of treatment. As a support system, family is integral in meeting weight management goals. […] Comprehensive obesity treatment may include nutrition support, physical activity treatment, behavioral therapy, pharmacotherapy, and metabolic and bariatric surgery. […] Nutrition Support: When treating a child or adolescent affected by obesity, it is often recommended that they consult a dietitian specializing in children’s needs. Dietitians can best help children and their families understand healthy eating habits and how to implement them in their long-term diet. […] Physical Activity: Another form of obesity treatment in children is to increase physical activity, which is crucial for long-term health.

• #105 Obesity Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Patient Screening, Assessment, and Expectations, Weight-Loss Goals

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-treatment

  Contrary to the original belief, however, weight loss after nonsurgical intervention can be maintained long-term. […] In cases of childhood obesity, the goal is not to cause weight loss but to reduce the rate of weight gain to fit normal growth curves. […] Medication therapy may also be used in the management of pediatric obesity, but close monitoring and a combination of all the aforementioned modalities is required to achieve substantial and sustained weight loss. […] Achieving a caloric deficit is still the most important component in achieving sustained weight loss. […] Among the caveats is the fact that energy expenditure is related to body weight; about 22 kcal/kg of energy is required for basal maintenance of 1 kg of weight in a typical adult. […] Conventional diets can be broadly classified into two categories: balanced, low-calorie diets (or reduced portion sizes) and diets with different macronutrient compositions.

• #106

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/obesity/treatment/

  Weight loss surgery, also called bariatric surgery, is sometimes used to treat people with severe obesity. […] Bariatric surgery is usually only available on the NHS to treat people with severe obesity who fulfil all of the following criteria: they have a BMI of 40 or more, or between 35 and 39.9 and have a serious health condition that could be improved with weight loss, such as type 2 diabetes or high blood pressure. […] Treating children living with obesity usually involves improvements to diet and increasing physical activity using behaviour change strategies.

• #107 Treatment for Children and Adolescents – Obesity Action Coalition

  https://www.obesityaction.org/education-support/learn-about-childhood-obesity/treatment/

  Behavioral treatment includes a focus on nutrition, physical activity and behavioral change support. The intervention helps families turn newly-learned healthy behaviors into habits. […] Pharmacotherapy: Four anti-obesity medications are now approved for treating adolescents starting at age 12: Xenical®/Alli® (Orlistat), liraglutide (Saxenda®), phentermine/topiramate ER (Qsymia®), and semaglutide (Wegovy®). […] Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery: Both laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) and vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) are effective weight loss procedures in children, leading to sustained weight loss and resolving many obesity-related conditions. […] Finding the right treatment for your child should be a family approach. As with adults, there is no one-size-fits-all treatment for childhood obesity.

• #108 Obesity Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Patient Screening, Assessment, and Expectations, Weight-Loss Goals

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-treatment

  In women with a BMI of 27 kg/m2 or more with comorbidities or a BMI of 30 kg/m2 or more, seeking contraception, oral contraceptives are suggested over injectable medications because of weight gain with injectables, provided that women are well informed about the risks and benefits (ie, oral contraceptives are not contraindicated). […] The three major phases of any successful weight-loss program are as follows: Preinclusion screening phase, Weight-loss phase, Maintenance phase – This can conceivably last for the rest of the patient’s life but ideally lasts for at least 1 year after the weight-loss program has been completed. […] Evidence supports the use of commercial weight-loss programs. A 12-week randomized, controlled trial found that commercially available weight-loss programs are more successful and more affordable than primary care practice-based programs led by specially trained staff.

