Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Edema: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0715/p102.html

  Edema is an accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space that occurs as the capillary filtration exceeds the limits of lymphatic drainage, producing noticeable clinical signs and symptoms. […] The accumulation of fluid occurs when local or systemic conditions disrupt this equilibrium, leading to increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, increased plasma volume, decreased plasma oncotic pressure (hypoalbuminemia), increased capillary permeability, or lymphatic obstruction. […] Possible secondary causes of lymphedema include tumor, trauma, previous pelvic surgery, inguinal lymphadenectomy, and previous radiation therapy. […] Unilateral swelling from compression or compromise of venous or lymphatic drainage can result from DVT, venous insufficiency, venous obstruction by tumor, lymphatic obstruction, or lymphatic destruction.

• #2 Physiology, Edema – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537065/

  The definition of edema is a swelling due to the expansion of interstitial fluid volume in tissues or an organ. […] Edema is believed to be the outward filtration predominating the arterial end of the capillary, and as hydrostatic pressures fall, fluid reverts to the capillary from the interstitium driven by the oncotic pressure gradient. […] Despite current research developments on the cellular mechanisms of edema, edema development requires alteration in one or more Starling forces in the direction favoring increased net filtration and/or inadequate removal of filtered fluid by lymphatic drainage. Possible alterations include elevated capillary hydrostatic pressure, increased capillary permeability, higher interstitial oncotic pressure, lower plasma oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, or a combination of these factors.

• #3 Physiology, Edema – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537065/

  The definition of edema is a swelling due to the expansion of interstitial fluid volume in tissues or an organ. […] Edema is believed to be the outward filtration predominating the arterial end of the capillary, and as hydrostatic pressures fall, fluid reverts to the capillary from the interstitium driven by the oncotic pressure gradient. […] Despite current research developments on the cellular mechanisms of edema, edema development requires alteration in one or more Starling forces in the direction favoring increased net filtration and/or inadequate removal of filtered fluid by lymphatic drainage. Possible alterations include elevated capillary hydrostatic pressure, increased capillary permeability, higher interstitial oncotic pressure, lower plasma oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, or a combination of these factors.

• #4 Edema: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0715/p102.html

  Edema is an accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space that occurs as the capillary filtration exceeds the limits of lymphatic drainage, producing noticeable clinical signs and symptoms. […] The accumulation of fluid occurs when local or systemic conditions disrupt this equilibrium, leading to increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, increased plasma volume, decreased plasma oncotic pressure (hypoalbuminemia), increased capillary permeability, or lymphatic obstruction. […] Possible secondary causes of lymphedema include tumor, trauma, previous pelvic surgery, inguinal lymphadenectomy, and previous radiation therapy. […] Unilateral swelling from compression or compromise of venous or lymphatic drainage can result from DVT, venous insufficiency, venous obstruction by tumor, lymphatic obstruction, or lymphatic destruction.

• #5 Physiology, Edema – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537065/

  The definition of edema is a swelling due to the expansion of interstitial fluid volume in tissues or an organ. […] Edema is believed to be the outward filtration predominating the arterial end of the capillary, and as hydrostatic pressures fall, fluid reverts to the capillary from the interstitium driven by the oncotic pressure gradient. […] Despite current research developments on the cellular mechanisms of edema, edema development requires alteration in one or more Starling forces in the direction favoring increased net filtration and/or inadequate removal of filtered fluid by lymphatic drainage. Possible alterations include elevated capillary hydrostatic pressure, increased capillary permeability, higher interstitial oncotic pressure, lower plasma oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, or a combination of these factors.

• #6 Physiology, Edema – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537065/

  Anything that raises capillary pressures, reduces oncotic pressure, increases endothelial permeability, or impairs lymphatic drainage will result in edema. […] Raised capillary pressure is a common cause of edema including cardiac failure such as right ventricular failure, left ventricular failure leading from pulmonary edema, or congestive cardiac failure. […] Reduced oncotic pressure, typically due to hypoalbuminemia, occurs in several diseases such as renal disease where the loss of albumin occurs across the glomerulus (nephrotic syndrome), and common causes may include diabetic nephropathy, lupus nephropathy, amyloidosis, minimal change disease, membranous glomerulonephritis, HIV-associated nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, IgA nephropathy, light chain associated renal disorders, chronic glomerulonephritis, and radiation nephropathy.

• #7 Physiology, Edema – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537065/

  Anything that raises capillary pressures, reduces oncotic pressure, increases endothelial permeability, or impairs lymphatic drainage will result in edema. […] Raised capillary pressure is a common cause of edema including cardiac failure such as right ventricular failure, left ventricular failure leading from pulmonary edema, or congestive cardiac failure. […] Reduced oncotic pressure, typically due to hypoalbuminemia, occurs in several diseases such as renal disease where the loss of albumin occurs across the glomerulus (nephrotic syndrome), and common causes may include diabetic nephropathy, lupus nephropathy, amyloidosis, minimal change disease, membranous glomerulonephritis, HIV-associated nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, IgA nephropathy, light chain associated renal disorders, chronic glomerulonephritis, and radiation nephropathy.

• #8 In brief: Causes and signs of edema – InformedHealth.org – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279409/

  Edema can have various causes. To make sure its treated properly, its important to see a doctor and find out what is causing it. Edema can be: […] A lot of diseases can cause edema. Then the edema itself is usually not a serious problem, but it may be a sign of one. Here are some examples: […] Venous insufficiency can cause edema in the feet, lower legs and ankles. This is because the veins cant transport enough blood all the way down to the feet and back up to the heart. As a result, the blood builds up in the legs, and fluid is forced out of the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue. Edema can also be caused by varicose veins. […] Heart failure (cardiac insufficiency) can cause edema in the arms and legs (peripheral edema) as well as in the abdomen (ascites). This is because the heart is too weak to pump blood around the body properly, so the blood gathers in front of the heart. As a result, and due to the increased blood pressure in the veins, fluid seeps out into the surrounding tissue. This may cause swelling in the legs or a build-up of fluid in the abdomen.

