Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Swollen Arms or Legs (Edema) – Puls Dedinje

  https://pulsdedinje.rs/en/symptoms/swollen-arms-or-legs-edema/

  Edema is a swelling that occurs when excess fluid becomes trapped in tissues. Edema can occur in any part of the body, but it is most commonly seen in the legs and arms. […] Swelling of the legs, arms and other parts of the body can be relieved by reducing salt in the diet and wearing compressive socks. […] Edema typically starts slowly but can also be sudden, which is often a sign of a serious condition. […] It occurs in the legs, feet, ankles, and hands. It can be a sign of circulatory, lymphatic, or kidney problems. […] This swelling on the hands and feet is most often caused by damage to the lymph nodes, tissues that help filter microorganisms and harmful substances from the body. […] Swelling of any body part can be experienced by anyone, but it is particularly common in individuals over the age of 65, pregnant women, and people with weakened immune system.

• #1

  https://fpnotebook.com/Renal/Edema/Edm.htm

  Lower Extremity Edema is common in older adults, approaching 20% in those over age 50 years. […] Swollen arms or legs.

• #1 Edema: Types, causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/159111

  Edema mainly occurs in older adults and pregnant people, but anyone can experience it. […] Peripheral edema: This affects the feet, ankles, legs, hands, and arms. Symptoms include swelling, puffiness, and difficulty moving certain body parts. […] Edema can result from circulatory problems, infection, tissue death, malnutrition, total body fluid overload, and electrolyte problems. […] Certain medications can also increase the risk of edema. […] During pregnancy, the body releases hormones that encourage fluid retention. The body also retains more sodium and water than usual. The face, hands, lower limbs, and feet may swell. […] Edema can indicate one of many health conditions. These can range in severity, so it is important for a person to check with a doctor if they notice any unexplained swelling.

• #1 Managing Arm Swelling Following a Stroke

  https://www.neofect.com/us/blog/managing-arm-swelling-following-a-stroke

  Strokes that cause one-sided weakness often have another frustrating consequence: swelling in the affected arm and hand. […] This fluid buildup results in arm swelling, which is also known as edema. Early recognition and treatment of edema is vital to prevent pain and improve arm function. […] If you have arm swelling that also associated with redness, pain, and skin that is warm to the touch, seek medical advice immediately as this might indicate a blood clot. […] The Neofect line of Smart Rehabilitation Solutions can serve as a part of an active movement exercise program to help manage edema and improve upper extremity function following stroke. […] Boomkamp-Koppen, H. G., Visser-Meily, J. M., Post, M. W., Prevo, A. J. (2005). Poststroke hand swelling and oedema: prevalence and relationship with impairment and disability. Clinical Rehabilitation, 19(5), 552559. doi: 10.1191/0269215505cr846oa

• #1 Swollen Arms And Hands Oedema | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Causes | Conditions | Healthera

  https://healthera.co.uk/conditions-a-z/swollen-arms-and-hands-oedema/

  Oedema can happen to many people at some point in their lives. It can affect people of all ages and is particularly common in older adults or those with certain health problems. […] Some factors can increase the chance of developing oedema, such as: Being overweight, Having certain medical conditions, like diabetes or heart disease, Being pregnant, Taking specific medications, such as those for high blood pressure. […] Oedema is manageable and can improve with treatment and lifestyle changes. However, if its linked to a more serious condition, ongoing care and monitoring may be necessary.

• #1 The Epidemiology of Arm and Hand Swelling in Premenopausal Breast Cancer Survivors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4771019/

  Breast cancer survivors suffer from lymphedema of the arm and/or hand. Accurate estimates of the incidence and prevalence of lymphedema are lacking, as are the effects of this condition on overall quality of life. […] Fifty-four percent reported arm or hand swelling by 36 months after surgery, with 32% reporting persistent swelling. […] Factors associated with an increased risk of developing swelling included having a greater number of lymph nodes removed, receiving chemotherapy, being obese, and being married. […] Lymphedema occurs among a substantial proportion of young breast cancer survivors. […] Consistency among studies about prevalence and incidence rates, risk factors, and prevention and treatment for lymphedema among breast cancer survivors is lacking. […] The overall incidence of arm lymphedema can range from 8% to 56% 2 years following surgery, depending on the extent of axillary surgery and the use of radiotherapy.

