Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Edema: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12564-edema

  Edema occurs when fluid builds up in your tissues, often in your feet, legs and ankles. […] Your provider will perform a pitting test on the swollen area. […] Your healthcare provider will give a physical examination to diagnose edema, followed by diagnostic tests to find the cause. […] They will look for swelling, especially on parts of your body where your skin has a shiny or stretched appearance. […] Edema grading is a scale used to identify the severity of your edema diagnosis and estimate how much fluid built up in your tissues. […] Your healthcare provider will test an area of your body for edema by gently pressing their finger on a swollen area of your skin for five to 15 seconds (pitting test). […] After your healthcare provider makes an edema diagnosis, their next step is to identify what caused fluid to build up in your tissues.

• #1 Swollen Hands: Causes, Treatment, and Seeking Care

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/bones-joints-and-muscles/swollen-hands

  Hand swelling, also called edema, is a sign of fluid buildup or inflammation of the tissues or joints of the hand. Hand swelling can also result from serious infections, trauma, and other conditions. […] Because swollen hands can be a sign of a serious disease or disorder, you should seek prompt medical care and talk with your doctor about your symptoms. This is especially true if you are experiencing hand swelling with pain, redness, or warmth. […] To diagnose the underlying cause of hand swelling, your doctor will ask you several questions related to your symptoms. You can best help them with the diagnosis by providing complete answers to these questions: What is the exact location of the swelling? Describe the swelling. For example, when did the swelling start? Does it come and go, or is it constant? Do you have swelling in other areas? Are you experiencing any pain, shortness of breath, or other symptoms?

• #1 The Swollen Extremity: A Systematic Approach To The Evaluation Of A Common Complaint

  https://www.ebmedicine.net/topics/trauma/swollen-extremity

  When a patient presents to the ED for the evaluation of a swollen extremity, the triage nurse must be aware of certain life or limb threatening conditions which require emergent evaluation by the emergency physician. […] Extremity swelling is due to a wide range of causes including systemic illnesses, local conditions, and medications. The diagnosis can be narrowed by categorizing the edema according to its duration (acute or chronic) and distribution (unilateral or bilateral, upper or lower extremity). […] The presence of fever may point toward an infection such as cellulitis, abscess, osteomyelitis, or septic joint. […] Patients with DVT/PE can also present with fever caused by a systemic inflammatory response. […] The use of D-dimer levels in combination with the pretest clinical probability of deep venous thrombosis appears to be an effective strategy when deciding which patients with a swollen extremity need a Doppler ultrasound for evaluation of DVT.

• #1 Swollen Arms or Legs (Edema) – Puls Dedinje

  https://pulsdedinje.rs/en/symptoms/swollen-arms-or-legs-edema/

  Edema is a swelling that occurs when excess fluid becomes trapped in tissues. […] Edema typically starts slowly but can also be sudden, which is often a sign of a serious condition. […] The doctor will examine the patient, to examine the edema, followed by diagnostic tests to find out the cause of the swelling. […] Edema grading: Assessment of edema is a test used to identify the severity of edema and assess how much fluid has accumulated in the tissues. […] The edema grading scale measures how quickly the indentation returns to normal (rebound) after the pitting test. […] The treatment of edema varies depending on the underlying cause, especially if the cause is related to an underlying health condition. […] When edema does not resolve on its own, the doctor may prescribe medications and provide advice to effectively manage more severe cases.

• #1 Edema: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0715/p102.html

  Recommendations for diagnostic testing are listed in Table 2. The following laboratory tests are useful for diagnosing systemic causes of edema: brain natriuretic peptide measurement (for CHF), creatinine measurement and urinalysis (for renal disease), and hepatic enzyme and albumin measurement (for hepatic disease). […] Venous ultrasonography is the imaging modality of choice in the evaluation of suspected DVT. […] Patients with unilateral lower extremity edema who do not demonstrate a proximal thrombosis on duplex ultrasonography may require additional imaging to diagnose the cause of edema if clinical suspicion for DVT remains high.

• #1 Puffy hand syndrome | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/88/4/210

  A 37-year-old man presented to the rheumatology clinic for evaluation of swelling of his fingers and hands. The symptoms began 8 months earlier and at first were intermittent, but in the last 4 months, they had become persistent. […] On examination, the dorsal and palmar aspects of both hands, fingers, and wrists were diffusely swollen with limited range of motion. […] Laboratory studies revealed a normal complete blood cell count, comprehensive metabolic panel, C-reactive protein, and thyroid-stimulating hormone level. […] Based on the presentation, the history, and the evaluation, the diagnosis was puffy hand syndrome. […] The differential diagnosis of puffy hand syndrome is broad and includes conditions that cause anasarca, such as congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis of the liver, and severe hypoalbuminemia. […] A thorough history and physical examination, followed by judicious use of laboratory and other investigations, should help determine the underlying cause of puffy hands.

• #1 Lymphedema in Legs & Arms: Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-lymphedema

  Lymphedema Diagnosis […] Many different conditions can cause swelling. To figure out what’s causing it, your doctor will start by asking about your symptoms and medical history. If they think you may have lymphedema, there are several imaging tests to help them make a diagnosis. […] These tests include: […] Lymphoscintigraphy. Your doctor injects you with a trace amount of radioactive material and then uses a scanning machine to trace its flow through your lymph nodes. This can detect blockages or missing lymph vessels. […] Indocyanine green (ICG) lymphography. Your doctor injects you with a type of medical dye and observes how well the dye travels through your lymphatic system. […] CT scan. This type of scan uses X-rays to create a cross-section view of the inside of your body and reveal any blockages.

• #1 Lymphedema in Legs & Arms: Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-lymphedema

  MRI. Radio waves are used to make 3D images of the inside of your body. This allows your doctor to see if something like a tumor has affected your lymphatic system. […] Ultrasound. This test uses high-frequency sound waves to create images that help your doctor spot any blockages in your lymphatic or vascular systems. It helps them see whether you might have another condition, such as a blood clot, that could cause swelling. […] Lymphedema vs. edema […] „Edema” is a general term that means swelling, while lymphedema is swelling due to an issue with your lymphatic system. You can get edema as a result of heart conditions, kidney failure, or vein problems. While these conditions affect your entire body, lymphedema affects only one particular area. […] […] Lymphedema is caused by damage to the lymph nodes. The most common cause in developing countries is infection with tiny worms that block the lymph nodes. In the U.S., it’s most often caused either by cancer itself or by radiation treatment or surgery for cancer. Some people have inherited conditions that cause defective lymph nodes.

