Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Obesity: What It Is, Classes, Symptoms, Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11209-weight-control-and-obesity

  Obesity can cause health problems throughout your body. Obesity has direct and indirect effects on many body systems. Obesity is when you have excessive body fat. Its a chronic (long-term) and complex disease that can affect your overall health and quality of life. Obesity can lead to serious medical conditions. It can affect your self-esteem and mental health. […] On the most basic level, obesity happens when you consume more calories than your body can use. Many things may play a role in why you may eat more food than your body needs: Certain medications, disability, eating habits, genetics, lack of physical activity, lack of sleep, stress, and underlying health issues. […] Obesity affects your body in many ways. For example, it may cause metabolic changes that increase your risk of serious illnesses. Obesity may also have direct and indirect effects on your overall health.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/obesity

  Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health. A body mass index (BMI) over 25 is considered overweight, and over 30 is obese. In 2019, an estimated 5 million noncommunicable disease (NCD) deaths were caused by higher-than-optimal BMI. […] Many of the causes of overweight and obesity are preventable and reversable. Although other factors are involved, the fundamental cause of obesity is an imbalance of calories consumed and calories expended. As global diets have changed in recent decades, there has been an increase in the consumption of energy-dense foods high in fat and free sugars. […] The risk of these noncommunicable diseases increases even when a person is only slightly overweight and grows more serious as the body mass index (BMI) climbs. […] Obesity is also associated with some cancers, including endometrial, breast, ovarian, prostate, liver, gallbladder, kidney and colon.

• #3 Obesity – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obesity/symptoms-causes/syc-20375742

  Obesity is a complex disease involving having too much body fat. Obesity isn’t just a cosmetic concern. It’s a medical problem that increases the risk of many other diseases and health problems. These can include heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, liver disease, sleep apnea and certain cancers. […] Often, obesity results from inherited, physiological and environmental factors, combined with diet, physical activity and exercise choices. […] Although there are genetic, behavioral, metabolic and hormonal influences on body weight, obesity occurs when you take in more calories than you burn through typical daily activities and exercise. Your body stores these excess calories as fat. […] In the United States, most people’s diets are too high in calories often from fast food and high-calorie beverages. People with obesity might eat more calories before feeling full, feel hungry sooner, or eat more due to stress or anxiety.

• #4 Obesity – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459357/

  Obesity is a complex disease and has multifactorial etiology. […] Obesity is the result of an imbalance between daily energy intake and energy expenditure, resulting in excessive weight gain. Obesity is a multifactorial disease caused by a myriad of genetic, cultural, and societal factors. […] Various genetic studies have shown that obesity is extremely heritable, with numerous genes identified with adiposity and weight gain. Other causes of obesity include reduced physical activity, insomnia, endocrine disorders, medications, the accessibility and consumption of excess carbohydrates and high-sugar foods, and decreased energy metabolism. […] Obesity is a significant public health epidemic which has progressively worsened over the past 50 years.

• #5 Obesity – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obesity/symptoms-causes/syc-20375742

  Obesity is a complex disease involving having too much body fat. Obesity isn’t just a cosmetic concern. It’s a medical problem that increases the risk of many other diseases and health problems. These can include heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, liver disease, sleep apnea and certain cancers. […] Often, obesity results from inherited, physiological and environmental factors, combined with diet, physical activity and exercise choices. […] Although there are genetic, behavioral, metabolic and hormonal influences on body weight, obesity occurs when you take in more calories than you burn through typical daily activities and exercise. Your body stores these excess calories as fat. […] In the United States, most people’s diets are too high in calories often from fast food and high-calorie beverages. People with obesity might eat more calories before feeling full, feel hungry sooner, or eat more due to stress or anxiety.

• #6 Disease of Obesity – American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery

  https://asmbs.org/patients/disease-of-obesity/

  Obesity is no longer considered a cosmetic issue that is caused by overeating and a lack of self-control. The World Health Organization (W.H.O.), along with National and International medical and scientific societies, now recognize obesity as a chronic progressive disease resulting from multiple environmental and genetic factors. […] Obesity is considered a multifactorial disease with a strong genetic component. Acting upon a genetic background are a number of hormonal, metabolic, psychological, cultural and behavioral factors that promote fat accumulation and weight gain. […] A positive energy balance causes weight gain and occurs when the amount of calories consumed (energy intake) exceeds the amount of calories the body uses (energy expenditure) in the performance of basic biological functions, daily activities, and exercise.

• #7 Obesity Causes, Effects, and How Obesity Medicine Can Help | Brown University Health

  https://www.brownhealth.org/be-well/obesity-causes-effects-and-how-obesity-medicine-can-help

  Today, the answer to the question what is obesity is different than it was 20 years ago. It has taken us a long time to recognize the direct health impact of obesity. […] In fact, it dates as far back as ancient Greek and Roman times. But traditionally, obesity has been viewed as a stepping-stone to illness rather than the direct cause of illness itself. […] We now have proof that stored body fat behaves like other organ systems in the body, releasing hormones and other bioactive substances that can worsen our health when we have too much of it. […] In 2013, the American Medical Association officially named obesity a disease based on research and evidence. […] Obesity occurs when the amount of body fat is sufficient to directly worsen your health. […] Obesity is a combination of genetic susceptibility (inherited from your parents) and lifestyle factors.

• #8 Obesity | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/nutritional/obesity/

  Obesity is generally caused by consuming more calories particularly those in fatty and sugary foods than you burn off through physical activity. The excess energy is stored by the body as fat. […] Obesity is an increasingly common problem because for many people modern living involves eating excessive amounts of cheap, high-calorie food and spending a lot of time sitting down, at desks, on sofas or in cars. […] Obesity is generally caused by eating too much and moving too little. […] If you consume high amounts of energy, particularly fat and sugars, but dont burn off the energy through exercise and physical activity, much of the surplus energy will be stored by the body as fat.

• #9 Overweight and Obesity – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/overweight-and-obesity/causes

  Overweight and obesity can develop over time when you consume more calories than you use. This is also described as an energy imbalance: when your energy in (calories) does not equal your energy out (calories your body uses for things such as breathing, digesting food, and being physically active). […] An energy imbalance causes your body to store more fat than can be used now or in the future. But your risk of developing overweight or obesity is determined by more than how much you eat. It also includes the types and amount of food and drinks you consume each day, your level of physical activity (such as whether you sit at an office desk or are on your feet all day), and how much good-quality sleep you get each night. […] There are many risk factors for overweight and obesity. Some are individual factors like knowledge, skills, and behaviors. Others are in your environment, such as school, workplace, and neighborhood. Additionally, food industry practices and marketing as well as social and cultural norms and values can also impact your risk.

• #10 Overweight and Obesity – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/overweight-and-obesity/causes

  Overweight and obesity can develop over time when you consume more calories than you use. This is also described as an energy imbalance: when your energy in (calories) does not equal your energy out (calories your body uses for things such as breathing, digesting food, and being physically active). […] An energy imbalance causes your body to store more fat than can be used now or in the future. But your risk of developing overweight or obesity is determined by more than how much you eat. It also includes the types and amount of food and drinks you consume each day, your level of physical activity (such as whether you sit at an office desk or are on your feet all day), and how much good-quality sleep you get each night. […] There are many risk factors for overweight and obesity. Some are individual factors like knowledge, skills, and behaviors. Others are in your environment, such as school, workplace, and neighborhood. Additionally, food industry practices and marketing as well as social and cultural norms and values can also impact your risk.

• #11

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight

  In 2022, 2.5 billion adults aged 18 years and older were overweight, including over 890 million adults who were living with obesity. This corresponds to 43% of adults aged 18 years and over (43% of men and 44% of women) who were overweight; an increase from 1990, when 25% of adults aged 18 years and over were overweight. Prevalence of overweight varied by region, from 31% in the WHO South-East Asia Region and the African Region to 67% in the Region of the Americas. […] About 16% of adults aged 18 years and older worldwide were obese in 2022. The worldwide prevalence of obesity more than doubled between 1990 and 2022. […] Overweight and obesity result from an imbalance of energy intake (diet) and energy expenditure (physical activity). […] In most cases obesity is a multifactorial disease due to obesogenic environments, psycho-social factors and genetic variants. In a subgroup of patients, single major etiological factors can be identified (medications, diseases, immobilization, iatrogenic procedures, monogenic disease/genetic syndrome).