• #1 The epidemiology of arm and hand swelling in premenopausal breast cancer survivors – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17416770/

  Breast cancer survivors suffer from lymphedema of the arm and/or hand. Accurate estimates of the incidence and prevalence of lymphedema are lacking, as are the effects of this condition on overall quality of life. […] Fifty-four percent reported arm or hand swelling by 36 months after surgery, with 32% reporting persistent swelling. Swelling was reported to occur in the upper arm (43%), the hand only (34%), and both arm and hand (22%). Factors associated with an increased risk of developing swelling included having a greater number of lymph nodes removed, receiving chemotherapy, being obese, and being married. Factors associated with persistent swelling were having more lymph nodes removed and being obese. Women reporting swelling had significantly lower quality of life as measured by the functional assessment of cancer therapy-breast total score and the SF-12 physical and mental health subscales. […] Lymphedema occurs among a substantial proportion of young breast cancer survivors. Weight management may be a potential intervention for those at greatest risk of lymphedema to maintain optimal health-related quality of life among survivors.

• #1 The Epidemiology of Arm and Hand Swelling in Premenopausal Breast Cancer Survivors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4771019/

  The effect of arm swelling on appearance has been suggested to be greater than the effect of coping with the initial diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. […] The relationship between weight status (i.e., BMI category) and swelling is particularly significant because weight status was associated with swelling in all models. […] Persistent swelling has been less studied. Our findings provide an estimate of repeated or continuous swelling up to 3 years after surgery. […] Young breast cancer survivors who reported swelling experienced a poorer quality of life compared with women who did not report swelling.

• #1 Puffy hand syndrome | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/88/4/210

  Puffy hand syndrome, a common complication of IV drug use, is not a well-recognized condition among general practitioners. However, addiction specialists, dermatologists, and vascular medicine specialists are familiar with this syndrome. […] The main risk factors are repeated injections in the superficial veins on the dorsum of the hands (preferred by IV drug users because of easy access), and not using a tourniquet during the injections. The condition is more common in females. The risk increases with unsterile injection practices, suggesting that repeated local infections also contribute to the lymphatic destruction and consequent lymphedema. […] This study indicated that puffy hand syndrome results primarily from lymphatic obstruction, and that there may be concomitant local scarring resulting from inflammatory reactions at injection sites.

• #1 Mysteriously puffy hand: puffy hand syndrome | BMJ Case Reports

  https://casereports.bmj.com/content/11/1/e227578

  A 59-year-old man with a history of intravenous drug use (DU) presented with a 3-day history of right-hand swelling, redness, warmth and pain. […] The differential diagnosis of the single swollen extremity includes SSTI (especially in patients with history of intravenous DU), osteomyelitis, deep vein thrombosis, arterial thrombosis and trauma. Puffy hand syndrome is a lesser-known complication of long-term intravenous DU and may affect about 7%16% of intravenous drug users. […] The pathophysiology of puffy hand syndrome is thought to involve venous and lymphatic insufficiency, as repeated injections result in sclerosis of veins and lymphatic vessels. […] Although data are sparse on puffy hand syndrome, patients may benefit from traditional lymphoedema treatments including compression bandaging and garments, intermittent pneumatic compression, physical therapy and referral to specialists.

• #1 Evaluating edema of the hands

  https://www.hcplive.com/view/evaluating-edema-hands

  Hand edema, or puffy hand syndrome, is seen frequently in primary care practice, and given its broad differential diagnosis, presents physicians a significant diagnostic challenge. […] Another common but frequently overlooked diagnosis is hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, which often is seen in former heroin addicts whose previous habit resulted in isolated hand edema (aka hep C hands). HCV infection has the highest incidence in persons born between the 1940s and the 1960s, and the prevalence of symptomatic HCV infection is increasing as the disease is becoming more apparent in the aging baby boomer generation. […] The prevalence of HCV infection is up to 75% in injected drug users; the majority manifest chronic disease. Risk factors for puffy hands among injection drug users with HCV infection are female sex, injection into the hands, and not using a tourniquet.

• #1 Post ambulatory swollen hands (POTASH): a case report – Cohen – AME Case Reports

  https://acr.amegroups.org/article/view/9752/html

  Post ambulatory swollen hands (POTASH) is an acquired condition that presents as asymptomatic swelling of the hands and their digits during ambulatory activities such as walking, hiking, and running. […] The diagnosis of POTASH should be considered in a person who develops swollen hands and fingers after an ambulatory activity. […] Healthcare professionals need to be aware of this benign, acquired, and recurrent condition. […] People who participate in ambulatory activities need to be aware of the possibility that they may develop POTASH. […] Patients who develop POTASH should be informed that the condition is benign and will resolve spontaneously. […] Asymptomatic swelling of the hands, thumbs, and fingers is the salient feature of POTASH; usually the swelling begins within an hour after the ambulatory activity has been started and it is not dependent on the ambient temperature.