• #1 Peripheral edema: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/peripheral-edema

  Peripheral edema is a fluid buildup in the extremities, resulting in swelling. […] It will also describe how doctors diagnose and treat peripheral edema. […] Doctors can diagnose peripheral edema with a physical exam. The diagnostic process focuses on finding the underlying cause of peripheral edema. This may include: a review of medical history, a physical exam to detect other symptoms, a chest radiography, an electrocardiogram, a renal ultrasound, a liver ultrasound, liver function tests, blood tests. […] As doctors begin to discern the cause of peripheral edema, they may need to perform further specialized testing. […] Treating the underlying condition can help to resolve peripheral edema. […] Anyone with symptoms of peripheral edema should contact a doctor. Doing so is necessary in order to diagnose and treat its underlying cause.

• #1 One Swollen Arm | What You Need to Know About Swelling of One Arm

  https://www.buoyhealth.com/learn/swelling-of-one-arm

  Swelling of one arm can interfere with your mobility and strength, particularly if other symptoms like pain are also present. […] Swelling of one arm is typically caused by a local problem since systemic diseases associated with swelling will affect both arms and likely other parts of the body. […] Unilateral arm swelling can result from a problem with venous or lymphatic drainage; a local infection or inflammatory reaction; or an injury. […] Problems in the veins can lead to swelling of one arm, such as the following. […] A clot in one of the deep veins (deep vein thrombosis or DVT) of the arm can cause swelling, often accompanied by pain and redness. […] Compression of the large subclavian vein near the neck can obstruct venous drainage, leading to swelling and blue discoloration of the arm.

• #1 The Swollen Extremity: A Systematic Approach To The Evaluation Of A Common Complaint

  https://www.ebmedicine.net/topics/trauma/swollen-extremity

  When considering a cause of unilateral upper extremity swelling, venous thrombosis is generally at, or near, the top of the diagnostic considerations. […] If the patient is a female of childbearing age, it is crucial to inquire about whether she is pregnant or has had a recent delivery or abortion. […] The typical signs of cellulitis are erythema, warmth, tenderness and swelling. Most cellulitis is mild and results from group A streptococcus or S. aureus infections. […] Patients presenting with signs of necrotizing fasciitis require immediate surgical consultation and emergent surgical debridement. […] The lack of the Homan’s sign is not reliable in eliminating DVT as a possibility. […] DVT’s can occur in the upper extremity as well. Risk factors include the presence of an indwelling catheter, inherited thrombophilia, trauma, and cancer.

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/lymphoedema/

  Lymphoedema is a long-term (chronic) condition that causes swelling in the body’s tissues. It can affect any part of the body, but usually develops in the arms or legs. […] It’s important that lymphoedema is identified and treated as soon as possible. If it is not treated, it can get worse. […] See a GP if you experience the typical symptoms of lymphoedema, such as swelling in your arms and legs. They may refer you to a specialist lymphoedema treatment centre for further assessment. […] In many cases, lymphoedema can be diagnosed from your symptoms and medical history, and by examining the affected body part and measuring the distance around it to see if it’s enlarged. […] Occasionally, further tests may be necessary to assess and monitor your condition. […] If you’re being treated for cancer and are at risk of developing lymphoedema, you’ll be monitored for it afterwards.

• #1 Edema Treatment for the Arm and Hand: What Is It, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment | The Hand Society

  https://www.assh.org/handcare/condition/edema-treatment-for-the-arm-and-hand

  Edema can be unpredictable following an injury or ailment of the arm or hand. It is normal to expect some edema initially following trauma, and it can potentially last weeks or months depending on the injury and the patient’s health. […] If edema or swelling continues to be painful or unchanged following these modifications and treatments, seek further help from your doctor, hand surgeon, or specialized hand therapist for more evaluation of the source and options specific to in-person treatment.

• #1 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome | Vascular Center | UC Davis Health

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/vascular/diseases/TOS.html

  Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) occurs when the vessels and/or nerves running from the upper body to the arm become compressed, leading to swelling, reduced blood flow, tingling, weakness, pain and/or numbness in the neck, shoulder, arms or hands. […] TOS can mimic other disorders and is difficult to diagnose by health providers who arent familiar with its specific symptom profile. Expert vascular specialists can identify TOS through: […] An ultrasound scan to determine arterial compression or venous occlusion. […] Imaging studies such as X-rays and CT (computed tomography).

• #1 Edema Treatment for the Arm and Hand: What Is It, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment | The Hand Society

  https://www.assh.org/handcare/condition/edema-treatment-for-the-arm-and-hand

  Edema, or swelling, of the arm or hand can be a result of many different conditions. Edema may be caused by abnormal movement of fluids, such as blood and lymph, in or out of the extremity. Edema can be extra fluid that is part of the body’s inflammatory response. Some examples of causes might be trauma, tight wraps or braces, lack of use, or whole-body problems of swelling. […] Edema of the arm or hand can be caused by: Trauma, Surgery, Acute injury, Chronic condition, Overuse, Lack of use of limb, Tight casts, wraps, or braces, Systemic conditions, Blood clot, Dependent position of limb (below level of heart). […] Signs and symptoms of edema are: Fullness and swelling of the arm or hand, When pushing on the area, the finger leaves behind an indented imprint, Pain, Decreased mobility, Numbness, Tingling, Redness, Shiny skin, Decreased wrinkling on hand and fingers.

• #1 Edema and cancer: 8 questions answered | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/edema-and-cancer–8-questions-answered.h00-159621012.html

  If it’s caused by some type of organ dysfunction, we may prescribe diuretics, commonly referred to as water pills. […] It’s important to diagnose and treat the cause of the edema, rather than just treating the symptoms. […] If swelling occurs in both legs, for instance, it’s most likely due to excess sodium or some other systemic factor. […] If it’s only on one side, though, that could point to an obstruction or a blood clot, usually deep-vein thrombosis (DVT). […] DVT requires urgent evaluation. […] Cancer patients in particular are at increased risk of blood clots, due to both the disease itself and some forms of treatment.

• #1 In brief: Causes and signs of edema – InformedHealth.org – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279409/

  Edema (or „oedema”) means swelling. It arises when part of the body becomes swollen because fluid gathers in the tissue. It is most common in the arms and legs. That is called peripheral edema. […] Heart failure (cardiac insufficiency) can cause edema in the arms and legs (peripheral edema) as well as in the abdomen (ascites). This is because the heart is too weak to pump blood around the body properly, so the blood gathers in front of the heart. As a result, and due to the increased blood pressure in the veins, fluid seeps out into the surrounding tissue. This may cause swelling in the legs or a build-up of fluid in the abdomen. […] Lymphedema is caused by damage to the lymphatic system. It usually affects only one part of the body, like an arm. The most common cause of lymphedema in industrialized countries is cancer treatment that involves removing or destroying lymph nodes. It sometimes lasts only a short while after cancer surgery, but it can also develop into a chronic condition with severe symptoms.