• #12 Overweight and Obesity – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/overweight-and-obesity/causes

  Overweight and obesity can develop over time when you consume more calories than you use. This is also described as an energy imbalance: when your energy in (calories) does not equal your energy out (calories your body uses for things such as breathing, digesting food, and being physically active). […] An energy imbalance causes your body to store more fat than can be used now or in the future. But your risk of developing overweight or obesity is determined by more than how much you eat. It also includes the types and amount of food and drinks you consume each day, your level of physical activity (such as whether you sit at an office desk or are on your feet all day), and how much good-quality sleep you get each night. […] There are many risk factors for overweight and obesity. Some are individual factors like knowledge, skills, and behaviors. Others are in your environment, such as school, workplace, and neighborhood. Additionally, food industry practices and marketing as well as social and cultural norms and values can also impact your risk.

• #13 Overweight and Obesity – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/overweight-and-obesity/causes

  Overweight and obesity can develop over time when you consume more calories than you use. This is also described as an energy imbalance: when your energy in (calories) does not equal your energy out (calories your body uses for things such as breathing, digesting food, and being physically active). […] An energy imbalance causes your body to store more fat than can be used now or in the future. But your risk of developing overweight or obesity is determined by more than how much you eat. It also includes the types and amount of food and drinks you consume each day, your level of physical activity (such as whether you sit at an office desk or are on your feet all day), and how much good-quality sleep you get each night. […] There are many risk factors for overweight and obesity. Some are individual factors like knowledge, skills, and behaviors. Others are in your environment, such as school, workplace, and neighborhood. Additionally, food industry practices and marketing as well as social and cultural norms and values can also impact your risk.

• #14 Obesity Causes | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/healthy-living/obesity/causes.html

  Obesity is complex. You gain weight when you take in more calories than you burn off. But other things can affect your weight. These things include: What and how you eat. Eating unhealthy foods and overeating are easy in our culture today. Many things influence eating behavior, including emotions, habits, and access to food. How active you are. Modern conveniences such as elevators, cars, and the remote control for the television cut activity out of our lives. Being active helps you stay fit. When you’re fit, you burn more calories, even when you’re resting. Your genetic makeup. Your genetic makeup has a very big effect on your weight. It affects: The rate at which your body uses energy (calories) when at rest, called your basal metabolic rate. Some people are born with higher basic metabolic rates than others. They naturally burn more calories than other people. Regular physical activity can raise your metabolic rate. Very low-calorie diets will lower your metabolic rate. A lower metabolic rate makes it easier to gain weight, because you don’t burn calories as fast. Your body signals, such as your appetite and feeling hungry or full. Your fat distribution. You can’t change where your body stores fat. Typically, men store fat in the belly (abdomen) while women store more in the hips and thighs. As women age, more fat is stored in the abdomen. Medicines or health problems. Some conditions and medicines may also cause weight gain. Examples include having Cushing’s syndrome or hypothyroidism and taking certain antidepressants or corticosteroids.

• #15 Obesity – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity

  Some other factors have been proposed as causes towards rising rates of obesity worldwide, including insufficient sleep, endocrine disruptors, increased usage of certain medications (such as atypical antipsychotics), increases in ambient temperature, decreased rates of smoking, demographic changes, increasing maternal age of first-time mothers, changes to epigenetic dysregulation from the environment, increased phenotypic variance via assortative mating, social pressure to diet, among others. […] According to the Endocrine Society, there is „growing evidence suggesting that obesity is a disorder of the energy homeostasis system, rather than simply arising from the passive accumulation of excess weight”.

• #16

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/obesity/causes/

  Obesity is a complex issue with many causes. It’s caused when extra calories are stored in the body as fat. […] Diet and lifestyle factors contribute to development of obesity and overweight. Some of the most common ones are: eating large amounts of processed or fast food this is food that’s high in fat and sugar, drinking too much alcohol alcohol contains a lot of calories, eating out a lot food cooked in a restaurant may be higher in fat and sugar, eating larger portions than you need, drinking too many sugary drinks including soft drinks and fruit juice, comfort eating some people may comfort eat due to many other factors affecting their life such as low self-esteem or low mood. […] Lack of physical activity is another important factor related to obesity. Many people have jobs that involve sitting at a desk for most of the day. […] There are some genes associated with obesity and overweight. In some people, genes can affect how their bodies change food into energy and store fat. […] In some cases, underlying medical conditions may contribute to weight gain.

• #17 Obesity – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obesity/symptoms-causes/syc-20375742

  Obesity tends to run in families. That’s not just because of the genes they share. Family members also tend to share similar eating and activity habits. […] A diet that’s high in calories, lacking in fruits and vegetables, full of fast food, and laden with high-calorie beverages and oversized portions contributes to weight gain. […] If you have an inactive lifestyle, you can easily take in more calories every day than you burn through exercise and routine daily activities. […] In some people, obesity can be traced to a medical cause, such as hypothyroidism, Cushing syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome and other conditions. […] Social and economic factors are linked to obesity. It’s hard to avoid obesity if you don’t have safe areas to walk or exercise. […] Obesity can occur at any age, even in young children. But as you age, hormonal changes and a less active lifestyle increase your risk of obesity.

• #18 Obesity – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obesity/symptoms-causes/syc-20375742

  Obesity is a complex disease involving having too much body fat. Obesity isn’t just a cosmetic concern. It’s a medical problem that increases the risk of many other diseases and health problems. These can include heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, liver disease, sleep apnea and certain cancers. […] Often, obesity results from inherited, physiological and environmental factors, combined with diet, physical activity and exercise choices. […] Although there are genetic, behavioral, metabolic and hormonal influences on body weight, obesity occurs when you take in more calories than you burn through typical daily activities and exercise. Your body stores these excess calories as fat. […] In the United States, most people’s diets are too high in calories often from fast food and high-calorie beverages. People with obesity might eat more calories before feeling full, feel hungry sooner, or eat more due to stress or anxiety.

• #19 Obesity – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obesity/symptoms-causes/syc-20375742

  Obesity is a complex disease involving having too much body fat. Obesity isn’t just a cosmetic concern. It’s a medical problem that increases the risk of many other diseases and health problems. These can include heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, liver disease, sleep apnea and certain cancers. […] Often, obesity results from inherited, physiological and environmental factors, combined with diet, physical activity and exercise choices. […] Although there are genetic, behavioral, metabolic and hormonal influences on body weight, obesity occurs when you take in more calories than you burn through typical daily activities and exercise. Your body stores these excess calories as fat. […] In the United States, most people’s diets are too high in calories often from fast food and high-calorie beverages. People with obesity might eat more calories before feeling full, feel hungry sooner, or eat more due to stress or anxiety.

• #20

  https://journals.lww.com/jfmpc/fulltext/2015/04020/childhood_obesity__causes_and_consequences.8.aspx

  Basal metabolic rate has also been studied as a possible cause of obesity. Basal metabolic rate, or metabolism, is the body’s expenditure of energy for normal resting functions. […] Dietary factors have been studied extensively for its possible contributions to the rising rates of obesity. The dietary factors that have been examined include fast food consumption, sugary beverages, snack foods, and portion sizes. […] Fast food consumption has been linked with obesity in the recent years. […] Sugary drinks are another factor that has been examined as a potential contributing factor to obesity. Sugary drinks are often thought of as being limited to soda, but juice and other sweetened beverages fall into this category. […] Portion sizes have increased drastically in the past decade. Consuming large portions, in addition to frequent snacking on highly caloric foods, contribute to an excessive caloric intake. This energy imbalance can cause weight gain, and consequently obesity.

• #21

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/obesity/causes/

  Obesity is a complex issue with many causes. It’s caused when extra calories are stored in the body as fat. […] Diet and lifestyle factors contribute to development of obesity and overweight. Some of the most common ones are: eating large amounts of processed or fast food this is food that’s high in fat and sugar, drinking too much alcohol alcohol contains a lot of calories, eating out a lot food cooked in a restaurant may be higher in fat and sugar, eating larger portions than you need, drinking too many sugary drinks including soft drinks and fruit juice, comfort eating some people may comfort eat due to many other factors affecting their life such as low self-esteem or low mood. […] Lack of physical activity is another important factor related to obesity. Many people have jobs that involve sitting at a desk for most of the day. […] There are some genes associated with obesity and overweight. In some people, genes can affect how their bodies change food into energy and store fat. […] In some cases, underlying medical conditions may contribute to weight gain.