• #1 Post ambulatory swollen hands (POTASH): a case report – Cohen – AME Case Reports

  https://acr.amegroups.org/article/view/9752/html

  The swelling of the hand and the digits of a person with POTASH creates a situation that the affected individual cannot tightly clench their fingers into the center of their palms. […] POTASH usually resolved spontaneously once the individual discontinues the associated ambulatory activity. […] The pathogenesis of POTASH remains to be established. […] Prospective studies evaluating the prevalence of the condition in not only walkers, but also athletes who participate in sports that require running is warranted. […] The importance of this single report is that it provides a succinct and comprehensive description of the features of swollen hands associated with ambulatory activities in order enhance the awareness of clinicians who may encounter patients with this condition and allow them an opportunity to make the diagnosis and appropriately counsel the individual.

• #1 Swollen Arms or Legs (Edema) – Puls Dedinje

  https://pulsdedinje.rs/en/symptoms/swollen-arms-or-legs-edema/

  Edema occurs when tiny blood vessels, called capillaries, leak fluid. The fluid accumulates in the surrounding tissues, leading to swelling. […] Conditions such as heart failure and diseases of the lungs, liver, kidneys, and thyroid can have swelling or edema as a symptom. […] Edema can be an unwanted effect of certain medications, such as blood pressure medications or painkillers. […] Swelling of the legs during pregnancy occurs due to the pressure of the uterus on the blood vessels in the lower part of the body. […] The treatment of edema varies depending on the underlying cause, especially if the cause is related to an underlying health condition. […] If left untreated, edema can lead to increasingly painful swelling, difficulty walking, stiffness, and increased risk of infection in the swollen area. […] Any swelling that does not improve after taking appropriate measures, becomes more painful, or spreads, requires a visit to the doctor. […] Edema is a common phenomenon and varies in severity for each person, depending on the cause.

• #1 Oedema (Fluid & Water Retention): Symptoms and Treatment

  https://patient.info/signs-symptoms/oedema-swelling

  Oedema is fluid retention. Oedema may be due to medication, allergies or more serious underlying disease. […] Oedema may also be caused by more serious conditions such as congestive heart failure, liver disease or kidney disease. […] Women are more prone than men to fluid retention (oedema). […] Older people are more likely to develop oedema as they often sit for longer periods of time. Sedentary people of any age are more likely to develop oedema. Older people are more likely to have underlying heart or kidney conditions that may cause oedema. […] Oedema can be dangerous if untreated and if it is due to a serious underlying cause such as heart failure.

• #1 Why do I have swollen hands in hot weather? | Melbourne Hand

  https://melbournehand.com.au/why-do-i-have-swollen-hands-in-hot-weather/

  Many individuals experience swelling in their hands during hot weather, which is caused by a condition known as peripheral oedema. Peripheral oedema is characterised by the accumulation of fluid in the tissues, which can cause the hands to appear puffy and feel heavy. Its your bodys natural response to heat as it tries to cool you down. This condition can be caused by various factors, including hot weather, pregnancy, and certain medical conditions such as arthritis, venous insufficiency, heart failure and kidney disease. […] Certain medical conditions can also contribute to oedema in the hands during hot weather. These include pregnancy, lymphoedema, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, venous insufficiency, heart failure, and kidney disease. Some conditions can impair the ability to pump blood back to the heart, resulting in increased pressure in the veins and fluid accumulation in the tissues. […] Hot weather can be a major contributor to oedema in the hands, but it is not the only cause. Dehydration, pre-existing medical conditions, and other factors can also play a role.

