Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Edema: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0715/p102.html

  Edema is an accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space that occurs as the capillary filtration exceeds the limits of lymphatic drainage, producing noticeable clinical signs and symptoms. […] The rapid development of generalized pitting edema associated with systemic disease requires timely diagnosis and management. […] The chronic accumulation of edema in one or both lower extremities often indicates venous insufficiency, especially in the presence of dependent edema and hemosiderin deposition. […] Possible secondary causes of lymphedema include tumor, trauma, previous pelvic surgery, inguinal lymphadenectomy, and previous radiation therapy. […] Unilateral swelling from compression or compromise of venous or lymphatic drainage can result from DVT, venous insufficiency, venous obstruction by tumor, lymphatic obstruction, or lymphatic destruction.

• #1 Peripheral Edema | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/27007

  The most common cause of peripheral edema in patients aged 50 or older is venous insufficiency, typically associated with aging. However, conditions such as heart, renal, and liver failures, as well as trauma, can cause peripheral edema at any age. This condition is also frequently observed during pregnancy. […] Data from the Health and Retirement Study, a survey of US adults, estimated that the prevalence of chronic peripheral edema in older adults ranged from 19% to 20% between 2000 and 2016. Factors associated with an increased risk of developing peripheral edema include female sex, low socioeconomic status, and advanced age. Other contributing factors include non-White race, pain, diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypertension, and limited physical activity.

• #1 Monitoring Peripheral Edema for Heart Failure Management

  https://bodiguide.com/continuous-monitoring-in-heart-failure-management/

  Heart failure is a major US health priority consuming more Medicare budget than any other diagnosis with 70% of those dollars being spent on hospitalization for emergency relief of dyspnea (breathlessness) associated with congestion of worsening heart failure. […] Peripheral edema associated with fluid overload is present in approximately 70% of patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure. […] BodiGuide has designed, developed, and tested a prototype anklet and data management platform that meets the requirements necessary to provide accurate, reliable, and continuous monitoring of ankle swelling to patients, their caregivers, and clinicians. […] These initial studies support the hypothesis that continuous monitoring of peripheral edema is feasible for monitoring fluid status to improve heart failure management.

• #1 Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and in-hospital management of pulmonary edema: data from the Romanian Acute Heart Failure Syndromes registry. – Kaiser Permanente Division of Research

  https://divisionofresearch.kaiserpermanente.org/publications/epidemiology-pathophysiology-and-in-hospital-management-of-pulmonary-edema-data-from-the-romanian-acute-heart-failure-syndromes-registry/

  AIM: The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical presentation, inpatient management, and in-hospital outcome of patients hospitalized for acute heart failure syndromes (AHFS) and classified as pulmonary edema (PE). […] RESULTS: RO-AHFS enrolled 3224 patients and 28.7% (n=924) were classified as PE. […] In-hospital all-cause mortality (ACM) in PE patients was 7.4%, and 57% of deaths occurred on day one. […] CONCLUSIONS: In this national registry, the PE profile was found to be a high-acuity clinical presentation with distinctive treatment patterns and a poor short-term prognosis.

• #1 Pulmonary edema epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Pulmonary_edema_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The prevalence of pulmonary edema was estimated to be 75000-83000 cases per 100,000 individuals among heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction. […] The incidence of neurogenic pulmonary edema is approximately 2000 to 42900 per 100,000 individuals in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. […] The incidence of neurogenic pulmonary edema is approximately 20000 per 100,000 individuals in patients with traumatic brain injury. […] The mortality rate of pulmonary edema is approximately 12000 per 100000 among in-hospital patients. […] Pulmonary edema commonly affects individuals older than 65 years of age. […] Blacks have the highest risk for heart failure as underlying cause of pulmonary edema. […] Males are more commonly affected by pulmonary edema than woman.

