Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532873/

  Nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) or dacryostenosis is the most common disorder of the lacrimal system, and approximately 6 to 20 percent of newborns exhibit symptoms of this condition. Typically, NLDO presents in the first weeks or months of life with symptoms that begin when normal tear production starts, presenting with excessive tearing and ocular discharge. […] The lacrimal drainage structures form during the fifth week of gestation as a crease between the frontons and maxillary processes, known as the nasolacrimal groove or naso-optic fissure. A cord of ectodermal tissues separates from the surface and enters this groove. This tissue eventually canalizes and forms the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct. This process of canalization usually begins by week 8 and is completed by birth. Tears are produced by the main and accessory lacrimal glands and drain medially into the puncta, then flow through the canaliculi to the lacrimal sac, and then through the nasolacrimal duct into the nose. Incomplete canalization is the most common cause of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) and occurs at the distal end resulting in an imperforate membrane at the valve of Hasner. […] The primary treatment of uncomplicated nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) is a regimen of nasolacrimal massage, usually 2 to 3 times per day, accompanied by a cleansing of the lids with warm water and topical antibiotics; this will resolve the infection in 76% to 89% of cases.

• #2 Dacryostenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563132/

  Dacryostenosis is an acquired or congenital condition that results from nasolacrimal duct obstruction and causes epiphora or watery eyes. […] The congenital form of dacryostenosis is the most prevalent cause of persistent tearing and ocular discharge, affecting nearly 6% of all infants and arising from abnormal canalization of the nasolacrimal system in utero. […] The acquired form of dacryostenosis can be classified as either primary or secondary, depending on the underlying cause. The causes of primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction include inflammation, fibrosis, mucosal edema, vascular congestion, stasis, infections, or trauma to the lacrimal apparatus, which can result in partial or total obstruction of the duct later in life. […] Although dacryostenosis is typically benign, untreated cases can advance to recurrent conjunctivitis and dacryocystitis, potentially causing stained tears, frequent eye infections, preseptal or orbital cellulitis, sepsis, meningitis, or brain abscess in both children and adults.

• #3 Blocked tear duct – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/blocked-tear-duct/symptoms-causes/syc-20351369

  When you have a blocked tear duct, your tears can’t drain normally, leaving you with a watery, irritated eye. The condition is caused by a partial or complete obstruction in the tear drainage system. […] A blocked tear duct may be due to an injury, an infection or rarely, a tumor. […] A blockage can occur at any point in the tear drainage system, from the puncta to your nose. When that happens, your tears don’t drain properly, giving you watery eyes and increasing your risk of eye infections and inflammation. […] Blocked tear ducts can happen at any age, from birth to adulthood. Causes include: […] A tumor in the nose or anywhere along the tear drainage system can cause blockage. […] Because your tears aren’t draining the way they should, the tears that remain in the drainage system become stagnant. This promotes growth of bacteria, viruses and fungi, which can lead to frequent eye infections and inflammation.

• #4 Blocked tear duct | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/blocked-tear-duct?content_id=CON-20156926

  Watery, irritated eyes may occur when your tears can’t drain normally. The condition is caused by a partial or complete obstruction in the tear drainage system. […] A blocked tear duct may be due to an injury, an infection or rarely, a tumor. […] A blockage can occur at any point in the tear drainage system, from the puncta to your nose. When that happens, your tears don’t drain properly, giving you watery eyes and increasing your risk of eye infections and inflammation. […] Because your tears aren’t draining the way they should, the tears that remain in the drainage system become stagnant. This promotes growth of bacteria, viruses and fungi, which can lead to frequent eye infections and inflammation. […] Any part of the tear drainage system, including the clear membrane over your eye surface known as the conjunctiva, can become infected or inflamed because of a blocked tear duct.

• #5 Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532873/

  Nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) or dacryostenosis is the most common disorder of the lacrimal system, and approximately 6 to 20 percent of newborns exhibit symptoms of this condition. Typically, NLDO presents in the first weeks or months of life with symptoms that begin when normal tear production starts, presenting with excessive tearing and ocular discharge. […] The lacrimal drainage structures form during the fifth week of gestation as a crease between the frontons and maxillary processes, known as the nasolacrimal groove or naso-optic fissure. A cord of ectodermal tissues separates from the surface and enters this groove. This tissue eventually canalizes and forms the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct. This process of canalization usually begins by week 8 and is completed by birth. Tears are produced by the main and accessory lacrimal glands and drain medially into the puncta, then flow through the canaliculi to the lacrimal sac, and then through the nasolacrimal duct into the nose. Incomplete canalization is the most common cause of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) and occurs at the distal end resulting in an imperforate membrane at the valve of Hasner. […] The primary treatment of uncomplicated nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) is a regimen of nasolacrimal massage, usually 2 to 3 times per day, accompanied by a cleansing of the lids with warm water and topical antibiotics; this will resolve the infection in 76% to 89% of cases.

• #6 Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532873/

  Nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) or dacryostenosis is the most common disorder of the lacrimal system, and approximately 6 to 20 percent of newborns exhibit symptoms of this condition. Typically, NLDO presents in the first weeks or months of life with symptoms that begin when normal tear production starts, presenting with excessive tearing and ocular discharge. […] The lacrimal drainage structures form during the fifth week of gestation as a crease between the frontons and maxillary processes, known as the nasolacrimal groove or naso-optic fissure. A cord of ectodermal tissues separates from the surface and enters this groove. This tissue eventually canalizes and forms the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct. This process of canalization usually begins by week 8 and is completed by birth. Tears are produced by the main and accessory lacrimal glands and drain medially into the puncta, then flow through the canaliculi to the lacrimal sac, and then through the nasolacrimal duct into the nose. Incomplete canalization is the most common cause of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) and occurs at the distal end resulting in an imperforate membrane at the valve of Hasner. […] The primary treatment of uncomplicated nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) is a regimen of nasolacrimal massage, usually 2 to 3 times per day, accompanied by a cleansing of the lids with warm water and topical antibiotics; this will resolve the infection in 76% to 89% of cases.

• #7

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/blocked-tear-duct-cause

  A blockage can occur at any point in the tear drainage system. When that happens, your tears don’t drain properly, giving you watery eyes and increasing your risk of eye infections and inflammation. […] Another cause of blocked tear duct may be chronic nose infections. Chronic sinusitis may irritate the tissues and form scars, which block the tear duct system. […] Abnormal development of the skull and face (craniofacial abnormalities), like those in Down syndrome or other disorders, increases the likelihood of blockage of the tear ducts. […] Age-related changes in older adults can cause blocked tear ducts, including narrowing of the punctal openings. […] Nose trauma, such as a broken nose; scar tissue can block the tear duct. […] Nose polyps, a growth from the lining of the nose (affecting some people who have nasal allergies), can obstruct the tear duct system. […] In rare cases, the tear duct system may become infected and blocked, especially after some viral infections. […] Tumor, which may press on the tear duct system and prevent drainage.

• #8 Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (dacryostenosis) and dacryocystocele – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/congenital-nasolacrimal-duct-obstruction-dacryostenosis-and-dacryocystocele

  Congenital nasolacrimal duct (NLD) obstruction (dacryostenosis) occurs in approximately 6 percent of newborns and is the most common cause of persistent tearing and ocular discharge in infants and young children. Most cases resolve spontaneously. […] Congenital dacryocystocele (or nasolacrimal duct cyst) occurs less commonly but is associated with potentially serious complications and, hence, requires timely referral to an ophthalmologist. […] Normal tear production and drainage – Tears are produced by the main and accessory lacrimal glands. They drain medially into the puncta in the upper and lower eyelids, flowing through the canaliculi to the lacrimal sac and through the nasolacrimal duct (NLD) into the nose. The NLD has a proximal valve (valve of Rosenmuller) and a distal valve (valve of Hasner), which are common sites of obstruction.