• #1 Edema – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/edema/symptoms-causes/syc-20366493

  Swelling or puffiness of the tissue right under the skin, especially in legs or arms. […] Make an appointment to see a health care provider for swelling, stretched or shiny skin, or skin that holds a dimple after being pressed. […] Edema occurs when tiny blood vessels in the body, also known as capillaries, leak fluid. […] Sometimes edema can be a sign of a more serious condition. […] Congestive heart failure causes one or both of the heart’s lower chambers stop pumping blood well. […] Edema linked to kidney disease usually occurs in the legs and around the eyes. […] Damage to the tiny, filtering blood vessels in the kidneys can result in nephrotic syndrome. […] This condition, known as chronic venous insufficiency, harms the one-way valves in the leg. […] Sudden swelling in one leg with pain in the calf muscle can be due to a blood clot in one of the leg veins. […] If the body’s lymphatic system is damaged, such as by cancer surgery, the lymphatic system might not drain well.

• #1 Swollen Arms And Hands Oedema | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Causes | Conditions | Healthera

  https://healthera.co.uk/conditions-a-z/swollen-arms-and-hands-oedema/

  Some factors can increase the chance of developing oedema, such as being overweight, having certain medical conditions, like diabetes or heart disease, being pregnant, and taking specific medications, such as those for high blood pressure. […] In many cases, oedema can be managed by resting and elevating the swollen arms or hands, wearing compression garments to support circulation, limiting salt and processed foods in your diet, and following your doctor’s advice if the swelling is due to medication or an underlying health issue. […] If you experience ongoing oedema, it is important to follow your healthcare provider’s advice and make lifestyle changes to manage the swelling. […] Recovery time from oedema varies depending on the cause. If it’s due to a temporary issue, like an injury, swelling may reduce in a few days. However, if caused by an underlying health issue, recovery may take longer.

• #1 Swollen Hands: 7 Causes and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/swollen-hands

  Angioedema is very similar to hives, but swelling occurs just beneath your skins surface. […] Limited research has examined the effects of high blood pressure (hypertension) on hand swelling. However, some research suggests that venous hypertension may cause edema, which could affect the hands. […] Speak with a healthcare professional if youre concerned about swelling in your hands, legs, or feet. […] If these methods dont help, consider speaking with a healthcare professional. They could provide a diagnosis for the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

• #1 Lipoedema | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/Lipoedema

  Lipoedema is a condition that mainly affects women and is characterised by a painful swelling in the legs, thighs and buttocks, and sometimes the arms. […] Lipoedema can be extremely painful. The affected areas can be tender and there is a general tendency to bruise easily. Over time, lipoedema can result in fluid retention in the affected parts, resulting in a medical condition called lymphoedema. […] Visit your GP if you may be at risk of lipoedema or have symptoms of lipoedema. It is important to get diagnosed as early as possible. […] Your GP will examine the affected areas. In most cases this will enable them to determine if you have lipoedema or lymphoedema, or swelling due to other causes. […] Some health professionals may find it difficult to make a clear diagnosis, but some improved diagnostic tools are being developed.

• #1 Mysteriously puffy hand: puffy hand syndrome | BMJ Case Reports

  https://casereports.bmj.com/content/11/1/e227578

  A 59-year-old man with a history of intravenous drug use (DU) presented with a 3-day history of right-hand swelling, redness, warmth and pain. Physical examination was notable for a tensely oedematous hand with non-pitting oedema, warmth, blanching erythema and decreased range of motion. […] Given the lack of serum inflammatory/infectious markers, lack of clinical improvement on antibiotics, the diagnosis of puffy hand syndrome was made. […] The differential diagnosis of the single swollen extremity includes SSTI (especially in patients with history of intravenous DU), osteomyelitis, deep vein thrombosis, arterial thrombosis and trauma. Puffy hand syndrome is a lesser-known complication of long-term intravenous DU and may affect about 7%16% of intravenous drug users. […] The pathophysiology of puffy hand syndrome is thought to involve venous and lymphatic insufficiency, as repeated injections result in sclerosis of veins and lymphatic vessels. The syndrome has especially been linked to buprenorphine injections. The diagnosis can be made clinically or with lymphoscintigraphy.

• #1 Swollen Hands During Pregnancy: Causes, TreatmentCircleBumpCheckedFilledMedicalBookmarkBookmarkTickBookmarkAddCheckBoxCheckBoxFilled

  https://www.thebump.com/a/swollen-hands-during-pregnancy

  While showing off your growing bump and pregnancy glow can be fun, dealing with symptoms like swollen hands during pregnancy is anything but. […] Unfortunately, swollen hands—and feet—are all too common in pregnancy. „It’s very common to notice that,” says Christine Greves, MD, FACOG, an ob-gyn at the Winnie Palmer Hospital for Women & Babies in Orlando. „I even have some patients who can no longer wear their wedding bands, so they [might] wear one of the jelly ones—and one patient even converted [hers] to an expandable band that her mother-in-law used when she was pregnant.” […] Swollen hands typically develop gradually, and are more common during the third trimester, says Manisha Gandhi, MD, an ob-gyn and maternal-fetal medicine specialist at Texas Children’s Hospital in Houston. You’re also more likely to see them toward the end of the day, she says.

• #1 Edema and cancer: 8 questions answered | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/edema-and-cancer–8-questions-answered.h00-159621012.html

  Edema is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in body tissue. It happens when the fluid that would normally stay in the bloodstream leaks out of tiny blood vessels called capillaries, resulting in localized swelling. […] There are a few ways that cancer and cancer treatment can cause edema. […] If a tumor is large enough, for instance, it can sometimes press on blood vessels or lymphatic vessels and cause swelling. […] Chemotherapy is often accompanied by steroids, which are known for causing water retention. […] Even the chemotherapy drugs themselves can sometimes cause edema, though that’s not as common as it is with steroids. […] Some types of immunotherapy can cause edema as well. […] Treatment depends on what’s causing the edema. […] If edema is caused by blockage from a tumor, we might consider surgery or radiation therapy to resolve it.

