Neurofibromatoza typu 1
Etiologia i przyczyny

Neurofibromatoza typu 1 (NF1) jest autosomalnie dominującym zaburzeniem genetycznym spowodowanym mutacją w genie NF1 na chromosomie 17q11.2, kodującym neurofibrominę – białko supresorowe nowotworów regulujące szlak RAS/MAPK. Mutacje prowadzą do utraty funkcji neurofibrominy, co skutkuje nadaktywnością szlaku RAS, niekontrolowanym wzrostem komórek i powstawaniem nerwiakowłókniaków oraz innych zmian nowotworowych. Dwualleliczna inaktywacja genu NF1, zwana „drugim trafieniem”, jest kluczowa dla rozwoju nerwiakowłókniaków, plam café-au-lait i guzów kłębkowych. Penetracja genu jest całkowita, ale ekspresja kliniczna jest zmienna, a objawy mogą pojawiać się stopniowo przez całe życie. Około 50% przypadków to mutacje de novo, głównie pochodzenia ojcowskiego. NF1 jest klasyfikowana jako RASopatia i wiąże się z ryzykiem powikłań takich jak nadciśnienie tętnicze (w tym wtórne do pheochromocytoma lub zwężenia tętnicy nerkowej) oraz zwiększone ryzyko nowotworów, w tym GIST, raka piersi i mięsaka.

Etiologia Neurofibromatozy typu 1

Neurofibromatoza typu 1 (NF1), znana również jako choroba von Recklinghausena, jest zaburzeniem genetycznym spowodowanym mutacją w genie NF1 znajdującym się na chromosomie 17 (17q11.2).12 Gen NF1 koduje białko zwane neurofibrominą, które działa jako supresor nowotworowy, kontrolując wzrost i podział komórek.34 Gdy gen NF1 ulega mutacji, prowadzi to do produkcji niefunkcjonalnej wersji neurofibrominy, która nie może właściwie regulować podziału komórkowego, co skutkuje niekontrolowanym wzrostem komórek i formowaniem się guzów, zwłaszcza nerwiakowłókniaków wzdłuż nerwów w różnych częściach ciała.5

Mechanizmy molekularne mutacji genu NF1

Gen NF1 jest dużym genem zlokalizowanym na chromosomie 17q11.2, odpowiedzialnym za produkcję neurofibrominy, białka zaangażowanego w szlak RAS.67 Neurofibromina działa jako negatywny regulator szlaku RAS/MAPK, odgrywającego kluczową rolę w kontroli podziałów komórkowych.8 Dlatego też NF1 jest klasyfikowana jako RASopatia – grupa chorób związanych z dysfunkcją szlaku sygnałowego RAS.29 Brak funkcjonalnej neurofibrominy prowadzi do nadaktywności szlaku RAS, co skutkuje niekontrolowanym wzrostem komórek i tworzeniem się guzów.10

Mutacje w genie NF1 mogą być różnorodne, a identyfikacja konkretnej mutacji jest możliwa w około 85-95% przypadków.11 Efekty mutacji są wysoce zmienne między pacjentami i mogą pojawić się w dowolnym wieku życia.11 Pomimo że zmiana genetyczna powodująca NF1 jest obecna od momentu poczęcia, objawy kliniczne mogą pojawiać się stopniowo przez wiele lat.1213

Wzorce dziedziczenia NF1

Neurofibromatoza typu 1 jest dziedziczona w sposób autosomalny dominujący, co oznacza, że do rozwoju choroby wystarczy jedna zmutowana kopia genu NF1.114 Osoba z NF1 ma 50% szans na przekazanie zmutowanego genu swojemu dziecku.1516 Penetracja genu jest całkowita, co oznacza, że każda osoba z mutacją genu NF1 rozwinie objawy kliniczne choroby, jednak ekspresja kliniczna może być bardzo zróżnicowana.817

Około 50% przypadków NF1 wynika z dziedziczenia zmutowanego genu od rodzica, podczas gdy pozostałe 50% to przypadki spowodowane mutacjami de novo, które pojawiają się spontanicznie podczas rozwoju komórek jajowych lub plemników, bez wcześniejszej historii rodzinnej.1819 Mutacje de novo występują głównie w chromosomach pochodzenia ojcowskiego.20 Należy podkreślić, że osoba z spontanicznie powstałą mutacją może przekazać ją potomstwu.21