• #9 Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532873/

  Nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) or dacryostenosis is the most common disorder of the lacrimal system, and approximately 6 to 20 percent of newborns exhibit symptoms of this condition. Typically, NLDO presents in the first weeks or months of life with symptoms that begin when normal tear production starts, presenting with excessive tearing and ocular discharge. […] The lacrimal drainage structures form during the fifth week of gestation as a crease between the frontons and maxillary processes, known as the nasolacrimal groove or naso-optic fissure. A cord of ectodermal tissues separates from the surface and enters this groove. This tissue eventually canalizes and forms the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct. This process of canalization usually begins by week 8 and is completed by birth. Tears are produced by the main and accessory lacrimal glands and drain medially into the puncta, then flow through the canaliculi to the lacrimal sac, and then through the nasolacrimal duct into the nose. Incomplete canalization is the most common cause of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) and occurs at the distal end resulting in an imperforate membrane at the valve of Hasner. […] The primary treatment of uncomplicated nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) is a regimen of nasolacrimal massage, usually 2 to 3 times per day, accompanied by a cleansing of the lids with warm water and topical antibiotics; this will resolve the infection in 76% to 89% of cases.

• #10 Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532873/

  Nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) or dacryostenosis is the most common disorder of the lacrimal system, and approximately 6 to 20 percent of newborns exhibit symptoms of this condition. Typically, NLDO presents in the first weeks or months of life with symptoms that begin when normal tear production starts, presenting with excessive tearing and ocular discharge. […] The lacrimal drainage structures form during the fifth week of gestation as a crease between the frontons and maxillary processes, known as the nasolacrimal groove or naso-optic fissure. A cord of ectodermal tissues separates from the surface and enters this groove. This tissue eventually canalizes and forms the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct. This process of canalization usually begins by week 8 and is completed by birth. Tears are produced by the main and accessory lacrimal glands and drain medially into the puncta, then flow through the canaliculi to the lacrimal sac, and then through the nasolacrimal duct into the nose. Incomplete canalization is the most common cause of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) and occurs at the distal end resulting in an imperforate membrane at the valve of Hasner. […] The primary treatment of uncomplicated nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) is a regimen of nasolacrimal massage, usually 2 to 3 times per day, accompanied by a cleansing of the lids with warm water and topical antibiotics; this will resolve the infection in 76% to 89% of cases.

• #11 Dacryostenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563132/

  The etiology of dacryostenosis is multifaceted, involving both inherited and acquired etiologies. Congenital forms result from anatomical anomalies or abnormalities associated with the development of the nasolacrimal system. Acquired etiologies include infections, inflammation, medication, or damage to the lacrimal system. […] PANDO refers to disorders in the drainage system of the tear glands and is induced by certain factors such as inflammation, fibrosis, mucosal edema, vascular congestion, stasis, infections, or trauma to the lacrimal apparatus. […] Chronic inflammation can lead to changes in the blood vessels of the vascular plexus surrounding the lacrimal sac and fibrosis of the connective tissue fibers near the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct. […] The nasolacrimal apparatus forms during embryonic development between the third and the fifth week. Canalization begins in the third month, with full canalization typically complete between the eyelid and the nose by the eighth month of gestation. Obstruction arises due to the persistence of an embryonal membrane or abnormalities in bone development, leading to symptoms such as excess tearing, mucoid discharge, and debris or „mattering” on the eyelids.

• #12 Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction

  https://www.aapos.org/glossary/nasolacrimal-duct-obstruction

  Tears normally drain from the eye down to the nose through the tear duct or nasolacrimal duct. […] A tear duct obstruction keeps tears from draining through this system normally. […] The most common cause is a membrane at the end of the tear duct (valve of Hasner). […] Other causes of blocked tear ducts in children include: Absent puncta (upper and/or lower eyelids), Narrow tear duct system, Infection, Incomplete development of the tear duct that does not connect with the nose. […] Blockage of the drainage system causes tears to well up on the surface of the eye and overflow onto the eyelashes, eyelids, and down the cheek. […] Severe cases lead to a serious infection of the tear duct system (dacryocystitis). […] Fortunately, tear duct obstruction goes away on its own in most cases before the age of 8 to 10 months.

• #13 Blocked Tear Duct: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17260-blocked-tear-duct-nasolacrimal-duct-obstruction

  A blocked tear duct is a condition that happens when something keeps tear fluid from draining out of your eyes properly. These blockages slow or stop the flow of tear fluid, causing it to back up in the tear duct system and into your affected eye. The medical term for this condition is nasolacrimal duct obstruction. […] Congenital tear duct obstruction usually happens because a child still has an unbroken membrane where the valve of Hasner should be. That means fluid can build up inside the lacrimal duct. Over time, the accumulated tear fluid can cause the duct to expand. It can also lead to an infection of the tear duct or other parts of the tear system. […] Tear duct blockages can also happen because of other conditions or be more likely to happen under certain circumstances. These are more likely to happen higher up in your tear duct system (or in parts that arent technically tear ducts, but they connect to the ducts).

• #14 Blocked Tear Ducts (Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction) | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/blocked-tear-ducts/

  The tear duct system goes from the eyelids, through the bone on the side of the nose bridge and empties into the nose. A blocked tear duct occurs when the tears can not drain properly from your eyes. […] Congenital – Blockage of the tear duct system starting within 2 months of birth. This is very common and is usually due to a membrane in the duct that has not completely dissolved. In most children, the membrane dissolves on its own by the time they turn 1 year old. […] Acquired – Blockage of the tear duct system that starts after birth. Causes can include infection, inflammation, trauma, and medications. […] A blocked tear duct is typically diagnosed following a complete history of symptoms and eye examination. […] In congenital cases, you can massage over the tear duct. If the symptoms continue after your child has turned 1 year old, then surgery may be recommended to open up the tear duct. In acquired cases, surgery may be recommended.

• #15 Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction and Epiphora: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1210141-overview

  PANDO mainly is caused by inflammation, fibrosis, mucosal edema, vascular congestion, and stasis. […] A systematic review by Ali and Paulsen focused on vascular theories where recurrent malfunction leads to structural epithelial and subepithelial changes that affect the behavior of perilacrimal cavernous bodies. […] Some studies suggest menstrual hormonal changes bring about a generalized de-epithelialization as well within the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct. […] Causes of SALDO include infectious, inflammatory, neoplastic, traumatic, and mechanical disorders. […] Inflammation may be endogenous or exogenous in origin. […] Neoplasms resulting in chronic nasolacrimal duct obstruction occur in 4.6% of cases and were unsuspected before surgery in 2.1% of patients. […] Naso-orbitethmoidal fractures are the most common etiology for traumatic nasolacrimal duct obstruction. […] Mechanical lacrimal drainage obstructions may be due to intraluminal foreign bodies, such as dacryoliths or casts.

• #16 Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction and Epiphora: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1210141-overview

  PANDO mainly is caused by inflammation, fibrosis, mucosal edema, vascular congestion, and stasis. […] A systematic review by Ali and Paulsen focused on vascular theories where recurrent malfunction leads to structural epithelial and subepithelial changes that affect the behavior of perilacrimal cavernous bodies. […] Some studies suggest menstrual hormonal changes bring about a generalized de-epithelialization as well within the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct. […] Causes of SALDO include infectious, inflammatory, neoplastic, traumatic, and mechanical disorders. […] Inflammation may be endogenous or exogenous in origin. […] Neoplasms resulting in chronic nasolacrimal duct obstruction occur in 4.6% of cases and were unsuspected before surgery in 2.1% of patients. […] Naso-orbitethmoidal fractures are the most common etiology for traumatic nasolacrimal duct obstruction. […] Mechanical lacrimal drainage obstructions may be due to intraluminal foreign bodies, such as dacryoliths or casts.

• #17 Secondary Acquired Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Secondary_Acquired_Nasolacrimal_Duct_Obstruction

  Secondary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (SANDO) is an obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct caused by a secondary etiology, as opposed to the idiopathic primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (PANDO). To be classified as SANDO, a specific cause must be identified. […] The specific pathophysiology of SANDO varies because each cause of obstruction can have a different pathophysiology. However, in most cases there is some type of inflammation and often infection. […] NLDO secondary to infection: Infection can cause dysfunction of goblet cells, loss of blood vessels, and damage to epithelial cells. These changes impede the outflow of tears and eventually cause fibrosis. This resultant obstruction and fibrosis can exacerbate a cycle of recurrent infection, inflammation, and fibrosis.

