Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Edema: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0715/p102.html

  Edema is an accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space that occurs as the capillary filtration exceeds the limits of lymphatic drainage, producing noticeable clinical signs and symptoms. […] The accumulation of fluid occurs when local or systemic conditions disrupt this equilibrium, leading to increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, increased plasma volume, decreased plasma oncotic pressure (hypoalbuminemia), increased capillary permeability, or lymphatic obstruction. […] Edema associated with decreased plasma oncotic pressure (e.g., malabsorption, liver failure, nephrotic syndrome) does not change with dependency. […] Unilateral swelling from compression or compromise of venous or lymphatic drainage can result from DVT, venous insufficiency, venous obstruction by tumor, lymphatic obstruction, or lymphatic destruction.

• #2 Edema: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0715/p102.html

  Edema is an accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space that occurs as the capillary filtration exceeds the limits of lymphatic drainage, producing noticeable clinical signs and symptoms. […] The accumulation of fluid occurs when local or systemic conditions disrupt this equilibrium, leading to increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, increased plasma volume, decreased plasma oncotic pressure (hypoalbuminemia), increased capillary permeability, or lymphatic obstruction. […] Edema associated with decreased plasma oncotic pressure (e.g., malabsorption, liver failure, nephrotic syndrome) does not change with dependency. […] Unilateral swelling from compression or compromise of venous or lymphatic drainage can result from DVT, venous insufficiency, venous obstruction by tumor, lymphatic obstruction, or lymphatic destruction.

• #3

  https://fpnotebook.com/Renal/Edema/Edm.htm

  Loss of vascular integrity […] Changes in capillary hemodynamics […] Oncotic pressure gradient changes across the capillary membrane (between capillary and interstitial space) […] Increased tissue oncotic pressure (increased interstitial Protein concentration) or […] Decreased plasma oncotic pressure (decreased Serum Albumin) […] Increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure […] Sodium and water retention mediated by renal Vasoconstriction and renin and Aldosterone (as above) […] Mechanism related to underlying cause (e.g. venous or lymph obstruction, local inflammatory response).

• #4 Edema – Cardiovascular Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/symptoms-of-cardiovascular-disorders/edema

  Edema results from increased movement of fluid from the intravascular to the interstitial space or decreased movement of water from the interstitium into the capillaries or lymphatic vessels. The mechanism involves one or more of the following: […] Increased capillary permeability occurs in infections or as the result of toxin or inflammatory damage to the capillary walls. […] The lymphatic system is responsible for removing protein and white blood cells (along with some water) from the interstitium. Lymphatic obstruction allows these substances to accumulate in the interstitium. […] Decreased plasma oncotic pressure often triggers secondary sodium and water retention, leading to fluid overload.

• #5

  https://fpnotebook.com/Renal/Edema/Edm.htm

  Loss of vascular integrity […] Changes in capillary hemodynamics […] Oncotic pressure gradient changes across the capillary membrane (between capillary and interstitial space) […] Increased tissue oncotic pressure (increased interstitial Protein concentration) or […] Decreased plasma oncotic pressure (decreased Serum Albumin) […] Increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure […] Sodium and water retention mediated by renal Vasoconstriction and renin and Aldosterone (as above) […] Mechanism related to underlying cause (e.g. venous or lymph obstruction, local inflammatory response).

• #6 Edema: Types, causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/159111

  Edema refers to swelling due to fluid buildup in bodily tissues. It most often occurs in the skin, especially in the hands, arms, ankles, legs, and feet. […] Peripheral edema: This affects the feet, ankles, legs, hands, and arms. Symptoms include swelling, puffiness, and difficulty moving certain body parts. […] Edema can result from circulatory problems, infection, tissue death, malnutrition, total body fluid overload, and electrolyte problems. […] If one or both of the lower chambers of the heart cannot pump blood properly, blood can accumulate in the limbs, causing edema. […] The body of a person with a kidney disorder may not be able to eliminate enough fluid and sodium from the blood. This puts pressure on the blood vessels, which causes some of the liquid to leak out. Swelling can occur around the legs and eyes.

• #7 Heart failure and edema: Treatment and life expectancy

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/heart-failure-and-edema

  Edema is a common complication of heart failure. […] This elevation in pressure forces fluid out of the blood vessels and into the surrounding tissues, resulting in swelling, or edema. […] Either type of heart failure can lead to edema. […] Lower limb edema is a hallmark symptom of heart failure. […] The most common form of edema in heart failure is not serious in itself. However, edema can indicate that heart failure is advanced or getting worse. […] A 2021 review of past studies suggests that increased edema may predict worsening heart failure. […] Edema can occur in the later stages of heart failure, but it does not always indicate a person is in the final stage of heart failure. […] As a result, people can have edema in several stages. However, very obvious or worsening edema is more likely to happen in the later stages.