• #1 Evaluating edema of the hands

  https://www.hcplive.com/view/evaluating-edema-hands

  The differential diagnosis of puffy hands is quite extensive. Many of the possible diagnoses are the ones that are most often involved (eg, congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, and liver disease). […] The pathogenesis of hand edema in HCV infection has not been identified definitively. […] Lymphedema results from accumulation of proteinaceous fluid in interstitial tissue; with time, there is inflammation and fibrosis of subcutaneous tissue. […] The cause of lymphedema can be primary or secondary. Primary conditions are differentiated by age and are hereditary or spontaneous disorders of lymphatic architecture. Secondary causes are responsible for most lymphedema. […] Worldwide, the most common cause of lymphedema is filariasis caused by infection with Wuchereria bancrofti, a nematode. In the United States, lymphedema most often is related to malignancy or treatments of malignancy. There may be upper extremity lymphatic obstruction resulting from malignancies, such as breast cancer, melanoma, and lymphoma.

• #1 Swollen hands and feet – What does it mean? | OrthoIndy Blog

  https://blog.orthoindy.com/2019/05/13/what-does-it-mean-when-your-hands-and-feet-are-swollen/

  “Hands will swell from arthritic conditions and from the heat which could be related to vasodilation, the widening of blood vessels.” […] It is important to take the necessary steps to reduce swelling, not only for your own comfort, but because this extra fluid can also raise your blood pressure, leading to other health complications. […] “One way to reduce swelling is to consume a diet that is low in sodium,” says Jessica. “Too much sodium can cause the body to hold on to extra water.” […] If symptoms persist or worsen, make an appointment with a specialist right away.

• #1 The Swollen Extremity: A Systematic Approach To The Evaluation Of A Common Complaint

  https://www.ebmedicine.net/topics/trauma/swollen-extremity

  A swollen extremity is a frequent ED presentation and is usually associated with a large list of potential etiologies. Patients may complain of unilateral or bilateral swelling of the arms or legs. The swelling may be acute or chronic, painful or painless. Edema occurs when there is excessive accumulation of fluid in the tissues. Swelling of the extremity results when a physiologic imbalance occurs between fluid pressure, oncotic pressure, capillary permeability, or lymphatic obstruction. […] There are five common mechanisms of edema formation: […] 1. Plasma volume expansion: Because interstitial tissue easily accommodates several liters of fluid, a patient’s weight may increase nearly 10% before pitting edema is evident. […] 2. Increased venous pressure/capillary hydrostatic pressure: In addition to an expansion in plasma volume, increased venous pressures due to central or regional venous outflow obstruction is a process that causes pressure to be transmitted to the capillary bed thereby increasing hydrostatic pressure and predisposing to edema.

• #1 The Swollen Extremity: A Systematic Approach To The Evaluation Of A Common Complaint

  https://www.ebmedicine.net/topics/trauma/swollen-extremity

  3. Decreased plasma oncotic pressure: Albumin is important for maintaining plasma oncotic pressure; low plasma albumin results in a decreased plasma oncotic pressure and filtration out of the capillary. Edema is often seen when the albumin level falls below 2 g/dL of plasma. […] 4. Increased capillary permeability: Changes in capillary wall permeability are mediated by cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 1, and interleukin 10, by circulating vasodilatory prostaglandins and nitric oxide, and by chemical mediators including histamine, leukotrienes, and complement. […] 5. Lymphatic obstruction: Normally, filtration of fluid out of capillaries is slightly greater than absorption of fluid into the capillaries. The excess filtered fluid is returned to circulation via the lymph channels. Edema forms when the volume of interstitial fluid exceeds the ability of the lymphatics to return it to the circulation.

• #1 Arm Is Swollen? Free 3-Min Quiz Identifies Causes | Ubie

  https://ubiehealth.com/symptoms/arm-swelling

  Arm swelling occurs when a part of the arm increases in size, typically as a result of injury, inflammation, or fluid retention. […] Your doctor may ask these questions to check for this symptom: Is your arm swollen? […] Our symptom checker AI is continuously refined with input from experienced physicians, empowering them to make more accurate diagnoses.

• #1 The Swollen Extremity: A Systematic Approach To The Evaluation Of A Common Complaint

  https://www.ebmedicine.net/topics/trauma/swollen-extremity

  The differential diagnosis for extremity swelling is extensive because numerous entities cause disruption of the aforementioned physiologic balance of fluid distribution. […] The use of D-dimer levels in combination with the pretest clinical probability of deep venous thrombosis appears to be an effective strategy when deciding which patients with a swollen extremity need a Doppler ultrasound for evaluation of DVT.

• #1 Swollen arms and hands (oedema) | NICS Well

  https://www.nicswell.co.uk/conditions-and-treatments/swollen-arms-and-hands-oedema

  Swelling in the arms and hands is often caused by a build-up of fluid in these areas, called oedema. […] Oedema can also be caused by: […] Treatment for swelling or oedema that does not go away on its own will depend on the cause. […] It may include lifestyle changes, such as losing weight or going on a low-salt diet.