• #9 Edema: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Treatments and More

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_are_the_main_causes_of_edema/article.htm

  Heart failure is the result of poor cardiac function and is reflected by a decreased volume of blood pumped out by the heart, called cardiac output. Heart failure can be caused by weakness of the heart muscle, which pumps blood out through the arteries to the entire body, or by dysfunction of the heart valves, which regulate the flow of blood between the chambers of the heart. The diminished volume of blood pumped out by the heart (decreased cardiac output) is responsible for a decreased flow of blood to the kidneys. As a result, the kidneys sense there is a reduction of the blood volume in the body. To counter the seeming loss of fluid, the kidneys retain salt and water. In this instance, the kidneys are fooled into thinking the body needs to retain more fluid volume when, in fact, the body already is holding too much fluid.

• #10 Cardiac Edema

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/heart-and-vascular-care/diseases-conditions/cardiac-edema/

  Edema happens when your small blood vessels (arteries and veins) leak fluid into nearby tissues. […] Cardiac edema occurs when the hearts diseased or overworked left ventricle (hearts lower chamber) isn’t able to pump out enough of the blood it receives from your lungs. This causes the heart to hold an excess amount of fluid; therefore, swelling. […] Although cardiac edema is caused by many different reasons, some of the most common causes include: Cardiomyopathy, Coronary artery disease, Heart valve disease, High blood pressure.

• #11 Edema: Types, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/heart-failure/edema-overview

  Edema can be caused by medications, pregnancy, infections, and many other medical problems. […] Edema can also come from other conditions or from when the balance of substances in your blood is off. For example: […] Low albumin may contribute to edema, but it’s not usually the only cause. […] Edema is a part of most allergic reactions. In response to the allergen, nearby blood vessels leak fluid into the affected area. […] If drainage of fluid from a part of your body is blocked, fluid can back up. A blood clot in the deep veins of your leg can cause leg edema. […] Burns, life-threatening infections, or other critical illnesses can cause a reaction that allows fluid to leak into tissues almost everywhere. This can cause edema all over your body. […] When the heart weakens and pumps blood less effectively, fluid can slowly build up, creating leg edema.

• #12 Edema: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/congestive-heart-failure/edema/

  Edema often occurs as the result of congestive heart failure (CHF), but it can also be the result of pregnancy or another underlying condition, such as kidney disease, cirrhosis of the liver, or venous insufficiency in the legs. […] Edema can also be caused by medications to control blood pressure or by an allergic reaction. […] Besides congestive heart failure, edema can be the result of a number of other underlying health conditions. […] Chronic Venous Insufficiency This improper functioning of the vein valves in the leg can lead to leg swelling. […] Kidney Disease Edema can occur because the disease leads to extra fluid and sodium in the circulatory system, which then builds up pressure in the blood vessels and leads to swelling. […] Kidney Damage Nephrotic syndrome which occurs when the small filtering blood vessels in the kidneys dont work properly and allow too much protein to be lost in the urine causes a declining level of protein in the blood, which can lead to fluid accumulation and edema.

• #13 In brief: Causes and signs of edema – InformedHealth.org – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279409/

  Severe lung diseases like emphysema can also cause edema in the legs and feet because the pressure in the lungs increases a lot. Blood builds up in the heart and veins. […] This is caused by damage to the lymphatic system. It usually affects only one part of the body, like an arm. The most common cause of lymphedema in industrialized countries is cancer treatment that involves removing or destroying lymph nodes. It sometimes lasts only a short while after cancer surgery, but it can also develop into a chronic condition with severe symptoms.

• #14 Approach to Leg Edema of Unclear Etiology | American Board of Family Medicine

  https://www.jabfm.org/content/19/2/148

  A common challenge for primary care physicians is to determine the cause and find an effective treatment for leg edema of unclear etiology. […] The most common cause of leg edema in older adults is venous insufficiency. The most common cause in women between menarche and menopause is idiopathic edema, formerly known as cyclic edema. A common but under-recognized cause of edema is pulmonary hypertension, which is often associated with sleep apnea. […] The most likely cause of leg edema in patients over age 50 is venous insufficiency. […] However, there are at least 2 exceptions to this rule: pulmonary hypertension and early heart failure can both cause leg edema before they become clinically obvious in other ways. […] Venous insufficiency is characterized by chronic pitting edema, often associated with brown hemosiderin skin deposits on the lower legs.

• #15 In brief: Causes and signs of edema – InformedHealth.org – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279409/

  Kidney disease can cause edema in the legs and around the eyes. This is because the pressure in the blood vessels starts building up if the kidneys dont remove enough sodium and water from the body, and that can lead to edema. […] Low protein levels in the blood: If theres a lack of the protein albumin in the blood, fluid can leak out of blood vessels more easily. This lack of protein can be caused by extreme malnutrition. It can also be caused by kidney and liver diseases where the body loses too much protein or produces too little protein. […] Liver diseases: Scarring of liver tissue (liver cirrhosis) for instance, due to long-term alcohol abuse or a liver inflammation can cause edema in the abdomen (called ascites). This is because cirrhosis leads to a lack of proteins and a build-up of blood in the liver, which can increase the pressure in the blood vessels. As a result, fluid seeps out into the abdomen.

• #16 Edema: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Treatments and More

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_are_the_main_causes_of_edema/article.htm

  In people with chronic diseases of the liver, fibrosis (scarring) of the liver often occurs. When the scarring becomes advanced, the condition is called cirrhosis of the liver. Ascites is excessive fluid that accumulates in the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity. It is a complication of cirrhosis and appears as an abdominal bulge. The peritoneum is the inner lining of the abdominal cavity, which also folds over to cover the organs inside the abdomen such as the liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, and intestines. Ascites develops because of a combination of two factors: increased pressure in the vein system that carries blood from the stomach, intestines, and spleen to the liver (portal hypertension) and a low level of the protein albumin in the blood (hypoalbuminemia). […] In this situation, people who have kidney diseases that impair renal function develop edema because of a limitation in the kidneys’ ability to excrete sodium into the urine. Thus, people with kidney failure from whatever cause will develop edema if their intake of sodium exceeds the ability of their kidneys to excrete the sodium. The more advanced the kidney failure, the greater the problem of salt retention is likely to become.

• #17 Edema: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Treatments and More

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_are_the_main_causes_of_edema/article.htm

  Edema forms in people with kidney disease for two reasons, a heavy loss of protein in the urine and impaired kidney (renal) function. […] The heavy loss of protein in the urine (over 3.0 grams per day) with its accompanying edema is termed nephrotic syndrome. Nephrotic syndrome results in a reduction in the concentration of albumin in the blood (hypoalbuminemia). Since albumin helps maintain blood volume in the blood vessels, a reduction of fluid in the blood vessels occurs. The kidneys then register that there is a depletion of blood volume and attempt to retain salt. Consequently, fluid moves into the interstitial spaces causing pitting edema. […] Venous insufficiency is the incompetence of veins that occurs because of dilation, or enlargement, of the veins and dysfunction of their valves. This happens, for example, in people with varicose veins. Venous insufficiency leads to a backup of blood and increased pressure in the veins, thereby resulting in edema of the legs and feet.