• #8 In brief: Causes and signs of edema – InformedHealth.org – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279409/

  Edema (or „oedema”) means swelling. It arises when part of the body becomes swollen because fluid gathers in the tissue. It is most common in the arms and legs. That is called peripheral edema. […] Heart failure (cardiac insufficiency) can cause edema in the arms and legs (peripheral edema) as well as in the abdomen (ascites). This is because the heart is too weak to pump blood around the body properly, so the blood gathers in front of the heart. As a result, and due to the increased blood pressure in the veins, fluid seeps out into the surrounding tissue. This may cause swelling in the legs or a build-up of fluid in the abdomen. […] Kidney disease can cause edema in the legs and around the eyes. This is because the pressure in the blood vessels starts building up if the kidneys don’t remove enough sodium and water from the body, and that can lead to edema.

• #9 Edema – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/edema/symptoms-causes/syc-20366493

  Edema occurs when tiny blood vessels in the body, also known as capillaries, leak fluid. The fluid builds up in nearby tissues. The leak leads to swelling. […] Symptoms of edema include: Swelling or puffiness of the tissue right under the skin, especially in legs or arms. […] Congestive heart failure causes one or both of the heart’s lower chambers stop pumping blood well. As a result, blood can back up in the legs, ankles and feet, causing edema. […] Weakness or damage to veins in your legs. This condition, known as chronic venous insufficiency, harms the one-way valves in the leg. One-way valves keep blood flowing in one direction. Damage to the valves allows blood to pool in the leg veins and causes swelling. […] Problems with the system in the body that clears extra fluid from tissues. If the body’s lymphatic system is damaged, such as by cancer surgery, the lymphatic system might not drain well.

• #10 Swollen Arm – Causes of Swelling of Hand, Forearm, Fingers – Healthhype

  https://www.healthhype.com/swollen-arm-swelling-of-the-hand-forearm-fingers.html

  Swelling anywhere in the body is due to fluid accumulation. This fluid may be tissue fluid or blood. Normally there is a constant inflow and outflow of these fluids. However, when there is inflammation then more fluid flows in to the arm and this fluid accumulates in the tissue spaces. This causes swelling of the arm. Inflammation is the mechanism by which the body protects against tissue damage. It does not only occur in the arm. […] Another reason for swelling is where blood accumulates in the tissue spaces. This may be seen as a red to purple bruising if it occurs under the skin. It signals a break in a blood vessel that allows the blood to flow out of the artery or vein. Similarly blood is constantly drained out of the arm through the veins. However, if the vein is blocked then the blood can accumulate in the arm and cause it to become swollen.

• #11 Evaluating edema of the hands

  https://www.hcplive.com/view/evaluating-edema-hands

  The lymphatics are destroyed; tissue protein increases, causing excessive connective tissue growth and resulting in fibrosis. […] Del Giudice and associates stated that injected drugs cause a dermal inflammatory reaction, resulting in granuloma formation similar to a foreign body type granuloma or nonspecific granulomatous reaction. […] The prevalence of HCV infection is up to 75% in injected drug users; the majority manifest chronic disease. […] Risk factors for puffy hands among injection drug users with HCV infection are female sex, injection into the hands, and not using a tourniquet. […] Lymphedema results from accumulation of proteinaceous fluid in interstitial tissue; with time, there is inflammation and fibrosis of subcutaneous tissue. […] The cause of lymphedema can be primary or secondary. Primary conditions are differentiated by age and are hereditary or spontaneous disorders of lymphatic architecture.

• #12 In brief: Causes and signs of edema – InformedHealth.org – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279409/

  Lymphedema is caused by damage to the lymphatic system. It usually affects only one part of the body, like an arm. The most common cause of lymphedema in industrialized countries is cancer treatment that involves removing or destroying lymph nodes. It sometimes lasts only a short while after cancer surgery, but it can also develop into a chronic condition with severe symptoms.

• #13 Swollen Hands: 7 Causes and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/swollen-hands

  Edema is the medical term for swelling. It happens when extra fluid is trapped in the body’s tissues. […] It most commonly occurs in the hands and feet but may also affect your legs, ankles, and arms. […] Lymphedema is swelling caused by a buildup of lymph fluid. […] There are two types of lymphedema: Primary: This is caused by genetics and is much rarer. Secondary: This is more common and is acquired, which means it’s caused by trauma to the lymphatic system. Some examples include lymph node removal or damage during cancer treatment. […] Other symptoms of lymphedema may include: swelling and aching in the arm or hand, a heavy feeling in the arm, numbness in the arm or hand, skin feels tight or taut on the arm, jewelry seems to be too tight, decreased ability to flex or move your arm, hand, or wrist.