• #109 Obesity – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obesity/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375749

  The goal of obesity treatment is to reach and stay at a healthy weight. This improves overall health and lowers the risk of developing complications related to obesity. […] You may need to work with a team of health professionals including a dietitian, behavioral counselor or an obesity specialist to help you understand and make changes in your eating and activity habits. […] The first treatment goal is usually a modest weight loss 5% to 10% of your total weight. That means that if you weigh 200 pounds (91 kilograms), you’d need to lose only about 10 to 20 pounds (4.5 to 9 kilograms) for your health to begin to improve. But the more weight you lose, the greater the benefits. […] All weight-loss programs require that you change your eating habits and get more active. The treatment methods that are right for you depend on your weight, your overall health and your willingness to participate in a weight-loss plan.

• #110 Obesity Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Patient Screening, Assessment, and Expectations, Weight-Loss Goals

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-treatment

  Although some data from randomized trials of diets of different macronutrient composition indicate that caloric restriction, self-monitoring, and program attendance are more important than any specific composition of dietary macronutrient, results from a large European study indicated that weight-loss maintenance is better achieved with a diet modestly high in protein with lower glycemic index comparison to other macronutrient compositions. […] According to a study by Blher et al, patients regaining weight after initial weight loss on long-term dietary intervention nevertheless continued to show long-lasting improvements in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, adiponectin, fetuin, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, progranulin, and vaspin. […] Diet-induced weight loss can result in elevated levels of hormones that increase appetite. After successful weight loss, circulating levels of these hormones do not decrease to levels recorded before diet-induced weight loss. Thus, long-term strategies are needed to prevent obesity relapse.

• #111 Obesity Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Patient Screening, Assessment, and Expectations, Weight-Loss Goals

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-treatment

  A specific goal has a much greater chance of being accomplished than a general goal does. […] In general, body weight and body fat are tenaciously regulated. This underlies the challenge of weight loss and highlights the importance of setting realistic weight-loss goals. […] Available data suggest that a loss of approximately 10% of body weight in persons with obesity is associated with substantial health benefits regarding obesity-related comorbidities. […] A reasonable goal for weight loss in the setting of a medical treatment program is approximately 1-2 lb/wk. […] In addition to the patient’s weight, factors to consider when setting individualized weight-loss goals are the weight of other family members, as well as the patient’s cultural, ethnic, and racial background. […] Evidence from the National Weight Control Registry (NWCR), which tracks indices and predictors in individuals who have lost at least 30 pounds and have maintained that loss for at least 1 year, suggests that patterns associated with successful weight maintenance include the following: Self-monitoring of weight, Consumption of a low-fat diet, Daily physical activity of approximately 60 minutes, Minimal sedentary screen time, Consumption of most meals at home.

• #112 Obesity Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Patient Screening, Assessment, and Expectations, Weight-Loss Goals

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-treatment

  A specific goal has a much greater chance of being accomplished than a general goal does. […] In general, body weight and body fat are tenaciously regulated. This underlies the challenge of weight loss and highlights the importance of setting realistic weight-loss goals. […] Available data suggest that a loss of approximately 10% of body weight in persons with obesity is associated with substantial health benefits regarding obesity-related comorbidities. […] A reasonable goal for weight loss in the setting of a medical treatment program is approximately 1-2 lb/wk. […] In addition to the patient’s weight, factors to consider when setting individualized weight-loss goals are the weight of other family members, as well as the patient’s cultural, ethnic, and racial background. […] Evidence from the National Weight Control Registry (NWCR), which tracks indices and predictors in individuals who have lost at least 30 pounds and have maintained that loss for at least 1 year, suggests that patterns associated with successful weight maintenance include the following: Self-monitoring of weight, Consumption of a low-fat diet, Daily physical activity of approximately 60 minutes, Minimal sedentary screen time, Consumption of most meals at home.