Dwualleliczna inaktywacja genu NF1 a rozwój objawów

Chociaż mutacja w jednym allelu genu NF1 jest wystarczająca do zainicjowania zespołu neurokutaneowo-szkieletowego NF1, patofizjologia wielu manifestacji tej choroby w różnych układach narządów wydaje się coraz bardziej złożona.22 Dwualleliczna inaktywacja genu NF1 poprzez „drugie trafienie” (utratę funkcji drugiego, normalnego allelu) ma kluczowe znaczenie dla rozwoju niektórych manifestacji, takich jak nerwiakowłókniaki, plamy café-au-lait i guzy kłębkowe.22

Mechanizm powstawania nerwiakowłókniaków

Nerwiakowłókniaki to zmiany charakteryzujące się dwualleliczną inaktywacją genu NF1 w subpopulacji komórek Schwanna.23 Badania na myszach z warunkowym knockout-em oraz analizy genetyczne komórek hodowanych z ludzkich nerwiakowłókniaków wykazały, że dwualleliczna inaktywacja genu NF1 jest warunkiem koniecznym do formowania się nerwiakowłókniaków, jednak onkogeneza może wystąpić tylko w środowisku NF1+/-.23

Około jedna trzecia pacjentów z NF1 rozwija wykrywalne klinicznie nerwiakowłókniaki splotowate.23 Dwualleliczna inaktywacja prowadząca do rozwoju nerwiakowłókniaków splotowatych ma miejsce w komórkach embrionalnych, które mają potencjał do generowania dużych populacji komórek niosących pojedynczą mutację „drugiego trafienia” w genie NF1.23

Z kolei ograniczony wzrost nerwiakowłókniaków skórnych może odzwierciedlać późne wystąpienie mutacji „drugiego trafienia” w genie NF1, niezbędnej do ich wzrostu.24 Komórki Schwanna z diploidalnym NF1 mogą mieć ograniczony potencjał do klonalnego podziału komórkowego.24 Badania na modelu mysim sugerują, że multipotencjalne komórki obecne w mieszkach włosowych mogą przyczyniać się do rozwoju nerwiakowłókniaków skórnych.24

Inne manifestacje kliniczne i mechanizmy

Patofizjologia powikłań w NF1 jest w dużej mierze nieznana.22 Nie jest jasne, jak mutacje w genie NF1 prowadzą do innych cech neurofibromatozy typu 1, takich jak plamy café-au-lait i zaburzenia uczenia się.3 Jednakże, wykazano dwualleliczną inaktywację genu NF1 w plamach café-au-lait i guzach kłębkowych, podobnie jak w nerwiakowłókniakach.22

Zaburzenia uczenia się z lub bez zespołu nadpobudliwości psychoruchowej (ADHD) są obserwowane u około 40% osób z NF1. Mniejszy odsetek doświadcza bardziej znaczących trudności poznawczych, takich jak łagodne lub umiarkowane upośledzenie intelektualne. Ponadto, niedawne badanie populacyjne wykazało częstość występowania zaburzeń ze spektrum autyzmu u 30% pacjentów z NF1.25

Powikłania i stany powiązane z NF1

Neurofibromatoza typu 1 może prowadzić do szeregu powikłań zdrowotnych, które mogą znacząco wpływać na jakość życia pacjentów.26

Nadciśnienie tętnicze

Nadciśnienie tętnicze w NF1 może wystąpić w każdym wieku, przy czym wielu dorosłych z NF1 manifestuje zwykłą postać nadciśnienia pierwotnego. Każda osoba z NF1 i wysokim ciśnieniem krwi musi być jednak dokładnie oceniona pod kątem dwóch alternatywnych przyczyn nadciśnienia:27