• #14 Lymphedema and Cancer – Side Effects – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/side-effects/lymphedema

  Lymphedema is swelling caused by a buildup of lymph fluid in the body between the skin and muscle. […] If you have cancer, the cancer or cancer treatment can disrupt the flow of lymph fluid and cause lymphedema (also known as secondary lymphedema). […] Anything that blocks or changes the flow of lymph fluid in the body can cause lymphedema. Cancer and cancer treatments can cause lymphedema when: cancer or a tumor blocks the flow of lymph fluid, surgery for cancer disrupts the flow of lymph fluid, radiation therapy causes scar tissue that blocks the flow of lymph fluid. […] Lymphedema can occur anywhere in the body, but it most commonly affects an arm or leg. […] The type of cancer you have can help predict where you may develop lymphedema. […] Lymphedema in your arm or leg may cause these additional signs and symptoms: a heavy, full, or tight feeling in your arm, leg, fingers, or toes; swelling in an arm or leg that makes it appear larger than the other arm or leg; difficulty moving your arm or leg; weakness in your arm or leg.

• #15 Evaluating edema of the hands

  https://www.hcplive.com/view/evaluating-edema-hands

  Secondary causes are responsible for most lymphedema. […] Risk factors for the development of edema resulting from lymphatic disruption include trauma from previous surgeries, infection, and obesity. […] Lymphedema often presents clinically as unilateral, soft, pitting edema that, over time, progresses to fibrosis.

• #16 Puffy hand syndrome | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/88/4/210

  A 37-year-old man presented to the rheumatology clinic for evaluation of swelling of his fingers and hands. The precise pathogenesis of puffy hand syndrome remains unknown. Hand edema, which is initially pitting, becomes more indurated over time, as there is progressive fibrosis of the subcutaneous tissues. The swelling is asymmetric and intermittent at first, often affecting the nondominant hand; over time, it becomes persistent and symmetric, as in this patient. […] Repeated injection of agents that can induce vascular and dermal sclerosis results in an inflammatory reaction with granuloma formation, similar to a foreign-body granulomatous reaction. Over time, the dense dermal fibrosis obscures the superficial veins and the extensor tendons on the dorsum of the hands. […] This study indicated that puffy hand syndrome results primarily from lymphatic obstruction, and that there may be concomitant local scarring resulting from inflammatory reactions at injection sites. Venous obstruction does not appear to play a primary role but can coexist in some cases. Repeated insults are needed for swelling to develop.

• #17 Puffy hand syndrome | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/88/4/210

  A 37-year-old man presented to the rheumatology clinic for evaluation of swelling of his fingers and hands. The precise pathogenesis of puffy hand syndrome remains unknown. Hand edema, which is initially pitting, becomes more indurated over time, as there is progressive fibrosis of the subcutaneous tissues. The swelling is asymmetric and intermittent at first, often affecting the nondominant hand; over time, it becomes persistent and symmetric, as in this patient. […] Repeated injection of agents that can induce vascular and dermal sclerosis results in an inflammatory reaction with granuloma formation, similar to a foreign-body granulomatous reaction. Over time, the dense dermal fibrosis obscures the superficial veins and the extensor tendons on the dorsum of the hands. […] This study indicated that puffy hand syndrome results primarily from lymphatic obstruction, and that there may be concomitant local scarring resulting from inflammatory reactions at injection sites. Venous obstruction does not appear to play a primary role but can coexist in some cases. Repeated insults are needed for swelling to develop.

• #18 Case Report: Puffy Hand Syndrome

  https://consultqd.clevelandclinic.org/case-report-puffy-hand-syndrome

  The precise pathogenesis of puffy hand syndrome remains unknown. […] Hand edema, which is initially pitting, becomes more indurated over time, as there is progressive fibrosis of the subcutaneous tissues. […] Repeated injection of agents that can induce vascular and dermal sclerosis results in an inflammatory reaction with granuloma formation, similar to a foreign-body granulomatous reaction. […] This study indicated that puffy hand syndrome results primarily from lymphatic obstruction, and that there may be concomitant local scarring resulting from inflammatory reactions at injection sites. […] Venous obstruction does not appear to play a primary role but can coexist in some cases. Repeated insults are needed for swelling to develop.

• #19 Mysteriously puffy hand: puffy hand syndrome | BMJ Case Reports

  https://casereports.bmj.com/content/11/1/e227578

  The pathophysiology of puffy hand syndrome is thought to involve venous and lymphatic insufficiency, as repeated injections result in sclerosis of veins and lymphatic vessels. […] The diagnosis can be made clinically or with lymphoscintigraphy. […] In summary, while it is essential to rule out infection, deep vein thrombosis and other more common causes of a swollen extremity, our case highlights a lesser-known complication of intravenous DU. […] Pathophysiology of puffy hand syndrome involves sclerosis and damage of veins and lymphatic vessels after repeated drug injections, leading to lymphoedema.

• #20 Evaluating edema of the hands

  https://www.hcplive.com/view/evaluating-edema-hands

  Hand edema, or puffy hand syndrome, is seen frequently in primary care practice, and given its broad differential diagnosis, presents physicians a significant diagnostic challenge. […] Another common but frequently overlooked diagnosis is hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, which often is seen in former heroin addicts whose previous habit resulted in isolated hand edema (aka hep C hands). […] The pathogenesis of hand edema in HCV infection has not been identified definitively. When first described by Abeles in 1965, this variation of hand edema was attributed to poor venous return because of thrombosis of antecubital veins after years of injected drug use. […] Schneiderman suggested that the cause is lymphedema associated with the sclerosing properties of the drugs. […] The hand edema begins as pitting edema, followed by thickening and fibrosis of the subcutaneous skin.