• #1 Swollen arms and hands (oedema) | Health Information from Winer Chemist

  https://winerchemist.co.uk/nhs_conditions_swollen-arms-and-hands-oedema

  Swollen arms and hands (oedema) […] Swelling in the arms or hands (oedema) often goes away on its own. See a GP if it does not get better in a few days. […] Common causes of swollen arms and hands […] Swelling in the arms and hands is often caused by a build-up of fluid in these areas. […] Symptoms of oedema include: […] Swollen or puffy arms or hands. […] See a GP if your arm or hand is swollen and: […] your arm or hand is swollen and it has not improved after treating it at home for a few days […] Treatment for swelling or oedema that does not go away on its own will depend on the cause. […] Possible treatments include: […] diuretics (water pills) to help reduce the swelling.

• #1 Edema in Seniors | DispatchHealth

  https://www.dispatchhealth.com/conditions/edema/geriatric/

  Edema affects more than four million people in the United States and is frequently a symptom of an underlying condition in seniors, such as kidney damage, congestive heart failure, COPD, or even arthritis. […] Causes of edema in seniors are wide ranging, minor to extreme. Most cases of mild edema in seniors are side effects of medications for high blood pressure, steroids, diabetes, or estrogens. […] If left untreated, edema can lead to a number of complications in elderly individuals including: painful swelling, difficulty walking, stiffness, stretched, itchy, and uncomfortable skin, increased risk of infection in the swollen area, scarring between layers of tissue, decreased blood circulation, decreased elasticity of arteries, veins, joints, and muscles, increased risk of skin ulcers.

• #2 Edema: Types, causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/159111

  Edema mainly occurs in older adults and pregnant people, but anyone can experience it. […] Peripheral edema: This affects the feet, ankles, legs, hands, and arms. Symptoms include swelling, puffiness, and difficulty moving certain body parts. […] Edema can result from circulatory problems, infection, tissue death, malnutrition, total body fluid overload, and electrolyte problems. […] Certain medications can also increase the risk of edema. […] During pregnancy, the body releases hormones that encourage fluid retention. The body also retains more sodium and water than usual. The face, hands, lower limbs, and feet may swell. […] Edema can indicate one of many health conditions. These can range in severity, so it is important for a person to check with a doctor if they notice any unexplained swelling.

• #2 Swollen Arms And Hands Oedema | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Causes | Conditions | Healthera

  https://healthera.co.uk/conditions-a-z/swollen-arms-and-hands-oedema/

  Oedema can happen to many people at some point in their lives. It can affect people of all ages and is particularly common in older adults or those with certain health problems. […] Some factors can increase the chance of developing oedema, such as: Being overweight, Having certain medical conditions, like diabetes or heart disease, Being pregnant, Taking specific medications, such as those for high blood pressure. […] Oedema is manageable and can improve with treatment and lifestyle changes. However, if its linked to a more serious condition, ongoing care and monitoring may be necessary.

• #2 Oedema (Fluid & Water Retention): Symptoms and Treatment

  https://patient.info/signs-symptoms/oedema-swelling

  Oedema is fluid retention. Oedema may be due to medication, allergies or more serious underlying disease. […] Oedema may also be caused by more serious conditions such as congestive heart failure, liver disease or kidney disease. […] Women are more prone than men to fluid retention (oedema). […] Older people are more likely to develop oedema as they often sit for longer periods of time. Sedentary people of any age are more likely to develop oedema. Older people are more likely to have underlying heart or kidney conditions that may cause oedema. […] Oedema can be dangerous if untreated and if it is due to a serious underlying cause such as heart failure.

• #2 Why Hands and Fingers Swell When Walking or Running

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/fingers-swell-when-walking-8714355

  Experiencing swollen fingers or hands while walking or running is a relatively common issue. […] Postexercise hand and finger swelling is a relatively common condition that is not completely understood. […] It is thought to be caused by exercise-related arm movements, temperature changes, or metabolic responses that occur when you work out. […] Swollen hands after walking or running are typically not a cause for concern as they are considered a normal physiological response to exercise.