• #1 Distal Upper Extremity Edema and Discoloration | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0315/p889.html

  A 79-year-old woman with a history of breast cancer, atrial fibrillation, left middle cerebral artery infarct with continued right hemiparesis, and a postcerebrovascular accident seizure disorder presented to a rural hospital for a prolonged seizure. […] She was given intravenous phenytoin (Dilantin) and immediately transferred to a larger center for evaluation and treatment of her seizures and for swelling and discoloration of her right hand that had developed since her arrival at the emergency department. […] Her right hand was edematous, and the skin of her hand and distal forearm was tense, dusky, red-purple in color, and cool to the touch. […] The discoloration and edema extended proximally over the next several days with the formation of a bullous lesion on the dorsum of her hand.

• #1 Distal Upper Extremity Edema and Discoloration | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0315/p889.html

  The answer is A: adverse reaction to intravenous phenytoin. Phenytoin has been used to treat acute seizures since the 1950s. Even appropriate use of intravenous phenytoin has led to what is known as purple glove syndrome. Presentation generally includes progressive distal limb edema, discoloration, and pain soon after administration. […] Typically, within two to 12 hours after infusion, erythema and blue-purple discoloration occur around the intravenous site, and there may be petechiae on the fingers and palms. […] Risk factors for purple glove syndrome may include multiple intravenous doses, higher rates of intravenous administration (even if lower than the labeling specifies), age older than 60 years, vascular disease, higher initial and 24-hour total intravenous doses, use of angiocatheters smaller than 20 g, flush solutions containing benzyl alcohol, use in the acute setting, and female sex.

• #1 When to See a Doctor for Swelling in the Arms or Legs | Duke Health

  https://www.dukehealth.org/blog/when-see-doctor-swelling-arms-or-legs

  While minor swelling is common and not usually a cause for concern, swelling that is excessive, unexplained, or long-lasting may be a sign of a medical problem. […] This type of swelling is called peripheral edema, and it can signal more dangerous issues, including: […] You should seek emergency care if you have sudden, unexplained swelling in just one limb or if it occurs along with chest pain, trouble breathing, coughing up blood, fever, or skin that is red and warm to the touch. […] If you experience swelling that does not go away on its own, make an appointment to see your primary doctor. […] If you have any kind of unexplained swelling, we want you to come in, Geersen said. Well do the proper work-up to make sure you get the help you need.

• #1 Edema – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/edema/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20366532

  To understand the cause of your edema, a health care provider will do a physical exam and ask about your medical history. This might be enough to figure out the cause. Sometimes, diagnosis might require blood tests, ultrasound exams, vein studies or others. […] For edema, some questions to ask might include: What tests do I need? How do I prepare for them? […] Your provider is likely to ask you questions, such as: Have you had edema before?

• #1 Edema: Types, causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/159111

  Edema refers to swelling due to fluid buildup in bodily tissues. It most often occurs in the skin, especially in the hands, arms, ankles, legs, and feet. […] Peripheral edema: This affects the feet, ankles, legs, hands, and arms. Symptoms include swelling, puffiness, and difficulty moving certain body parts. […] Edema can indicate one of many health conditions. These can range in severity, so it is important for a person to check with a doctor if they notice any unexplained swelling. Accurate and timely diagnosis of the underlying cause can help improve health outcomes. […] Treatment will also depend on the cause of edema. […] A doctor will recommend a specific treatment plan for macular edema, pulmonary edema, and other types of edema. […] There are several potential causes of edema, including pregnancy, heart failure, liver disease, and certain medications. The treatment a person receives will depend on the cause.

• #2 Swollen arms and hands (oedema)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/swollen-arms-and-hands-oedema/

  Swelling in the arms or hands (oedema) often goes away on its own. See a GP if it does not get better in a few days. […] Symptoms of oedema include: Swollen or puffy arms or hands. […] Non-urgent advice: See a GP if your arm or hand is swollen and: your arm or hand is swollen and it has not improved after treating it at home for a few days. […] Treatment for swelling or oedema that does not go away on its own will depend on the cause.

• #2 Edema: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0715/p102.html

  Edema is an accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space that occurs as the capillary filtration exceeds the limits of lymphatic drainage, producing noticeable clinical signs and symptoms. […] The rapid development of generalized pitting edema associated with systemic disease requires timely diagnosis and management. […] If clinical suspicion for deep venous thrombosis remains high after negative results are noted on duplex ultrasonography, further investigation may include magnetic resonance venography to rule out pelvic or thigh proximal venous thrombosis or compression. […] The history should include the timing of the edema, whether it changes with position, and if it is unilateral or bilateral, as well as a medication history and an assessment for systemic diseases. […] The physical examination should assess for systemic causes of edema, such as heart failure (e.g., jugular venous distention, crackles), renal disease (e.g., proteinuria, oliguria), hepatic disease (e.g., jaundice, ascites, asterixis), or thyroid disease (e.g., exophthalmos, tremor, weight loss).

• #2 Swelling – Hand To Elbow

  https://handtoelbow.com/education/the-hand/swelling/

  The typical symptoms are of diffuse or localised swelling which may be associated with pain or stiffness. […] The Hand specialist who sees the patient will ask questions about their symptoms, when they started, how they progressed, what treatment (if any) they have had and other questions relevant to the problems. They will then examine the patient looking at the wrists and hands. […] Tests (also known medically as Investigations) include X-rays, scans, blood tests and particularly in the hand electrical tests (known as EMGs or Neurophysiology). […] The diagnosis is usually obvious after listening to and examining a patient. Typically an X-ray is requested on the same day to delineate the extent of joint damage, although the X-ray findings do not correlate well with the symptoms with some patients having few X-ray changes but marked symptoms and vice versa. […] Sometimes an MRI scan will be necessary to look at the soft tissue or a CT scan may be requested to delineate bone abnormalities.

• #2 What Is Edema? – Causes and Treatment | familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/edema/

  Edema is swelling or puffiness of parts of the body. Edema usually happens in the feet, ankles, and legs. It also can affect the face and hands. Pregnant women and older adults often get edema, but it can happen to anyone. […] If you have swelling in your legs, ankles, and feet not related to an injury, it could be edema. It can cause puffiness of your face and hands, too. […] Your doctor can tell whether you have edema by examining you. The skin over the swollen area may be stretched and shiny. Pushing gently on the swollen area for about 15 seconds will leave a dimple. If this happens, your doctor might want to do some additional tests.

• #2 Edema – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edema

  Edema may be described as pitting edema or non-pitting edema. Pitting edema is when, after pressure is applied to a small area, the indentation persists after the release of the pressure. […] Non-pitting edema is observed when the indentation does not persist. It is associated with such conditions as lymphedema, lipedema, and myxedema. […] Edema may also be found in the cornea of the eye with glaucoma, severe conjunctivitis, keratitis, or after surgery. Affected people may perceive coloured haloes around bright lights. […] Swollen legs, feet and ankles are common in late pregnancy. The problem is partly caused by the weight of the uterus on the major veins of the pelvis. […] Edema caused by malnutrition defines kwashiorkor, an acute form of childhood protein-energy malnutrition characterized by edema, irritability, anorexia, ulcerating dermatoses, and an enlarged liver with fatty infiltrates.