27

Zwiększone ryzyko nowotworów

Pacjenci z NF1 mają zwiększone ryzyko rozwoju niektórych typów nowotworów:2519

  • Guzy podścieliskowe przewodu pokarmowego (GIST), często mnogie z predylekcją do bliższej części jelita cienkiego, mogą wystąpić u pacjentów z NF1. Dlatego powinno się podejrzewać GIST u pacjenta, który zgłasza się z krwawieniem z przewodu pokarmowego lub niedrożnością jelit25
  • Mutacje genowe typowo obserwowane w sporadycznych GIST prowadzące do transformacji złośliwej są rzadko identyfikowane w GIST usuniętych od pacjentów z NF1. Zamiast tego, aktywacja szlaku Ras-MAPK i utrata heterozygotyczności określonych regionów chromosomowych może leżeć u podstaw rozwoju GIST u pacjentów z NF125
  • NF1 jest również związana ze zwiększonym ryzykiem innych nowotworów, takich jak rak piersi i mięsaki19

2519

Wpływ ciąży na NF1

Ciąża może mieć znaczący wpływ na przebieg NF1, szczególnie w odniesieniu do nerwiakowłókniaków:28

  • Liczba i rozmiar nerwiakowłókniaków często zwiększa się w ciąży, zwłaszcza w drugim trymestrze, i wiele nowych guzów może się rozwijać29
  • Do 80% guzów skóry zwiększa swoje wymiary w ciąży z powodu wrażliwości na hormony ciążowe28
  • Do 3% pacjentów z NF1 jest diagnozowanych podczas ciąży ze względu na pojawienie się nerwiakowłókniaków29
  • Jednakże, u kobiet w ciąży wzrost nerwiakowłókniaków skórnych i splotowatych nie różni się znacząco w porównaniu do pacjentów z NF1 niebędących w ciąży29
  • Do 22% nerwiakowłókniaków może ustąpić podczas ciąży29

2829

Badania genetyczne w diagnostyce NF1

Diagnostyka NF1 opiera się głównie na kryteriach klinicznych, ale badania genetyczne mogą być przydatne w niektórych przypadkach.3031 Badania genetyczne polegające na analizie krwi mogą wykryć defekty w genie NF1.30 Zaleca się je dla pacjentów, u których podejrzewa się neurofibromatozę, ale którzy nie spełniają kryteriów klinicznych.31

Wyniki testu genetycznego NF1 mogą również dostarczyć ważnych informacji dla innych członków rodziny.32 Jeśli zidentyfikowano mutację odpowiedzialną za zespół NF1, krewni z grupy ryzyka (krewni pierwszego lub drugiego stopnia) mogą być przebadani pod kątem tej samej zmiany genetycznej.32

Należy pamiętać, że NF1 powinna być podejrzewana i monitorowana u dzieci, które mają wiele plam café-au-lait, nawet jeśli nie mają innych cech lub historii rodzinnej NF1.31 Dodatkowo, chociaż zmiana genetyczna powodująca NF1 jest obecna od poczęcia, manifestacje kliniczne mogą pojawiać się powoli przez wiele lat.12

Epidemiologia NF1

Neurofibromatoza typu 1 jest najczęstszą fakomatozą i jedną z najczęstszych dziedzicznych chorób układu nerwowego.2 Występuje z częstością około 1 na 2000-3000 osób.3313 Rzeczywista częstość może być wyższa ze względu na niepełne rozpoznawanie osób z łagodnymi objawami.13

NF1 dotyka w równym stopniu mężczyzn i kobiety.34 W przypadkach mutacji de novo, NF1 jest związana z zaawansowanym wiekiem ojcowskim, natomiast nie wykazano wpływu wieku matki.29

Główne przyczyny zwiększonej chorobowości i związanej z nią śmiertelności w NF1 to nadciśnienie, następstwa zmian w rdzeniu kręgowym i nowotwory złośliwe.13