• #22

  https://journals.lww.com/jfmpc/fulltext/2015/04020/childhood_obesity__causes_and_consequences.8.aspx

  One of the factors that is most significantly linked to obesity is a sedentary lifestyle. Each additional hour of television per day increased the prevalence of obesity by 2%. […] Environmental factors have also been found to influence the development of obesity. Our society tends to use food as a reward, as a means to control others, and as part of socializing. […] Family factors have also been associated with the increase of cases of obesity. The types of food available in the house and the food preferences of family members can influence the foods that children eat.

• #23 Obesity – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obesity/symptoms-causes/syc-20375742

  Obesity tends to run in families. That’s not just because of the genes they share. Family members also tend to share similar eating and activity habits. […] A diet that’s high in calories, lacking in fruits and vegetables, full of fast food, and laden with high-calorie beverages and oversized portions contributes to weight gain. […] If you have an inactive lifestyle, you can easily take in more calories every day than you burn through exercise and routine daily activities. […] In some people, obesity can be traced to a medical cause, such as hypothyroidism, Cushing syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome and other conditions. […] Social and economic factors are linked to obesity. It’s hard to avoid obesity if you don’t have safe areas to walk or exercise. […] Obesity can occur at any age, even in young children. But as you age, hormonal changes and a less active lifestyle increase your risk of obesity.

• #24

  https://royalsociety.org/science-events-and-lectures/2022/10/causes-obesity/

  Obesity has been described by the WHO as the largest health threat facing mankind. Obesity is manifestly an issue of energy balance. Yet, there is surprisingly little consensus about why such energy imbalance develops. […] Obesity is a multifactorial disease, resulting from an intricate interplay between genetic and environmental factors. […] Two individuals that have obesity may differ in the underlying causes of their weight gain. […] To account for this heterogeneity, there is a growing interest to subclassify obesity in smaller, more homogenous subtypes. […] A key advantage of subclassifications that are based on genetic variants is that they may reveal new insights in the etiology of the disease and its subtypes. […] Family, twin and adoption studies have consistently shown that body weight is a highly heritable trait.

• #25 Obesity: definition, causes and prevention strategies | Eufic

  https://www.eufic.org/en/healthy-living/article/obesity-definition-causes-and-prevention-strategies

  Not one single food is responsible for causing obesity. […] While foods high in calories, fats, and sugars can contribute to weight gain, it is the overall dietary habits and energy balance that play an important role in obesity. […] Research shows that the heritability of obesity is between 40% and 75%. […] Specific genes linked to obesity can affect how the body stores fat, metabolises nutrients, signals feelings of fullness, and more. […] Although there is strong evidence that genetics are linked to obesity, the role of genes is considered small compared to environmental factors like diet and physical activity. […] Obesity increases our risk of developing insulin resistance, where the body’s cells become less responsive to insulin, the hormone that regulates our blood sugar levels.

• #26 10 Leading Causes of Weight Gain and Obesity

  https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/10-causes-of-weight-gain

  Obesity is one of the biggest health problems in the world. […] Over the past decades, much research has focused on the causes of obesity and how it could be prevented or treated. […] Many people seem to think that weight gain and obesity are caused by a lack of willpower. […] The thing is, overeating is driven by various biological factors like genetics and hormones. Certain people are simply predisposed to gaining weight. […] Obesity has a strong genetic component. Children of parents with obesity are much more likely to have obesity than children of lean parents. […] Put simply, genetic components do affect your susceptibility to gaining weight. […] Heavily processed foods are often little more than refined ingredients mixed with additives. […] By making foods as tasty as possible, food manufacturers are trying to increase sales. But they also promote overeating.

• #27 Overweight and Obesity – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/overweight-and-obesity/causes

  Lack of physical activity, combined with high amounts of TV, computer, video game, or other screen time has been associated with a high body mass index (BMI). […] Some unhealthy eating behaviors can increase your risk for overweight and obesity. […] Research has shown a link between poor sleep not getting enough sleep or not getting enough good-quality sleep and a high BMI. […] Long-term and even short-term stress can affect the brain and trigger your body to make hormones, such as cortisol, that control energy balances and hunger urges. […] Some conditions, such as metabolic syndrome and polycystic ovary syndrome, cause people to gain weight. […] Researchers have found at least 15 genes that influence obesity. […] Some medicines cause weight gain by disrupting the chemical signals that tell your brain you are hungry. […] Your environment can contribute to unhealthy eating and a lack of physical activity.

• #28 Risk Factors for Obesity | Obesity | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/risk-factors/risk-factors.html

  Some health conditions may lead to excess weight gain, obesity, or insulin resistance. These conditions include Cushing syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome, or underactive thyroid. […] In specific, rare, single-gene disorders, genes can directly cause obesity. Examples of these disorders are Bardet-Biedl syndrome and Prader-Willi syndrome. It is more common for multiple genes to be responsible for a person’s feelings of hunger, sense of fullness, and metabolism. […] Health is influenced by the conditions in which people live, learn, work, and play. Health can also be influenced by forces and policies that shape these conditions. These factors affect a person’s ability to make healthy choices and influence their risk of gaining excess weight and developing obesity. […] Also, some chemicals in the environment can disrupt how our bodies work and cause excess weight gain. Understanding these factors and how we can use that knowledge to improve our health is ongoing.

• #29 Causes of Morbid Obesity | Live By Losing

  https://livebylosing.com/services/causes-of-morbid-obesity.dot

  We probably have a number of genes directly related to weight. Just as some genes determine eye color or height, others affect our appetite, our ability to feel full or satisfied, our metabolism, our fat-storing ability, and even our natural activity levels. […] Environmental and genetic factors are obviously closely intertwined. If you have a genetic predisposition toward obesity, then the modern American lifestyle and environment may make controlling weight more difficult. […] Weight loss surgery is not a cure for eating disorders. There are medical conditions, such as hypothyroidism, that can also cause weight gain.

• #30 What Causes Obesity? | Obesity Medicine Association

  https://obesitymedicine.org/blog/causes-of-obesity/

  Obesity is a complex disease that makes treatment challenging. The main causes of obesity often involve a combination of factors, such as: environment, genetics, medications, psychological factors, diseases, hormones and bacteria, and lifestyle choices. These factors often work together to cause obesity, and as a result, no single treatment is effective for everyone. […] If you live in a community that offers several high-calorie, fast food restaurants, you are more likely to have obesity. […] Genetic factors those you inherit from one or both parents can cause obesity. If one or both parents have obesity, you have an increased risk of developing the disease. […] Cushings disease, sleep apnea and polycystic ovarian syndrome are diseases that can cause obesity. […] Many medications have been known to cause to obesity.

• #31 Obesity – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obesity/symptoms-causes/syc-20375742

  Obesity tends to run in families. That’s not just because of the genes they share. Family members also tend to share similar eating and activity habits. […] A diet that’s high in calories, lacking in fruits and vegetables, full of fast food, and laden with high-calorie beverages and oversized portions contributes to weight gain. […] If you have an inactive lifestyle, you can easily take in more calories every day than you burn through exercise and routine daily activities. […] In some people, obesity can be traced to a medical cause, such as hypothyroidism, Cushing syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome and other conditions. […] Social and economic factors are linked to obesity. It’s hard to avoid obesity if you don’t have safe areas to walk or exercise. […] Obesity can occur at any age, even in young children. But as you age, hormonal changes and a less active lifestyle increase your risk of obesity.

• #32 Causes of Obesity

  https://www.nwh.org/center-for-weight-loss-surgery/obesity/causes-of-obesity

  At Newton Wellesley Hospitals Center for Weight Loss Surgery, we understand that obesity is a complex disease and not simply a result of overeating. Factors that can contribute to obesity include: […] This is the role that genes can plan in the tendency to gain excess weight. Our bodies are believed to have a number of genes directly related to our weight. Just as some genes determine eye color or height, others affect our appetite, our ability to feel full or satisfied, our metabolism, our fat-storing ability, and even our natural activity levels. […] Environmental and genetic factors are closely connected. If you have a genetic predisposition towards obesity, then the modern American lifestyle and environment may make controlling weight more difficult. Fast food, long days sitting at a desk, and suburban neighborhoods that require cars instead of walking all magnify hereditary factors such as metabolism and efficient fat storage.

• #33 Childhood Obesity: Causes & Problems

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9467-obesity-in-children

  Childhood obesity is a complex health condition that has many causes. […] Childhood obesity is a complex condition that has many contributing factors. […] Several factors also affect how much food we eat, the type of food we eat and how our body uses that energy. […] Genetic factors can increase the likelihood that your child will have obesity. […] Epigenetics is the study of how your behaviors and environment can affect the way your genes work. […] Shared family behaviors and home environment factors can contribute to childhood obesity. […] Social determinants of health (SDoHs) are the conditions in the environments where you’re born, live, learn, work and play that can affect your health. […] Advertising for fast food restaurants and unhealthy foods and beverages can contribute to childhood obesity.