• #2 The epidemiology of arm and hand swelling in premenopausal breast cancer survivors – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17416770/

  Breast cancer survivors suffer from lymphedema of the arm and/or hand. Accurate estimates of the incidence and prevalence of lymphedema are lacking, as are the effects of this condition on overall quality of life. […] Fifty-four percent reported arm or hand swelling by 36 months after surgery, with 32% reporting persistent swelling. Swelling was reported to occur in the upper arm (43%), the hand only (34%), and both arm and hand (22%). Factors associated with an increased risk of developing swelling included having a greater number of lymph nodes removed, receiving chemotherapy, being obese, and being married. Factors associated with persistent swelling were having more lymph nodes removed and being obese. Women reporting swelling had significantly lower quality of life as measured by the functional assessment of cancer therapy-breast total score and the SF-12 physical and mental health subscales. […] Lymphedema occurs among a substantial proportion of young breast cancer survivors. Weight management may be a potential intervention for those at greatest risk of lymphedema to maintain optimal health-related quality of life among survivors.

• #2 The Epidemiology of Arm and Hand Swelling in Premenopausal Breast Cancer Survivors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4771019/

  Breast cancer survivors suffer from lymphedema of the arm and/or hand. Accurate estimates of the incidence and prevalence of lymphedema are lacking, as are the effects of this condition on overall quality of life. […] Fifty-four percent reported arm or hand swelling by 36 months after surgery, with 32% reporting persistent swelling. […] Factors associated with an increased risk of developing swelling included having a greater number of lymph nodes removed, receiving chemotherapy, being obese, and being married. […] Lymphedema occurs among a substantial proportion of young breast cancer survivors. […] Consistency among studies about prevalence and incidence rates, risk factors, and prevention and treatment for lymphedema among breast cancer survivors is lacking. […] The overall incidence of arm lymphedema can range from 8% to 56% 2 years following surgery, depending on the extent of axillary surgery and the use of radiotherapy.

• #2 Why do I have swollen hands in hot weather? | Melbourne Hand

  https://melbournehand.com.au/why-do-i-have-swollen-hands-in-hot-weather/

  Many individuals experience swelling in their hands during hot weather, which is caused by a condition known as peripheral oedema. Peripheral oedema is characterised by the accumulation of fluid in the tissues, which can cause the hands to appear puffy and feel heavy. Its your bodys natural response to heat as it tries to cool you down. This condition can be caused by various factors, including hot weather, pregnancy, and certain medical conditions such as arthritis, venous insufficiency, heart failure and kidney disease. […] Certain medical conditions can also contribute to oedema in the hands during hot weather. These include pregnancy, lymphoedema, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, venous insufficiency, heart failure, and kidney disease. Some conditions can impair the ability to pump blood back to the heart, resulting in increased pressure in the veins and fluid accumulation in the tissues. […] Hot weather can be a major contributor to oedema in the hands, but it is not the only cause. Dehydration, pre-existing medical conditions, and other factors can also play a role.

• #2 The Swollen Extremity: A Systematic Approach To The Evaluation Of A Common Complaint

  https://www.ebmedicine.net/topics/trauma/swollen-extremity

  3. Decreased plasma oncotic pressure: Albumin is important for maintaining plasma oncotic pressure; low plasma albumin results in a decreased plasma oncotic pressure and filtration out of the capillary. Edema is often seen when the albumin level falls below 2 g/dL of plasma. […] 4. Increased capillary permeability: Changes in capillary wall permeability are mediated by cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 1, and interleukin 10, by circulating vasodilatory prostaglandins and nitric oxide, and by chemical mediators including histamine, leukotrienes, and complement. […] 5. Lymphatic obstruction: Normally, filtration of fluid out of capillaries is slightly greater than absorption of fluid into the capillaries. The excess filtered fluid is returned to circulation via the lymph channels. Edema forms when the volume of interstitial fluid exceeds the ability of the lymphatics to return it to the circulation.

• #2 Symptoms: Swollen Hands and Feet – The ME Association

  https://meassociation.org.uk/medical-matters/items/symptoms-swollen-hands-feet/

  Swollen hands, legs, or feet are NOT a characteristic or diagnostic feature of ME/CFS. […] These are symptoms that must be discussed with your GP if they do not go away within a couple of days, are painful, or get worse. […] A GP will need to take a proper clinical history, examine your arms, legs and cardiovascular system, and then arrange some basic blood tests (including thyroid function tests) and urine tests. […] There are a number of reasons why swelling in hands, legs, or feet might occur. […] This includes heart problems, arthritis, fluid retention from liver or kidney disease (the medical term for this is oedema), low thyroid function, as a side-effect or some drugs, and possibly due to the premenstrual syndrome, pregnancy or going through the menopause. […] Treatment will depend on the cause. If this is due to fluid retention then diuretics (water-losing tablets) might be prescribed.