• #2 Edema: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/edema-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Routine skin assessments help determine progression and appropriate interventions for patient care. Monitor for impaired skin integrity such as redness, nonblanchable skin, and open wounds. […] Severe edema can be documented as pitting on a scale of 1+-4+ which is assessed by the depth of indentation in the skin without rebound when applying pressure.

• #2 Peripheral edema: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/peripheral-edema

  Peripheral edema is a fluid buildup in the extremities, resulting in swelling. […] It will also describe how doctors diagnose and treat peripheral edema. […] Doctors can diagnose peripheral edema with a physical exam. The diagnostic process focuses on finding the underlying cause of peripheral edema. This may include: a review of medical history, a physical exam to detect other symptoms, a chest radiography, an electrocardiogram, a renal ultrasound, a liver ultrasound, liver function tests, blood tests. […] As doctors begin to discern the cause of peripheral edema, they may need to perform further specialized testing. […] Treating the underlying condition can help to resolve peripheral edema. […] Anyone with symptoms of peripheral edema should contact a doctor. Doing so is necessary in order to diagnose and treat its underlying cause.

• #2 The Swollen Extremity: A Systematic Approach To The Evaluation Of A Common Complaint

  https://www.ebmedicine.net/topics/trauma/swollen-extremity

  When a patient presents to the ED for the evaluation of a swollen extremity, the triage nurse must be aware of certain life or limb threatening conditions which require emergent evaluation by the emergency physician. […] Extremity swelling is due to a wide range of causes including systemic illnesses, local conditions, and medications. The diagnosis can be narrowed by categorizing the edema according to its duration (acute or chronic) and distribution (unilateral or bilateral, upper or lower extremity). […] The presence of fever may point toward an infection such as cellulitis, abscess, osteomyelitis, or septic joint. […] Patients with DVT/PE can also present with fever caused by a systemic inflammatory response. […] The use of D-dimer levels in combination with the pretest clinical probability of deep venous thrombosis appears to be an effective strategy when deciding which patients with a swollen extremity need a Doppler ultrasound for evaluation of DVT.

• #2 Edema: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0715/p102.html

  Recommendations for diagnostic testing are listed in Table 2. The following laboratory tests are useful for diagnosing systemic causes of edema: brain natriuretic peptide measurement (for CHF), creatinine measurement and urinalysis (for renal disease), and hepatic enzyme and albumin measurement (for hepatic disease). […] Venous ultrasonography is the imaging modality of choice in the evaluation of suspected DVT. […] Patients with unilateral lower extremity edema who do not demonstrate a proximal thrombosis on duplex ultrasonography may require additional imaging to diagnose the cause of edema if clinical suspicion for DVT remains high.

• #2 Edema in Children | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/edema

  Edema itself is not hard to diagnose. Your child’s doctor will ask about their medical history, and eating and drinking habits. […] The doctor will look at the swollen areas, and check to see if the skin appears stretched and shiny, and may order some lab tests. These might include: […] In some cases, the doctor may also order an imaging test, such as a chest X-ray, to get more information about what is causing the swelling.

• #2 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome | Vascular Center | UC Davis Health

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/vascular/diseases/TOS.html

  Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) occurs when the vessels and/or nerves running from the upper body to the arm become compressed, leading to swelling, reduced blood flow, tingling, weakness, pain and/or numbness in the neck, shoulder, arms or hands. […] TOS can mimic other disorders and is difficult to diagnose by health providers who arent familiar with its specific symptom profile. Expert vascular specialists can identify TOS through: […] An ultrasound scan to determine arterial compression or venous occlusion. […] Imaging studies such as X-rays and CT (computed tomography).

• #2 Hand Edema and Erythema in an Infant | Consultant360

  https://www.consultant360.com/articles/hand-edema-and-erythema-infant

  An 8-month-old girl presented with acute onset of fever, increased irritability, redness and swelling, and pain in her left hand. […] Physical examination results revealed that her left hand was moderately erythematous, warm, and displayed tense swelling localized to the dorsal aspect of the hand, extending to all 5 digits. […] The results of a radiograph of her left hand revealed significant soft tissue swelling, predominantly along the dorsal aspect of the visualized distal forearm, wrist, and hand. […] The infant was diagnosed with cellulitis of the left hand and was treated with intravenous antibiotics. […] Ultrasonography of the left hand was conducted and revealed an extensor compartment tenosynovitis. […] Magnetic resonance imaging of the left hand showed edema dorsally in the subcutaneous fat and within the fourth extensor tendon compartment, consistent with cellulitis and mild tenosynovitis of the fourth extensor compartment.

• #2 Lymphedema: That Swelling in Your Arm or Leg Could Be Serious

  https://www.orlandohealth.com/content-hub/lymphedema-that-swelling-in-your-arm-or-leg-could-be-serious/

  Lymphedema is a sign the lymphatic system is failing to perform one of its key duties draining excess fluid from the body’s tissues back into the bloodstream. […] Because lymphedema is often confused with other diseases that cause swelling, your medical team will need to know your family and medical histories and then may confirm the diagnosis with a test called a lymphoscintigraphy. In this test, a tracer protein is injected into the hand or foot and then tracked as it makes its way through the lymphatic system. […] If you suspect lymphedema, look for these symptoms: Frequent skin infections, Pain or heaviness in a limb, Limited movement in a limb, Hard, tight skin, Fluid leaking from skin. […] Depending on the severity of your lymphedema, your doctor may refer you to a certified lymphedema therapist, who may treat you with these techniques: Exercise. You may be given specific exercises to keep the affected limb moving, as this can help reduce fluid buildup. […] While there is no cure for lymphedema, with proper care and vigilance, you should be able to reduce symptoms, slow progression and end complications.

• #2 Swollen Hands During Pregnancy: Causes, TreatmentCircleBumpCheckedFilledMedicalBookmarkBookmarkTickBookmarkAddCheckBoxCheckBoxFilled

  https://www.thebump.com/a/swollen-hands-during-pregnancy

  „Swelling is typically in both hands, so isolation in one hand should also be evaluated,” Gandhi adds. Greves says it’s also important to flag your swollen hands to your healthcare provider if they’re bothering you. „Reach out if it’s concerning to you,” she says. „We’re here for you if you have any concerns.”