• #113 Obesity Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Patient Screening, Assessment, and Expectations, Weight-Loss Goals

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-treatment

  Contrary to the original belief, however, weight loss after nonsurgical intervention can be maintained long-term. […] In cases of childhood obesity, the goal is not to cause weight loss but to reduce the rate of weight gain to fit normal growth curves. […] Medication therapy may also be used in the management of pediatric obesity, but close monitoring and a combination of all the aforementioned modalities is required to achieve substantial and sustained weight loss. […] Achieving a caloric deficit is still the most important component in achieving sustained weight loss. […] Among the caveats is the fact that energy expenditure is related to body weight; about 22 kcal/kg of energy is required for basal maintenance of 1 kg of weight in a typical adult. […] Conventional diets can be broadly classified into two categories: balanced, low-calorie diets (or reduced portion sizes) and diets with different macronutrient compositions.

• #114 Obesity Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Patient Screening, Assessment, and Expectations, Weight-Loss Goals

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-treatment

  Although some data from randomized trials of diets of different macronutrient composition indicate that caloric restriction, self-monitoring, and program attendance are more important than any specific composition of dietary macronutrient, results from a large European study indicated that weight-loss maintenance is better achieved with a diet modestly high in protein with lower glycemic index comparison to other macronutrient compositions. […] According to a study by Blher et al, patients regaining weight after initial weight loss on long-term dietary intervention nevertheless continued to show long-lasting improvements in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, adiponectin, fetuin, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, progranulin, and vaspin. […] Diet-induced weight loss can result in elevated levels of hormones that increase appetite. After successful weight loss, circulating levels of these hormones do not decrease to levels recorded before diet-induced weight loss. Thus, long-term strategies are needed to prevent obesity relapse.

• #115

  https://www.cumedicine.us/specialties/Obesity-Medicine

  Obesity medicine physicians play a crucial role in monitoring your progress and providing ongoing support. They regularly assess your weight and overall health to track changes and make necessary adjustments to your treatment plan. They offer guidance, motivation, and education to help you overcome challenges and stay on track towards your weight loss goals. Even after achieving a healthy weight, they continue to monitor your progress, provide guidance on weight maintenance, and help you develop strategies to prevent weight regain. […] Obesity medicine physicians often work in collaboration with a multidisciplinary team, which may include registered dietitians and psychologists. This collaborative approach ensures that you receive comprehensive care addressing all aspects of obesity management. It also provides you with access to a wide range of expertise and support throughout your weight loss journey.

• #116 Treatments for Obesity | The University of Kansas Health System

  https://www.kansashealthsystem.com/care/treatments/obesity

  Get 1-on-1 nutrition and lifestyle counseling with a registered dietitian as well as individualized medical monitoring by a physician. Content includes mindful eating, stimulus control, meal planning and more. Medications to assist with weight-loss may be prescribed by your doctor. This is for patients with a BMI of 30 or greater. […] After weight loss has been achieved, we also have a weight maintenance program that can provide ongoing services, like eating guidelines, personalized nutrition plans and exercise education. […] More than 100 medical and psychological obesity-related complications can improve with weight loss. Recognizing and treating obesity can help prevent the development or progression of many of these conditions. […] Although there are also risks associated with obesity treatments, they are generally considered lower than the risks of continuing to live with obesity.

• #117 Obesity Treatment Overview

  https://healthlibrary.brighamandwomens.org/library/Wellness/Safety/85,P07857

  Join a support group for encouragement and reinforcement of changing lifestyle behaviors. […] Some people may need to see a healthcare provider for treatment. This may be the case if they have not been able to lose weight, but they have other medical conditions that make it vital to lose weight. […] Weight-loss surgery (bariatric surgery) is the only choice today that effectively treats morbid obesity in people who have already tried diet, exercise, and medicine. Possible candidates for this surgery include: […] There are a few different types of bariatric surgery. But all procedures are either malabsorptive, restrictive, or a combination of both. […] Malabsorptive procedures often result in more weight loss than restrictive procedures. They also lead to more nutritional deficiencies over time.