• #18 Dacryostenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563132/

  The etiology of dacryostenosis is multifaceted, involving both inherited and acquired etiologies. Congenital forms result from anatomical anomalies or abnormalities associated with the development of the nasolacrimal system. Acquired etiologies include infections, inflammation, medication, or damage to the lacrimal system. […] PANDO refers to disorders in the drainage system of the tear glands and is induced by certain factors such as inflammation, fibrosis, mucosal edema, vascular congestion, stasis, infections, or trauma to the lacrimal apparatus. […] Chronic inflammation can lead to changes in the blood vessels of the vascular plexus surrounding the lacrimal sac and fibrosis of the connective tissue fibers near the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct. […] The nasolacrimal apparatus forms during embryonic development between the third and the fifth week. Canalization begins in the third month, with full canalization typically complete between the eyelid and the nose by the eighth month of gestation. Obstruction arises due to the persistence of an embryonal membrane or abnormalities in bone development, leading to symptoms such as excess tearing, mucoid discharge, and debris or „mattering” on the eyelids.

• #19 Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532873/

  Nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) or dacryostenosis is the most common disorder of the lacrimal system, and approximately 6 to 20 percent of newborns exhibit symptoms of this condition. Typically, NLDO presents in the first weeks or months of life with symptoms that begin when normal tear production starts, presenting with excessive tearing and ocular discharge. […] The lacrimal drainage structures form during the fifth week of gestation as a crease between the frontons and maxillary processes, known as the nasolacrimal groove or naso-optic fissure. A cord of ectodermal tissues separates from the surface and enters this groove. This tissue eventually canalizes and forms the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct. This process of canalization usually begins by week 8 and is completed by birth. Tears are produced by the main and accessory lacrimal glands and drain medially into the puncta, then flow through the canaliculi to the lacrimal sac, and then through the nasolacrimal duct into the nose. Incomplete canalization is the most common cause of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) and occurs at the distal end resulting in an imperforate membrane at the valve of Hasner. […] The primary treatment of uncomplicated nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) is a regimen of nasolacrimal massage, usually 2 to 3 times per day, accompanied by a cleansing of the lids with warm water and topical antibiotics; this will resolve the infection in 76% to 89% of cases.

• #20 Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction

  https://www.aapos.org/glossary/nasolacrimal-duct-obstruction

  Tears normally drain from the eye down to the nose through the tear duct or nasolacrimal duct. […] A tear duct obstruction keeps tears from draining through this system normally. […] The most common cause is a membrane at the end of the tear duct (valve of Hasner). […] Other causes of blocked tear ducts in children include: Absent puncta (upper and/or lower eyelids), Narrow tear duct system, Infection, Incomplete development of the tear duct that does not connect with the nose. […] Blockage of the drainage system causes tears to well up on the surface of the eye and overflow onto the eyelashes, eyelids, and down the cheek. […] Severe cases lead to a serious infection of the tear duct system (dacryocystitis). […] Fortunately, tear duct obstruction goes away on its own in most cases before the age of 8 to 10 months.

• #21 Blocked Tear Duct: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17260-blocked-tear-duct-nasolacrimal-duct-obstruction

  A blocked tear duct is a condition that happens when something keeps tear fluid from draining out of your eyes properly. These blockages slow or stop the flow of tear fluid, causing it to back up in the tear duct system and into your affected eye. The medical term for this condition is nasolacrimal duct obstruction. […] Congenital tear duct obstruction usually happens because a child still has an unbroken membrane where the valve of Hasner should be. That means fluid can build up inside the lacrimal duct. Over time, the accumulated tear fluid can cause the duct to expand. It can also lead to an infection of the tear duct or other parts of the tear system. […] Tear duct blockages can also happen because of other conditions or be more likely to happen under certain circumstances. These are more likely to happen higher up in your tear duct system (or in parts that arent technically tear ducts, but they connect to the ducts).

• #22 Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction

  https://www.aapos.org/glossary/nasolacrimal-duct-obstruction

  Tears normally drain from the eye down to the nose through the tear duct or nasolacrimal duct. […] A tear duct obstruction keeps tears from draining through this system normally. […] The most common cause is a membrane at the end of the tear duct (valve of Hasner). […] Other causes of blocked tear ducts in children include: Absent puncta (upper and/or lower eyelids), Narrow tear duct system, Infection, Incomplete development of the tear duct that does not connect with the nose. […] Blockage of the drainage system causes tears to well up on the surface of the eye and overflow onto the eyelashes, eyelids, and down the cheek. […] Severe cases lead to a serious infection of the tear duct system (dacryocystitis). […] Fortunately, tear duct obstruction goes away on its own in most cases before the age of 8 to 10 months.

• #23

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/blocked-tear-duct-cause

  A blockage can occur at any point in the tear drainage system. When that happens, your tears don’t drain properly, giving you watery eyes and increasing your risk of eye infections and inflammation. […] Another cause of blocked tear duct may be chronic nose infections. Chronic sinusitis may irritate the tissues and form scars, which block the tear duct system. […] Abnormal development of the skull and face (craniofacial abnormalities), like those in Down syndrome or other disorders, increases the likelihood of blockage of the tear ducts. […] Age-related changes in older adults can cause blocked tear ducts, including narrowing of the punctal openings. […] Nose trauma, such as a broken nose; scar tissue can block the tear duct. […] Nose polyps, a growth from the lining of the nose (affecting some people who have nasal allergies), can obstruct the tear duct system. […] In rare cases, the tear duct system may become infected and blocked, especially after some viral infections. […] Tumor, which may press on the tear duct system and prevent drainage.

• #24 Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction

  https://www.aapos.org/glossary/nasolacrimal-duct-obstruction

  However, when the blockage does not improve, one or more of the following surgical treatments may be recommended: tear duct probing, tear duct irrigation, balloon tear duct dilation, and tear duct tube placement. […] A smooth probe (which looks like a thin straight wire) is gently passed through the tear duct system and into the nose. […] Using probes of larger thickness, a specialized tear duct balloon, or irrigation can widen a tear duct system and open the membrane that is blocking it. […] Dacryocystitis is a rare complication that can occur in a blocked tear duct. […] If the tear duct is blocked both in the upper and lower part, amniotic fluid can get trapped in it. […] These cysts in the nose can put the child at risk for breathing problems especially if the problem is on both eyes.

• #25 Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (dacryostenosis) and dacryocystocele – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/congenital-nasolacrimal-duct-obstruction-dacryostenosis-and-dacryocystocele

  During embryonic development, the nasolacrimal apparatus appears in the third to fifth week and gradually forms a cord of epithelium that extends from the eyelids to the nose. Canalization of the cord begins at the punctum in the eyelid during the third month of intrauterine life and extends distally toward the nose. Canalization is usually complete by birth. […] Common sites of obstruction – Obstruction at different locations in the nasolacrimal system causes different manifestations:

• #26 Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction and Epiphora: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1210141-overview

  PANDO mainly is caused by inflammation, fibrosis, mucosal edema, vascular congestion, and stasis. […] A systematic review by Ali and Paulsen focused on vascular theories where recurrent malfunction leads to structural epithelial and subepithelial changes that affect the behavior of perilacrimal cavernous bodies. […] Some studies suggest menstrual hormonal changes bring about a generalized de-epithelialization as well within the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct. […] Causes of SALDO include infectious, inflammatory, neoplastic, traumatic, and mechanical disorders. […] Inflammation may be endogenous or exogenous in origin. […] Neoplasms resulting in chronic nasolacrimal duct obstruction occur in 4.6% of cases and were unsuspected before surgery in 2.1% of patients. […] Naso-orbitethmoidal fractures are the most common etiology for traumatic nasolacrimal duct obstruction. […] Mechanical lacrimal drainage obstructions may be due to intraluminal foreign bodies, such as dacryoliths or casts.