• #1 Prevalence of neurogenic pulmonary edema among… | F1000Research

  https://f1000research.com/articles/7-611

  In this postmortem study, we found prevalence of neurogenic pulmonary edema of 76.9%. […] Autopsy showed features consistent with pulmonary edema in 76.9% of patients, being bilateral in 85% of these. […] In patients with traumatic acute head injury, impaired pulmonary function is a common but poorly understood complication. NPE is a potential early contributor to the pulmonary dysfunction that occurs in patients with head injuries. […] This study suffers from several limitations: 1. There is no hemodynamic exploration for all patients. […] We conclude that NPE occurs frequently in head injury patients. The process of edema formation begins early in the clinical course and is isolated to the lung. NPE thus needs to be critically recognized early in the formulation of a management plan.

• #1 7MM Corneal Edema Epidemiology Forecast 2020-2034:

  https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/02/11/3024306/28124/en/7MM-Corneal-Edema-Epidemiology-Forecast-2020-2034-Increasing-Prevalence-and-Future-Projection-of-Corneal-Edema-Highlighted-in-New-Report.html

  The „Corneal Edema – Epidemiology Forecast – 2034” report has been released providing valuable insights into the diagnosis, prevalence, and future projection of Corneal Edema a condition characterized by the swelling of the cornea due to fluid accumulation and affecting vision. […] According to the latest analysis, the diagnosed prevalence of Corneal Edema has seen a steady increase since 2022 in the 7 Major Markets (7MM), including the United States, EU4 (Germany, France, Italy, and Spain), the United Kingdom, and Japan. This trend is projected to continue up to 2034, raising concerns regarding the strain on global health infrastructures and the urgent need for innovative treatment approaches. […] The report indicates that dystrophic conditions have been the leading cause of diagnosed prevalent cases of Corneal Edema, with substantial shifts expected in etiological factors over the forecast period.

• #1 Genentech: Diabetic Macular Edema

  https://www.gene.com/patients/disease-education/diabetic-macular-edema

  DME is a leading cause of vision loss among the working-age population of most developed countries. […] Approximately 750,000 Americans have DME. […] The risk of developing DME increases with severity of diabetic retinopathy. […] All people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes are at risk for DME. […] The risk for developing DME is closely associated with the length of time a patient has lived with diabetes and the severity of diabetic retinopathy. […] Poor control of blood sugar also increases the risk of developing DME.

• #1 Diabetic Macular Edema – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Diabetic_Macular_Edema

  Diabetic macular edema (DME) is the accumulation of excess fluid in the extracellular space within the retina in the macular area, typically in the inner nuclear layer, outer plexiform, Henles fiber layer, and subretinal space. […] The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy (WESDR) found that the 25-year incidence of DME in people with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) was 29%. […] The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) reported that 27% of people with T1DM had DME within 9 years of diabetes onset. […] Yau et al. estimated the global prevalence of DME to be 6.8% among people with DM. […] In the United States, prevalence rates are between 2.7% to 3.8%, with non-Hispanic White people less likely to have DME than non-Hispanic Black people. […] Risk factors for DME and DR are similar. These include a longer DM duration, poor control of DM with elevated glycolated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia.

• #1 Epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema and related vision loss | Eye and Vision | Full Text

  https://eandv.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40662-015-0026-2

  Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of vision-loss globally. Of an estimated 285 million people with diabetes mellitus worldwide, approximately one third have signs of DR and of these, a further one third of DR is vision-threatening DR, including diabetic macular edema (DME). […] Epidemiological data on DME are relatively scarce. A review conducted in 2012 suggested that up to 7 % of people with diabetes may have DME and risk factors of DME are largely similar to DR. […] The prevalence of DME among recent cross-sectional studies is summarized in Table 4. Among the population-based studies, prevalence of DME among patients with type 1 diabetes was between 4.2 and 7.9 %. In patients with type 2 diabetes, it was between 1.4 and 12.8 %. […] The prevalence of DME was not found to be higher than other studies (4.2 % in type 1 diabetes, 1.4 % in type 2 diabetes).