• #34 Obesity – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity

  Obesity is a medical condition, considered by multiple organizations to be a disease, in which excess body fat has accumulated to such an extent that it can potentially have negative effects on health. […] Obesity has individual, socioeconomic, and environmental causes. Some known causes are diet, low physical activity, automation, urbanization, genetic susceptibility, medications, mental disorders, economic policies, endocrine disorders, and exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals. […] The „a calorie is a calorie” model of obesity posits a combination of excessive food energy intake and a lack of physical activity as the cause of most cases of obesity. […] Increasing rates of obesity at a societal level are felt to be due to an easily accessible and palatable diet, increased reliance on cars, and mechanized manufacturing.

• #35 Untangling the causes of obesity — Collaborative for Health & Environment

  https://www.healthandenvironment.org/latest-research/blog/untangling-the-causes-of-obesity

  As researchers look for the reasons to explain the global rise in obesity, one thing has become clear chemicals in our food, packaging, personal care items, and other products are playing a key role. […] Evidence is mounting that certain chemicals called obesogens can cause the human (and animal) body to produce more fat than it normally would. […] We proposed an integrated model that puts exposure to obesogens as a key cause of obesity. […] The third model the obesogen model states that obesogens alter metabolism. […] Currently, everyone is born pre-polluted with obesogens and exposure continues throughout life. […] These permanent changes can lead to obesity later in life, making it easier to gain weight and more challenging to lose it and to keep the weight off. […] Obesogens are a unifying and key part of the obesity models, affecting all known key activities associated with both the first and second models.

• #36 The ROOTS of Obesity | World Obesity Federation

  https://www.worldobesity.org/what-we-do/our-policy-priorities/the-roots-of-obesity

  Prenatal life, early adulthood, pregnancy, illnesses and medications can all influence weight gain. […] There is a complex relationship between food systems and health, with marketing of foodstuffs having a known link to obesity. […] Symptoms of some mental health disorders, and their associated medications, can lead to weight gain. […] Lack of sleep disturbs hormones which can affect your weight as can high levels of stress. […] Weight discrimination and stigma can have significant consequences on somebody with obesity.

• #37

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/obesity/causes/

  There is no single cause of obesity. But there are many factors that can influence obesity. […] Your genetics impact your risk of developing obesity. […] Stress affects your health and weight in lots of ways. […] Cortisol is a stress hormone which has been linked to obesity. Higher levels of cortisol can impact the hormones that effect appetite. […] Obesity can develop when the hormone signals that control your appetite dont work as they should. […] Where you live, work and play can impact your risk of developing obesity. […] Not getting enough sleep can reduce how quickly your body turns food into energy (your metabolism) and make you feel more hungry. […] Some prescription medicines can lead to you gaining weight. […] Other medical conditions may contribute to obesity. […] There are times in our lives where we may be at risk of weight gain.

• #38 10 Leading Causes of Weight Gain and Obesity

  https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/10-causes-of-weight-gain

  Many sugar-sweetened, high-fat junk foods stimulate the reward centers in your brain. […] Junk foods can cause addiction in susceptible individuals. […] Insulin is a very important hormone that regulates energy storage, among other things. […] The Western diet promotes insulin resistance in many overweight and individuals with obesity. […] While insulin’s role in obesity is controversial, several studies suggest that high insulin levels have a causal role in the development of obesity. […] Leptin is another hormone that plays an important role in obesity. […] This condition is called leptin resistance and is believed to be a leading factor in the pathogenesis of obesity. […] Food availability, which has increased massively in the past few centuries, dramatically influences people’s waistline.

• #39 Obesity Causes, Effects, and How Obesity Medicine Can Help | Brown University Health

  https://www.brownhealth.org/be-well/obesity-causes-effects-and-how-obesity-medicine-can-help

  Many of us have genes that make it quite easy for us to gain weight. […] This can lead to misplaced judgements about lifestyle. […] Once we gain a certain amount of extra body fat, our body re-programs us at a higher weight range and actually wants to keep us there, even if it is bad for our health. […] One reason is that leptin, our own natural weight loss hormone, no longer works properly in patients with obesity. […] We need to recognize that there is no specific nutrition, exercise, medication, or surgical procedure that can take away our excess body fat for it never to return. […] I hope for broader recognition that diet and exercise alone will not solve the obesity problem. […] I hope that a better understanding of the cause of obesity will lessen the bias and prejudice against those with obesity in our society.

• #40 10 Leading Causes of Weight Gain and Obesity

  https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/10-causes-of-weight-gain

  Many sugar-sweetened, high-fat junk foods stimulate the reward centers in your brain. […] Junk foods can cause addiction in susceptible individuals. […] Insulin is a very important hormone that regulates energy storage, among other things. […] The Western diet promotes insulin resistance in many overweight and individuals with obesity. […] While insulin’s role in obesity is controversial, several studies suggest that high insulin levels have a causal role in the development of obesity. […] Leptin is another hormone that plays an important role in obesity. […] This condition is called leptin resistance and is believed to be a leading factor in the pathogenesis of obesity. […] Food availability, which has increased massively in the past few centuries, dramatically influences people’s waistline.

• #41 Risk Factors for Obesity | Obesity | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/risk-factors/risk-factors.html

  Obesity is a complex and costly chronic disease influenced by many factors. These factors include health behaviors, stress, health conditions and medications, genes, and people’s environment. Knowing the risk factors can help individuals and communities take steps to prevent and reduce obesity. […] Certain health behaviors can contribute to excess weight gain and are risk factors for obesity: Lack of physical activity. Unhealthy eating patterns such as: Too many highly processed foods or added sugars, including too many sugar-sweetened beverages. Too little fiber and fruits and vegetables. Not enough sleep or poor quality sleep. Too much TV, computer, video games, and other screen time. […] Long-term stress can affect your brain and trigger your body to make high levels of hormones, such as cortisol. These hormones help regulate energy balances and hunger urges. High levels of these hormones can increase your appetite and promote cravings for foods that are high in fats and added sugars.

• #42 What Causes Obesity? | Obesity Medicine Association

  https://obesitymedicine.org/blog/causes-of-obesity/

  Prolonged stress and insomnia are known causes of obesity. […] Certain bacteria have been found in the intestines of people with obesity, and are thought to be associated with causing the disease. […] Obesity is a complicated disease and what causes obesity is more than just eating too many calories or exercising too little. Often many factors work together to cause obesity. As a result, finding a treatment that works can be challenging and often requires more than eating less and exercising more.

• #43 What Causes Obesity?

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/obesity/guide/causes-and-risk-factors/

  Lifestyle factors, including lack of regular exercise, excessive time sitting during the day, and insufficient quality sleep, can all influence obesity risk. […] Genetics can play a role in whether someone develops obesity by affecting metabolism, appetite, cravings, and body-fat distribution. […] Your environment from where you live to where you work and play to whom you interact with on a regular basis can impact your health. […] Socioeconomic status is a social determinant that can contribute to obesity. Low-income communities often lack access to healthy food sources, leading to higher consumption of highly processed foods, as well as safe places to exercise outdoors. […] Stress can contribute to obesity by prompting changes in our eating patterns and hormones. […] Other medical conditions are associated with weight gain, which could potentially lead to obesity. These conditions include Bardet-Biedl syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome, Cushing’s syndrome, and underactive thyroid. […] Some medications can cause weight gain as a side effect by creating an increased appetite when hormones regulating hunger are disrupted. Over time, these could be a contributor to obesity.

• #44 Overweight and Obesity – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/overweight-and-obesity/causes

  Lack of physical activity, combined with high amounts of TV, computer, video game, or other screen time has been associated with a high body mass index (BMI). […] Some unhealthy eating behaviors can increase your risk for overweight and obesity. […] Research has shown a link between poor sleep not getting enough sleep or not getting enough good-quality sleep and a high BMI. […] Long-term and even short-term stress can affect the brain and trigger your body to make hormones, such as cortisol, that control energy balances and hunger urges. […] Some conditions, such as metabolic syndrome and polycystic ovary syndrome, cause people to gain weight. […] Researchers have found at least 15 genes that influence obesity. […] Some medicines cause weight gain by disrupting the chemical signals that tell your brain you are hungry. […] Your environment can contribute to unhealthy eating and a lack of physical activity.