• #118 Find Obesity Help | Center for Obesity Treatment | Structure House

  https://www.structurehouse.com/obesity/

  Simply put, we understand that, in order to provide true lasting benefits, weight loss treatment must be about much more than diet and exercise. At Structure House, our treatment philosophy is based on the knowledge that effective weight loss treatment has to be a holistic experience that is focused on changing participants relationship with food and making the other necessary lifestyle modifications that will support lifelong success. […] At Structure House, we are fully committed to providing our participants with the treatment they need not only to lose weight, but to change their overall lifestyle for the better. […] The continuum of evidence-based treatment delivered by the staff at Structure House is behaviorally based. This means that, rather than providing solely medical interventions in order to lose weight and achieve desired health goals, we offer participants scientifically-based behavioral interventions.

• #119 Treatments for Obesity | The University of Kansas Health System

  https://www.kansashealthsystem.com/care/treatments/obesity

  Obesity is a chronic disease with many contributors that requires intensive, interdisciplinary treatment for improved outcomes. Our robust team covers all the areas you will need to be successful in your weight-loss journey. […] Importantly, our staff is trained to recognize and avoid weight bias, thereby creating a safe environment for patients to receive the care they need without feeling stigmatized or shamed.

• #120

  https://www.cumedicine.us/specialties/Obesity-Medicine

  Obesity medicine physicians play a crucial role in monitoring your progress and providing ongoing support. They regularly assess your weight and overall health to track changes and make necessary adjustments to your treatment plan. They offer guidance, motivation, and education to help you overcome challenges and stay on track towards your weight loss goals. Even after achieving a healthy weight, they continue to monitor your progress, provide guidance on weight maintenance, and help you develop strategies to prevent weight regain. […] Obesity medicine physicians often work in collaboration with a multidisciplinary team, which may include registered dietitians and psychologists. This collaborative approach ensures that you receive comprehensive care addressing all aspects of obesity management. It also provides you with access to a wide range of expertise and support throughout your weight loss journey.

• #121

  https://www.cumedicine.us/specialties/Obesity-Medicine

  Obesity medicine physicians play a crucial role in monitoring your progress and providing ongoing support. They regularly assess your weight and overall health to track changes and make necessary adjustments to your treatment plan. They offer guidance, motivation, and education to help you overcome challenges and stay on track towards your weight loss goals. Even after achieving a healthy weight, they continue to monitor your progress, provide guidance on weight maintenance, and help you develop strategies to prevent weight regain. […] Obesity medicine physicians often work in collaboration with a multidisciplinary team, which may include registered dietitians and psychologists. This collaborative approach ensures that you receive comprehensive care addressing all aspects of obesity management. It also provides you with access to a wide range of expertise and support throughout your weight loss journey.

• #122 Obesity | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/obesity

  NYU Langone doctors are experienced in helping people living with obesity lose weight. […] NYU Langones team of weight management experts includes internists who specialize in obesity treatment; registered dietitians, who assist in meal planning; endocrinologists, doctors who treat hormone conditions; and bariatric, or weight loss, surgeons. […] Providers at NYU Langones Weight Management Program offer a wide range of evidence-based treatment options to help you lose weight, including medically supervised meal replacement with nutritional and behavioral support. […] NYU Langones weight loss specialists often recommend lifestyle changes and medication to help people with obesity lose weight safely. […] Our surgeons specialize in bariatric procedures. […] Lifestyle Modifications for Obesity Our specialists recommend making diet and exercise changes to manage or prevent obesity.

• #123 Obesity | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/obesity

  NYU Langone doctors are experienced in helping people living with obesity lose weight. […] NYU Langones team of weight management experts includes internists who specialize in obesity treatment; registered dietitians, who assist in meal planning; endocrinologists, doctors who treat hormone conditions; and bariatric, or weight loss, surgeons. […] Providers at NYU Langones Weight Management Program offer a wide range of evidence-based treatment options to help you lose weight, including medically supervised meal replacement with nutritional and behavioral support. […] NYU Langones weight loss specialists often recommend lifestyle changes and medication to help people with obesity lose weight safely. […] Our surgeons specialize in bariatric procedures. […] Lifestyle Modifications for Obesity Our specialists recommend making diet and exercise changes to manage or prevent obesity.