• #1 Global Diabetic Macular Edema Epidemiology Forecast to 2030 – Understand the Magnitude of DME Population by its Severity – ResearchAndMarkets.com

  https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210521005322/en/Global-Diabetic-Macular-Edema-Epidemiology-Forecast-to-2030—Understand-the-Magnitude-of-DME-Population-by-its-Severity—ResearchAndMarkets.com

  In 2020, the overall prevalent cases of DME accessed to be around 1,862,529 in the 7MM, which are expected to grow during the forecast period, i.e., 2021-2030. […] The disease epidemiology covered in the report provides historical as well as forecasted DME epidemiology [segmented as Total Prevalent cases of DME, Total Diagnosed Prevalent cases of DME, Gender-specific Diagnosed Prevalent Cases of DME, Age-specific Diagnosed Prevalent Cases of DME, Subgroups-Specific Diagnosed Prevalent Cases of DME and Treated cases of DME] in the 7MM, covering the United States, EU5 countries (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and United Kingdom), and Japan from 2021 to 2030. […] In the United States, the total number of prevalent cases of DME were 1,026,346 in 2020 which are expected to increase during the forecast period, i.e., 2021-2030. […] In 2020, the total prevalent cases of DME were 641,864 in EU-5, which are projected to increased during the forecast period, i.e., 2021-2030. […] In Japan, the total number of prevalent cases of DME were 194,319 in 2020 which are expected to grow during the forecast period, i.e., 2021-2030. […] Findings from various secondary studies suggest that DME affects more males as compared to females, and is more prevalent in elderly population. In the 7MM, the gender-specific diagnosed cases of DME were 486,120 for males and 352,018 for females, in 2020. In the 7MM, the age-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of DME were 120,436, 363,767 and 353,935 for the age-groups 18-44, 45-64 and ?75 year, in 2020. […] In 2020, 193,979 non-central involved cases of DME and 267,876 central-involved DME cases were observed in the United States.

• #1 Cerebral edema – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_edema

  As cerebral edema is present with many common cerebral pathologies, the epidemiology of the disease is not easily defined. […] The incidence of this disorder should be considered in terms of its potential causes and is present in most cases of traumatic brain injury, central nervous system tumors, brain ischemia, and intracerebral hemorrhage. […] In one study, cerebral edema was found in 28% of those individuals with thrombolysis-treated ischemic strokes, 10% of which occurred in severe forms. […] A further study detected cerebral edema in 22.7% of cerebral ischemic strokes. […] A meta-analysis of current studies showed that 31% of those affected by ischemic strokes developed cerebral edema in 31% of cases. […] In traumatic brain injuries, cerebral edema occurred in greater than 60% of those with mass lesions, and in 15% of those with initial normal CT scans.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12028-024-02077-0

  Cerebral edema is a common, potentially life-threatening complication in critically ill patients with acute brain injury. However, uncertainty remains regarding best monitoring and treatment strategies, which may result in wide practice variations. […] Eighty-four percent observed practice variations at their institutions, with provider preference being cited most (87%). Factors linked to variation included gender, experience, university affiliation, and practicing outside the United States. […] Cerebral edema monitoring and management strategies vary. Features associated with practice variations include both practitioner and institutional characteristics. We provide a foundation for understanding practice patterns that is crucial for informing educational initiatives, standardizing guidelines, and conducting future trials.

• #1 The impact of obesity on chronic oedema/lymphoedema of the leg – an international multicenter cross-sectional study (LIMPRINT) | International Journal of Obesity

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41366-024-01544-0

  Obesity and chronic oedema/lymphoedema are two distinct but related conditions, rarely investigated together. The aim was to study the impact of increased weight on chronic oedema and related factors. […] Increased weight was associated with more advanced stages of chronic oedema (ISL stage III; the most advanced form); affecting 14% in normal weight, 18% class I-II obesity and 39% class III obesity (p0.001). […] Obesity negatively impacts chronic oedema, leading to more advanced stages. Achieving good control of swelling with compression is more difficult in these patients. Increased awareness of chronic oedema/lymphoedema as a complication of obesity is important for early detection and for developing effective strategies to prevent and manage them. […] The main results from this study show that more than half of the patients with chronic leg oedema/lymphoedema are affected by obesity, and the severity of oedema increases with each weight category.