• #45 Obesity: Definition, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/obesity

  Obesity is a long-term (chronic) health condition that progresses over time. Obesity is defined by excess body fat (adipose tissue) that may impair health. […] In adults, obesity is often defined as having a BMI of 30 or more, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Obesity is associated with a higher risk of developing serious diseases, including: type 2 diabetes, heart disease, cancer. […] Taking in more calories than you burn in daily activity and exercise on a long-term basis can lead to obesity. Over time, these extra calories add up and cause weight gain. […] Common specific causes of obesity include: genetics, which can affect how your body processes food into energy and how fat is stored; growing older, which can lead to less muscle mass and a slower metabolic rate, making it easier to gain weight; not sleeping enough, which can lead to hormonal changes that make you feel hungrier and crave certain high calorie foods; high stress, which may trigger the production of hormones that cause you to eat more and store more fat; pregnancy, as weight gained during pregnancy may be difficult to lose and might eventually lead to obesity.

• #46

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/obesity/causes/

  There is no single cause of obesity. But there are many factors that can influence obesity. […] Your genetics impact your risk of developing obesity. […] Stress affects your health and weight in lots of ways. […] Cortisol is a stress hormone which has been linked to obesity. Higher levels of cortisol can impact the hormones that effect appetite. […] Obesity can develop when the hormone signals that control your appetite dont work as they should. […] Where you live, work and play can impact your risk of developing obesity. […] Not getting enough sleep can reduce how quickly your body turns food into energy (your metabolism) and make you feel more hungry. […] Some prescription medicines can lead to you gaining weight. […] Other medical conditions may contribute to obesity. […] There are times in our lives where we may be at risk of weight gain.

• #47 Obesity – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obesity/symptoms-causes/syc-20375742

  Obesity tends to run in families. That’s not just because of the genes they share. Family members also tend to share similar eating and activity habits. […] A diet that’s high in calories, lacking in fruits and vegetables, full of fast food, and laden with high-calorie beverages and oversized portions contributes to weight gain. […] If you have an inactive lifestyle, you can easily take in more calories every day than you burn through exercise and routine daily activities. […] In some people, obesity can be traced to a medical cause, such as hypothyroidism, Cushing syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome and other conditions. […] Social and economic factors are linked to obesity. It’s hard to avoid obesity if you don’t have safe areas to walk or exercise. […] Obesity can occur at any age, even in young children. But as you age, hormonal changes and a less active lifestyle increase your risk of obesity.

• #48 Obesity: Causes, Complications & Treatments | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/34787-obesity-high-bmi-causes-diabetes-heart-disease.html

  Obesity may also be linked to the company a person keeps: It has been found to „spread” socially among friends. A 2011 study published in the American Journal of Public Health suggested that the reason for this social spread was because friends share similar environments and carry out activities together that may contribute to weight gain. […] Certain health conditions also can lead to weight gain, including: Hypothyroidism, an underactive thyroid gland that slows metabolism and causes fatigue and weakness. PCOS, or polycystic ovary syndrome, which affects up to 10 percent of women of childbearing age and can also lead to excess body hair and reproductive problems. Cushing’s syndrome, which stems from an overproduction of the hormone cortisol by the adrenal glands and is characterized by weight gain in the upper body, face and neck. Prader-Willi syndrome, a rare genetic condition in which people never feel full, and so they want to eat constantly, according to the Mayo Clinic.

• #49 Secondary Causes of Obesity | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0415/p972.html

  Because of the association between obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in women, a detailed menstrual history and evaluation for hyperandrogenic symptoms is warranted. […] Hypothyroidism is associated with obesity, although a cause and effect relationship is not clearly established. Thyroid studies may be helpful to determine a diagnosis. […] The study authors recommended against general laboratory screening for secondary causes of obesity in children and adolescents, particularly because cortisol and TSH levels are commonly elevated in patients with obesity. […] The authors advised reserving laboratory testing for patients with short stature (which had the highest predictive value), developmental delay, dysmorphic features, or signs and symptoms of underlying endocrine abnormalities.

• #50 Secondary Causes of Obesity | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0415/p972.html

  There are no large studies evaluating the likelihood of secondary causes of obesity in adults. […] Women with PCOS had a significantly higher body mass index than those in the control group. […] Women who were obese were more likely to have PCOS than lean women (28.3 versus 5.5 percent) in the general population. […] The authors of both studies recommended obtaining a detailed menstrual history and asking about hyperandrogenic symptoms of PCOS in women who are overweight or obese. […] Three case series found an increased prevalence of hypothyroidism in patients who are obese. […] The authors concluded that subclinical hypothyroidism has a higher prevalence in patients with sleep apnea who are overweight or obese, and this diagnosis should prompt thyroid function evaluation. […] The Expert Committee Recommendations Regarding the Prevention, Assessment, and Treatment of Child and Adolescent Overweight and Obesity support evaluation for rare causes of secondary obesity based on patient history and physical examination. […] The committee recommends a workup for PCOS if there are infrequent menses, hirsutism, or excessive acne. […] Specific evaluation for underlying causes of obesity in adults should be based on symptoms, risk factors, and index of suspicion.

• #51 Secondary causes

  https://www.utmb.edu/Pedi_ed/Obesity/page_08.htm

  Secondary causes of obesity, while less common, include these: […] Drug induced – atypical anti-psychotics, tricyclic antidepressants. […] Binge eating disorder. […] Bulimia nervosa.

• #52 Childhood Obesity: Causes & Problems

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9467-obesity-in-children

  Rarely, other health conditions may be a contributing factor to childhood obesity. […] Hormonal imbalances that can contribute to childhood obesity include: Hypothyroidism, Hypothalamic tumor, Growth hormone deficiency, Cushing syndrome. […] Some medications, like second-generation antipsychotics and corticosteroids, can also increase your child’s risk for having overweight and obesity.

• #53 Overweight and Obesity – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/overweight-and-obesity/causes

  Lack of physical activity, combined with high amounts of TV, computer, video game, or other screen time has been associated with a high body mass index (BMI). […] Some unhealthy eating behaviors can increase your risk for overweight and obesity. […] Research has shown a link between poor sleep not getting enough sleep or not getting enough good-quality sleep and a high BMI. […] Long-term and even short-term stress can affect the brain and trigger your body to make hormones, such as cortisol, that control energy balances and hunger urges. […] Some conditions, such as metabolic syndrome and polycystic ovary syndrome, cause people to gain weight. […] Researchers have found at least 15 genes that influence obesity. […] Some medicines cause weight gain by disrupting the chemical signals that tell your brain you are hungry. […] Your environment can contribute to unhealthy eating and a lack of physical activity.

• #54 Causes of Obesity – Obesity Action Coalition

  https://www.obesityaction.org/get-educated/understanding-your-weight-and-health/causes-of-obesity/

  Some prescription medications can cause weight gain of up to several pounds each month. […] We are surrounded by television ads, billboards and images that promote the consumption of foods and beverages that are high in calories and fat. […] Some neighborhoods have little or no access to fresh, healthy foods.

• #55 Obesity: Definition, Comorbidities, Causes, and Burden

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/obesity-definition-comorbidities-causes-burden

  Food choices, which are influenced by the home, child care, school, workplace, and community environments, directly affect the type and amount of caloric intake. […] Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with an increase in the risk of obesity; the risk increases 1.6 times for each additional serving of sugar-sweetened drink consumed daily. […] Numerous polymorphic gene products may also be a cause of obesity. […] Genetic influences on BMI appear to be strongly correlated. […] The body’s microbiome the bacteria, viruses, archaea, and eukaryotic microbes residing in and on the body have the potential to impact our physiology in several ways, including contributing to metabolic function. […] Chronodisruption is associated with the development of obesity, prediabetes, diabetes, and lipid disorders.

• #56 What Causes Obesity? | Obesity Medicine Association

  https://obesitymedicine.org/blog/causes-of-obesity/

  Prolonged stress and insomnia are known causes of obesity. […] Certain bacteria have been found in the intestines of people with obesity, and are thought to be associated with causing the disease. […] Obesity is a complicated disease and what causes obesity is more than just eating too many calories or exercising too little. Often many factors work together to cause obesity. As a result, finding a treatment that works can be challenging and often requires more than eating less and exercising more.