• #18 Understanding Common Causes of Edema: Houston Kidney Specialists Center: Nephrology

  https://www.hkscmd.com/blog/understanding-common-causes-of-edema

  Most of us have had a little swelling at some point in our lives, maybe from an insect bite or a minor burn. But edema is different. Edema is a particular kind of swelling that happens when fluid gets trapped inside your bodys tissues. […] Edema often happens when one or more systems stop working, preventing fluid from being used or excreted. Common causes of edema include: heart disease, liver disease, vascular disease, problems with your lymph system (lymphedema). […] Edema can also be caused by some medications or by prolonged periods of sitting or standing. Often, edema happens because of a problem with your kidneys. […] Edema associated with kidney disease happens when your kidneys dont filter your blood the way theyre supposed to. […] When you have kidney disease, the filtering process breaks down. Wastes are not completely removed from your blood, and extra fluid and sodium cause your tissues to swell. […] Kidney damage is also associated with low levels of a protein called albumin, which can also contribute to edema.

• #19 Edema: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Treatments and More

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_are_the_main_causes_of_edema/article.htm

  Edema forms in people with kidney disease for two reasons, a heavy loss of protein in the urine and impaired kidney (renal) function. […] The heavy loss of protein in the urine (over 3.0 grams per day) with its accompanying edema is termed nephrotic syndrome. Nephrotic syndrome results in a reduction in the concentration of albumin in the blood (hypoalbuminemia). Since albumin helps maintain blood volume in the blood vessels, a reduction of fluid in the blood vessels occurs. The kidneys then register that there is a depletion of blood volume and attempt to retain salt. Consequently, fluid moves into the interstitial spaces causing pitting edema. […] Venous insufficiency is the incompetence of veins that occurs because of dilation, or enlargement, of the veins and dysfunction of their valves. This happens, for example, in people with varicose veins. Venous insufficiency leads to a backup of blood and increased pressure in the veins, thereby resulting in edema of the legs and feet.

• #20 Physiology, Edema – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537065/

  Anything that raises capillary pressures, reduces oncotic pressure, increases endothelial permeability, or impairs lymphatic drainage will result in edema. […] Raised capillary pressure is a common cause of edema including cardiac failure such as right ventricular failure, left ventricular failure leading from pulmonary edema, or congestive cardiac failure. […] Reduced oncotic pressure, typically due to hypoalbuminemia, occurs in several diseases such as renal disease where the loss of albumin occurs across the glomerulus (nephrotic syndrome), and common causes may include diabetic nephropathy, lupus nephropathy, amyloidosis, minimal change disease, membranous glomerulonephritis, HIV-associated nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, IgA nephropathy, light chain associated renal disorders, chronic glomerulonephritis, and radiation nephropathy.

• #21 In brief: Causes and signs of edema – InformedHealth.org – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279409/

  Kidney disease can cause edema in the legs and around the eyes. This is because the pressure in the blood vessels starts building up if the kidneys dont remove enough sodium and water from the body, and that can lead to edema. […] Low protein levels in the blood: If theres a lack of the protein albumin in the blood, fluid can leak out of blood vessels more easily. This lack of protein can be caused by extreme malnutrition. It can also be caused by kidney and liver diseases where the body loses too much protein or produces too little protein. […] Liver diseases: Scarring of liver tissue (liver cirrhosis) for instance, due to long-term alcohol abuse or a liver inflammation can cause edema in the abdomen (called ascites). This is because cirrhosis leads to a lack of proteins and a build-up of blood in the liver, which can increase the pressure in the blood vessels. As a result, fluid seeps out into the abdomen.

• #22 Edema: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Treatments and More

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_are_the_main_causes_of_edema/article.htm

  In people with chronic diseases of the liver, fibrosis (scarring) of the liver often occurs. When the scarring becomes advanced, the condition is called cirrhosis of the liver. Ascites is excessive fluid that accumulates in the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity. It is a complication of cirrhosis and appears as an abdominal bulge. The peritoneum is the inner lining of the abdominal cavity, which also folds over to cover the organs inside the abdomen such as the liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, and intestines. Ascites develops because of a combination of two factors: increased pressure in the vein system that carries blood from the stomach, intestines, and spleen to the liver (portal hypertension) and a low level of the protein albumin in the blood (hypoalbuminemia). […] In this situation, people who have kidney diseases that impair renal function develop edema because of a limitation in the kidneys’ ability to excrete sodium into the urine. Thus, people with kidney failure from whatever cause will develop edema if their intake of sodium exceeds the ability of their kidneys to excrete the sodium. The more advanced the kidney failure, the greater the problem of salt retention is likely to become.

• #23 Edema: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Treatments and More

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_are_the_main_causes_of_edema/article.htm

  In people with chronic diseases of the liver, fibrosis (scarring) of the liver often occurs. When the scarring becomes advanced, the condition is called cirrhosis of the liver. Ascites is excessive fluid that accumulates in the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity. It is a complication of cirrhosis and appears as an abdominal bulge. The peritoneum is the inner lining of the abdominal cavity, which also folds over to cover the organs inside the abdomen such as the liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, and intestines. Ascites develops because of a combination of two factors: increased pressure in the vein system that carries blood from the stomach, intestines, and spleen to the liver (portal hypertension) and a low level of the protein albumin in the blood (hypoalbuminemia). […] In this situation, people who have kidney diseases that impair renal function develop edema because of a limitation in the kidneys’ ability to excrete sodium into the urine. Thus, people with kidney failure from whatever cause will develop edema if their intake of sodium exceeds the ability of their kidneys to excrete the sodium. The more advanced the kidney failure, the greater the problem of salt retention is likely to become.