• #1  System and Methods for Monitoring Edema

  https://wsu.technologypublisher.com/techcase/1441

  Edema is considered, clinically as a diagnostic symptom for many medical conditions. […] The current invention, in particular, provide a means to measure edema continuously and in real-time to provide an objective assessment of the patients conduction which can be used as a basis for clinical interventions. […] Edema is often an early sign of significant fluid retention, which could eventually result in significant cardiac overload and conditions such as heart failure. […] Although many physicians are aware of the importance of monitoring edema, accuracy and consistency in assessing edema has been a challenge. […] A variety of methods to quantitatively measure peripheral edema have been proposed (e.g., volumetry and ankle circumference) but their use has generally been limited to physical therapy and sports medicine settings.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44253-023-00016-z

  No validated methods are currently available to objectively quantify edema in critical illness. […] Therefore, natural language processing techniques could be used to better understand its epidemiology. […] The objectives of this study were to describe the patterns of edema documentation by clinicians and to compare clinical characteristics and outcomes of children with and without edema. […] Approximately, 40% of patient admissions had documented edema, of which 49% occurred before day 2 of ICU stay. […] In multivariable regression analysis, patients who were mechanically ventilated and those with NIV, ECMO support, RRT, and vasoactive support had an increased odds of edema documentation throughout ICU stay. […] There was also an adjusted increased odds of death of (aOR 1.6, 95% CI of 1.1-2.2) in those with edema documented.

• #1 Managing peripheral oedema caused by calcium channel blockers – SPS – Specialist Pharmacy Service – The first stop for professional medicines advice

  https://www.sps.nhs.uk/articles/managing-peripheral-oedema-caused-by-calcium-channel-blockers/

  All calcium channel blockers may cause peripheral oedema. There are different treatment options and the incidence can be affected by different factors. […] Peripheral oedema, including ankle oedema, is a recognised adverse effect of calcium channel blockers (CCBs). This may affect compliance but also limit their usefulness, particularly in an aging population who are more likely to have co-morbidities. […] The risk of developing ankle oedema whilst on a CCB appears to be higher in women, older patients, those with heart failure, upright postures, and those in warm environments. […] The COHORT study of 828 elderly, hypertensive patients, reported that ankle oedema may have a delayed onset, with its incidence increasing gradually as treatment continues, meaning it is not likely to be a transient, self limiting effect.

• #1 Carp edema virus surveillance in the koi trade: early detection through shipping environment sampling and longitudinal monitoring of CEV outbreaks in a wholesaler facility | Veterinary Research | Full Text

  https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-025-01476-1

  Carp edema virus (CEV), a member of the Poxviridae family, has been a significant pathogen in koi and common carp since its initial identification in Japan during the 1970s. […] The virus is typically detected through DNA analysis of gill tissues, where the highest viral loads are found. However, traditional sampling methods, such as gill sampling, are lethal, complicating routine surveillance, particularly in asymptomatic or high-value koi. […] This study aimed to evaluate nonlethal sampling methods for CEV surveillance in the koi trade. […] Using qPCR, we found that the sensitivity of environmental samples, particularly shipping water, was greater than that of direct fish samples. […] These findings highlight the utility of environmental samples for effective, non-invasive surveillance and improved biosecurity management in the koi trade.