• #2 Diagnosis of Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome-Arm swelling and pain

  https://www.tosmri.com/diagnosis-of-neurogenic-thoracic-outlet-syndrome/diagnosis-of-venous-thoracic-outlet-syndrome/

  Diagnosis of Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome […] Symptoms of venous TOS occur when a blood clot forms in the large vein draining the arm. […] Following treatment of the blood clot, doctors undertake further diagnosis and definitive treatment of the underlying cause. […] Blood clot in the primary vein draining the arm causes the symptoms of venous TOS. Since the venous blood clot prevents drainage of blood from the arm, the arm may swell. […] A patient will describe these changes as swelling, heaviness, and pain. […] For the most part, doctors can make the presumptive diagnosis of venous thoracic outlet syndrome quite promptly, based on a clinical examination. […] Subsequently, he or she will order imaging tests to confirm the blood clot. […] A single large subclavian vein drains most of the blood flow from the arm. Blood clot in the subclavian vein prevents adequate drainage of blood from the arm. In this setting, arm swelling will occur. […] In addition, a blue or purple color may develop, due to loss of oxygen from the trapped blood. […] Imaging tests provide valuable diagnostic information in patients with venous TOS. […] Overall, it is important to diagnose and treat the venous blood clot promptly.

• #2 Lymphoedema – symptoms, treatments and causes | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/lymphoedema

  Lymphoedema is a long-term condition where a build-up of lymph fluid in your body’s soft tissues causes swelling. […] Lymphoedema can occur anywhere in your body but is usually seen in the arms and legs. […] How is lymphoedema diagnosed? […] Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and general health. They will examine any parts of your body that are affected, including: […] You might also need to have some tests to: […] confirm the diagnosis […] assess the extent of the lymphoedema […] work out the cause. […] If a diagnosis of lymphoedema is made, your doctor may refer you to a specialist lymphoedema centre or clinic for treatment. […] While lymphoedema cannot be cured, it may be possible to keep it under control using complex lymphoedema therapy (CLT). This treatment consists of:

• #2 Causes & Treatment – Lymphoedema / Oedema of Legs & Feet

  https://legsmatter.org/information-and-support/health-concerns/oedema-and-lymphoedema/

  If your legs or feet are swollen, it is necessary to make an appointment with the GP practice, who will be able to diagnose or exclude conditions such as cardiac problems. The GP may make a referral to a nurse responsible for caring for patients with venous leg problems or a lymphoedema clinic. […] The nurse or doctor should: Assess the legs if there are signs of cellulitis, an urgent medical referral is required. Please also refer to the BLS / LSN guidelines on the management of cellulitis in lymphoedema (PDF) […] Assess possible risk factors for venous insufficiency, arterial disease, lymphoedema […] Exclude lipoedema as a possible diagnosis […] Perform a clinical assessment for significant arterial impairment. This may include, but should not be solely based on, measurement of Ankle Brachial Pressure Index (ABPI), particularly because a reading may not be possible in a swollen limb

• #2 Her Arm Was Unbearably Swollen and Painful. What Was Causing It? – The New York Times

  https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/12/magazine/her-arm-was-unbearably-swollen-and-painful-what-was-causing-it.html

  „Her right arm was huge, swollen.” […] „The day her husband sent her to the E.R., the swelling had spread down the arm to the wrist.” […] „In the E.R., Elizabeth Keane was the physician assistant assigned to see the woman.” […] „Swollen painful arm.” […] „Keane could see the woman on a stretcher in the E.R. hallway.” […] „The patient was started immediately on blood thinners.” […] „The following week the patient had surgery to remove the clot.” […] „The thick, dark lines that the technician saw were the veins that carried the patient’s blood from her arm back to her heart.” […] „This kind of clot is usually caused by a change in the local anatomy.” […] „The tennis player’s ambitious work on her serve may have injured the muscles of her arm and neck, and the resulting inflammation and swelling were sufficient to slow or even stop the flow of blood on its way back to the heart and lungs from the arm.”

• #2 Swollen Hands: 13 Common Causes (& What to Do) – Tua Saúde

  https://www.tuasaude.com/en/swollen-hands/

  Heart failure is characterized by the hearts inability to pump blood efficiently. This can lead to blood accumulation in the arms, causing swollen hands and fingers. […] Swollen hands and fingers should be urgently assessed if it occurs with the following signs and symptoms: […] In these cases, the doctor may order testing, like blood work or a dopplar, to identify the underlying cause of the swollen hands. Confirming a diagnosis will help to guide the most appropriate treatment.

• #2 Lipoedema | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/Lipoedema

  Lipoedema is a chronic and progressive condition, and it can develop into lymphoedema over time. The reason for this is that the build-up of fat affects the ability of your lymphatic system to drain fluids, cell waste products and inflammatory molecules from your tissues. […] Aside from lipoedema and lymphoedema, there are other reasons for tissue swelling, so a differential diagnosis is very important. Other causes of tissue swelling include: obesity in which case fat tends to be evenly distributed over the whole body. […] Treatment for lipoedema includes: changes to the composition of your diet maintaining a healthy weight helps to reduce the amount of non-lipoedemic fat and may help to reduce inflammation. An anti-inflammatory diet may help, but calorie reduction diets are not likely to affect the lipoedema-linked fatty areas of your body.

• #2 Puffy Hand Syndrome: A Case Report – Journal of Urgent Care Medicine

  https://www.jucm.com/puffy-hand-syndrome-a-case-report/

  Urgent Message: Incorporating questions regarding the use of intravenous drugs may help ensure the diagnosis of puffy hand syndrome is included in the differential for patients presenting with bilateral hand swelling. […] Based on the duration of her symptoms, lack of history and findings specific for Raynauds syndrome, systemic lupus (SLE), scleroderma, or inflammatory arthritis, a presumptive clinical diagnosis was made of puffy hand syndrome related to her known history of IVDU. […] Puffy hand syndrome should be suspected in patients with bilateral non-pitting, painless edema of the hands. Including this diagnosis in the differential can mitigate emergency department (ED) referrals. […] The diagnosis of puffy hand syndrome is made after excluding other possible etiologies such as rheumatoid arthritis, polymyalgia rheumatic, remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema, crystal arthropathies such as gout or calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease, or autoimmune connective tissue diseases such as scleroderma, mixed connective tissue disease, and lupus.