• #27 Dacryostenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563132/

  The etiology of dacryostenosis is multifaceted, involving both inherited and acquired etiologies. Congenital forms result from anatomical anomalies or abnormalities associated with the development of the nasolacrimal system. Acquired etiologies include infections, inflammation, medication, or damage to the lacrimal system. […] PANDO refers to disorders in the drainage system of the tear glands and is induced by certain factors such as inflammation, fibrosis, mucosal edema, vascular congestion, stasis, infections, or trauma to the lacrimal apparatus. […] Chronic inflammation can lead to changes in the blood vessels of the vascular plexus surrounding the lacrimal sac and fibrosis of the connective tissue fibers near the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct. […] The nasolacrimal apparatus forms during embryonic development between the third and the fifth week. Canalization begins in the third month, with full canalization typically complete between the eyelid and the nose by the eighth month of gestation. Obstruction arises due to the persistence of an embryonal membrane or abnormalities in bone development, leading to symptoms such as excess tearing, mucoid discharge, and debris or „mattering” on the eyelids.

• #28 Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction and Epiphora: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1210141-overview

  PANDO mainly is caused by inflammation, fibrosis, mucosal edema, vascular congestion, and stasis. […] A systematic review by Ali and Paulsen focused on vascular theories where recurrent malfunction leads to structural epithelial and subepithelial changes that affect the behavior of perilacrimal cavernous bodies. […] Some studies suggest menstrual hormonal changes bring about a generalized de-epithelialization as well within the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct. […] Causes of SALDO include infectious, inflammatory, neoplastic, traumatic, and mechanical disorders. […] Inflammation may be endogenous or exogenous in origin. […] Neoplasms resulting in chronic nasolacrimal duct obstruction occur in 4.6% of cases and were unsuspected before surgery in 2.1% of patients. […] Naso-orbitethmoidal fractures are the most common etiology for traumatic nasolacrimal duct obstruction. […] Mechanical lacrimal drainage obstructions may be due to intraluminal foreign bodies, such as dacryoliths or casts.

• #29 Dacryostenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563132/

  The etiology of dacryostenosis is multifaceted, involving both inherited and acquired etiologies. Congenital forms result from anatomical anomalies or abnormalities associated with the development of the nasolacrimal system. Acquired etiologies include infections, inflammation, medication, or damage to the lacrimal system. […] PANDO refers to disorders in the drainage system of the tear glands and is induced by certain factors such as inflammation, fibrosis, mucosal edema, vascular congestion, stasis, infections, or trauma to the lacrimal apparatus. […] Chronic inflammation can lead to changes in the blood vessels of the vascular plexus surrounding the lacrimal sac and fibrosis of the connective tissue fibers near the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct. […] The nasolacrimal apparatus forms during embryonic development between the third and the fifth week. Canalization begins in the third month, with full canalization typically complete between the eyelid and the nose by the eighth month of gestation. Obstruction arises due to the persistence of an embryonal membrane or abnormalities in bone development, leading to symptoms such as excess tearing, mucoid discharge, and debris or „mattering” on the eyelids.

• #30 Dacryostenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563132/

  As discussed earlier, acquired dacryostenosis may result from infection, inflammation, neoplasms, trauma, or mechanical obstruction. Dacryocystitis, chronic conjunctivitis, and blepharitis may be due to bacterial, fungal, or viral causes. […] Chronic inflammation can induce fibrosis of the connective tissue fibers in the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct region, leading to the loss of blood vessels in the cavernous body and contributing to the malfunction of tear outflow.

• #31

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/blocked-tear-duct-cause

  A blockage can occur at any point in the tear drainage system. When that happens, your tears don’t drain properly, giving you watery eyes and increasing your risk of eye infections and inflammation. […] Another cause of blocked tear duct may be chronic nose infections. Chronic sinusitis may irritate the tissues and form scars, which block the tear duct system. […] Abnormal development of the skull and face (craniofacial abnormalities), like those in Down syndrome or other disorders, increases the likelihood of blockage of the tear ducts. […] Age-related changes in older adults can cause blocked tear ducts, including narrowing of the punctal openings. […] Nose trauma, such as a broken nose; scar tissue can block the tear duct. […] Nose polyps, a growth from the lining of the nose (affecting some people who have nasal allergies), can obstruct the tear duct system. […] In rare cases, the tear duct system may become infected and blocked, especially after some viral infections. […] Tumor, which may press on the tear duct system and prevent drainage.

• #32 Eyes – blocked tear duct | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/eyes-blocked-tear-duct

  The symptoms of a blocked tear duct include watering and pus around the eye. […] A blockage along any point of this tear duct system is known as a blocked tear duct or dacryostenosis. The symptoms include a pus-like discharge. […] In adults, most cases are due to thickening of the lining of the duct leading eventually to blockage. […] Some of the causes of a blocked tear duct include congenital conditions, chronic nose infections, nose trauma, inflammation of the lining of the tear duct, and conjunctivitis. […] In most adult cases, the lining of the tear duct becomes thicker with age, eventually leading to blockage.

• #33 Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction and Epiphora: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1210141-overview

  PANDO mainly is caused by inflammation, fibrosis, mucosal edema, vascular congestion, and stasis. […] A systematic review by Ali and Paulsen focused on vascular theories where recurrent malfunction leads to structural epithelial and subepithelial changes that affect the behavior of perilacrimal cavernous bodies. […] Some studies suggest menstrual hormonal changes bring about a generalized de-epithelialization as well within the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct. […] Causes of SALDO include infectious, inflammatory, neoplastic, traumatic, and mechanical disorders. […] Inflammation may be endogenous or exogenous in origin. […] Neoplasms resulting in chronic nasolacrimal duct obstruction occur in 4.6% of cases and were unsuspected before surgery in 2.1% of patients. […] Naso-orbitethmoidal fractures are the most common etiology for traumatic nasolacrimal duct obstruction. […] Mechanical lacrimal drainage obstructions may be due to intraluminal foreign bodies, such as dacryoliths or casts.

• #34 Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction and Epiphora: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1210141-overview

  PANDO mainly is caused by inflammation, fibrosis, mucosal edema, vascular congestion, and stasis. […] A systematic review by Ali and Paulsen focused on vascular theories where recurrent malfunction leads to structural epithelial and subepithelial changes that affect the behavior of perilacrimal cavernous bodies. […] Some studies suggest menstrual hormonal changes bring about a generalized de-epithelialization as well within the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct. […] Causes of SALDO include infectious, inflammatory, neoplastic, traumatic, and mechanical disorders. […] Inflammation may be endogenous or exogenous in origin. […] Neoplasms resulting in chronic nasolacrimal duct obstruction occur in 4.6% of cases and were unsuspected before surgery in 2.1% of patients. […] Naso-orbitethmoidal fractures are the most common etiology for traumatic nasolacrimal duct obstruction. […] Mechanical lacrimal drainage obstructions may be due to intraluminal foreign bodies, such as dacryoliths or casts.

• #35 Secondary Acquired Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Secondary_Acquired_Nasolacrimal_Duct_Obstruction

  Secondary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (SANDO) is an obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct caused by a secondary etiology, as opposed to the idiopathic primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (PANDO). To be classified as SANDO, a specific cause must be identified. […] The specific pathophysiology of SANDO varies because each cause of obstruction can have a different pathophysiology. However, in most cases there is some type of inflammation and often infection. […] NLDO secondary to infection: Infection can cause dysfunction of goblet cells, loss of blood vessels, and damage to epithelial cells. These changes impede the outflow of tears and eventually cause fibrosis. This resultant obstruction and fibrosis can exacerbate a cycle of recurrent infection, inflammation, and fibrosis.