• #1 Molecular Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity of Carp Edema Virus (Cev) in China (2013–2019): New Insights into Transmission and Diagnosis by Tinhan Chien, 楚伟 马, Junqi Wang, Weizhong Tian, Shifu Kan, Xuebing Yang, Shaolin Tang, Meiting

  https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5217998

• #1 Expert Insights: Diabetic Macular Edema – Eye Screenings will be Critical in Preventing Vision Loss – Clinical Trials Arena

  https://www.clinicaltrialsarena.com/features/expert-insights-diabetic-macular-edema-eye-screenings-will-be-critical-in-preventing-vision-loss-6034781-2/

  Diabetes is one of the fastest growing non-communicable diseases in the U.S. […] GlobalData epidemiologists forecast the burden of DME to increase over the next decade, as the prevalence of diabetes is expected to rise. […] The aging of the global population signals an increase in the burden of the disease. […] As DME occurs frequently in diabetic patients and the early stages of the condition do not usually present with symptoms, eye screening in individuals with diabetes will be critical in preserving vision over the next decade. […] Given recent treatment advances in reducing vision loss and preserving vision in DME, it is imperative that all diabetes patients receive early screening; this recommendation is even more important for individuals with poor blood sugar control and high blood pressure, as these factors can increase the risk of DME. […] Further discussions of DME epidemiology and its global drug forecast can be found in the GlobalData reports, EpiCast Report: Macular Edema Epidemiology Forecast to 2026 and PharmaPoint: Macular Edema Global Drug Forecast and Market Analysis to 2026.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20190426/Study-provides-new-data-on-health-related-quality-of-life-in-patients-with-chronic-edema.aspx

  Final results of the large, international LIMPRINT study have provided new data on the prevalence of chronic swelling and the devastating impact it can have on health-related quality of life. […] Insufficient data have not been available to estimate the size of the affected population and, thus, to support the extensive impact of this disease. […] They also provide an overview and comparison of recent epidemiology studies. […] Chronic edema had a considerable impact on patient self-reports of health-related quality of life, and the impact was greater with leg compared to arm chronic edema. […] The availability of the LIMPRINT data is groundbreaking and should provide a much-needed paradigm shift.

• #2 Peripheral edema: A common and persistent health problem for older Americans

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8675752/

  Peripheral edema (i.e., lower limb swelling) can cause pain, weakness, and limited range of motion. […] This study provides the first estimates of national prevalence and correlates of peripheral edema among older Americans. Peripheral edema is common and strongly associated with comorbidities, pain, low activity levels, and mobility limitations, and disproportionately affects poorer and minority groups. […] The prevalence of lower limb edema among older U.S. adults was 20.0%, 19.4%, 19.0%, 19.0%, and 19.1%, in 2000, 2004, 2008, 2102, and 2016, respectively. […] Our findings also indicate that social disparities in lower limb edema are significant, with Blacks/African Americans and other racial minorities, women, and less wealthy individuals reporting the highest rates of peripheral edema. […] To our knowledge, this study is the first to provide national prevalence estimates of chronic peripheral edema among older U.S. adults. The results show that chronic peripheral edema is common and persistently affecting approximately 19% of the population.

• #2 Peripheral edema: A common and persistent health problem for older Americans | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0260742

  The goals of this study were to use data from a nationally representative survey to (a) characterize the prevalence of chronic lower limb edema and recent time trends among older Americans, and (b) identify associations between peripheral edema and demographic and clinical features, activity levels, and mobility limitations in the U.S. […] The prevalence of lower limb edema among older U.S. adults was 20.0%, 19.4%, 19.0%, 19.0%, and 19.1%, in 2000, 2004, 2008, 2102, and 2016, respectively. The prevalence of lower limb edema was strongly and significantly associated with all tested demographic, clinical, activity, and mobility limitation variables. Specifically, edema was associated with older age, female sex, minority race, low wealth, overweight/obese status, diabetes, hypertension, pain, low activity, and mobility limitations.

• #2 Monitoring Peripheral Edema for Heart Failure Management

  https://bodiguide.com/continuous-monitoring-in-heart-failure-management/

  Peripheral edema is present in approximately 70% of patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure. […] Continuous monitoring of peripheral edema would provide cardiologist with longitudinal data important to tracking and managing their patient’s disease progression. […] Reliable, accurate, continuous monitoring of fluid volume creates an opportunity to distinguish between swelling events related to short term variations that resolve on their own or can be managed with improved self-care and those associated with disease progression that require diagnosis and clinical intervention.