• #2 Swollen hands and feet – What does it mean? | OrthoIndy Blog

  https://blog.orthoindy.com/2019/05/13/what-does-it-mean-when-your-hands-and-feet-are-swollen/

  “Hands will swell from arthritic conditions and from the heat which could be related to vasodilation, the widening of blood vessels.” […] It is important to take the necessary steps to reduce swelling, not only for your own comfort, but because this extra fluid can also raise your blood pressure, leading to other health complications. […] “One way to reduce swelling is to consume a diet that is low in sodium,” says Jessica. “Too much sodium can cause the body to hold on to extra water.” […] If symptoms persist or worsen, make an appointment with a specialist right away.

• #2 What Is Edema? – Causes and Treatment | familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/edema/

  Edema is swelling or puffiness of parts of the body. Edema usually happens in the feet, ankles, and legs. It also can affect the face and hands. Pregnant women and older adults often get edema, but it can happen to anyone. […] If you have swelling in your legs, ankles, and feet not related to an injury, it could be edema. It can cause puffiness of your face and hands, too. You can have swelling in all of these areas at once or in only one area. It can cause you to feel uncomfortable. It can even restrict the range of motion in your ankles and wrists. […] However, as you age, the veins in your legs often don’t work as well against gravity and to push the fluid back up. That is why this condition is more common as you get older. […] The only way to treat edema is to treat the condition that is causing it. Your doctor might want you to take a medicine called a diuretic. This is also called a water pill. These pills help flush salt and extra fluid out of your body through your urine.

• #2 Swollen Arms or Legs (Edema) – Puls Dedinje

  https://pulsdedinje.rs/en/symptoms/swollen-arms-or-legs-edema/

  Edema occurs when tiny blood vessels, called capillaries, leak fluid. The fluid accumulates in the surrounding tissues, leading to swelling. […] Conditions such as heart failure and diseases of the lungs, liver, kidneys, and thyroid can have swelling or edema as a symptom. […] Edema can be an unwanted effect of certain medications, such as blood pressure medications or painkillers. […] Swelling of the legs during pregnancy occurs due to the pressure of the uterus on the blood vessels in the lower part of the body. […] The treatment of edema varies depending on the underlying cause, especially if the cause is related to an underlying health condition. […] If left untreated, edema can lead to increasingly painful swelling, difficulty walking, stiffness, and increased risk of infection in the swollen area. […] Any swelling that does not improve after taking appropriate measures, becomes more painful, or spreads, requires a visit to the doctor. […] Edema is a common phenomenon and varies in severity for each person, depending on the cause.

• #2 Post ambulatory swollen hands (POTASH): a case report – Cohen – AME Case Reports

  https://acr.amegroups.org/article/view/9752/html

  The swelling of the hand and the digits of a person with POTASH creates a situation that the affected individual cannot tightly clench their fingers into the center of their palms. […] POTASH usually resolved spontaneously once the individual discontinues the associated ambulatory activity. […] The pathogenesis of POTASH remains to be established. […] Prospective studies evaluating the prevalence of the condition in not only walkers, but also athletes who participate in sports that require running is warranted. […] The importance of this single report is that it provides a succinct and comprehensive description of the features of swollen hands associated with ambulatory activities in order enhance the awareness of clinicians who may encounter patients with this condition and allow them an opportunity to make the diagnosis and appropriately counsel the individual.

• #2 Puffy hand syndrome | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/88/4/210

  Puffy hand syndrome, a common complication of IV drug use, is not a well-recognized condition among general practitioners. However, addiction specialists, dermatologists, and vascular medicine specialists are familiar with this syndrome. […] The main risk factors are repeated injections in the superficial veins on the dorsum of the hands (preferred by IV drug users because of easy access), and not using a tourniquet during the injections. The condition is more common in females. The risk increases with unsterile injection practices, suggesting that repeated local infections also contribute to the lymphatic destruction and consequent lymphedema. […] This study indicated that puffy hand syndrome results primarily from lymphatic obstruction, and that there may be concomitant local scarring resulting from inflammatory reactions at injection sites.

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