• #24 Approach to Leg Edema of Unclear Etiology | American Board of Family Medicine

  https://www.jabfm.org/content/19/2/148

  A common challenge for primary care physicians is to determine the cause and find an effective treatment for leg edema of unclear etiology. […] The most common cause of leg edema in older adults is venous insufficiency. The most common cause in women between menarche and menopause is idiopathic edema, formerly known as cyclic edema. A common but under-recognized cause of edema is pulmonary hypertension, which is often associated with sleep apnea. […] The most likely cause of leg edema in patients over age 50 is venous insufficiency. […] However, there are at least 2 exceptions to this rule: pulmonary hypertension and early heart failure can both cause leg edema before they become clinically obvious in other ways. […] Venous insufficiency is characterized by chronic pitting edema, often associated with brown hemosiderin skin deposits on the lower legs.

• #25 Lower Extremity Edema – Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://vohrawoundcare.com/lower-extremity-edema/

  Acute onset bilateral edema causes include bilateral DVTs, acute heart failure, acute hepatic or renal failure, and thrombosis of the inferior vena cava (IVC). […] Chronic bilateral edema is the type most commonly seen in outpatient practice and tends to be the result of systemic causes. Common etiologies include venous insufficiency or reflux, pulmonary hypertension, chronic heart failure, chronic hepatic or renal failure, chronic IVC occlusion or compression, lymphedema, lipedema, pregnancy, obesity, hypoalbuminemia or malabsorption syndrome. […] The most common cause of lower extremity edema in patients aged 50 is venous insufficiency. Also called venous hypertension, it results from the incompetence of the valves and venous reflux.

• #26 Edema: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12564-edema

  Edema is swelling caused by fluid buildup. […] Edema can affect anyone, but the condition most often affects pregnant women and adults who are 65 years or older. […] Edema is common because there are many causes associated with the condition. […] After your healthcare provider makes an edema diagnosis, their next step is to identify what caused fluid to build up in your tissues. There are several possible causes for an edema diagnosis including: […] Gravity: If you spend a lot of time sitting or standing in one place for too long, water naturally pulls down into your arms, legs and feet (dependent edema). […] Weakened valves of your veins (venous insufficiency): When the valves in your veins are weak, it is hard for your veins to push blood back up to your heart, and leads to varicose veins and a buildup of fluid in the legs.

• #27 Edema – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edema

  Causes may include venous insufficiency, heart failure, kidney problems, low protein levels, liver problems, deep vein thrombosis, infections, kwashiorkor, angioedema, certain medications, and lymphedema.[1][2] […] The pumping force of the heart should help to keep a normal pressure within the blood vessels. But if the heart begins to fail (a condition known as congestive heart failure) the pressure changes can cause very severe water retention. […] Another cause of severe water retention is kidney failure, where the kidneys are no longer able to filter fluid out of the blood and turn it into urine. […] Cirrhosis (scarring) of the liver is a common cause of edema in the legs and abdominal cavity. […] Phlebetic lymphedema (or phlebolymphedema) is seen in untreated chronic venous insufficiency and is the most common type of edema (approx. 90%). […] Lack of exercise is another common cause of water retention in the legs. […] Certain medications are prone to causing water retention. […] Premenstrual water retention, causing bloating and breast tenderness, is common.

• #28 Approach to Leg Edema of Unclear Etiology | American Board of Family Medicine

  https://www.jabfm.org/content/19/2/148

  A common challenge for primary care physicians is to determine the cause and find an effective treatment for leg edema of unclear etiology. […] The most common cause of leg edema in older adults is venous insufficiency. The most common cause in women between menarche and menopause is idiopathic edema, formerly known as cyclic edema. A common but under-recognized cause of edema is pulmonary hypertension, which is often associated with sleep apnea. […] The most likely cause of leg edema in patients over age 50 is venous insufficiency. […] However, there are at least 2 exceptions to this rule: pulmonary hypertension and early heart failure can both cause leg edema before they become clinically obvious in other ways. […] Venous insufficiency is characterized by chronic pitting edema, often associated with brown hemosiderin skin deposits on the lower legs.

• #29 Patient education: Edema (swelling) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/edema-swelling-beyond-the-basics/print

  Edema is the medical term for swelling caused by a collection of fluid in the spaces that surround the body’s tissues and organs. […] A number of different problems can cause edema. […] Chronic venous disease — A common cause of edema in the lower legs is chronic venous disease, a condition in which the veins in the legs cannot pump enough blood back up to the heart because the valves in the veins are damaged. […] Edema can also develop as a result of a blood clot in the deep veins of the lower leg (called deep vein thrombosis [DVT]). […] Pregnancy — Pregnant women retain extra fluid. […] Monthly menstrual periods — Edema in women that occurs in a cyclic pattern (usually once per month) can be the result of hormonal changes related to the menstrual cycle. […] Drugs — Edema can be a side effect of a variety of medications, including some oral diabetes medications, high blood pressure medications, nonprescription pain relievers (such as ibuprofen), and estrogens.

• #30

• #31 Edema: Types, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Las Vegas Vein Center

  https://lasvegasveincenter.com/edema-types-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Edema has many different causes. It can stem from allergies, bug bites, eating too much salt, being pregnant or having premenstrual symptoms, or even from being in one position too long. […] Taking medications such as those for high blood pressure, steroids, estrogens, and some diabetes medications can cause edema. […] If edema is caused by underlying diseases or serious allergies, it may be time to go to urgent care or the emergency room. […] Swollen legs, ankles, and feet can be from congestive heart failure and you need to contact your doctor. […] Swollen legs and abdomen can stem from cirrhosis of the liver and you should seek medical help. […] Swollen legs in conjunction with swollen eyes could be kidney disease or kidney damage and you should call your doctor or seek medical help if you believe this is the cause.

• #32

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/lymphoedema/

  Lymphoedema is caused by a problem with the lymphatic system, a network of vessels and glands spread throughout the body. The main functions of the lymphatic system are helping fight infection and draining excess fluid from tissues. […] There are 2 main types of lymphoedema: primary lymphoedema caused by faulty genes that affect the development of the lymphatic system; it can develop at any age, but usually starts during infancy, adolescence, or early adulthood […] secondary lymphoedema caused by damage to the lymphatic system or problems with the movement and drainage of fluid in the lymphatic system; it can be the result of a cancer treatment, an infection, injury, inflammation of the limb, or a lack of limb movement.

• #33 In brief: Causes and signs of edema – InformedHealth.org – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279409/

  Severe lung diseases like emphysema can also cause edema in the legs and feet because the pressure in the lungs increases a lot. Blood builds up in the heart and veins. […] This is caused by damage to the lymphatic system. It usually affects only one part of the body, like an arm. The most common cause of lymphedema in industrialized countries is cancer treatment that involves removing or destroying lymph nodes. It sometimes lasts only a short while after cancer surgery, but it can also develop into a chronic condition with severe symptoms.