• #2 7MM Corneal Edema Epidemiology Forecast 2020-2034:

  https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/02/11/3024306/28124/en/7MM-Corneal-Edema-Epidemiology-Forecast-2020-2034-Increasing-Prevalence-and-Future-Projection-of-Corneal-Edema-Highlighted-in-New-Report.html

  Among the 7MM, the United States reported the highest number of diagnosed prevalent cases in 2022. Nonetheless, each region presents its unique epidemiological profile, calling for tailored healthcare strategies and policies to target region-specific challenges. […] The findings from this comprehensive report are set to inform healthcare practitioners, policymakers, and stakeholders on the epidemiological landscape of Corneal Edema, aiding in strategic planning and resource allocation to combat the rising prevalence effectively.

• #2 Epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema and related vision loss | Eye and Vision | Full Text

  https://eandv.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40662-015-0026-2

  In Kenya, a population-based study found a prevalence of DME of 33.3 % among participants with diabetes, while a Canadian study found DME prevalence to be 15.7 %. […] Cohort studies that investigated DME incidence are summarized in Table 5. Only studies conducted in the US and Europe investigated DME incidence. […] The WESDR cohort of patients with type 1 diabetes had the longest follow-up time of 25 years. […] Data available on DME incidence in type 2 diabetes is limited and inconsistent.

• #2 The impact of obesity on chronic oedema/lymphoedema of the leg – an international multicenter cross-sectional study (LIMPRINT) | International Journal of Obesity

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41366-024-01544-0

  Despite these and previous findings, clinical guidelines rarely mention lymphoedema as a comorbidity to obesity. Future studies would need to assess the prevalence and impact of each weight category on chronic oedema, and whether weight loss interventions can prevent and/or reverse the lymphatic damage.

• #2  System and Methods for Monitoring Edema

  https://wsu.technologypublisher.com/techcase/1441

  The most widely-used technique is a subjective clinical assessment where an examiner applies pressure with there index finger to a single location on the patients ankle. […] Our device is non-invasive and takes into account other methods currently being used. […] Additionally, the assessment can made remotely due to the specialized algorithms that are associated with the device. […] This device is a predictable, cheap and accurate system which can be used to detect health problems in patients remotely allowing for early detection and treatment.

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44253-023-00016-z

  Edema is documented frequently and early in ICU stay. […] The primary outcome was the proportion of patient admissions with documented edema. […] Secondary outcomes included the clinical characteristics of children with documented edema, the frequency and timing of edema documentation, and the frequency of primary and secondary terms used by clinician type. […] In multivariable regression analyses, factors associated with increased odds of edema documentation included aOR (CI) mechanical ventilation 2.6 (2.0-3.0), NIV 1.6 (1.3-2.0), ECMO 3.8 (2.0-6.0), RRT 4.8 (4.0-6.0), and vasoactive support 3.1 (3.0-4.0). […] After accounting for intensity of therapy, size, fluid accumulation, and admission diagnosis, the recognition and documentation of edema were associated with increased mortality.

• #2 Managing peripheral oedema caused by calcium channel blockers – SPS – Specialist Pharmacy Service – The first stop for professional medicines advice

  https://www.sps.nhs.uk/articles/managing-peripheral-oedema-caused-by-calcium-channel-blockers/

  Ankle oedema is dose related and its incidence may exceed 80% in patients taking long-term high doses of DHP agents. […] Treatment of ankle oedema will depend on the severity and other patient factors. Mild oedema that is not troublesome to the patient does not require specific intervention. […] Whilst ankle oedema associated with CCBs is rarely clinically serious, it may significantly reduce adherence to these potentially useful agents. […] It has been demonstrated in several trials that adding an ACEi to a CCB reduces the incidence of ankle oedema. […] A systematic review found that a combination of a calcium channel blocker along with an angiotensin system blocker combination led to 38% fewer incidences of peripheral oedema than with a calcium channel blocker alone. […] The mechanisms by which ARBs reduce incidence of CCB-induced ankle oedema remains unknown, but are likely to be similar to that involved when an ACEi is added to CCB therapy.