Podsumowanie

Neurofibromatoza typu 1 jest złożonym zaburzeniem genetycznym spowodowanym mutacją w genie NF1, który koduje neurofibrominę – białko supresorowe nowotworów. Mutacja ta prowadzi do niekontrolowanego wzrostu komórek i formowania się guzów, szczególnie wzdłuż nerwów. Choroba może być dziedziczona w sposób autosomalny dominujący lub pojawić się jako nowa mutacja. Dwualleliczna inaktywacja genu NF1 poprzez „drugie trafienie” jest kluczowa dla rozwoju charakterystycznych objawów, takich jak nerwiakowłókniaki. Mimo że patofizjologia wielu powikłań NF1 pozostaje niejasna, wiadomo, że choroba zwiększa ryzyko nadciśnienia tętniczego i niektórych nowotworów. Badania genetyczne mogą być przydatne w diagnostyce i poradnictwie rodzinnym. Zrozumienie molekularnych mechanizmów NF1 jest niezbędne do opracowania skutecznych strategii terapeutycznych dla tej złożonej choroby.

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  1. 17.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Neurofibromatosis type I – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurofibromatosis_type_I
    Neurofibromatosis type I (NF-1), or von Recklinghausen syndrome, is a complex multi-system neurocutaneous disorder caused by a subset of genetic mutations at the neurofibromin 1 (NF1) locus. […] NF-1 is an autosomal dominant disorder, which means that mutation or deletion of one copy (or allele) of the NF-1 gene is sufficient for the development of NF-1, although presentation varies widely and is often different even between relatives affected by NF-1. […] NF-1 is a developmental syndrome caused by germline mutations in neurofibromin, a gene that is involved in the RAS pathway (RASopathy). […] The mutant gene is transmitted with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance, but up to 50% of NF-1 cases arise due to spontaneous mutation.
  • #2 Neurofibromatosis type 1 | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/articles/neurofibromatosis-type-1?lang=us
    Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), also known as von Recklinghausen disease, is a multisystem neurocutaneous disorder, the most common phakomatosis, and a RASopathy. Additionally, it is also one of the most common inherited CNS disorders, autosomal dominant disorders, and inherited tumor syndromes. […] In half of the cases, the disease is inherited as an autosomal dominant condition. In the other half, the disease is due to a de novo mutation. […] The NF1 gene locus is on chromosome 17q11.2 and the gene product is neurofibromin, which acts as a tumor suppressor of the Ras/MAPK pathway; inactivation of the gene thus predisposes to tumor development. […] For this reason, the disorder is classified as a RASopathy.
  • #3 Neurofibromatosis type 1: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/neurofibromatosis-type-1/
    Neurofibromatosis type 1 is a condition characterized by changes in skin coloring (pigmentation) and the growth of tumors along nerves in the skin, brain, and other parts of the body. […] Mutations in the NF1 gene cause neurofibromatosis type 1. The NF1 gene provides instructions for making a protein called neurofibromin. This protein is produced in many cells, including nerve cells and specialized cells surrounding nerves (oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells). Neurofibromin acts as a tumor suppressor, which means that it keeps cells from growing and dividing too rapidly or in an uncontrolled way. Mutations in the NF1 gene lead to the production of a nonfunctional version of neurofibromin that cannot regulate cell growth and division. As a result, tumors such as neurofibromas can form along nerves throughout the body. […] It is unclear how mutations in the NF1 gene lead to the other features of neurofibromatosis type 1, such as cafè-au-lait spots and learning disabilities.
  • #4 Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1): Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14422-neurofibromatosis-type-1-nf1
    Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a type of neurofibromatosis, which is a condition that affects your skin and nervous system (brain, spinal cord and nerves). NF1 affects how often certain cells grow in your body. This leads to the formation of benign (noncancerous) tumors. These specifically are nerve tumors called neurofibromas. Tumors form on the nerves in your brain, spinal cord and skin. […] A genetic change (mutation) to the neurofibromin 1 gene causes NF1. Neurofibromin 1 gives your body instructions to create the neurofibromin protein. This protein is a tumor suppressor. It manages how often a cell divides and replicates. When your body doesn’t have the proper instructions to create neurofibromin, that means some cells in your body won’t divide and replicate as they should. Instead, they’ll make too many copies of themselves. As a result, tumors form. A tumor is an abnormal cluster of cells that form a solid mass of tissue.
  • #5 Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Diagnosis & Treatment – NYC | Columbia Neurosurgery in New York City