• #124 Treatments for Obesity | The University of Kansas Health System

  https://www.kansashealthsystem.com/care/treatments/obesity

  Obesity is a chronic disease with many contributors that requires intensive, interdisciplinary treatment for improved outcomes. Our robust team covers all the areas you will need to be successful in your weight-loss journey. […] Importantly, our staff is trained to recognize and avoid weight bias, thereby creating a safe environment for patients to receive the care they need without feeling stigmatized or shamed.

• #125

  https://www.cumedicine.us/specialties/Obesity-Medicine

  Obesity medicine physicians play a crucial role in monitoring your progress and providing ongoing support. They regularly assess your weight and overall health to track changes and make necessary adjustments to your treatment plan. They offer guidance, motivation, and education to help you overcome challenges and stay on track towards your weight loss goals. Even after achieving a healthy weight, they continue to monitor your progress, provide guidance on weight maintenance, and help you develop strategies to prevent weight regain. […] Obesity medicine physicians often work in collaboration with a multidisciplinary team, which may include registered dietitians and psychologists. This collaborative approach ensures that you receive comprehensive care addressing all aspects of obesity management. It also provides you with access to a wide range of expertise and support throughout your weight loss journey.

• #126

  https://www.cumedicine.us/specialties/Obesity-Medicine

  Obesity medicine physicians play a crucial role in monitoring your progress and providing ongoing support. They regularly assess your weight and overall health to track changes and make necessary adjustments to your treatment plan. They offer guidance, motivation, and education to help you overcome challenges and stay on track towards your weight loss goals. Even after achieving a healthy weight, they continue to monitor your progress, provide guidance on weight maintenance, and help you develop strategies to prevent weight regain. […] Obesity medicine physicians often work in collaboration with a multidisciplinary team, which may include registered dietitians and psychologists. This collaborative approach ensures that you receive comprehensive care addressing all aspects of obesity management. It also provides you with access to a wide range of expertise and support throughout your weight loss journey.

• #127 NCD – Intensive Behavioral Therapy for Obesity (210.12)

  https://www.cms.gov/medicare-coverage-database/view/ncd.aspx?NCDId=353

  For Medicare beneficiaries with obesity, who are competent and alert at the time that counseling is provided and whose counseling is furnished by a qualified primary care physician or other primary care practitioner and in a primary care setting, CMS covers: One face-to-face visit every week for the first month; One face-to-face visit every other week for months 2-6; One face-to-face visit every month for months 7-12, if the beneficiary meets the 3kg weight loss requirement during the first six months as discussed below. […] At the six month visit, a reassessment of obesity and a determination of the amount of weight loss must be performed. To be eligible for additional face-to-face visits occurring once a month for an additional six months, beneficiaries must have achieved a reduction in weight of at least 3kg over the course of the first six months of intensive therapy.

• #128 NCD – Intensive Behavioral Therapy for Obesity (210.12)

  https://www.cms.gov/medicare-coverage-database/view/ncd.aspx?NCDId=353

  For Medicare beneficiaries with obesity, who are competent and alert at the time that counseling is provided and whose counseling is furnished by a qualified primary care physician or other primary care practitioner and in a primary care setting, CMS covers: One face-to-face visit every week for the first month; One face-to-face visit every other week for months 2-6; One face-to-face visit every month for months 7-12, if the beneficiary meets the 3kg weight loss requirement during the first six months as discussed below. […] At the six month visit, a reassessment of obesity and a determination of the amount of weight loss must be performed. To be eligible for additional face-to-face visits occurring once a month for an additional six months, beneficiaries must have achieved a reduction in weight of at least 3kg over the course of the first six months of intensive therapy.