• #2 Carp edema virus surveillance in the koi trade: early detection through shipping environment sampling and longitudinal monitoring of CEV outbreaks in a wholesaler facility | Veterinary Research | Full Text

  https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-025-01476-1

  To prevent the dissemination of CEV between regions, particularly via the international trade of koi, testing the presence of the virus in transport bags before the introduction of the fish and without lethal sampling would be useful. […] We therefore questioned whether shipping water or gill swabs (performed under anaesthesia) could serve as an alternative to tissue sampling for CEV surveillance in the koi trade. […] The latent class analysis revealed that the environment samples had higher sensitivity than the fish samples. […] The estimated batch prevalence of CEV DNA in imported koi fish varied between shipments, with a maximum mean of 96% for the 2020 shipment and a minimum mean of 60% for the 2022 shipment. […] The presence of the same variants in transport bags and in mortality outbreaks indicates that the infectious virus has been imported, at least in certain batches. […] Additionally, even if the batches appear healthy, they can cause mortality outbreaks several months after arrival. […] Environmental samples from shipping, such as shipping water and fish bag swabs, are suitable for CEV surveillance in the koi trade.

• #3 Peripheral edema: A common and persistent health problem for older Americans | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0260742

  Peripheral edema (i.e., lower limb swelling) can cause pain, weakness, and limited range of motion. However, few studies have examined its prevalence in the U.S. or its association with demographics, comorbidities, activity, or mobility. This study used data from the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative longitudinal survey of U.S. adults (age 51+/ N = 19,988 for 2016), to evaluate time trends and correlates of peripheral edema using weighted descriptive statistics and logistic regressions, respectively. Peripheral edema was assessed with the question Have you had // Persistent swelling in your feet or ankles? The weighted prevalence of edema among older U.S. adults was 19% to 20% between 2000 and 2016. Peripheral edema was associated with older age, female sex, non-white race, low wealth, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, pain, low activity levels, and mobility limitations (odds ratios ranging from 1.25.6; p-values 0.001). This study provides the first estimates of national prevalence and correlates of peripheral edema among older Americans. Peripheral edema is common and strongly associated with comorbidities, pain, low activity levels, and mobility limitations, and disproportionately affects poorer and minority groups. Peripheral edema should be a focus of future research in order to develop novel and cost-effective interventions.

• #3 Peripheral edema: A common and persistent health problem for older Americans | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0260742

  Our findings also indicate that social disparities in lower limb edema are significant, with Blacks/African Americans and other racial minorities, women, and less wealthy individuals reporting the highest rates of peripheral edema. These patterns mirror those for high-impact chronic pain, disability, and obesity. These disparities were observed in both bivariate associations and in a fully-adjusted model, indicating that race, sex, and wealth predict risk of edema independently, and net of age, BMI, diabetes, hypertension, and pain level.

• #4 Peripheral Edema: Evaluation and Management in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/1100/peripheral-edema.html

  Edema is a common clinical sign that may indicate numerous pathologies. […] Although limited data are available on the prevalence of lower-extremity edema, recent estimates indicate that approximately 20% of adults older than 50 years have edema. […] The STOP-Bang criteria are a validated tool to screen for obstructive sleep apnea and should be used in patients with chronic bilateral lower-extremity edema. […] Lower-extremity edema commonly occurs in patients with obstructive sleep apnea; use of the validated STOP-Bang questionnaire should be considered to screen for obstructive sleep apnea. […] A 2017 Cochrane review showed that compression stockings prevent the development of post-thrombotic syndrome (relative risk = 0.62). […] A different Cochrane review concluded with low certainty that patients with known postthrombotic syndrome may have improved edema with the use of compression stockings.

Zobacz więcej