• #2 Swollen Hands During Pregnancy: Causes, TreatmentCircleBumpCheckedFilledMedicalBookmarkBookmarkTickBookmarkAddCheckBoxCheckBoxFilled

  https://www.thebump.com/a/swollen-hands-during-pregnancy

  There are several factors that can lead to swollen hands during pregnancy. „Keep in mind that the swelling is not exclusive to just the hands,” Greves says. „It’s also possibly felt in the feet.” According to experts, causes can include: […] Preeclampsia. Swollen hands during pregnancy can sometimes be a sign of preeclampsia, or high blood pressure during pregnancy—particularly if there are other symptoms, says Gandhi. Other symptoms of preeclampsia can include a headache that won’t go away, changes in vision, abdominal pain and new-onset nausea and vomiting, she says. „It’s important to talk to one’s provider and monitor blood pressure if there’s a concern or associated symptoms,” Gandhi says. […] While having swollen hands during pregnancy is common, if it comes with other symptoms, it could be a sign of an underlying condition that needs to be addressed. Gandhi recommends reaching out to your doctor if your hands become painful, or if the swelling comes on or increases suddenly.

• #2

  http://www.bccancer.bc.ca/health-info/coping-with-cancer/managing-symptoms-side-effects/arm-leg-lymphedema-(swelling)

  Lymphedema (lim-fuh-dee-muh) is a build-up of lymph fluid in your tissues. This build-up causes swelling („edema”) in your arm or leg. […] Breast cancer treatment is the most common cause of lymphedema. Most people with breast cancer do not get lymphedema. Lymphoma, melanoma, uterine, prostate, vulvar or ovarian cancers and treatments are also associated with lymphedema. Your chance of getting lymphedema will also go up if you have: […] Lymphedema usually starts in your underarm, neck, pelvis or groin (the area where your upper leg meets your pelvis). Lymph fluid can then build up in your chest, pelvis, arm or leg. Lymphedema does not spread to other parts of the body. It will only be in areas of your body where you have damaged lymph nodes. If you have damaged lymph nodes, you will always have a risk of getting lymphedema.

• #2 Distal Upper Extremity Edema and Discoloration | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0315/p889.html

  The answer is A: adverse reaction to intravenous phenytoin. Phenytoin has been used to treat acute seizures since the 1950s. Even appropriate use of intravenous phenytoin has led to what is known as purple glove syndrome. Presentation generally includes progressive distal limb edema, discoloration, and pain soon after administration. […] Typically, within two to 12 hours after infusion, erythema and blue-purple discoloration occur around the intravenous site, and there may be petechiae on the fingers and palms. […] Risk factors for purple glove syndrome may include multiple intravenous doses, higher rates of intravenous administration (even if lower than the labeling specifies), age older than 60 years, vascular disease, higher initial and 24-hour total intravenous doses, use of angiocatheters smaller than 20 g, flush solutions containing benzyl alcohol, use in the acute setting, and female sex.

• #2 Distal Upper Extremity Edema and Discoloration | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0315/p889.html

  It has been suggested that the more costly prodrug fosphenytoin (Cerebyx), which is highly water soluble at neutral pH levels and is converted to phenytoin in the body, be given to prevent purple glove syndrome and other adverse effects. […] Subclavian vein thrombosis may present with limb edema, cyanosis of the hand or fingers on the affected side, and dilated subcutaneous collateral veins in the upper arm and chest.

• #2 Swollen Hands: 7 Causes and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/swollen-hands

  Angioedema is very similar to hives, but swelling occurs just beneath your skins surface. […] Limited research has examined the effects of high blood pressure (hypertension) on hand swelling. However, some research suggests that venous hypertension may cause edema, which could affect the hands. […] Speak with a healthcare professional if youre concerned about swelling in your hands, legs, or feet. […] If these methods dont help, consider speaking with a healthcare professional. They could provide a diagnosis for the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

• #2 Swollen Arms or Legs (Edema) – Puls Dedinje

  https://pulsdedinje.rs/en/symptoms/swollen-arms-or-legs-edema/

  Edema is a swelling that occurs when excess fluid becomes trapped in tissues. […] Edema typically starts slowly but can also be sudden, which is often a sign of a serious condition. […] The doctor will examine the patient, to examine the edema, followed by diagnostic tests to find out the cause of the swelling. […] Edema grading: Assessment of edema is a test used to identify the severity of edema and assess how much fluid has accumulated in the tissues. […] The edema grading scale measures how quickly the indentation returns to normal (rebound) after the pitting test. […] The treatment of edema varies depending on the underlying cause, especially if the cause is related to an underlying health condition. […] When edema does not resolve on its own, the doctor may prescribe medications and provide advice to effectively manage more severe cases.

• #2 Edema: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12564-edema

  Treatment for edema varies based on the cause, especially if the cause relates to an underlying health condition. […] If edema occurs with chronic heart failure, your provider will recommend lifestyle changes to treat your diagnosis by monitoring your weight, fluid intake and salt intake. […] If the cause of edema is too much salt intake, adjusting your diet to reduce the amount of salt in the foods you eat will prevent edema. […] It’s very important to see your healthcare provider if you experience edema or swelling in your body. […] Edema can be a short-term or long-term condition, depending on its cause. […] If are not pregnant and you notice that you have unexpected swelling in a part of your body, contact your healthcare provider for an exam.

• #3 Edema: Types, causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/159111

  Edema refers to swelling due to fluid buildup in bodily tissues. It most often occurs in the skin, especially in the hands, arms, ankles, legs, and feet. […] Peripheral edema: This affects the feet, ankles, legs, hands, and arms. Symptoms include swelling, puffiness, and difficulty moving certain body parts. […] Edema can indicate one of many health conditions. These can range in severity, so it is important for a person to check with a doctor if they notice any unexplained swelling. Accurate and timely diagnosis of the underlying cause can help improve health outcomes. […] Treatment will also depend on the cause of edema. […] A doctor will recommend a specific treatment plan for macular edema, pulmonary edema, and other types of edema. […] There are several potential causes of edema, including pregnancy, heart failure, liver disease, and certain medications. The treatment a person receives will depend on the cause.

• #3 Edema (Swelling) and Cancer – Side Effects – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/side-effects/edema

  What causes peripheral edema? […] How is peripheral edema diagnosed? […] Your doctor will usually diagnose peripheral edema during a physical exam. If more tests are needed, based on your symptoms, your doctor may order blood tests and imaging tests such as an ultrasound to examine the swollen area. […] The severity (or grade) of peripheral edema is assessed using a pitting edema scale. Your doctor will gently press on the swollen area to see if a pit or depression forms in the skin. […] Treatment for peripheral edema is based on what is causing your symptoms and their severity. Your doctor or nurse may talk with you about these and other ways to lower swelling: […] Compression stockings or sleeves. There are compression garments that can help move fluid around in your arms and legs to keep it from building up. […] Tell your doctor or nurse as soon as you notice swelling or other symptoms of peripheral edema.