    https://www.neurosurgery.columbia.edu/patient-care/conditions/neurofibromatosis-type-1
    Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic condition in which benign tumors arise along nerves anywhere in the body. […] NF1 is caused by a mutation in the NF1 gene, a tumor suppressor important to many cells in the nervous system. About half of individuals develop NF1 by inheriting a non-working copy of NF1 from a parent who has NF1. (The other parent contributes a working copy of the gene.) The other half of individuals do not have a family history of this disease; instead, they acquire a spontaneous mutation in one copy of NF1 at conception that renders it non-working. […] Tumors associated with NF1 develop in certain cells, most commonly specialized cells that surround nerves, when the single working copy of the NF1 tumor suppressor gene in one of these cells acquires a spontaneous mutation. Spontaneous mutations are not uncommon. They go unnoticed in the gene NF1 when a working copy of the gene is available as backup. But when only one working copy of NF1 is present, and it acquires a spontaneous mutation, no working copies of the tumor suppressor gene remain in that cell. A tumor begins to form.
  • #6 What causes Neurofibromatosis 1? :: CSHL DNA Learning Center
    https://dnalc.cshl.edu/view/15960-What-causes-Neurofibromatosis-1-.html
    What causes Neurofibromatosis 1? […] NF1 is a large gene that encodes three slightly different neurofibromin proteins, found in nerve and muscle tissues. These proteins act as part of a cell’s signalling pathway and help to regulate cell growth and repair. Mutations in the NF1 gene can disrupt the function or production of neurofibromin proteins, leading to tumor growth in bones and the peripheral nervous system. […] NF1 is a large gene that encodes three slightly different neurofibromin proteins, found in nerve and muscle tissues.
  • #7 Neurofibromatosis (NF) | Living With Paralysis | Reeve Foundation
    https://www.christopherreeve.org/todays-care/living-with-paralysis/health/causes-of-paralysis/neurofibromatosis/
    Neurofibromatosis is genetic, passing from parent to child. However, some cases develop by spontaneous mutation in the genetic structure of individuals. An individual that either inherits or develops a spontaneous case of neurofibromatosis, can pass it genetically to their children. […] The genetics of neurofibromatosis is due to ineffective tumor suppression genes within the DNA of cells. The affected tumor suppression gene is different depending on the type of neurofibromatosis. Tumors can develop on the nerves and in the skin because the tumor suppression gene does not produce the effects needed to prevent overgrowth. Since the gene is not stopping tumor production, tumors can appear anywhere in the body. […] The chromosomal location of neurofibromatosis genetic effects is indicated in the following table: NF1 Chromosome 17q11.2 Neurofibromin (a tumor suppression protein) negatively affects Ras/MAPK and P13/mTOR signaling pathways NF2 Chromosome 22q12 Merlin (a tumor suppression protein) related to ezrin-radixin-moesin affects the modulation or control of P13K/AKT, Raf/MEK/ERK, and mTOR signaling pathways. SWN Unclear Tumor suppression genes SMARCB1 and LZTR1 have inactivating mutations.
  • #8 Neurofibromatosis: Type 1 | PM&R KnowledgeNow
    https://now.aapmr.org/neurofibromatosis-type-1/
    NF1 is a genetic disorder resulting from a mutation in the NF1 tumor suppressor gene located at chromosome 17q11.2, which encodes the guanosine triphosphataseactivating protein neurofibromin. Decreased production of neurofibromin results in the overactivation of the RAS pathway involved in promoting cell growth/division. The mutation may be de novo or inherited, germline or somatic. Penetrance, or the likelihood that a person carrying the NF1 mutation will develop clinical features of the disease, is complete. However, the severity of the clinical features can be variable. […] Approximately 50% of cases of NF1 are de novo mutations of the NF1 gene.
  • #9 Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth
    https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/nf.html
    Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic condition. […] NF1 and NF2 are part of a group of rare conditions called RASopathies (raz-OP-uh-thees). These happen when there’s a problem in the way cells communicate in one of the body’s pathways. […] Children with neurofibromatosis type 1 have cells that don’t make neurofibromin as they should. Neurofibromin is a protein that acts like a brake to stop the RAS pathway and keep cells from growing out of control. […] This happens because of a change (mutation) in a gene called NF1. […] Sometimes, NF1 runs in families. A parent who has it has a 50% chance of passing it to a child. Other times, the change is „spontaneous.” This means that a child has the condition but the parents do not. This is called a new mutation.
  • #10 Neurofibromatosis – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurofibromatosis
    Neurofibromatosis type I is caused by genetic changes in the NF1 gene located on chromosome 17 (17q11.2). This gene encodes a cytoplasmic protein known the neurofibromin, which functions as a tumor suppressor and therefore serves as a signal regulator of cell proliferation and differentiation. A dysfunction or lack of neurofibromin can affect regulation, and cause uncontrolled cell proliferation, leading to the tumors (neurofibromas) that characterize NF1. […] Neurofibromatosis type II is caused by a mutation on chromosome 22 (22q12). The mutation falls on the NF2 tumor suppressor gene. The gene normally encodes a cytoplasmic protein known as merlin. The normal function of merlin is to regulate the activity of multiple growth factors, the mutated copy of the gene leads to merlin’s loss of function. The loss of function leads to increased activity of growth factors normally regulated by merlin, leading to the formation of the tumors associated with NF2.
  • #11 Neurofibromatosis: Types and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/neurofibromatosis-pro
    Neurofibromatosis type 1 is caused by a defect in the gene, NF1, situated at chromosome 17q11.2. […] Loss of neurofibromin leads to an increased risk of developing benign and malignant tumours but effects of a mutation are highly variable between sufferers and can appear at any age due to a variety of mutations, differing penetration and mosaicism. […] Fifty percent of patients have a spontaneous mutation, and the other half have an inherited mutation. […] The NF1 gene mutation can now be found in 85-95% of cases.
  • #12 Neurofibromatosis Type 1: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1177266-overview
    Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a multisystem genetic disorder that is characterized by cutaneous findings, most notably caf-au-lait spots and axillary freckling […] The manifestations of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) result from a mutation in or deletion of the NF1 gene. The gene product neurofibromin serves as a tumor suppressor; decreased production of this protein results in the myriad of clinical features. […] The estimated incidence of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is 1 in 3000, but the actual frequency may be higher because of less than complete ascertainment of mildly affected individuals. Approximately half of affected individuals represent first cases in the family as a result of a new genetic event or mutation. […] Although the genetic change causing NF1 is present at conception, clinical manifestations may appear slowly over many years.
  • #13 Neurofibromatosis Type 1: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/950151-overview
    Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a multisystem genetic disorder that is characterized by cutaneous findings, most notably caf-au-lait spots and axillary freckling […] The manifestations of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) result from a mutation in or deletion of the NF1 gene. The gene product neurofibromin serves as a tumor suppressor; decreased production of this protein results in the myriad of clinical features. […] Approximately half of affected individuals represent first cases in the family as a result of a new genetic event or mutation. […] The estimated incidence of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is 1 in 3000, but the actual frequency may be higher because of less than complete ascertainment of mildly affected individuals. […] Although the genetic change causing NF1 is present at conception, clinical manifestations may appear slowly over many years. […] The major causes for this increased morbidity and subsequent mortality are hypertension, sequelae of spinal cord lesions, and malignancy.
  • #14 Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/neurofibromatosis-type-1/symptoms/
    Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is caused by an altered gene. […] Sometimes the altered gene is passed on to a child by one of their parents (inherited). […] But sometimes a child can be born with NF1 even if their parents do not have the altered gene. […] If you have NF1, there’s a 1 in 2 (50%) chance of passing the affected gene on to any children you have.
  • #15 Neurofibromatosis | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
    https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/neurofibromatosis
    About half of people with NF inherit the condition from one of their parents. The other half develops NF due to a spontaneous (also called sporadic) change in the gene. Each child who inherits the NF1 genetic variant will have symptoms of the condition. There is a 50% chance that a person with NF1 will pass it on to their children. […] It’s not completely known why tumors develop in people with NF. However, tumor development is partly due to genetic changes that affect proteins responsible for controlling the growth of nervous system cells. Without the normal function of these proteins, cell growth increases, leading to the formation of tumors.