• #21 Puffy Hand Syndrome: A Case Report – Journal of Urgent Care Medicine

  https://www.jucm.com/puffy-hand-syndrome-a-case-report/

  Puffy hand syndrome associated with IVDU is a clinical diagnosis of exclusion based on a suggestive history and after consideration of other etiologies that may be progressive without treatment (eg, SLE, inflammatory arthritis, etc.). […] The suggested pathogenesis of puffy hand syndrome is that repeated trauma from venipuncture and injection of caustic substances can produce vascular and dermal sclerosis, which over time obstructs venous return. […] It is also hypothesized that the history of injection of toxic substances can damage and impair lymphatic drainage of the hands as well. […] Repeated, subcutaneous and skin infections from non-sterile injection practices may also play a role in compromising the upper extremitys lymphatic system and impede lymphatic drainage. […] In patients who undergo diagnostic testing with puffy hand syndrome, lymphangiograms typically show the presence of collateralization due to destruction of deep channels of venous drainage. […] Additionally, skin biopsies show extensive fibrosis. […] In 1 study, findings of musculoskeletal ultrasound in puffy hand syndrome suggested the only expected abnormal finding to be diffuse, subcutaneous edema.

• #22 Puffy hand syndrome | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/88/4/210

  A 37-year-old man presented to the rheumatology clinic for evaluation of swelling of his fingers and hands. The precise pathogenesis of puffy hand syndrome remains unknown. Hand edema, which is initially pitting, becomes more indurated over time, as there is progressive fibrosis of the subcutaneous tissues. The swelling is asymmetric and intermittent at first, often affecting the nondominant hand; over time, it becomes persistent and symmetric, as in this patient. […] Repeated injection of agents that can induce vascular and dermal sclerosis results in an inflammatory reaction with granuloma formation, similar to a foreign-body granulomatous reaction. Over time, the dense dermal fibrosis obscures the superficial veins and the extensor tendons on the dorsum of the hands. […] This study indicated that puffy hand syndrome results primarily from lymphatic obstruction, and that there may be concomitant local scarring resulting from inflammatory reactions at injection sites. Venous obstruction does not appear to play a primary role but can coexist in some cases. Repeated insults are needed for swelling to develop.

• #23 Edema: Types, causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/159111

  Edema refers to swelling due to fluid buildup in bodily tissues. It most often occurs in the skin, especially in the hands, arms, ankles, legs, and feet. […] Peripheral edema: This affects the feet, ankles, legs, hands, and arms. Symptoms include swelling, puffiness, and difficulty moving certain body parts. […] Edema can result from circulatory problems, infection, tissue death, malnutrition, total body fluid overload, and electrolyte problems. […] If one or both of the lower chambers of the heart cannot pump blood properly, blood can accumulate in the limbs, causing edema. […] The body of a person with a kidney disorder may not be able to eliminate enough fluid and sodium from the blood. This puts pressure on the blood vessels, which causes some of the liquid to leak out. Swelling can occur around the legs and eyes.

• #24 In brief: Causes and signs of edema – InformedHealth.org – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279409/

  Edema (or „oedema”) means swelling. It arises when part of the body becomes swollen because fluid gathers in the tissue. It is most common in the arms and legs. That is called peripheral edema. […] Heart failure (cardiac insufficiency) can cause edema in the arms and legs (peripheral edema) as well as in the abdomen (ascites). This is because the heart is too weak to pump blood around the body properly, so the blood gathers in front of the heart. As a result, and due to the increased blood pressure in the veins, fluid seeps out into the surrounding tissue. This may cause swelling in the legs or a build-up of fluid in the abdomen. […] Kidney disease can cause edema in the legs and around the eyes. This is because the pressure in the blood vessels starts building up if the kidneys don’t remove enough sodium and water from the body, and that can lead to edema.

• #25 Edema: Types, causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/159111

  Cirrhosis affects liver function. It can lead to changes in the secretion of hormones and fluid-regulating chemicals and reduced protein production. This causes fluid to leak out of the blood vessels into surrounding tissue. […] During pregnancy, the body releases hormones that encourage fluid retention. The body also retains more sodium and water than usual. The face, hands, lower limbs, and feet may swell. […] Some complications of diabetes include cardiovascular disease, acute renal failure, acute liver failure, and protein-losing enteropathy, which is an intestinal condition that causes protein loss. […] Some causes of swelling in the brain include head injuries, stroke, and brain tumors. […] Certain medications can also increase the risk of edema. […] Edema can indicate one of many health conditions. These can range in severity, so it is important for a person to check with a doctor if they notice any unexplained swelling. […] Treatment will also depend on the cause of edema. […] Diuretics are a type of medication. They help eliminate excess fluid by increasing the rate of urine production by the kidneys. […] Edema occurs when fluid builds up in the body. This causes swelling, which can sometimes be painful.