• #36 Secondary Acquired Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Secondary_Acquired_Nasolacrimal_Duct_Obstruction

  Secondary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (SANDO) is an obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct caused by a secondary etiology, as opposed to the idiopathic primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (PANDO). To be classified as SANDO, a specific cause must be identified. […] The specific pathophysiology of SANDO varies because each cause of obstruction can have a different pathophysiology. However, in most cases there is some type of inflammation and often infection. […] NLDO secondary to infection: Infection can cause dysfunction of goblet cells, loss of blood vessels, and damage to epithelial cells. These changes impede the outflow of tears and eventually cause fibrosis. This resultant obstruction and fibrosis can exacerbate a cycle of recurrent infection, inflammation, and fibrosis.

• #37

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/blocked-tear-duct-cause

  A blockage can occur at any point in the tear drainage system. When that happens, your tears don’t drain properly, giving you watery eyes and increasing your risk of eye infections and inflammation. […] Another cause of blocked tear duct may be chronic nose infections. Chronic sinusitis may irritate the tissues and form scars, which block the tear duct system. […] Abnormal development of the skull and face (craniofacial abnormalities), like those in Down syndrome or other disorders, increases the likelihood of blockage of the tear ducts. […] Age-related changes in older adults can cause blocked tear ducts, including narrowing of the punctal openings. […] Nose trauma, such as a broken nose; scar tissue can block the tear duct. […] Nose polyps, a growth from the lining of the nose (affecting some people who have nasal allergies), can obstruct the tear duct system. […] In rare cases, the tear duct system may become infected and blocked, especially after some viral infections. […] Tumor, which may press on the tear duct system and prevent drainage.

• #38 Tear Duct Obstruction | Optometrist in Reading, PA | Lisa M. McDevitt, O.D.

  https://drmcdevitteyecare.com/articles/default/686452-tear-duct-obstruction

  Scarring caused by chronic sinusitis may be the reason for your obstruction. Conjunctivitis (pink eye) and other eye infections may increase your risk of developing a tear duct blockage. […] Treatments for an obstruction vary depending on the cause. Babies usually outgrow the problem in four to six months, according to the AAO. If your blockage is caused by a bacterial infection, your optometrist will prescribe antibiotics that will clear up the infection. […] Your optometrist can perform a procedure to remove the blockage by flushing the tear duct with fluid. Dilating the duct with a balloon can also clear an obstruction. During a balloon catheter procedure, your eye doctor puts a tiny, uninflated balloon in the duct, then inflates it, which removes the blockage. […] Surgery might be needed if these treatments aren’t helpful. During a surgical procedure, your doctor creates a new pathway for your tears.

• #39

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/blocked-tear-duct-cause

  A blockage can occur at any point in the tear drainage system. When that happens, your tears don’t drain properly, giving you watery eyes and increasing your risk of eye infections and inflammation. […] Another cause of blocked tear duct may be chronic nose infections. Chronic sinusitis may irritate the tissues and form scars, which block the tear duct system. […] Abnormal development of the skull and face (craniofacial abnormalities), like those in Down syndrome or other disorders, increases the likelihood of blockage of the tear ducts. […] Age-related changes in older adults can cause blocked tear ducts, including narrowing of the punctal openings. […] Nose trauma, such as a broken nose; scar tissue can block the tear duct. […] Nose polyps, a growth from the lining of the nose (affecting some people who have nasal allergies), can obstruct the tear duct system. […] In rare cases, the tear duct system may become infected and blocked, especially after some viral infections. […] Tumor, which may press on the tear duct system and prevent drainage.

• #40 Secondary Acquired Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Secondary_Acquired_Nasolacrimal_Duct_Obstruction

  NLDO secondary to inflammation: The general pathophysiology of inflammation is similar to that of infection. Active inflammation causes hyperemia and mucous membrane edema, causing a temporary duct obstruction. This obstruction may then lead to the same cycle of recurrent infection, inflammation, and fibrosis described above. The specific pathophysiology will vary based on the cause of inflammation. […] In NLDO secondary to radioactive iodine, the iodine enters epithelial cells of the nasolacrimal duct through the sodium/iodide symporter, and it then causes cell damage (inflammation and fibrosis). […] In NLDO secondary to sarcoidosis and GPA, granulomatous inflammation can cause distortion of the architecture of the lacrimal sac. […] NLDO secondary to neoplasm or mechanical obstruction: In these cases, the obstruction is caused by a mass in or outside the duct that causes obstruction directly or by compression.

• #41 Secondary Acquired Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Secondary_Acquired_Nasolacrimal_Duct_Obstruction

  NLDO secondary to inflammation: The general pathophysiology of inflammation is similar to that of infection. Active inflammation causes hyperemia and mucous membrane edema, causing a temporary duct obstruction. This obstruction may then lead to the same cycle of recurrent infection, inflammation, and fibrosis described above. The specific pathophysiology will vary based on the cause of inflammation. […] In NLDO secondary to radioactive iodine, the iodine enters epithelial cells of the nasolacrimal duct through the sodium/iodide symporter, and it then causes cell damage (inflammation and fibrosis). […] In NLDO secondary to sarcoidosis and GPA, granulomatous inflammation can cause distortion of the architecture of the lacrimal sac. […] NLDO secondary to neoplasm or mechanical obstruction: In these cases, the obstruction is caused by a mass in or outside the duct that causes obstruction directly or by compression.

• #42 Secondary Acquired Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Secondary_Acquired_Nasolacrimal_Duct_Obstruction

  NLDO secondary to inflammation: The general pathophysiology of inflammation is similar to that of infection. Active inflammation causes hyperemia and mucous membrane edema, causing a temporary duct obstruction. This obstruction may then lead to the same cycle of recurrent infection, inflammation, and fibrosis described above. The specific pathophysiology will vary based on the cause of inflammation. […] In NLDO secondary to radioactive iodine, the iodine enters epithelial cells of the nasolacrimal duct through the sodium/iodide symporter, and it then causes cell damage (inflammation and fibrosis). […] In NLDO secondary to sarcoidosis and GPA, granulomatous inflammation can cause distortion of the architecture of the lacrimal sac. […] NLDO secondary to neoplasm or mechanical obstruction: In these cases, the obstruction is caused by a mass in or outside the duct that causes obstruction directly or by compression.

• #43 Nasolacrimal duct obstruction – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasolacrimal_duct_obstruction

  Granulomatous disease, including sarcoidosis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and midline granuloma, may also lead to nasolacrimal duct obstruction. […] Neoplasm should be considered in any patient presenting with nasolacrimal duct obstruction. […] Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction, or dacryostenosis, occurs when the lacrimal duct has failed to open at the time of birth, most often due to an imperforate membrane at the valve of Hasner.

• #44

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/blocked-tear-duct-cause

  A blockage can occur at any point in the tear drainage system. When that happens, your tears don’t drain properly, giving you watery eyes and increasing your risk of eye infections and inflammation. […] Another cause of blocked tear duct may be chronic nose infections. Chronic sinusitis may irritate the tissues and form scars, which block the tear duct system. […] Abnormal development of the skull and face (craniofacial abnormalities), like those in Down syndrome or other disorders, increases the likelihood of blockage of the tear ducts. […] Age-related changes in older adults can cause blocked tear ducts, including narrowing of the punctal openings. […] Nose trauma, such as a broken nose; scar tissue can block the tear duct. […] Nose polyps, a growth from the lining of the nose (affecting some people who have nasal allergies), can obstruct the tear duct system. […] In rare cases, the tear duct system may become infected and blocked, especially after some viral infections. […] Tumor, which may press on the tear duct system and prevent drainage.

• #45 Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction and Epiphora: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1210141-overview

  PANDO mainly is caused by inflammation, fibrosis, mucosal edema, vascular congestion, and stasis. […] A systematic review by Ali and Paulsen focused on vascular theories where recurrent malfunction leads to structural epithelial and subepithelial changes that affect the behavior of perilacrimal cavernous bodies. […] Some studies suggest menstrual hormonal changes bring about a generalized de-epithelialization as well within the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct. […] Causes of SALDO include infectious, inflammatory, neoplastic, traumatic, and mechanical disorders. […] Inflammation may be endogenous or exogenous in origin. […] Neoplasms resulting in chronic nasolacrimal duct obstruction occur in 4.6% of cases and were unsuspected before surgery in 2.1% of patients. […] Naso-orbitethmoidal fractures are the most common etiology for traumatic nasolacrimal duct obstruction. […] Mechanical lacrimal drainage obstructions may be due to intraluminal foreign bodies, such as dacryoliths or casts.