• #34 Edema – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/symptoms-of-cardiovascular-disorders/edema

  The lymphatic system is responsible for removing protein and white blood cells (along with some water) from the interstitium. Lymphatic obstruction allows these substances to accumulate in the interstitium. […] Chronic venous insufficiency may involve one or both legs. […] Common causes are listed by primary mechanism.

• #35 In brief: Causes and signs of edema – InformedHealth.org – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279409/

  Severe lung diseases like emphysema can also cause edema in the legs and feet because the pressure in the lungs increases a lot. Blood builds up in the heart and veins. […] This is caused by damage to the lymphatic system. It usually affects only one part of the body, like an arm. The most common cause of lymphedema in industrialized countries is cancer treatment that involves removing or destroying lymph nodes. It sometimes lasts only a short while after cancer surgery, but it can also develop into a chronic condition with severe symptoms.

• #36 Edema: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12564-edema

  Underlying medical conditions: Conditions like heart failure and lung, liver, kidney and thyroid diseases have edema as a symptom. […] Side effects from medication: Some drugs, like blood pressure or pain management medications, have edema as a side effect. […] Poor nutrition: If you aren’t eating a well-balanced diet or if you eat a lot of foods high in salt (sodium), fluid could build up in different parts of your body. […] Pregnancy: Swelling in your legs during pregnancy occurs as the uterus puts pressure on your blood vessels in the lower trunk of your body. […] Compromised immune system: An allergic reaction, infection, burns, trauma or clots can lead to edema. […] In some cases, the cause of edema could be too much salt in your diet. Salt causes your body to retain water, which could leak into your tissues and cause swelling. Making lifestyle changes to reduce the amount of salt in your diet could improve your edema diagnosis.

• #37 Approach to Leg Edema of Unclear Etiology | American Board of Family Medicine

  https://www.jabfm.org/content/19/2/148

  Pulmonary hypertension commonly results from sleep apnea, is under-recognized as a cause of edema, and can be diagnosed by echocardiography. […] Drugs that can cause edema are listed in Table 4. Calcium channel blockers and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) are most commonly implicated. […] Idiopathic edema occurs only in menstruating women and is most common in the 20s and 30s. […] The most common causes of leg lymphedema are tumor (eg, lymphoma, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer), surgery involving lymphatics, radiation therapy, and infection (bacterial infection or filariasis). […] Obesity itself does not cause leg edema but obesity can lead to many other causes such as chronic venous insufficiency, lymphedema, idiopathic edema, and obstructive sleep apnea.

• #38 Edema: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0715/p102.html

  Bilateral or generalized swelling suggests a systemic cause, such as CHF, pulmonary hypertension, chronic renal or hepatic disease, protein-losing enteropathies, or severe malnutrition. […] Edema can be an adverse effect of certain medications. The mechanism often includes the retention of salt and water with increased capillary hydrostatic pressure. […] The history should also include questions about cardiac, renal, thyroid, or hepatic disease. […] Although considered a diagnosis of exclusion, obstructive sleep apnea has been shown to cause edema.

• #39 In brief: Causes and signs of edema – InformedHealth.org – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279409/

  Kidney disease can cause edema in the legs and around the eyes. This is because the pressure in the blood vessels starts building up if the kidneys dont remove enough sodium and water from the body, and that can lead to edema. […] Low protein levels in the blood: If theres a lack of the protein albumin in the blood, fluid can leak out of blood vessels more easily. This lack of protein can be caused by extreme malnutrition. It can also be caused by kidney and liver diseases where the body loses too much protein or produces too little protein. […] Liver diseases: Scarring of liver tissue (liver cirrhosis) for instance, due to long-term alcohol abuse or a liver inflammation can cause edema in the abdomen (called ascites). This is because cirrhosis leads to a lack of proteins and a build-up of blood in the liver, which can increase the pressure in the blood vessels. As a result, fluid seeps out into the abdomen.

• #40 What Causes Edema?: Clement Banda, MD: Dermatologist

  https://www.mdveins.com/blog/what-causes-edema

  Some medical conditions cause edema as a side effect. Congestive heart failure reduces the efficiency with which blood moves through your body. This can cause edema throughout, including in your lungs, a dangerous condition called pulmonary edema. […] Damage or disease to the liver or kidneys can also cause edema, affecting the abdominal cavity, eyes, or legs. Chronic venous insufficiency results when valves inside veins begin to fail, allowing blood to pool, leading to edema. […] The lymphatic system drains the fluid that causes edema, so when this system becomes damaged, such as through cancer treatment, edema may result due to the slow performance. […] Chronic protein deficiency also causes edema. This can result from long-term dietary issues or from a kidney problem called nephrotic syndrome.

• #41 Edema: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12564-edema

  Edema is swelling caused by fluid buildup. […] Edema can affect anyone, but the condition most often affects pregnant women and adults who are 65 years or older. […] Edema is common because there are many causes associated with the condition. […] After your healthcare provider makes an edema diagnosis, their next step is to identify what caused fluid to build up in your tissues. There are several possible causes for an edema diagnosis including: […] Gravity: If you spend a lot of time sitting or standing in one place for too long, water naturally pulls down into your arms, legs and feet (dependent edema). […] Weakened valves of your veins (venous insufficiency): When the valves in your veins are weak, it is hard for your veins to push blood back up to your heart, and leads to varicose veins and a buildup of fluid in the legs.

• #42 Edema: Types, causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/159111

  During pregnancy, the body releases hormones that encourage fluid retention. The body also retains more sodium and water than usual. The face, hands, lower limbs, and feet may swell. […] A number of dietary factors can also affect the risk of edema, such as consuming too much salt (in people who are susceptible to developing edema). […] Some causes of swelling in the brain include head injuries, stroke, and brain tumors. […] Some foods and insect bites may cause edema of the face or skin in people who have allergies or sensitivities to them. […] Some extremity-related causes of edema include blood clots, varicose veins, cysts, growths, or tumors, and lymphedema. […] Some other possible causes of edema include prolonged immobility, high altitude, burns and sunburn, infection or inflammation, menstruation and premenstruation, birth control pills, menopause, and thyroid disease. […] There are several potential causes of edema, including pregnancy, heart failure, liver disease, and certain medications.