• #57

  https://www.everlywell.com/blog/weight-management/what-causes-obesity-in-america/?srsltid=AfmBOooYeffj5B6ZSD6qCaA79DRg5fGYubY4BI0f9eANAHI3rkWTJwCM

  Genetics: Genes may also contribute to your sensitivity to gain weight. The likelihood of your genes impacting obesity can be influenced by external factors such as access to food supply and limited physical activity. […] Health conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as underactive thyroid and Cushing syndrome, can alter body hormones leading to overweight and obesity. […] Medications: Several commonly prescribed medications are associated with weight gain. Examples are diabetic drugs, steroids, antihistamines, and birth control medications. […] Poor sleep: Fewer hours of sleep is correlated with higher BMI, and not getting adequate sleep has been shown to increase hunger and appetite. […] Stress and emotional factors: Some people, when upset, angry, or stressed, tend to eat more and often select more high-calorie foods. […] Gut flora: Your microbiome or gut flora can also affect your eating and contribute to difficulty losing weight, leading to weight gain. The gut flora is further involved in your immune function and metabolic processes, playing a role in obesity and other inflammatory diseases.

• #58 What Causes Obesity? | Obesity Medicine Association

  https://obesitymedicine.org/blog/what-causes-obesity/

  Adenovirus 36, a cold virus, has been associated with obesity. […] Several prescription medications are associated with weight gain. […] Medical conditions, such as polycystic ovary syndrome, depression, and Cushings syndrome are associated with obesity. […] Family, culture, and even where you live can have a significant impact on developing a high BMI. […] Disrupted sleep and sleeping for less than 7 hours or more than 9 hours can cause obesity.

• #59

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight

  The obesogenic environment exacerbating the likelihood of obesity in individuals, populations and in different settings is related to structural factors limiting the availability of healthy sustainable food at locally affordable prices, lack of safe and easy physical mobility into the daily life of all people, and absence of adequate legal and regulatory environment. […] At the same time, the lack of an effective health system response to identify excess weight gain and fat deposition in their early stages is aggravating the progression to obesity.

• #60 What causes obesity? | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/obesity-weight-and-cancer/what-causes-obesity

  Extra energy from food and drink is stored as body fat. This builds up overtime causing weight gain and obesity. […] But if we take in more energy (calories) than we use, then this extra energy is stored as body fat. Storing more body fat causes us to gain weight, and too much can lead us to being overweight or obese. […] The cause of obesity is not as simple as eating too much and moving too little. Obesity is complex with many different causes. For some people, being overweight can be linked to other things. Such as a health condition, medications, or having a genetic predisposition. […] Our environment has a big influence on our weight. Tempting deals, fast food and bigger portions make it hard to be healthy. […] Over time food has become available in bigger portions with more calories. There are also new ways in which people can access fast food. Such as through delivery apps and more food outlets on our high streets. Food advertising and marketing has also become more sophisticated. […] These things can make it harder to be healthy. This is one of the main reasons that more people struggle to maintain a healthy weight. […] It’s important to help children be a healthy weight, so they are more likely to be a healthy weight as adults.

• #61 Obesity – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity

  Obesity is a medical condition, considered by multiple organizations to be a disease, in which excess body fat has accumulated to such an extent that it can potentially have negative effects on health. […] Obesity has individual, socioeconomic, and environmental causes. Some known causes are diet, low physical activity, automation, urbanization, genetic susceptibility, medications, mental disorders, economic policies, endocrine disorders, and exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals. […] The „a calorie is a calorie” model of obesity posits a combination of excessive food energy intake and a lack of physical activity as the cause of most cases of obesity. […] Increasing rates of obesity at a societal level are felt to be due to an easily accessible and palatable diet, increased reliance on cars, and mechanized manufacturing.

• #62 Obesity: Causes, Complications & Treatments | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/34787-obesity-high-bmi-causes-diabetes-heart-disease.html

  Obesity is a condition in which a person has excess body fat. More than just a number on a scale or the size of someone’s body, obesity can increase a person’s risk of diseases and health problems, including high blood pressure, diabetes and heart disease. It is a complex problem and a major public health concern, both in the United States and worldwide. […] At a fundamental level, obesity occurs when people regularly eat and drink more calories than they use. Besides a person’s eating behavior, a number of factors can contribute to obesity, including a lack of physical activity, a lack of sleep, genetics and the use of certain medications that can cause weight gain or water retention, such as corticosteroids, antidepressants or some seizure medications. […] Modern culture and conveniences also, in part, contribute to obesity. According to the Mayo Clinic, environmental factors that promote obesity include: Oversized food portions, busy work schedules with little time for an active lifestyle, limited access to healthy foods at supermarkets, easy access to fast food and lack of safe places for physical activity.

• #63 Causes of Obesity

  https://www.webmd.com/obesity/causes-of-obesity

  Sometimes, genes are directly linked to obesity or at least a condition that leads to it. […] Certain hormone problems, such as hypothyroidism, may cause weight gain. […] When you’re bored, stressed, angry, or sad, you may tend to eat more. […] Research has found if you don’t get enough good sleep, you’re at a higher risk for clinical obesity. […] You might not realize it, but your environment has a big effect on your weight. […] The conditions in which you were born, work, and live influence your odds of getting clinical obesity. […] Research shows adults with lower incomes and lower levels of education may be more likely to face clinical obesity. […] Clinical obesity in children is complex, like in adults. Many different things can play a role, such as genetics, environment, stress, sleep, social factors, economic influences, eating habits and access to healthy food, and physical exercise.

• #64 Childhood obesity – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-obesity/symptoms-causes/syc-20354827

  Childhood obesity is a complex condition. Various factors can play a part in causing it. These include: […] Some other factors for childhood obesity may be out of a parent’s ability to control. They include the following: […] If your child comes from a family of people who tend to gain weight easily, your child may be more likely to put on weight. […] Sometimes, changes to certain genes can play a part in childhood obesity. So can conditions linked with hormones and many other processes that happen inside the body. […] People in some communities have limited resources and limited access to supermarkets. As a result, their main access to foods may be convenience foods that don’t spoil quickly.

• #65 About Obesity, Bariatric, Mankato – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/locations/mankato/services-and-treatments/bariatric-surgery/about-obesity

  Culture — We tend to eat and cook the same way our parents did and the foods we choose are often those we grew up with. Family gatherings and social events such as weddings and holiday parties often center around food. […] Physical inactivity — Not getting enough physical activity can lead to an unhealthy weight. These days, many people spend a lot of time watching TV, playing video games or doing other activities that do not require a lot of energy. […] Emotional or psychological factors — For many people, food is a source of comfort or celebration. Some people eat when they are feeling sad or stressed. In order to lose weight and keep it off, it is important to find more healthful ways of dealing with emotions. […] Gender — Women are more likely to have an unhealthy weight than men simply because men have more muscle than women. Muscle uses more energy than fat does, and men burn 10 to 20 percent more calories than women do at rest.

• #66 The causes of obesity: an in-depth review – MedCrave online

  https://medcraveonline.com/AOWMC/the-causes-of-obesity-an-in-depth-review.html

  The point of purchase effect has a major role in the obesity epidemic. […] Obesity, although mainly seen in the economically privileged western countries, is more prevalent in subjects from lower socio-economic classes. […] The effect of workplace environment on the prevalence obesity is well recognised. […] Lack of sleep can result in hormonal imbalance (impaired glucose tolerance and increased nocturnal cortisol) and adversely affect the cognitive function leading to obesity. […] The role of social networks and peer effect in the rise of obesity prevalence cannot be ignored. […] The obesity epidemic deploys a detrimental impact on the economy with its high healthcare cost. […] The problem of overweight and obesity has therefore surfaced as one of the most challenging worldwide problems over the coming decades, and requires urgent attention from the healthcare providers, policy makers, and academics.

• #67

  https://journals.lww.com/jfmpc/fulltext/2015/04020/childhood_obesity__causes_and_consequences.8.aspx

  One of the factors that is most significantly linked to obesity is a sedentary lifestyle. Each additional hour of television per day increased the prevalence of obesity by 2%. […] Environmental factors have also been found to influence the development of obesity. Our society tends to use food as a reward, as a means to control others, and as part of socializing. […] Family factors have also been associated with the increase of cases of obesity. The types of food available in the house and the food preferences of family members can influence the foods that children eat.