• #46 Secondary Acquired Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Secondary_Acquired_Nasolacrimal_Duct_Obstruction

  NLDO secondary to inflammation: The general pathophysiology of inflammation is similar to that of infection. Active inflammation causes hyperemia and mucous membrane edema, causing a temporary duct obstruction. This obstruction may then lead to the same cycle of recurrent infection, inflammation, and fibrosis described above. The specific pathophysiology will vary based on the cause of inflammation. […] In NLDO secondary to radioactive iodine, the iodine enters epithelial cells of the nasolacrimal duct through the sodium/iodide symporter, and it then causes cell damage (inflammation and fibrosis). […] In NLDO secondary to sarcoidosis and GPA, granulomatous inflammation can cause distortion of the architecture of the lacrimal sac. […] NLDO secondary to neoplasm or mechanical obstruction: In these cases, the obstruction is caused by a mass in or outside the duct that causes obstruction directly or by compression.

• #47 Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction and Epiphora: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1210141-overview

  PANDO mainly is caused by inflammation, fibrosis, mucosal edema, vascular congestion, and stasis. […] A systematic review by Ali and Paulsen focused on vascular theories where recurrent malfunction leads to structural epithelial and subepithelial changes that affect the behavior of perilacrimal cavernous bodies. […] Some studies suggest menstrual hormonal changes bring about a generalized de-epithelialization as well within the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct. […] Causes of SALDO include infectious, inflammatory, neoplastic, traumatic, and mechanical disorders. […] Inflammation may be endogenous or exogenous in origin. […] Neoplasms resulting in chronic nasolacrimal duct obstruction occur in 4.6% of cases and were unsuspected before surgery in 2.1% of patients. […] Naso-orbitethmoidal fractures are the most common etiology for traumatic nasolacrimal duct obstruction. […] Mechanical lacrimal drainage obstructions may be due to intraluminal foreign bodies, such as dacryoliths or casts.

• #48 Secondary Acquired Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Secondary_Acquired_Nasolacrimal_Duct_Obstruction

  NLDO secondary to trauma: The pathophysiology can vary significantly depending on the etiology. In iatrogenic cases, procedures or surgeries can cause infection, scarring, or direct obstruction. In accidental trauma, mid-face fractures commonly cause NLDO through edematous compression. Naso-orbito-ethmoidal fractures can directly injure the nasolacrimal duct, causing an inflammatory and cicatrizing reaction. These injuries can cause chronic fibrosis, scarring, and chronic NLDO. These obstructions can present shortly after injury but sometimes do not until years later.

• #49 Secondary Acquired Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Secondary_Acquired_Nasolacrimal_Duct_Obstruction

  NLDO secondary to trauma: The pathophysiology can vary significantly depending on the etiology. In iatrogenic cases, procedures or surgeries can cause infection, scarring, or direct obstruction. In accidental trauma, mid-face fractures commonly cause NLDO through edematous compression. Naso-orbito-ethmoidal fractures can directly injure the nasolacrimal duct, causing an inflammatory and cicatrizing reaction. These injuries can cause chronic fibrosis, scarring, and chronic NLDO. These obstructions can present shortly after injury but sometimes do not until years later.

• #50 Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction and Epiphora: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1210141-overview

  PANDO mainly is caused by inflammation, fibrosis, mucosal edema, vascular congestion, and stasis. […] A systematic review by Ali and Paulsen focused on vascular theories where recurrent malfunction leads to structural epithelial and subepithelial changes that affect the behavior of perilacrimal cavernous bodies. […] Some studies suggest menstrual hormonal changes bring about a generalized de-epithelialization as well within the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct. […] Causes of SALDO include infectious, inflammatory, neoplastic, traumatic, and mechanical disorders. […] Inflammation may be endogenous or exogenous in origin. […] Neoplasms resulting in chronic nasolacrimal duct obstruction occur in 4.6% of cases and were unsuspected before surgery in 2.1% of patients. […] Naso-orbitethmoidal fractures are the most common etiology for traumatic nasolacrimal duct obstruction. […] Mechanical lacrimal drainage obstructions may be due to intraluminal foreign bodies, such as dacryoliths or casts.

• #51

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/blocked-tear-duct-cause

  A blockage can occur at any point in the tear drainage system. When that happens, your tears don’t drain properly, giving you watery eyes and increasing your risk of eye infections and inflammation. […] Another cause of blocked tear duct may be chronic nose infections. Chronic sinusitis may irritate the tissues and form scars, which block the tear duct system. […] Abnormal development of the skull and face (craniofacial abnormalities), like those in Down syndrome or other disorders, increases the likelihood of blockage of the tear ducts. […] Age-related changes in older adults can cause blocked tear ducts, including narrowing of the punctal openings. […] Nose trauma, such as a broken nose; scar tissue can block the tear duct. […] Nose polyps, a growth from the lining of the nose (affecting some people who have nasal allergies), can obstruct the tear duct system. […] In rare cases, the tear duct system may become infected and blocked, especially after some viral infections. […] Tumor, which may press on the tear duct system and prevent drainage.

• #52 Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction – Brigham and Women’s Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomens.org/surgery/otolaryngology/nose-and-sinus/nasolacrimal-duct-obstruction

  Nasal, sinus or lacrimal sac tumors can grow along the tear drainage system and block the duct. […] A blocked tear duct is a possible side effect of chemotherapy medication and radiation treatment for cancer. […] You should consult with an otolaryngologist if your eye is constantly watery and continually irritated or infected. In rare cases, blocked tear ducts are caused by tumors pressing on the tear drainage system for which immediate treatment is necessary. […] Tests to diagnose a blocked tear duct include: […] Your otolaryngologist will work with you to determine which treatment is right for your specific condition. […] Surgical treatment called a dacryocystorhinostomy can be performed to create a new, direct connection between your lacrimal sac and your nose. This new route bypasses the duct that empties into your nose (nasolacrimal duct), which is the most common site of blockage.

• #53 Blocked tear duct – Hancock Health

  https://www.hancockhealth.org/mayo-health-library/blocked-tear-duct/

  When you have a blocked tear duct, your tears cant drain normally, leaving you with a watery, irritated eye. The condition is caused by a partial or complete obstruction in the tear drainage system. […] A blocked tear duct may be due to an injury, an infection or rarely, a tumor. […] A blockage can occur at any point in the tear drainage system, from the puncta to your nose. When that happens, your tears dont drain properly, giving you watery eyes and increasing your risk of eye infections and inflammation. […] This promotes growth of bacteria, viruses and fungi, which can lead to frequent eye infections and inflammation. […] Any part of the tear drainage system, including the clear membrane over your eye surface known as the conjunctiva, can become infected or inflamed because of a blocked tear duct. […] If a tumor is causing your blocked tear duct, treatment will focus on the cause of the tumor. […] A tumor in the nose or anywhere along the tear drainage system can cause blockage. […] A blocked tear duct is a possible side effect of chemotherapy medicine and radiation treatment for cancer.

• #54 Blocked tear duct Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/blocked-tear-duct

  A blocked tear duct is a partial or complete blockage in the pathway that carries tears from the surface of the eye into the nose. […] If this duct is blocked, the tears will build up and overflow onto the cheek. This occurs even when you are not crying. […] In adults, the duct can be damaged by an infection, injury, or a tumor. […] In adults, the cause of the blockage must be treated. This may re-open the duct if there is not too much damage. Surgery using tiny tubes or stents to open the passageway may be needed to restore normal tear drainage. […] Tear duct blockage may lead to an infection (dacryocystitis) in part of the nasolacrimal duct called the lacrimal sac. Most often, there is a bump on the side of the nose right next to the corner of the eye. Treatment for this often requires oral antibiotics. Sometimes, the sac needs to be surgically drained. […] Tear duct blockage can also increase the chance of other infections, such as conjunctivitis.