• #26 In brief: Causes and signs of edema – InformedHealth.org – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279409/

  Low protein levels in the blood: If there’s a lack of the protein albumin in the blood, fluid can leak out of blood vessels more easily. This lack of protein can be caused by extreme malnutrition. It can also be caused by kidney and liver diseases where the body loses too much protein or produces too little protein. […] Liver diseases: Scarring of liver tissue (liver cirrhosis) for instance, due to long-term alcohol abuse or a liver inflammation can cause edema in the abdomen (called ascites). This is because cirrhosis leads to a lack of proteins and a build-up of blood in the liver, which can increase the pressure in the blood vessels. As a result, fluid seeps out into the abdomen. […] Severe lung diseases like emphysema can also cause edema in the legs and feet because the pressure in the lungs increases a lot. Blood builds up in the heart and veins.

• #27 Medications That May Cause Edema (Swelling) – BuzzRx

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/medications-that-may-cause-edema-swelling

  Lastly, medications can also be responsible for edema. There is no doubt about the wonders that modern medicine can deliver; unfortunately, edema is a common side effect of certain medications. […] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil) and naproxen (Naprosyn, Aleve) are commonly used to treat mild to moderate pain, inflammation, and fever. Especially at higher doses of NSAIDs, prolonged use of these commonly-used drugs can cause kidney injury, which, in turn, causes edema. […] Corticosteroids like prednisone and methylprednisolone can affect the bodys water balance and salt, leading to edema. […] Drugs used to treat type 2 diabetes, such as pioglitazone and rosiglitazone, can cause swelling of the lower extremities (e.g., leg swelling) by increasing salt reabsorption in the kidneys.

• #28 Medications That May Cause Edema (Swelling) – BuzzRx

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/medications-that-may-cause-edema-swelling

  Drugs like pramipexole that treat Parkinsons disease can lead to ankle swelling. […] Drugs used to treat seizures and neuropathic pain, such as gabapentin and pregabalin, can cause fluid retention and edema. […] Certain drugs like docetaxel, pemetrexed, gemcitabine, and lenalidomide, which are used to treat cancers, can cause edema due to retained fluid and leaky blood vessels. […] Antidepressant medications called monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) can cause retention of fluid and swelling. […] Calcium channel blockers (e.g., amlodipine), a commonly prescribed drug class to manage blood pressure, can cause edema as a side effect.

• #29 Why Amlodipine Causes Ankle Swelling and How to Reduce It

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/can-norvasc-make-my-ankles-swell-1124056

  Amlodipine, sold as a generic drug or as the Katerzia and Norvasc brands, often causes ankle edema. This is an abnormal swelling of tissues due to fluid buildup. Swollen feet are a common side effect experienced by about 16% of people who use it, according to a 2019 study. […] Amlodipine is a calcium channel blocker, a medication used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure) and angina (heart-related chest pain). It relaxes blood vessels and decreases blood pressure, making it easier for your heart to pump blood throughout the body. Its effects also make it easier for the swelling to occur. […] Amlodipine and other calcium channel blockers cause blood vessels to dilate. The dilation, in turn, lowers the blood pressure and improves blood flow throughout the body. […] However, the improved blood flow can increase the pressure within smaller blood vessels called capillaries. This can cause fluids to seep through the walls of the vessels into surrounding tissues.

• #30 Managing peripheral oedema caused by calcium channel blockers – SPS – Specialist Pharmacy Service – The first stop for professional medicines advice

  https://www.sps.nhs.uk/articles/managing-peripheral-oedema-caused-by-calcium-channel-blockers/

  Unlike peripheral oedema caused by fluid retention, CCB-induced oedema appears to be due to redistribution of fluid from capillaries to interstitial spaces. […] It seems unaffected by administration of diuretics, supporting the idea that it may be due to fluid pooling rather than fluid retention. […] Oedema occurs despite CCBs possessing inherent diuretic effects.

• #31 Medications That May Cause Edema (Swelling) – BuzzRx

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/medications-that-may-cause-edema-swelling

  Lastly, medications can also be responsible for edema. There is no doubt about the wonders that modern medicine can deliver; unfortunately, edema is a common side effect of certain medications. […] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil) and naproxen (Naprosyn, Aleve) are commonly used to treat mild to moderate pain, inflammation, and fever. Especially at higher doses of NSAIDs, prolonged use of these commonly-used drugs can cause kidney injury, which, in turn, causes edema. […] Corticosteroids like prednisone and methylprednisolone can affect the bodys water balance and salt, leading to edema. […] Drugs used to treat type 2 diabetes, such as pioglitazone and rosiglitazone, can cause swelling of the lower extremities (e.g., leg swelling) by increasing salt reabsorption in the kidneys.