• #43 Edema: Types, causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/159111

  During pregnancy, the body releases hormones that encourage fluid retention. The body also retains more sodium and water than usual. The face, hands, lower limbs, and feet may swell. […] A number of dietary factors can also affect the risk of edema, such as consuming too much salt (in people who are susceptible to developing edema). […] Some causes of swelling in the brain include head injuries, stroke, and brain tumors. […] Some foods and insect bites may cause edema of the face or skin in people who have allergies or sensitivities to them. […] Some extremity-related causes of edema include blood clots, varicose veins, cysts, growths, or tumors, and lymphedema. […] Some other possible causes of edema include prolonged immobility, high altitude, burns and sunburn, infection or inflammation, menstruation and premenstruation, birth control pills, menopause, and thyroid disease. […] There are several potential causes of edema, including pregnancy, heart failure, liver disease, and certain medications.

• #44 Fluid retention (oedema) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/Fluid-retention-oedema

  Fluid retention (oedema) occurs when the fluid isn’t removed from the tissues. […] The wide range of causes includes the body’s reaction to hot weather, a high salt intake, and the hormones associated with the menstrual cycle. […] Some of the many common causes of fluid retention include: Gravity standing up for long periods of time allows fluid to pool in the tissues of the lower leg. […] Hot weather the body tends to be less efficient at removing fluid from tissues during the summer months. […] Menstrual cycle some women experience oedema in the 2 weeks prior to menstruation. […] Pregnancy hormones encourage the body to hold onto excess fluid. […] The pill oral contraceptives that include oestrogen can trigger fluid retention. […] Dietary deficiency such as insufficient protein or vitamin B1 (thiamine) in the diet.

• #45 Approach to Leg Edema of Unclear Etiology | American Board of Family Medicine

  https://www.jabfm.org/content/19/2/148

  Pulmonary hypertension commonly results from sleep apnea, is under-recognized as a cause of edema, and can be diagnosed by echocardiography. […] Drugs that can cause edema are listed in Table 4. Calcium channel blockers and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) are most commonly implicated. […] Idiopathic edema occurs only in menstruating women and is most common in the 20s and 30s. […] The most common causes of leg lymphedema are tumor (eg, lymphoma, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer), surgery involving lymphatics, radiation therapy, and infection (bacterial infection or filariasis). […] Obesity itself does not cause leg edema but obesity can lead to many other causes such as chronic venous insufficiency, lymphedema, idiopathic edema, and obstructive sleep apnea.

• #46 Edema: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12564-edema

  Underlying medical conditions: Conditions like heart failure and lung, liver, kidney and thyroid diseases have edema as a symptom. […] Side effects from medication: Some drugs, like blood pressure or pain management medications, have edema as a side effect. […] Poor nutrition: If you aren’t eating a well-balanced diet or if you eat a lot of foods high in salt (sodium), fluid could build up in different parts of your body. […] Pregnancy: Swelling in your legs during pregnancy occurs as the uterus puts pressure on your blood vessels in the lower trunk of your body. […] Compromised immune system: An allergic reaction, infection, burns, trauma or clots can lead to edema. […] In some cases, the cause of edema could be too much salt in your diet. Salt causes your body to retain water, which could leak into your tissues and cause swelling. Making lifestyle changes to reduce the amount of salt in your diet could improve your edema diagnosis.

• #47 Edema: Types, causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/159111

  During pregnancy, the body releases hormones that encourage fluid retention. The body also retains more sodium and water than usual. The face, hands, lower limbs, and feet may swell. […] A number of dietary factors can also affect the risk of edema, such as consuming too much salt (in people who are susceptible to developing edema). […] Some causes of swelling in the brain include head injuries, stroke, and brain tumors. […] Some foods and insect bites may cause edema of the face or skin in people who have allergies or sensitivities to them. […] Some extremity-related causes of edema include blood clots, varicose veins, cysts, growths, or tumors, and lymphedema. […] Some other possible causes of edema include prolonged immobility, high altitude, burns and sunburn, infection or inflammation, menstruation and premenstruation, birth control pills, menopause, and thyroid disease. […] There are several potential causes of edema, including pregnancy, heart failure, liver disease, and certain medications.

• #48 Edema: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12564-edema

  Underlying medical conditions: Conditions like heart failure and lung, liver, kidney and thyroid diseases have edema as a symptom. […] Side effects from medication: Some drugs, like blood pressure or pain management medications, have edema as a side effect. […] Poor nutrition: If you aren’t eating a well-balanced diet or if you eat a lot of foods high in salt (sodium), fluid could build up in different parts of your body. […] Pregnancy: Swelling in your legs during pregnancy occurs as the uterus puts pressure on your blood vessels in the lower trunk of your body. […] Compromised immune system: An allergic reaction, infection, burns, trauma or clots can lead to edema. […] In some cases, the cause of edema could be too much salt in your diet. Salt causes your body to retain water, which could leak into your tissues and cause swelling. Making lifestyle changes to reduce the amount of salt in your diet could improve your edema diagnosis.

• #49 Understanding Edema and How to Treat It | FASA

  https://fasafw.com/blog/what-is-edema-and-how-to-treat-it/

  Edema can result from various factors, including injury, medical conditions or prolonged sitting or standing. […] Common causes of edema include insufficient lymphatic drainage, excessive sodium intake, hormonal changes, specific medications, prolonged immobility and underlying health conditions such as heart, liver, or kidney disease. Identifying and addressing the root cause is crucial for effectively managing edema. […] If the veins in your legs fail to adequately send blood back to the heart, the blood pools instead and the fluids collect. […] If your heart does not pump sufficiently, it will cause edema issues. […] Overall, the kidneys regulate fluid balance. Your body retains the excess fluid when your kidneys malfunction. […] Mild cases of edema are common during pregnancy due to hormonal changes. The increased pressure of carrying a growing baby also strains the veins. […] Blood pressure medication and steroids can affect the body’s fluids and cause edema. […] Compounds such as salt tend to retain fluid. Excessive sodium intake might cause your body to accumulate water. […] Fluids can pool if you sit or stand for prolonged periods without moving around.

• #50 Edema: Types, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/heart-failure/edema-overview

  Edema can be caused by medications, pregnancy, infections, and many other medical problems. […] Edema can also come from other conditions or from when the balance of substances in your blood is off. For example: […] Low albumin may contribute to edema, but it’s not usually the only cause. […] Edema is a part of most allergic reactions. In response to the allergen, nearby blood vessels leak fluid into the affected area. […] If drainage of fluid from a part of your body is blocked, fluid can back up. A blood clot in the deep veins of your leg can cause leg edema. […] Burns, life-threatening infections, or other critical illnesses can cause a reaction that allows fluid to leak into tissues almost everywhere. This can cause edema all over your body. […] When the heart weakens and pumps blood less effectively, fluid can slowly build up, creating leg edema.