• #55 Blocked tear duct: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001016.htm

  A blocked tear duct is a partial or complete blockage in the pathway that carries tears from the surface of the eye into the nose. […] If this duct is blocked, the tears will build up and overflow onto the cheek. This occurs even when you are not crying. […] In adults, the duct can be damaged by an infection, injury, or a tumor. […] In adults, the cause of the blockage must be treated. This may re-open the duct if there is not too much damage. Surgery using tiny tubes or stents to open the passageway may be needed to restore normal tear drainage. […] Tear duct blockage may lead to an infection (dacryocystitis) in part of the nasolacrimal duct called the lacrimal sac. […] Tear duct blockage can also increase the chance of other infections, such as conjunctivitis.

• #56 Blocked tear duct – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/blocked-tear-duct/symptoms-causes/syc-20351369

  When you have a blocked tear duct, your tears can’t drain normally, leaving you with a watery, irritated eye. The condition is caused by a partial or complete obstruction in the tear drainage system. […] A blocked tear duct may be due to an injury, an infection or rarely, a tumor. […] A blockage can occur at any point in the tear drainage system, from the puncta to your nose. When that happens, your tears don’t drain properly, giving you watery eyes and increasing your risk of eye infections and inflammation. […] Blocked tear ducts can happen at any age, from birth to adulthood. Causes include: […] A tumor in the nose or anywhere along the tear drainage system can cause blockage. […] Because your tears aren’t draining the way they should, the tears that remain in the drainage system become stagnant. This promotes growth of bacteria, viruses and fungi, which can lead to frequent eye infections and inflammation.

• #57 Blocked tear duct | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/blocked-tear-duct?content_id=CON-20156926

  Watery, irritated eyes may occur when your tears can’t drain normally. The condition is caused by a partial or complete obstruction in the tear drainage system. […] A blocked tear duct may be due to an injury, an infection or rarely, a tumor. […] A blockage can occur at any point in the tear drainage system, from the puncta to your nose. When that happens, your tears don’t drain properly, giving you watery eyes and increasing your risk of eye infections and inflammation. […] Because your tears aren’t draining the way they should, the tears that remain in the drainage system become stagnant. This promotes growth of bacteria, viruses and fungi, which can lead to frequent eye infections and inflammation. […] Any part of the tear drainage system, including the clear membrane over your eye surface known as the conjunctiva, can become infected or inflamed because of a blocked tear duct.

• #58 Blocked tear duct Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/blocked-tear-duct

  A blocked tear duct is a partial or complete blockage in the pathway that carries tears from the surface of the eye into the nose. […] If this duct is blocked, the tears will build up and overflow onto the cheek. This occurs even when you are not crying. […] In adults, the duct can be damaged by an infection, injury, or a tumor. […] In adults, the cause of the blockage must be treated. This may re-open the duct if there is not too much damage. Surgery using tiny tubes or stents to open the passageway may be needed to restore normal tear drainage. […] Tear duct blockage may lead to an infection (dacryocystitis) in part of the nasolacrimal duct called the lacrimal sac. Most often, there is a bump on the side of the nose right next to the corner of the eye. Treatment for this often requires oral antibiotics. Sometimes, the sac needs to be surgically drained. […] Tear duct blockage can also increase the chance of other infections, such as conjunctivitis.

• #59 Tear Duct Infection (Dacryocystitis) – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/tear-duct-infection-dacryocystitis-a-to-z

  Dacryocystitis is an infection in the tear drainage system. […] The tear drainage system can get infected if it becomes blocked and bacteria collect in the ducts or the lacrimal sac. […] If adults get a tear duct infections, it usually is because their tear ducts have become abnormally narrowed by continued growth of surrounding bone. […] Tear ducts also can become blocked after trauma to the nose or eyes, such as a broken nose, or by nasal polyps. […] When a tear duct infection first occurs, it is called acute dacryocystitis. […] If a tear duct infection is not treated quickly or if it causes minor symptoms that build up over a long period, it can be more difficult to cure. The infection is then called chronic dacryocystitis. […] Chronic infections, especially in adults, can be difficult to cure without surgery to expand the tear duct’s drainage channel.

• #60 Blocked tear duct Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/blocked-tear-duct

  A blocked tear duct is a partial or complete blockage in the pathway that carries tears from the surface of the eye into the nose. […] If this duct is blocked, the tears will build up and overflow onto the cheek. This occurs even when you are not crying. […] In adults, the duct can be damaged by an infection, injury, or a tumor. […] In adults, the cause of the blockage must be treated. This may re-open the duct if there is not too much damage. Surgery using tiny tubes or stents to open the passageway may be needed to restore normal tear drainage. […] Tear duct blockage may lead to an infection (dacryocystitis) in part of the nasolacrimal duct called the lacrimal sac. Most often, there is a bump on the side of the nose right next to the corner of the eye. Treatment for this often requires oral antibiotics. Sometimes, the sac needs to be surgically drained. […] Tear duct blockage can also increase the chance of other infections, such as conjunctivitis.

• #61 Blocked Tear Duct (Dacryostenosis) in Children | Phoenix Children’s Hospital

  https://phoenixchildrens.org/specialties-conditions/blocked-tear-duct-dacryostenosis-children

  A blocked tear duct is called dacryostenosis. It may also be called a congenital lacrimal duct obstruction. Congenital means that your child is born with it. […] In some children, the openings in the tear duct dont form the right way. This causes a blockage. The tears have no place to drain. […] The most common initial treatment for a blocked tear duct is gently milking or massaging the tear duct 2 to 3 times a day. […] If the duct is still blocked after your child is 1 year old, they may need treatment. Your childs provider may enlarge the tear duct opening with a small probe. […] Sometimes a blocked tear duct may cause an eye infection. If this happens, your child may need antibiotics. Infection that isn’t treated may spread to the sinuses, eyelids, or other nearby tissues. […] In some children, the openings into the tear duct dont form the right way. This causes a blockage. The tears have no place to drain.

• #62 Dacryostenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563132/

  Dacryostenosis is an acquired or congenital condition that results from nasolacrimal duct obstruction and causes epiphora or watery eyes. […] The congenital form of dacryostenosis is the most prevalent cause of persistent tearing and ocular discharge, affecting nearly 6% of all infants and arising from abnormal canalization of the nasolacrimal system in utero. […] The acquired form of dacryostenosis can be classified as either primary or secondary, depending on the underlying cause. The causes of primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction include inflammation, fibrosis, mucosal edema, vascular congestion, stasis, infections, or trauma to the lacrimal apparatus, which can result in partial or total obstruction of the duct later in life. […] Although dacryostenosis is typically benign, untreated cases can advance to recurrent conjunctivitis and dacryocystitis, potentially causing stained tears, frequent eye infections, preseptal or orbital cellulitis, sepsis, meningitis, or brain abscess in both children and adults.

• #63 Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction

  https://www.aapos.org/glossary/nasolacrimal-duct-obstruction

  Tears normally drain from the eye down to the nose through the tear duct or nasolacrimal duct. […] A tear duct obstruction keeps tears from draining through this system normally. […] The most common cause is a membrane at the end of the tear duct (valve of Hasner). […] Other causes of blocked tear ducts in children include: Absent puncta (upper and/or lower eyelids), Narrow tear duct system, Infection, Incomplete development of the tear duct that does not connect with the nose. […] Blockage of the drainage system causes tears to well up on the surface of the eye and overflow onto the eyelashes, eyelids, and down the cheek. […] Severe cases lead to a serious infection of the tear duct system (dacryocystitis). […] Fortunately, tear duct obstruction goes away on its own in most cases before the age of 8 to 10 months.