• #32 Medications That May Cause Edema (Swelling) – BuzzRx

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/medications-that-may-cause-edema-swelling

  Lastly, medications can also be responsible for edema. There is no doubt about the wonders that modern medicine can deliver; unfortunately, edema is a common side effect of certain medications. […] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil) and naproxen (Naprosyn, Aleve) are commonly used to treat mild to moderate pain, inflammation, and fever. Especially at higher doses of NSAIDs, prolonged use of these commonly-used drugs can cause kidney injury, which, in turn, causes edema. […] Corticosteroids like prednisone and methylprednisolone can affect the bodys water balance and salt, leading to edema. […] Drugs used to treat type 2 diabetes, such as pioglitazone and rosiglitazone, can cause swelling of the lower extremities (e.g., leg swelling) by increasing salt reabsorption in the kidneys.

• #33 Medications That May Cause Edema (Swelling) – BuzzRx

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/medications-that-may-cause-edema-swelling

  Drugs like pramipexole that treat Parkinsons disease can lead to ankle swelling. […] Drugs used to treat seizures and neuropathic pain, such as gabapentin and pregabalin, can cause fluid retention and edema. […] Certain drugs like docetaxel, pemetrexed, gemcitabine, and lenalidomide, which are used to treat cancers, can cause edema due to retained fluid and leaky blood vessels. […] Antidepressant medications called monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) can cause retention of fluid and swelling. […] Calcium channel blockers (e.g., amlodipine), a commonly prescribed drug class to manage blood pressure, can cause edema as a side effect.

• #34 Medications That May Cause Edema (Swelling) – BuzzRx

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/medications-that-may-cause-edema-swelling

  Drugs like pramipexole that treat Parkinsons disease can lead to ankle swelling. […] Drugs used to treat seizures and neuropathic pain, such as gabapentin and pregabalin, can cause fluid retention and edema. […] Certain drugs like docetaxel, pemetrexed, gemcitabine, and lenalidomide, which are used to treat cancers, can cause edema due to retained fluid and leaky blood vessels. […] Antidepressant medications called monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) can cause retention of fluid and swelling. […] Calcium channel blockers (e.g., amlodipine), a commonly prescribed drug class to manage blood pressure, can cause edema as a side effect.

• #35 Why your hands swell while hiking: the real reason – Because it’s there

  https://graysoncobb.com/hands-swell-hiking/

  The reason your fingers are swelling is multifaceted but actually pretty simple. […] The vasculature in your body is just a giant network of leaky plumbing. […] When you step on that garden hose, aka put backpack straps on your upper arms, it increases pressure and increases the rate of that fluid shooting out of the uncountable tiny holes in the hose. […] Another cause is that the backpack straps essentially dam up the return flow like putting a wall in the trough. […] By clamping down on those lymphatic ducts with backpack straps, it dams the trough, preventing fluid from draining from that extravascular space. […] The reason we don’t experience edema in our legs on long hikes isn’t simply because of no backpack straps compressing the vasculature, but mostly because of our constantly contracting and relaxing leg muscles.

• #36 Why your hands swell while hiking: the real reason – Because it’s there

  https://graysoncobb.com/hands-swell-hiking/

  The reason your fingers are swelling is multifaceted but actually pretty simple. […] The vasculature in your body is just a giant network of leaky plumbing. […] When you step on that garden hose, aka put backpack straps on your upper arms, it increases pressure and increases the rate of that fluid shooting out of the uncountable tiny holes in the hose. […] Another cause is that the backpack straps essentially dam up the return flow like putting a wall in the trough. […] By clamping down on those lymphatic ducts with backpack straps, it dams the trough, preventing fluid from draining from that extravascular space. […] The reason we don’t experience edema in our legs on long hikes isn’t simply because of no backpack straps compressing the vasculature, but mostly because of our constantly contracting and relaxing leg muscles.

• #37 Why your hands swell while hiking: the real reason – Because it’s there

  https://graysoncobb.com/hands-swell-hiking/

  The reason your fingers are swelling is multifaceted but actually pretty simple. […] The vasculature in your body is just a giant network of leaky plumbing. […] When you step on that garden hose, aka put backpack straps on your upper arms, it increases pressure and increases the rate of that fluid shooting out of the uncountable tiny holes in the hose. […] Another cause is that the backpack straps essentially dam up the return flow like putting a wall in the trough. […] By clamping down on those lymphatic ducts with backpack straps, it dams the trough, preventing fluid from draining from that extravascular space. […] The reason we don’t experience edema in our legs on long hikes isn’t simply because of no backpack straps compressing the vasculature, but mostly because of our constantly contracting and relaxing leg muscles.

• #38 Why your hands swell while hiking: the real reason – Because it’s there

  https://graysoncobb.com/hands-swell-hiking/

  My hands routinely swell even when going on long walks in my neighborhood. […] I attribute it to simple immobility of hands and fingers when walking while unfit. […] I have noticed that carrying an umbrella fixes hikers fat fingers, as long as I switch hands regularly. […] I choose the “occasionally waving hands up in the air like a madman” method, works like a charm.