• #51 Patient education: Edema (swelling) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/edema-swelling-beyond-the-basics/print

  Kidney disease — The edema of kidney disease can cause swelling in the lower legs and around the eyes. […] Heart failure — Heart failure, also called congestive heart failure, is due to a weakened heart, which impairs its pumping action. […] Cirrhosis — Cirrhosis is scarring of the liver from various causes, which can obstruct blood flow through the liver. […] Angioedema — Reactions to some medications and some inherited disorders can cause fluid to leak out of the blood vessels into surrounding tissues (angioedema). […] Lymphedema — Surgical removal of lymph nodes for the treatment of cancer (most commonly breast cancer) can cause swelling of a limb or limbs with thickening of the skin on the side of the surgery.

• #52 Edema: Types, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/heart-failure/edema-overview

  Edema can be caused by medications, pregnancy, infections, and many other medical problems. […] Edema can also come from other conditions or from when the balance of substances in your blood is off. For example: […] Low albumin may contribute to edema, but it’s not usually the only cause. […] Edema is a part of most allergic reactions. In response to the allergen, nearby blood vessels leak fluid into the affected area. […] If drainage of fluid from a part of your body is blocked, fluid can back up. A blood clot in the deep veins of your leg can cause leg edema. […] Burns, life-threatening infections, or other critical illnesses can cause a reaction that allows fluid to leak into tissues almost everywhere. This can cause edema all over your body. […] When the heart weakens and pumps blood less effectively, fluid can slowly build up, creating leg edema.

• #53 Edema – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/symptoms-of-cardiovascular-disorders/edema

  Edema is swelling of soft tissues due to increased interstitial fluid. […] Edema may be generalized or local (eg, limited to a single extremity or part of an extremity). […] Edema due to extracellular fluid volume expansion is often dependent. […] Lymphatic obstruction causes edema distal to the site of obstruction. […] Generalized edema is most commonly caused by heart failure, liver failure, and kidney disorders (especially nephrotic syndrome). […] Localized edema is most commonly caused by DVT or another venous disorder or venous obstruction (eg, by tumor), infection, angioedema, and lymphatic obstruction. […] Decreased plasma oncotic pressure often triggers secondary sodium and water retention, leading to fluid overload. […] Increased capillary permeability occurs in infections or as the result of toxin or inflammatory damage to the capillary walls.

• #54 Edema: Types, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/heart-failure/edema-overview

  Severe liver disease, such as cirrhosis, causes you to retain fluid. […] A kidney condition called nephrotic syndrome can cause severe leg edema and sometimes whole-body edema. […] Mild leg edema is common during pregnancy. […] Head trauma, low blood sodium (called hyponatremia), high altitudes, brain tumors, and a block in fluid drainage in the brain (known as hydrocephalus) can cause cerebral edema. […] Many medicines can cause edema, including NSAIDs, calcium channel blockers, corticosteroids, pioglitazone, and rosiglitazone.

• #55 Pulmonary Edema: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24218-pulmonary-edema

  Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is another common name for noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. In ARDS, inflammation is the main problem, with causes that include pneumonia, sepsis (severe infection), trauma, pancreatitis, liver disease, drugs, and bleeding or swelling in your brain (neurogenic pulmonary edema). […] Negative pressure pulmonary edema can occur after a blockage in your upper airway. Straining to breathe when this obstruction happens causes injury to your pulmonary blood vessels, and they leak into your air sacs. In high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), your pulmonary blood vessels constrict and become leaky.

• #56 Edema: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12564-edema

  Edema is swelling caused by fluid buildup. […] Edema can affect anyone, but the condition most often affects pregnant women and adults who are 65 years or older. […] Edema is common because there are many causes associated with the condition. […] After your healthcare provider makes an edema diagnosis, their next step is to identify what caused fluid to build up in your tissues. There are several possible causes for an edema diagnosis including: […] Gravity: If you spend a lot of time sitting or standing in one place for too long, water naturally pulls down into your arms, legs and feet (dependent edema). […] Weakened valves of your veins (venous insufficiency): When the valves in your veins are weak, it is hard for your veins to push blood back up to your heart, and leads to varicose veins and a buildup of fluid in the legs.

• #57 Causes, Symptoms, Treatments, and Prevention of Edema (Swelling) – Novus Spine & Pain Center

  https://novusspinecenter.com/blog/edema/causes-symptoms-treatments-prevention-edema-swelling

  Causes of Edema […] Edema is not contagious, nor is it genetic. It occurs when small blood vessels leak fluid into nearby tissues. When the extra fluid builds up, it causes the surrounding tissues to swell. The swelling can be the result of a twisted ankle, a bee sting, or a skin infection. In some cases, like an infection, edema helps the body heal by bringing more infection-fighting white blood cells to the swollen area. […] […] In some cases, however, edema may be a sign of a more serious underlying medical condition. Edema can be the result of an imbalance of substances in the blood. Other causes include: […] Allergic reactions. In response to an allergen, nearby blood vessels leak fluid into the affected area. Edema is a part of most allergic reactions. […] […] Blood clots. Any blockage that prevents blood from flowing, such as a clot in a vein, can cause edema. […]

• #58

  https://fpnotebook.com/Renal/Edema/Edm.htm

  Abnormal interstitial fluid accumulation in the intracellular space. […] Severe, diffuse Generalized Edema with causes including CHF, Renal Failure, liver failure, Nephrotic Syndrome or severe Malnutrition. […] Sodium and water retention mediated by renal Vasoconstriction and renin and Aldosterone (as above). […] Mechanism related to underlying cause (e.g. venous or lymph obstruction, local inflammatory response). […] Acute Congestive Heart Failure. […] Acute Renal Failure. […] Acute Liver Failure (e.g. fulminant liver failure). […] Nephrotic Syndrome. […] Chronic Congestive Heart Failure. […] Chronic Renal Failure. […] Chronic Liver Failure (Cirrhosis). […] Chronic Venous Insufficiency. […] Lymphedema. […] Pregnancy (e.g. Preeclampsia, Dependent Edema). […] Medication Causes of Edema. […] Exercise edema. […] Idiopathic Edema. […] High Altitude Edema (Facial and lower limb edema). […] Tropical Edema. […] Periodic edema.