• #129

  https://www.vitalpsychmd.com/services/obesity-treatment

  We work with you to create a customized plan that incorporates healthy eating habits, regular physical activity, and effective strategies for managing stress and emotional triggers. These habits are crucial for long-term weight management. […] Our approach aims to enhance both physical and mental health, leading to increased energy levels, better mood, and reduced risk of obesity-related conditions. […] Continuous follow-up appointments will monitor progress, make necessary adjustments to the treatment plan, and provide ongoing encouragement and support. A long-term maintenance plan will help you sustain weight loss and prevent relapse, including regular check-ins and support groups. […] Our clinic offers a comprehensive weight loss treatment program tailored to your specific needs. We start with a thorough evaluation to identify the underlying causes of weight gain, such as metabolic factors, lifestyle habits, and psychological influences. Based on this assessment, we develop a customized plan that may include weight loss medications, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and personalized lifestyle modifications to support sustainable weight loss.

• #130

  https://www.vitalpsychmd.com/services/obesity-treatment

  We work with you to create a customized plan that incorporates healthy eating habits, regular physical activity, and effective strategies for managing stress and emotional triggers. These habits are crucial for long-term weight management. […] Our approach aims to enhance both physical and mental health, leading to increased energy levels, better mood, and reduced risk of obesity-related conditions. […] Continuous follow-up appointments will monitor progress, make necessary adjustments to the treatment plan, and provide ongoing encouragement and support. A long-term maintenance plan will help you sustain weight loss and prevent relapse, including regular check-ins and support groups. […] Our clinic offers a comprehensive weight loss treatment program tailored to your specific needs. We start with a thorough evaluation to identify the underlying causes of weight gain, such as metabolic factors, lifestyle habits, and psychological influences. Based on this assessment, we develop a customized plan that may include weight loss medications, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and personalized lifestyle modifications to support sustainable weight loss.

• #131

  https://www.cumedicine.us/specialties/Obesity-Medicine

  One of the key aspects of obesity medicine is helping you make sustainable lifestyle changes. Obesity medicine physicians provide guidance on healthy eating habits, portion control, meal planning, and physical activity. They work with you to develop realistic goals and provide support in implementing behavior changes that promote weight loss and improve overall health. By focusing on long-term behavior change, they help you achieve lasting results. […] In some cases, lifestyle modifications alone may not be sufficient to achieve a healthy weight. When appropriate, obesity medicine physicians may incorporate medical interventions into your treatment plan. These interventions could include prescription medications that help reduce appetite or reduce fat absorption. They may also discuss the option of endoscopic bariatric (weight loss) procedures or bariatric and metabolic (weight loss) surgery and provide guidance throughout the process.

• #132

  https://www.cumedicine.us/specialties/Obesity-Medicine

  One of the key aspects of obesity medicine is helping you make sustainable lifestyle changes. Obesity medicine physicians provide guidance on healthy eating habits, portion control, meal planning, and physical activity. They work with you to develop realistic goals and provide support in implementing behavior changes that promote weight loss and improve overall health. By focusing on long-term behavior change, they help you achieve lasting results. […] In some cases, lifestyle modifications alone may not be sufficient to achieve a healthy weight. When appropriate, obesity medicine physicians may incorporate medical interventions into your treatment plan. These interventions could include prescription medications that help reduce appetite or reduce fat absorption. They may also discuss the option of endoscopic bariatric (weight loss) procedures or bariatric and metabolic (weight loss) surgery and provide guidance throughout the process.

• #133 Obesity Guidelines: Guidelines Summary

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-guidelines

  In women with BMI of more than 27 kg/m2 with comorbidities or BMI of more than 30 kg/m2 seeking contraception, oral contraceptives are suggested over injectable medications because of weight gain with injectables, provided that women are well informed about risks and benefits (ie, oral contraceptives are not contraindicated). […] For obese patients (BMI 30 kg/m2) desiring weight loss but for whom conventional weight-loss strategies have failed, a combination of IGB placement and moderate- to high-intensity lifestyle modifications (to maintain and augment weight loss) may be more effective than lifestyle modifications alone. […] Following IGB removal, subsequent weight-loss or maintenance strategies are suggested that include dietary interventions, pharmacotherapy, repeat IGB, or bariatric surgery; use shared decision making to determine the selection of post-IGB weight-loss or maintenance methods based on a patients individual clinical situation and comorbidities.