• #3 Peripheral edema: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/peripheral-edema

  Peripheral edema is a fluid buildup in the extremities, resulting in swelling. […] It will also describe how doctors diagnose and treat peripheral edema. […] Doctors can diagnose peripheral edema with a physical exam. The diagnostic process focuses on finding the underlying cause of peripheral edema. This may include: a review of medical history, a physical exam to detect other symptoms, a chest radiography, an electrocardiogram, a renal ultrasound, a liver ultrasound, liver function tests, blood tests. […] As doctors begin to discern the cause of peripheral edema, they may need to perform further specialized testing. […] Treating the underlying condition can help to resolve peripheral edema. […] Anyone with symptoms of peripheral edema should contact a doctor. Doing so is necessary in order to diagnose and treat its underlying cause.

• #3 Diagnosis of Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome-Arm swelling and pain

  https://www.tosmri.com/diagnosis-of-neurogenic-thoracic-outlet-syndrome/diagnosis-of-venous-thoracic-outlet-syndrome/

  Diagnosis of Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome […] Symptoms of venous TOS occur when a blood clot forms in the large vein draining the arm. […] Following treatment of the blood clot, doctors undertake further diagnosis and definitive treatment of the underlying cause. […] Blood clot in the primary vein draining the arm causes the symptoms of venous TOS. Since the venous blood clot prevents drainage of blood from the arm, the arm may swell. […] A patient will describe these changes as swelling, heaviness, and pain. […] For the most part, doctors can make the presumptive diagnosis of venous thoracic outlet syndrome quite promptly, based on a clinical examination. […] Subsequently, he or she will order imaging tests to confirm the blood clot. […] A single large subclavian vein drains most of the blood flow from the arm. Blood clot in the subclavian vein prevents adequate drainage of blood from the arm. In this setting, arm swelling will occur. […] In addition, a blue or purple color may develop, due to loss of oxygen from the trapped blood. […] Imaging tests provide valuable diagnostic information in patients with venous TOS. […] Overall, it is important to diagnose and treat the venous blood clot promptly.

• #3 Mysteriously puffy hand: puffy hand syndrome | BMJ Case Reports

  https://casereports.bmj.com/content/11/1/e227578

  A 59-year-old man with a history of intravenous drug use (DU) presented with a 3-day history of right-hand swelling, redness, warmth and pain. Physical examination was notable for a tensely oedematous hand with non-pitting oedema, warmth, blanching erythema and decreased range of motion. […] Given the lack of serum inflammatory/infectious markers, lack of clinical improvement on antibiotics, the diagnosis of puffy hand syndrome was made. […] The differential diagnosis of the single swollen extremity includes SSTI (especially in patients with history of intravenous DU), osteomyelitis, deep vein thrombosis, arterial thrombosis and trauma. Puffy hand syndrome is a lesser-known complication of long-term intravenous DU and may affect about 7%16% of intravenous drug users. […] The pathophysiology of puffy hand syndrome is thought to involve venous and lymphatic insufficiency, as repeated injections result in sclerosis of veins and lymphatic vessels. The syndrome has especially been linked to buprenorphine injections. The diagnosis can be made clinically or with lymphoscintigraphy.

• #3 Evaluating edema of the hands

  https://www.hcplive.com/view/evaluating-edema-hands

  The differential diagnosis of puffy hands is quite extensive. Many of the possible diagnoses are the ones that are most often involved (eg, congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, and liver disease). […] Another common clinical feature of HCV infection is bilateral puffy hands. […] The pathogenesis of hand edema in HCV infection has not been identified definitively. […] The hand edema begins as pitting edema, followed by thickening and fibrosis of the subcutaneous skin. […] The prevalence of HCV infection is up to 75% in injected drug users; the majority manifest chronic disease. […] Risk factors for puffy hands among injection drug users with HCV infection are female sex, injection into the hands, and not using a tourniquet. […] Thrombosis may occur in up to 72% of central venous catheter placements, although rates of thrombosis are rare in catheters kept in place less than 15 days.

• #3 Swollen Hands, Ankles and Feet in Pregnancy | Tommy’sCloseleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowCloseReconfirm cookies choice

  https://www.tommys.org/pregnancy-information/pregnancy-symptom-checker/swollen-hands-and-feet-pregnancy

  It’s normal to get some swelling in pregnancy, particularly in your legs, ankles, feet and fingers. This is because your body holds more water than usual when you are pregnant. However, swelling can be a sign of a pregnancy condition called pre-eclampsia, which is serious and needs immediate treatment. […] You should call your midwife or hospital maternity unit immediately if you have: a sudden increase in swelling in your face, hands or feet […] These could be symptoms of pre-eclampsia, which is a very serious condition that needs immediate treatment. Most cases of pre-eclampsia happen after 24 to 26 weeks and usually towards the end of pregnancy. […] If you had high blood pressure before pregnancy you should report any swelling to a GP or midwife. This is because people with high blood pressure are more likely to develop pre-eclampsia. It is always best to check.

• #3 Edema and cancer: 8 questions answered | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/edema-and-cancer–8-questions-answered.h00-159621012.html

  If it’s caused by some type of organ dysfunction, we may prescribe diuretics, commonly referred to as water pills. […] It’s important to diagnose and treat the cause of the edema, rather than just treating the symptoms. […] If swelling occurs in both legs, for instance, it’s most likely due to excess sodium or some other systemic factor. […] If it’s only on one side, though, that could point to an obstruction or a blood clot, usually deep-vein thrombosis (DVT). […] DVT requires urgent evaluation. […] Cancer patients in particular are at increased risk of blood clots, due to both the disease itself and some forms of treatment.

• #3 Swollen Arms And Hands Oedema | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Causes | Conditions | Healthera

  https://healthera.co.uk/conditions-a-z/swollen-arms-and-hands-oedema/

  Some factors can increase the chance of developing oedema, such as being overweight, having certain medical conditions, like diabetes or heart disease, being pregnant, and taking specific medications, such as those for high blood pressure. […] In many cases, oedema can be managed by resting and elevating the swollen arms or hands, wearing compression garments to support circulation, limiting salt and processed foods in your diet, and following your doctor’s advice if the swelling is due to medication or an underlying health issue. […] If you experience ongoing oedema, it is important to follow your healthcare provider’s advice and make lifestyle changes to manage the swelling. […] Recovery time from oedema varies depending on the cause. If it’s due to a temporary issue, like an injury, swelling may reduce in a few days. However, if caused by an underlying health issue, recovery may take longer.

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