• #59 Edema: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12564-edema

  Edema is swelling caused by fluid buildup. […] Edema can affect anyone, but the condition most often affects pregnant women and adults who are 65 years or older. […] Edema is common because there are many causes associated with the condition. […] After your healthcare provider makes an edema diagnosis, their next step is to identify what caused fluid to build up in your tissues. There are several possible causes for an edema diagnosis including: […] Gravity: If you spend a lot of time sitting or standing in one place for too long, water naturally pulls down into your arms, legs and feet (dependent edema). […] Weakened valves of your veins (venous insufficiency): When the valves in your veins are weak, it is hard for your veins to push blood back up to your heart, and leads to varicose veins and a buildup of fluid in the legs.

• #60 Fluid retention (oedema) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/Fluid-retention-oedema

  Fluid retention (oedema) occurs when the fluid isn’t removed from the tissues. […] The wide range of causes includes the body’s reaction to hot weather, a high salt intake, and the hormones associated with the menstrual cycle. […] Some of the many common causes of fluid retention include: Gravity standing up for long periods of time allows fluid to pool in the tissues of the lower leg. […] Hot weather the body tends to be less efficient at removing fluid from tissues during the summer months. […] Menstrual cycle some women experience oedema in the 2 weeks prior to menstruation. […] Pregnancy hormones encourage the body to hold onto excess fluid. […] The pill oral contraceptives that include oestrogen can trigger fluid retention. […] Dietary deficiency such as insufficient protein or vitamin B1 (thiamine) in the diet.

• #61 Peripheral edema – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/peripheral-edema/

  Some causes of peripheral edema (e.g., pregnancy, cirrhosis) have more than one pathophysiological mechanism. […] The etiology of peripheral edema is often multifactorial. […] Increased capillary pressure: Chronic venous insufficiency, Heart failure, Medications, e.g., calcium channel blockers, Pregnancy, Deep vein thrombosis, Postthrombotic syndrome, Cirrhosis. […] Decreased oncotic pressure: resulting from protein deficiency (mainly hypoalbuminemia) such as Protein-losing enteropathy, Malnutrition, Nephrotic syndrome, Cirrhosis, Pregnancy. […] Increased capillary permeability: Inflammation, Infection, Toxins, Burns, Allergic reaction, Trauma. […] Lymphatic obstruction: lymphedema. […] Other: myxedema such as Hypothyroidism (generalized edema), Hyperthyroidism (typically pretibial myxedema). […] Unilateral edema is usually caused by venous or lymphatic conditions, while bilateral edema is usually caused by systemic conditions.

• #62 Peripheral edema – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/peripheral-edema/

  Some causes of peripheral edema (e.g., pregnancy, cirrhosis) have more than one pathophysiological mechanism. […] The etiology of peripheral edema is often multifactorial. […] Increased capillary pressure: Chronic venous insufficiency, Heart failure, Medications, e.g., calcium channel blockers, Pregnancy, Deep vein thrombosis, Postthrombotic syndrome, Cirrhosis. […] Decreased oncotic pressure: resulting from protein deficiency (mainly hypoalbuminemia) such as Protein-losing enteropathy, Malnutrition, Nephrotic syndrome, Cirrhosis, Pregnancy. […] Increased capillary permeability: Inflammation, Infection, Toxins, Burns, Allergic reaction, Trauma. […] Lymphatic obstruction: lymphedema. […] Other: myxedema such as Hypothyroidism (generalized edema), Hyperthyroidism (typically pretibial myxedema). […] Unilateral edema is usually caused by venous or lymphatic conditions, while bilateral edema is usually caused by systemic conditions.

• #63 Leg Swelling: Unilateral and Bilateral – Diagnosis Summary : Emergency Care BC

  https://emergencycarebc.ca/clinical_resource/clinical-summary/leg-swelling-unilateral-and-bilateral-diagnosis-summary/

  Edema is defined as a palpable swelling produced by expansion of the interstitial fluid volume which occurs when: […] The most common cause of chronic unilateral leg edema is lower extremity chronic venous disease. […] Chronic venous disease is the most common cause. Skin pigmentary changes, induration, and ulceration are usually evident. […] Other causes include: Heart failure – history of CHF, dyspnea, orthopnea, PND, abdominal distention, and fatigue. […] Chronic venous disease – history of thrombophlebitis, hyperpigmentation, and ulceration. […] Lymphedema – history of an ipsilateral inguinal/pelvic lymph node dissection, or radiation therapy. […] Complex regional pain syndrome – pain, edema, alteration in skin color and temperature occurring 4-6 weeks after limb trauma. […] Chronic DVT.

• #64 Lower Extremity Edema – Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://vohrawoundcare.com/lower-extremity-edema/

  Lower extremity edema is a problem affecting approximately 20% of adults over age 50 (in industrialized nations). Edema, or swelling, is the result of increased pressure in the venous and/or lymphatic system that results in inadequate drainage from the legs. […] Venous hypertension, also known as venous insufficiency, is a common cause of lower extremity edema. […] Edema in the lower extremities may be unilateral or bilateral, acute (72 hours), or chronic. […] Acute onset unilateral edema results from a recent event such as a deep venous thrombosis (DVT), traumatic injury, infection, or mass/tumor. […] Chronic unilateral edema may be caused by lymphatic abnormality/lymphedema, post-thrombotic syndrome, radiation changes, surgical scarring (following lymph node dissection), vascular malformation, and infection.

• #65 Peripheral Edema: Evaluation and Management in Primary Care | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/1100/peripheral-edema.html

  Edema is a common clinical sign that may indicate numerous pathologies. As a sequela of imbalanced capillary hemodynamics, edema is an accumulation of fluid in the interstitial compartment. […] Medications (e.g., antihypertensives, anti-inflammatory drugs, hormones) can contribute to edema. […] Edema is characterized by excess fluid accumulation in the interstitial compartment and occurs because of an imbalance of capillary hemodynamics as a result of one or more of the following mechanisms: increased oncotic pressure of the interstitial space, increased intravascular hydrostatic pressure, increased permeability of the endothelial barrier, decreased oncotic pressure within the capillary, or poor lymphatic drainage. […] Treatment of edema is specific to the etiology. […] The management of edema depends on the etiology, but several general principles apply in managing all causes of edema.

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