• #68

  https://journals.lww.com/jfmpc/fulltext/2015/04020/childhood_obesity__causes_and_consequences.8.aspx

  One of the factors that is most significantly linked to obesity is a sedentary lifestyle. Each additional hour of television per day increased the prevalence of obesity by 2%. […] Environmental factors have also been found to influence the development of obesity. Our society tends to use food as a reward, as a means to control others, and as part of socializing. […] Family factors have also been associated with the increase of cases of obesity. The types of food available in the house and the food preferences of family members can influence the foods that children eat.

• #69 Obesity: What It Is, Classes, Symptoms, Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11209-weight-control-and-obesity

  Statistically, obesity increases your risk of premature death from all causes. Studies show you can reduce that risk by losing even a small amount (5% to 10%) of your current weight. […] Excess body fat can crowd the organs of your respiratory system and put stress and strain on your musculoskeletal system. This contributes to conditions and diseases like certain cancers, depression and mood disorders, female infertility and pregnancy complications, and issues with memory and cognition. […] Obesity is a disease where an abnormal or excess accumulation of fat causes harm to one’s health.

• #70 Obesity – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obesity/symptoms-causes/syc-20375742

  Even if you have one or more of these risk factors, it doesn’t mean that you’re destined to develop obesity. You can counteract most risk factors through diet, physical activity and exercise. […] Obesity makes you more likely to have high blood pressure and unhealthy cholesterol levels, which are risk factors for heart disease and strokes. […] Obesity can affect the way the body uses insulin to control blood sugar levels. This raises the risk of insulin resistance and diabetes. […] Obesity may increase the risk of cancer of the uterus, cervix, endometrium, ovary, breast, colon, rectum, esophagus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, kidney and prostate. […] Obesity increases the likelihood of developing heartburn, gallbladder disease and liver problems. […] People with obesity are more likely to have sleep apnea, a potentially serious disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep.

• #71 Causal relationships between obesity and the leading causes of death in women and men | PLOS Genetics

  https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1008405

  Obesity traits are causally implicated with risk of cardiometabolic diseases. […] A Mendelian randomization analysis of 228,466 women and 195,041 men showed that obesity causes coronary artery disease, stroke (particularly ischemic), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, type 2 and 1 diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, chronic liver disease, and acute and chronic renal failure. […] Obesity traits have an etiological role in the majority of the leading global causes of death. […] Obesity is increasing globally and has been linked to major causes of death, such as diabetes and heart disease. […] We found that obesity increases the risks of heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, diabetes, kidney disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and chronic liver disease.

• #72 Obesity – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obesity/symptoms-causes/syc-20375742

  Obesity increases the stress placed on weight-bearing joints. It also promotes inflammation, which includes swelling, pain and a feeling of heat within the body. […] Obesity increases the risk of fatty liver disease, a condition that happens due to excessive fat deposit in the liver. […] Obesity increases the risk of developing severe symptoms if you become infected with the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019, known as COVID-19. […] Obesity can diminish the overall quality of life. You may not be able to do physical activities that you used to enjoy.

• #73 The ROOTS of Obesity | World Obesity Federation

  https://www.worldobesity.org/what-we-do/our-policy-priorities/the-roots-of-obesity

  Prenatal life, early adulthood, pregnancy, illnesses and medications can all influence weight gain. […] There is a complex relationship between food systems and health, with marketing of foodstuffs having a known link to obesity. […] Symptoms of some mental health disorders, and their associated medications, can lead to weight gain. […] Lack of sleep disturbs hormones which can affect your weight as can high levels of stress. […] Weight discrimination and stigma can have significant consequences on somebody with obesity.

• #74 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=85&contentid=p07855

  How your body uses energy is different from how another person’s uses it. […] How much money you make may affect whether you are obese. […] Overeating and a lack of exercise both contribute to obesity. […] Medicines like corticosteroids, beta-blockers, some antidepressants, and antiseizure medicines can cause you to gain some extra weight. […] Emotional eating when you’re bored or upset can lead to weight gain. […] Obesity is the major cause of type 2 diabetes. […] Atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries, happens more often in obese people. […] Obesity can affect the knees and hips because extra weight stresses the joints. […] Sleep apnea causes people to stop breathing for brief periods during sleep. […] Being overweight or obese increases your risk for a variety of cancers, according to the American Cancer Society. […] The National Cholesterol Education Program says that metabolic syndrome is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. […] People who are overweight or obese can have problems socially or psychologically.

• #75 Obesity Causes, Effects, and How Obesity Medicine Can Help | Brown University Health

  https://www.brownhealth.org/be-well/obesity-causes-effects-and-how-obesity-medicine-can-help

  Today, the answer to the question what is obesity is different than it was 20 years ago. It has taken us a long time to recognize the direct health impact of obesity. […] In fact, it dates as far back as ancient Greek and Roman times. But traditionally, obesity has been viewed as a stepping-stone to illness rather than the direct cause of illness itself. […] We now have proof that stored body fat behaves like other organ systems in the body, releasing hormones and other bioactive substances that can worsen our health when we have too much of it. […] In 2013, the American Medical Association officially named obesity a disease based on research and evidence. […] Obesity occurs when the amount of body fat is sufficient to directly worsen your health. […] Obesity is a combination of genetic susceptibility (inherited from your parents) and lifestyle factors.

• #76 Obesity: definition, causes and prevention strategies | Eufic

  https://www.eufic.org/en/healthy-living/article/obesity-definition-causes-and-prevention-strategies

  Not one single food is responsible for causing obesity. […] While foods high in calories, fats, and sugars can contribute to weight gain, it is the overall dietary habits and energy balance that play an important role in obesity. […] Research shows that the heritability of obesity is between 40% and 75%. […] Specific genes linked to obesity can affect how the body stores fat, metabolises nutrients, signals feelings of fullness, and more. […] Although there is strong evidence that genetics are linked to obesity, the role of genes is considered small compared to environmental factors like diet and physical activity. […] Obesity increases our risk of developing insulin resistance, where the body’s cells become less responsive to insulin, the hormone that regulates our blood sugar levels.

• #77 Obesity causes mitochondrial fragmentation and dysfunction in white adipocytes due to RalA activation | Nature Metabolism

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s42255-024-00978-0

  Mitochondrial dysfunction is a characteristic trait of human and rodent obesity, insulin resistance and fatty liver disease. Here we show that high-fat diet (HFD) feeding causes mitochondrial fragmentation in inguinal white adipocytes from male mice, leading to reduced oxidative capacity by a process dependent on the small GTPase RalA. RalA expression and activity are increased in white adipocytes after HFD. Targeted deletion of RalA in white adipocytes prevents fragmentation of mitochondria and diminishes HFD-induced weight gain by increasing fatty acid oxidation. Mechanistically, RalA increases fission in adipocytes by reversing the inhibitory Ser637 phosphorylation of the fission protein Drp1, leading to more mitochondrial fragmentation. Adipose tissue expression of the human homolog of Drp1, DNM1L, is positively correlated with obesity and insulin resistance. Thus, chronic activation of RalA plays a key role in repressing energy expenditure in obese adipose tissue by shifting the balance of mitochondrial dynamics toward excessive fission, contributing to weight gain and metabolic dysfunction.

• #78 Obesity Causes, Effects, and How Obesity Medicine Can Help | Brown University Health

  https://www.brownhealth.org/be-well/obesity-causes-effects-and-how-obesity-medicine-can-help

  Many of us have genes that make it quite easy for us to gain weight. […] This can lead to misplaced judgements about lifestyle. […] Once we gain a certain amount of extra body fat, our body re-programs us at a higher weight range and actually wants to keep us there, even if it is bad for our health. […] One reason is that leptin, our own natural weight loss hormone, no longer works properly in patients with obesity. […] We need to recognize that there is no specific nutrition, exercise, medication, or surgical procedure that can take away our excess body fat for it never to return. […] I hope for broader recognition that diet and exercise alone will not solve the obesity problem. […] I hope that a better understanding of the cause of obesity will lessen the bias and prejudice against those with obesity in our society.

• #79 Obesity Causes, Diagnosis & Risk Factors | Obesity Treatment Market

  https://www.delveinsight.com/blog/obesity-causes-diagnosis-risk-factors-treatment-market

  Socioeconomic Conditions Education level, income, and social status are key risk factors for obesity. […] Additionally, women in middle- and low-income groups face a greater risk of obesity than those in higher-income brackets, highlighting how economic disparities influence the causes of obesity. […] Several additional factors that contribute to obesity include chronic stress, depression, poor sleep patterns, pregnancy, and smoking cessation. […] Managing obesity and its causes requires a multi-faceted approach, including lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy, and surgical interventions. […] The obesity treatment market has witnessed significant growth due to the increasing prevalence of obesity and its associated health risks.