• #134 Obesity Guidelines: Guidelines Summary

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-guidelines

  In women with BMI of more than 27 kg/m2 with comorbidities or BMI of more than 30 kg/m2 seeking contraception, oral contraceptives are suggested over injectable medications because of weight gain with injectables, provided that women are well informed about risks and benefits (ie, oral contraceptives are not contraindicated). […] For obese patients (BMI 30 kg/m2) desiring weight loss but for whom conventional weight-loss strategies have failed, a combination of IGB placement and moderate- to high-intensity lifestyle modifications (to maintain and augment weight loss) may be more effective than lifestyle modifications alone. […] Following IGB removal, subsequent weight-loss or maintenance strategies are suggested that include dietary interventions, pharmacotherapy, repeat IGB, or bariatric surgery; use shared decision making to determine the selection of post-IGB weight-loss or maintenance methods based on a patients individual clinical situation and comorbidities.

• #135 Obesity Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Patient Screening, Assessment, and Expectations, Weight-Loss Goals

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-treatment

  The management of obesity is not complete without attention being paid to potential comorbidities. Addressing these issues can have profound effects on the patient’s well-being and risk of morbidity and mortality. […] According to guidelines released by the American College of Cardiology (ACC), the American Heart Association (AHA), and The Obesity Society (TOS), in 2013, weight loss should be encouraged at a BMI of 25 with just one comorbidity (instead of two, as was the case in previous guidelines), and elevated waist circumference can be one of those comorbidities. […] Although obesity in itself is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, massive, poorly monitored weight loss and/or weight cycling can have equally dire consequences. […] Before enrolling any patient in a weight-loss program, the clinician must have a clear idea of that individual’s expectations. A patient with unrealistic expectations should not be enrolled until these are changed to realistic and attainable goals.

• #136 Obesity Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Patient Screening, Assessment, and Expectations, Weight-Loss Goals

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-treatment

  The management of obesity is not complete without attention being paid to potential comorbidities. Addressing these issues can have profound effects on the patient’s well-being and risk of morbidity and mortality. […] According to guidelines released by the American College of Cardiology (ACC), the American Heart Association (AHA), and The Obesity Society (TOS), in 2013, weight loss should be encouraged at a BMI of 25 with just one comorbidity (instead of two, as was the case in previous guidelines), and elevated waist circumference can be one of those comorbidities. […] Although obesity in itself is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, massive, poorly monitored weight loss and/or weight cycling can have equally dire consequences. […] Before enrolling any patient in a weight-loss program, the clinician must have a clear idea of that individual’s expectations. A patient with unrealistic expectations should not be enrolled until these are changed to realistic and attainable goals.

• #137 Obesity Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Patient Screening, Assessment, and Expectations, Weight-Loss Goals

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123702-treatment

  The management of obesity is not complete without attention being paid to potential comorbidities. Addressing these issues can have profound effects on the patient’s well-being and risk of morbidity and mortality. […] According to guidelines released by the American College of Cardiology (ACC), the American Heart Association (AHA), and The Obesity Society (TOS), in 2013, weight loss should be encouraged at a BMI of 25 with just one comorbidity (instead of two, as was the case in previous guidelines), and elevated waist circumference can be one of those comorbidities. […] Although obesity in itself is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, massive, poorly monitored weight loss and/or weight cycling can have equally dire consequences. […] Before enrolling any patient in a weight-loss program, the clinician must have a clear idea of that individual’s expectations. A patient with unrealistic expectations should not be enrolled until these are changed to realistic and attainable goals.

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