• #39 Edema: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0715/p102.html

  Edema is an accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space that occurs as the capillary filtration exceeds the limits of lymphatic drainage, producing noticeable clinical signs and symptoms. […] The accumulation of fluid occurs when local or systemic conditions disrupt this equilibrium, leading to increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, increased plasma volume, decreased plasma oncotic pressure (hypoalbuminemia), increased capillary permeability, or lymphatic obstruction. […] Edema associated with decreased plasma oncotic pressure (e.g., malabsorption, liver failure, nephrotic syndrome) does not change with dependency. […] Unilateral swelling from compression or compromise of venous or lymphatic drainage can result from DVT, venous insufficiency, venous obstruction by tumor, lymphatic obstruction, or lymphatic destruction.

• #40 Edema: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0715/p102.html

  Edema is an accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space that occurs as the capillary filtration exceeds the limits of lymphatic drainage, producing noticeable clinical signs and symptoms. […] The accumulation of fluid occurs when local or systemic conditions disrupt this equilibrium, leading to increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, increased plasma volume, decreased plasma oncotic pressure (hypoalbuminemia), increased capillary permeability, or lymphatic obstruction. […] Edema associated with decreased plasma oncotic pressure (e.g., malabsorption, liver failure, nephrotic syndrome) does not change with dependency. […] Unilateral swelling from compression or compromise of venous or lymphatic drainage can result from DVT, venous insufficiency, venous obstruction by tumor, lymphatic obstruction, or lymphatic destruction.

• #41 Edema – Cardiovascular Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/symptoms-of-cardiovascular-disorders/edema

  Edema results from increased movement of fluid from the intravascular to the interstitial space or decreased movement of water from the interstitium into the capillaries or lymphatic vessels. The mechanism involves one or more of the following: […] Increased capillary permeability occurs in infections or as the result of toxin or inflammatory damage to the capillary walls. […] The lymphatic system is responsible for removing protein and white blood cells (along with some water) from the interstitium. Lymphatic obstruction allows these substances to accumulate in the interstitium. […] Decreased plasma oncotic pressure often triggers secondary sodium and water retention, leading to fluid overload.

• #42 Edema Treatment for the Arm and Hand: What Is It, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment | The Hand Society

  https://www.assh.org/handcare/condition/edema-treatment-for-the-arm-and-hand

  Edema, or swelling, of the arm or hand can be a result of many different conditions. Edema may be caused by abnormal movement of fluids, such as blood and lymph, in or out of the extremity. […] Edema can be extra fluid that is part of the bodys inflammatory response. […] It can occur from too much fluid into the arm and hand or not enough draining out. […] Edema of the arm or hand can be caused by: Trauma, Surgery, Acute injury, Chronic condition, Overuse, Lack of use of limb, Tight casts, wraps, or braces, Systemic conditions, Blood clot, Dependent position of limb (below level of heart). […] Edema can be unpredictable following an injury or ailment of the arm or hand. […] It is normal to expect some edema initially following trauma, and it can potentially last weeks or months depending on the injury and the patients health.

• #43 Edema: Types, causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/159111

  Cirrhosis affects liver function. It can lead to changes in the secretion of hormones and fluid-regulating chemicals and reduced protein production. This causes fluid to leak out of the blood vessels into surrounding tissue. […] During pregnancy, the body releases hormones that encourage fluid retention. The body also retains more sodium and water than usual. The face, hands, lower limbs, and feet may swell. […] Some complications of diabetes include cardiovascular disease, acute renal failure, acute liver failure, and protein-losing enteropathy, which is an intestinal condition that causes protein loss. […] Some causes of swelling in the brain include head injuries, stroke, and brain tumors. […] Certain medications can also increase the risk of edema. […] Edema can indicate one of many health conditions. These can range in severity, so it is important for a person to check with a doctor if they notice any unexplained swelling. […] Treatment will also depend on the cause of edema. […] Diuretics are a type of medication. They help eliminate excess fluid by increasing the rate of urine production by the kidneys. […] Edema occurs when fluid builds up in the body. This causes swelling, which can sometimes be painful.

• #44 Edema: Types, causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/159111

  Cirrhosis affects liver function. It can lead to changes in the secretion of hormones and fluid-regulating chemicals and reduced protein production. This causes fluid to leak out of the blood vessels into surrounding tissue. […] During pregnancy, the body releases hormones that encourage fluid retention. The body also retains more sodium and water than usual. The face, hands, lower limbs, and feet may swell. […] Some complications of diabetes include cardiovascular disease, acute renal failure, acute liver failure, and protein-losing enteropathy, which is an intestinal condition that causes protein loss. […] Some causes of swelling in the brain include head injuries, stroke, and brain tumors. […] Certain medications can also increase the risk of edema. […] Edema can indicate one of many health conditions. These can range in severity, so it is important for a person to check with a doctor if they notice any unexplained swelling. […] Treatment will also depend on the cause of edema. […] Diuretics are a type of medication. They help eliminate excess fluid by increasing the rate of urine production by the kidneys. […] Edema occurs when fluid builds up in the body. This causes swelling, which can sometimes be painful.