• #80 What Causes Obesity? | Obesity Medicine Association

  https://obesitymedicine.org/blog/causes-of-obesity/

  Prolonged stress and insomnia are known causes of obesity. […] Certain bacteria have been found in the intestines of people with obesity, and are thought to be associated with causing the disease. […] Obesity is a complicated disease and what causes obesity is more than just eating too many calories or exercising too little. Often many factors work together to cause obesity. As a result, finding a treatment that works can be challenging and often requires more than eating less and exercising more.

• #81 Causes of Obesity | Mass General Brigham

  https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/about/newsroom/articles/obesity-associated-risks-cause-disease

  An estimated 1 in 5 children and more than 1 in 3 adults struggle with the disease of obesity. […] In this article, Fatima Cody Stanford, MD, MPH, MPA, MBA, explains the causes of obesity, its impacts on the body, and available treatment options. […] Obesity is a disease characterized by different signaling in the brain that tells your body how much to eat and how much to store, explains Dr. Stanford. […] „For many years, we supported this myth that it’s all about calories in and calories out. And I’m here to dispel that myth. It’s so much more complex,” explains Dr. Stanford. […] Many factors can play a role in how the body regulates weight. Contributors to obesity include: Disordered eating, such as binge eating disorder, genetic and epigenetic factors, quitting smoking, poor sleep, gut microbiota, physical disabilities, family history of obesity in your mother or father, a sedentary lifestyle.

• #82 Causes of Obesity | Mass General Brigham

  https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/about/newsroom/articles/obesity-associated-risks-cause-disease

  It’s also common for people to struggle with obesity due to age-related changes or other environmental factors. […] The causes of childhood obesity are similar to the causes of obesity in adults. […] Other factors can include trauma history increased stress can encourage your body to store fat. Limited access to affordable healthy foods also can cause major shifts in weight and weight status. […] Dr. Stanford speaks with 60 Minutes about the importance of recognizing and treating obesity as a disease. Its a brain disease, she says, explaining that obesity has little to do with willpower and is determined by what a persons brain thinks their body needs.

• #83 What causes obesity? | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/obesity-weight-and-cancer/what-causes-obesity

  Extra energy from food and drink is stored as body fat. This builds up overtime causing weight gain and obesity. […] But if we take in more energy (calories) than we use, then this extra energy is stored as body fat. Storing more body fat causes us to gain weight, and too much can lead us to being overweight or obese. […] The cause of obesity is not as simple as eating too much and moving too little. Obesity is complex with many different causes. For some people, being overweight can be linked to other things. Such as a health condition, medications, or having a genetic predisposition. […] Our environment has a big influence on our weight. Tempting deals, fast food and bigger portions make it hard to be healthy. […] Over time food has become available in bigger portions with more calories. There are also new ways in which people can access fast food. Such as through delivery apps and more food outlets on our high streets. Food advertising and marketing has also become more sophisticated. […] These things can make it harder to be healthy. This is one of the main reasons that more people struggle to maintain a healthy weight. […] It’s important to help children be a healthy weight, so they are more likely to be a healthy weight as adults.

• #84 Obesity – symptoms, causes, BMI and complications | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/obesity

  Living with overweight or obesity can increase your risk of complications such as: cardiovascular (heart) disease, kidney disease, stroke, some cancers, high blood pressure (hypertension), type 2 diabetes, sleep apnoea, joint problems osteoarthritis, especially in the hip and knee joints, gout and joint pain, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD), mental health problems such as depression and anxiety, sexual health problems. […] Here are some steps that you can take to help reduce the likelihood of obesity: Eat well: Review how many high-energy, low-nutrition snack foods and sugary drinks you consume, including juice, soft drink and flavoured milk. Consider how often you get takeaway. Engage in physical activity: Only half of Australians do enough physical activity for good health. Limit alcohol: Review how much alcohol you drink alcohol has many kilojoules with no nutritional benefits.

• #85 Obesity: definition, causes and prevention strategies | Eufic

  https://www.eufic.org/en/healthy-living/article/obesity-definition-causes-and-prevention-strategies

  Obesity increases the risk of several cardiovascular risk factors, including high blood pressure, triglycerides (blood fats), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. […] Overweight and obesity are linked to an increased risk of various cancers, particularly hormone-dependent and gastrointestinal cancers. […] The most significant impact of obesity on the musculoskeletal system is associated with osteoarthritis, a condition that causes joint pain, stiffness, and reduces your ability to move, significantly affecting quality of life. […] Chronic low-grade inflammation caused by excess fat tissue leads to higher levels of substances that can worsen airway inflammation and sensitivity, which are key features of asthma. […] Obesity can affect fertility by causing hormonal imbalances, which may disrupt the menstrual cycle and ovulation. […] Obesity and related NCDs can be prevented and managed through individual and societal measures. […] Addressing obesity requires a multisectoral approach involving food manufacturing, marketing, and pricing.

• #86 Opinion | What Are the Causes of Obesity? – The New York Times

  https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/10/opinion/letters/obesity-causes.html

  Food policy successes in two programs point the way forward. […] A little more than a decade ago, nutrition standards were updated for the school meal programs and for the federal W.I.C. nutrition program. Healthier school meals are now associated with a reduced risk of obesity among children in poverty. The healthier W.I.C. food package is associated with a drop in obesity rates among participating children. […] We can build on this momentum by putting the health of children and families at the center of our policies. And committing as a nation to addressing community conditions like housing, dignified employment at a living wage, clean air and water, and access to health care and healthy food, all of which we know influence whether a child can grow up healthy and at a healthy weight.

• #87 Obesity: Definition, Comorbidities, Causes, and Burden

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/obesity-definition-comorbidities-causes-burden

  The regulation of food intake is managed by neural and hormonal signals between the gut and central nervous system (CNS). […] Obesity is a complex interaction between multiple genetic, socioeconomic, and cultural factors that also are associated with existing or resulting comorbidities and their treatments.

• #88

• #89 About Obesity, Bariatric, Mankato – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/locations/mankato/services-and-treatments/bariatric-surgery/about-obesity

  Culture — We tend to eat and cook the same way our parents did and the foods we choose are often those we grew up with. Family gatherings and social events such as weddings and holiday parties often center around food. […] Physical inactivity — Not getting enough physical activity can lead to an unhealthy weight. These days, many people spend a lot of time watching TV, playing video games or doing other activities that do not require a lot of energy. […] Emotional or psychological factors — For many people, food is a source of comfort or celebration. Some people eat when they are feeling sad or stressed. In order to lose weight and keep it off, it is important to find more healthful ways of dealing with emotions. […] Gender — Women are more likely to have an unhealthy weight than men simply because men have more muscle than women. Muscle uses more energy than fat does, and men burn 10 to 20 percent more calories than women do at rest.

• #90 Obesity: definition, causes and prevention strategies | Eufic

  https://www.eufic.org/en/healthy-living/article/obesity-definition-causes-and-prevention-strategies

  Obesity is a multifactorial, chronic, relapsing, non-communicable disease marked by an abnormal and/or excessive accumulation of body fat that presents a risk to health. […] The development of obesity is influenced by a complex interplay of genetic, physiological, environmental, and behavioural factors. […] Obesity has many interlinked causes, including genetics, environment, and behaviour, making it essential to understand these factors for effective prevention and treatment. […] It is caused by the interaction between biological, genetic, social, psychological, policy-related and environmental factors. […] High-fat, energy-dense diets and sedentary lifestyles are the two characteristics most strongly associated with the increased prevalence of obesity worldwide. […] Genetics or underlying health conditions can also be a cause of obesity for some people.

• #91 Obesity Causes, Effects, and How Obesity Medicine Can Help | Brown University Health

  https://www.brownhealth.org/be-well/obesity-causes-effects-and-how-obesity-medicine-can-help

  Many of us have genes that make it quite easy for us to gain weight. […] This can lead to misplaced judgements about lifestyle. […] Once we gain a certain amount of extra body fat, our body re-programs us at a higher weight range and actually wants to keep us there, even if it is bad for our health. […] One reason is that leptin, our own natural weight loss hormone, no longer works properly in patients with obesity. […] We need to recognize that there is no specific nutrition, exercise, medication, or surgical procedure that can take away our excess body fat for it never to return. […] I hope for broader recognition that diet and exercise alone will not solve the obesity problem. […] I hope that a better understanding of the cause of obesity will lessen the bias and prejudice against those with obesity in our society.

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