• #64 Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction

  https://www.aapos.org/glossary/nasolacrimal-duct-obstruction

  Tears normally drain from the eye down to the nose through the tear duct or nasolacrimal duct. […] A tear duct obstruction keeps tears from draining through this system normally. […] The most common cause is a membrane at the end of the tear duct (valve of Hasner). […] Other causes of blocked tear ducts in children include: Absent puncta (upper and/or lower eyelids), Narrow tear duct system, Infection, Incomplete development of the tear duct that does not connect with the nose. […] Blockage of the drainage system causes tears to well up on the surface of the eye and overflow onto the eyelashes, eyelids, and down the cheek. […] Severe cases lead to a serious infection of the tear duct system (dacryocystitis). […] Fortunately, tear duct obstruction goes away on its own in most cases before the age of 8 to 10 months.

• #65 Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction

  https://www.aapos.org/glossary/nasolacrimal-duct-obstruction

  Tears normally drain from the eye down to the nose through the tear duct or nasolacrimal duct. […] A tear duct obstruction keeps tears from draining through this system normally. […] The most common cause is a membrane at the end of the tear duct (valve of Hasner). […] Other causes of blocked tear ducts in children include: Absent puncta (upper and/or lower eyelids), Narrow tear duct system, Infection, Incomplete development of the tear duct that does not connect with the nose. […] Blockage of the drainage system causes tears to well up on the surface of the eye and overflow onto the eyelashes, eyelids, and down the cheek. […] Severe cases lead to a serious infection of the tear duct system (dacryocystitis). […] Fortunately, tear duct obstruction goes away on its own in most cases before the age of 8 to 10 months.

• #66 Nasolacrimal duct obstruction – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasolacrimal_duct_obstruction

  Nasolacrimal duct obstruction is the obstruction of the nasolacrimal ducts (better known as the tear ducts) and may be either congenital or acquired. Obstruction of the nasolacrimal ducts leads to the excess overflow of tears called epiphora. […] Involutional stenosis is probably the most common cause of nasolacrimal duct obstruction in older people. It affects women twice as frequently as men. Although the inciting event in this process is unknown, clinicopathologic study suggests that compression of the lumen of the nasolacrimal duct is caused by inflammatory infiltrates and edema. This may be the result of an unidentified infection or possibly an autoimmune disease. […] Dacryoliths or cast formation, within the lacrimal sac can also produce obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct. […] Sinus disease often occurs in conjunction with, and in other instances may contribute to the development of nasolacrimal duct obstruction.

• #67 Nasolacrimal duct obstruction – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasolacrimal_duct_obstruction

  Nasolacrimal duct obstruction is the obstruction of the nasolacrimal ducts (better known as the tear ducts) and may be either congenital or acquired. Obstruction of the nasolacrimal ducts leads to the excess overflow of tears called epiphora. […] Involutional stenosis is probably the most common cause of nasolacrimal duct obstruction in older people. It affects women twice as frequently as men. Although the inciting event in this process is unknown, clinicopathologic study suggests that compression of the lumen of the nasolacrimal duct is caused by inflammatory infiltrates and edema. This may be the result of an unidentified infection or possibly an autoimmune disease. […] Dacryoliths or cast formation, within the lacrimal sac can also produce obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct. […] Sinus disease often occurs in conjunction with, and in other instances may contribute to the development of nasolacrimal duct obstruction.

• #68 Eyes – blocked tear duct | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/eyes-blocked-tear-duct

  The symptoms of a blocked tear duct include watering and pus around the eye. […] A blockage along any point of this tear duct system is known as a blocked tear duct or dacryostenosis. The symptoms include a pus-like discharge. […] In adults, most cases are due to thickening of the lining of the duct leading eventually to blockage. […] Some of the causes of a blocked tear duct include congenital conditions, chronic nose infections, nose trauma, inflammation of the lining of the tear duct, and conjunctivitis. […] In most adult cases, the lining of the tear duct becomes thicker with age, eventually leading to blockage.

• #69 Dacryostenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563132/

  The etiology of dacryostenosis is multifaceted, involving both inherited and acquired etiologies. Congenital forms result from anatomical anomalies or abnormalities associated with the development of the nasolacrimal system. Acquired etiologies include infections, inflammation, medication, or damage to the lacrimal system. […] PANDO refers to disorders in the drainage system of the tear glands and is induced by certain factors such as inflammation, fibrosis, mucosal edema, vascular congestion, stasis, infections, or trauma to the lacrimal apparatus. […] Chronic inflammation can lead to changes in the blood vessels of the vascular plexus surrounding the lacrimal sac and fibrosis of the connective tissue fibers near the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct. […] The nasolacrimal apparatus forms during embryonic development between the third and the fifth week. Canalization begins in the third month, with full canalization typically complete between the eyelid and the nose by the eighth month of gestation. Obstruction arises due to the persistence of an embryonal membrane or abnormalities in bone development, leading to symptoms such as excess tearing, mucoid discharge, and debris or „mattering” on the eyelids.

• #70 Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532873/

  Nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) or dacryostenosis is the most common disorder of the lacrimal system, and approximately 6 to 20 percent of newborns exhibit symptoms of this condition. Typically, NLDO presents in the first weeks or months of life with symptoms that begin when normal tear production starts, presenting with excessive tearing and ocular discharge. […] The lacrimal drainage structures form during the fifth week of gestation as a crease between the frontons and maxillary processes, known as the nasolacrimal groove or naso-optic fissure. A cord of ectodermal tissues separates from the surface and enters this groove. This tissue eventually canalizes and forms the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct. This process of canalization usually begins by week 8 and is completed by birth. Tears are produced by the main and accessory lacrimal glands and drain medially into the puncta, then flow through the canaliculi to the lacrimal sac, and then through the nasolacrimal duct into the nose. Incomplete canalization is the most common cause of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) and occurs at the distal end resulting in an imperforate membrane at the valve of Hasner. […] The primary treatment of uncomplicated nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) is a regimen of nasolacrimal massage, usually 2 to 3 times per day, accompanied by a cleansing of the lids with warm water and topical antibiotics; this will resolve the infection in 76% to 89% of cases.

• #71 Dacryostenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563132/

  As discussed earlier, acquired dacryostenosis may result from infection, inflammation, neoplasms, trauma, or mechanical obstruction. Dacryocystitis, chronic conjunctivitis, and blepharitis may be due to bacterial, fungal, or viral causes. […] Chronic inflammation can induce fibrosis of the connective tissue fibers in the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct region, leading to the loss of blood vessels in the cavernous body and contributing to the malfunction of tear outflow.

• #72 Dacryostenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563132/

  Dacryostenosis is an acquired or congenital condition that results from nasolacrimal duct obstruction and causes epiphora or watery eyes. […] The congenital form of dacryostenosis is the most prevalent cause of persistent tearing and ocular discharge, affecting nearly 6% of all infants and arising from abnormal canalization of the nasolacrimal system in utero. […] The acquired form of dacryostenosis can be classified as either primary or secondary, depending on the underlying cause. The causes of primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction include inflammation, fibrosis, mucosal edema, vascular congestion, stasis, infections, or trauma to the lacrimal apparatus, which can result in partial or total obstruction of the duct later in life. […] Although dacryostenosis is typically benign, untreated cases can advance to recurrent conjunctivitis and dacryocystitis, potentially causing stained tears, frequent eye infections, preseptal or orbital cellulitis, sepsis, meningitis, or brain abscess in both children and adults.

• #73 Blocked tear duct | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/blocked-tear-duct?content_id=CON-20156926

  Watery, irritated eyes may occur when your tears can’t drain normally. The condition is caused by a partial or complete obstruction in the tear drainage system. […] A blocked tear duct may be due to an injury, an infection or rarely, a tumor. […] A blockage can occur at any point in the tear drainage system, from the puncta to your nose. When that happens, your tears don’t drain properly, giving you watery eyes and increasing your risk of eye infections and inflammation. […] Because your tears aren’t draining the way they should, the tears that remain in the drainage system become stagnant. This promotes growth of bacteria, viruses and fungi, which can lead to frequent eye infections and inflammation. […] Any part of the tear drainage system, including the clear membrane over your eye surface known as the conjunctiva, can become infected or inflamed because of a blocked tear duct.

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