• #45 Edema: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0715/p102.html

  The mechanism often includes the retention of salt and water with increased capillary hydrostatic pressure. […] Obstructive sleep apnea has been shown to cause edema. […] The mainstay of lymphedema treatment involves complex decongestive physiotherapy, which is composed of manual lymphatic massage and multilayer bandages. […] Diuretics do not have a role in the treatment of lymphedema.

• #46 Post ambulatory swollen hands (POTASH): a case report – Cohen – AME Case Reports

  https://acr.amegroups.org/article/view/9752/html

  POTASH is an idiopathic recurrent condition whose pathogenesis remains to be determined. […] The pathogenesis of POTASH remains to be established. […] Some of the mechanisms included reduced venous return from the hand (similar to patients with carpel tunnel syndrome, Raynauds phenomenon, scleroderma and thoracic outlet syndrome), autonomic dysfunction (similar to patients who have experienced hand or brachial plexus trauma or individuals with complex regional pain syndrome type I), systemic neurogenic effect (similar to the patient who developed unexplained acupuncture treatment-related hand swelling), improper arm motion (secondary to excess fluid being mobilized into the hands from centrifugal forces). […] In addition to the Brazilian researchers, other authors have also postulated mechanisms for the pathogenesis of ambulation-related hand swelling. […] The reason for the condition being limited to the upper extremity remains to be elucidated; perhaps swelling of the feet is prevented by the pressure of the individuals footwear and wearing tight gloves might have a preventative effect on the development of POTASH in susceptible individuals.

• #47 [Edema of the hand during secondary swelling of the arms: primary etiopathogenic hypotheses]. – Abstract – Europe PMCEurope PMC

  https://europepmc.org/article/med/2772045

  Iatrogenic swollen arms following surgery and radiation therapy after breast cancer, may be -or not- associated with a swollen hand: the percentage is approximately 50%. This study attempts to formulate a few hypotheses regarding the pathogenesis of this distal edema. […] If the dual nature of the stasis seems to be confirmed the most remarkable result is that in 8 out of 10 patients the anomalies are bilateral. These first hypotheses should be confirmed by a more in-depth quantitative study, and perhaps by more direct paraclinical investigations.

• #48 Edema: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/0715/p102.html

  Edema is an accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space that occurs as the capillary filtration exceeds the limits of lymphatic drainage, producing noticeable clinical signs and symptoms. […] The accumulation of fluid occurs when local or systemic conditions disrupt this equilibrium, leading to increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, increased plasma volume, decreased plasma oncotic pressure (hypoalbuminemia), increased capillary permeability, or lymphatic obstruction. […] Edema associated with decreased plasma oncotic pressure (e.g., malabsorption, liver failure, nephrotic syndrome) does not change with dependency. […] Unilateral swelling from compression or compromise of venous or lymphatic drainage can result from DVT, venous insufficiency, venous obstruction by tumor, lymphatic obstruction, or lymphatic destruction.

• #49

  https://fpnotebook.com/Renal/Edema/Edm.htm

  Loss of vascular integrity […] Changes in capillary hemodynamics […] Oncotic pressure gradient changes across the capillary membrane (between capillary and interstitial space) […] Increased tissue oncotic pressure (increased interstitial Protein concentration) or […] Decreased plasma oncotic pressure (decreased Serum Albumin) […] Increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure […] Sodium and water retention mediated by renal Vasoconstriction and renin and Aldosterone (as above) […] Mechanism related to underlying cause (e.g. venous or lymph obstruction, local inflammatory response).

• #50 Edema: Types, causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/159111

  Cirrhosis affects liver function. It can lead to changes in the secretion of hormones and fluid-regulating chemicals and reduced protein production. This causes fluid to leak out of the blood vessels into surrounding tissue. […] During pregnancy, the body releases hormones that encourage fluid retention. The body also retains more sodium and water than usual. The face, hands, lower limbs, and feet may swell. […] Some complications of diabetes include cardiovascular disease, acute renal failure, acute liver failure, and protein-losing enteropathy, which is an intestinal condition that causes protein loss. […] Some causes of swelling in the brain include head injuries, stroke, and brain tumors. […] Certain medications can also increase the risk of edema. […] Edema can indicate one of many health conditions. These can range in severity, so it is important for a person to check with a doctor if they notice any unexplained swelling. […] Treatment will also depend on the cause of edema. […] Diuretics are a type of medication. They help eliminate excess fluid by increasing the rate of urine production by the kidneys. […] Edema occurs when fluid builds up in the body. This causes swelling, which can sometimes be painful.

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