  • #16 Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
    https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/neurofibromatosis/nf-type-1
    Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is caused by a change (mutation or variant) in a gene. […] NF1 is caused by a genetic mutation on chromosome 17. This mutation can be inherited. It can be passed on from parent to child. […] About half of the people who have NF1 inherited it from a parent. If you have NF1, theres as much as a 50 percent chance you will pass it on to your child. That means the chance your child will inherit NF1 from you are the same as the chance they will not inherit it. […] NF1 also can happen in people who did not inherit the gene mutation from their parents.
  • #17
    https://step2.medbullets.com/oncology/120403/neurofibromatosis-type-1-von-recklinghausen-disease
    mutated NF1 gene insufficiently creates neurofibromin, a tumor suppressor […] this, in turn, dysregulates cell growth and development […] autosomal dominant mutation in NF1 gene on chromosome 17 […] complete penetrance but variable expression.
  • #18 Understanding Neurofibromatosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options – Massive Bio
    https://massivebio.com/understanding-neurofibromatosis-causes-symptoms-and-treatment-options/
    Neurofibromatosis is caused by mutations in specific genes responsible for regulating cell growth. […] NF1, or Neurofibromatosis Type 1, is the most common form of the disorder. It is caused by a mutation in the NF1 gene, which provides instructions for producing a protein called neurofibromin. Neurofibromin helps control cell growth, and when it is not functioning properly due to the mutation, tumors can develop on nerves. […] Neurofibromatosis Type 2 (NF2) is less common and is caused by mutations in the NF2 gene. This gene produces a protein called merlin, which also plays a role in regulating cell growth. In NF2, the absence or dysfunction of merlin leads to the development of tumors, particularly on the nerves associated with hearing and balance.
  • #19 Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/risk-prevention/genetics/family-cancer-syndromes/neurofibromatosis-type-1.html
    Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is caused by a change (mutation) in a gene called NF1. The NF1 gene, located on chromosome 17, makes a protein called neurofibromin. Neurofibromin is a tumor suppressor protein and helps control cell growth. When NF1 is mutated, it can no longer make normal neurofibromin, which allows tumors to form. […] Approximately 50% of NF1 cases are inherited from a parent, while the other 50% of cases arise from spontaneous mutation in the NF1 gene. […] NF1 is also associated with increased risk of other cancers, such as breast cancer, gastrointestinal tumors (GIST), and sarcomas.
  • #20 Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1): Pathogenesis, clinical features, and diagnosis – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/neurofibromatosis-type-1-nf1-pathogenesis-clinical-features-and-diagnosis
    Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder with an estimated incidence of 1:2600 to 1:3000 individuals. Approximately one-half of the cases are familial (inherited). The de novo mutations occur primarily in paternally derived chromosomes. […] The pathogenesis, clinical features, and diagnosis of NF1 are reviewed here.
  • #21 Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) | nidirect
    https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/neurofibromatosis-type-1-nf1
    NF1 is caused by a faulty gene. If the NF1 gene is faulty, it leads to uncontrolled growth (tumours) developing in the nervous system. […] In half of all cases of NF1, the faulty gene is passed from a parent to their child. Only one parent needs to have the faulty gene for their child to be at risk of developing the condition. […] If either the mother or father has the faulty gene, there’s a 1 in 2 chance that each child they have will develop NF1. […] In other cases, the faulty gene appears to develop spontaneously. It’s unclear why this happens. If you have a child who develops NF1 spontaneously, it’s highly unlikely any further children you have will also develop the condition. […] However, a person who develops NF1 spontaneously can pass the condition to their children.
  • #22 The Pathoetiology of Neurofibromatosis 1
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3081157/
    Although a mutation in the NF1 gene is the only factor required to initiate the neurocutaneous-skeletal neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) syndrome, the pathoetiology of the multiple manifestations of this disease in different organ systems seems increasingly complex. […] The bi-allelic inactivation of the NF1 gene through a second hit seems to be of crucial importance to the development of certain manifestations, such as neurofibromas, caf-au-lait macules, and glomus tumors. […] A recent study identified a multipotent precursor cell population with an NF1+/ genotype that resides in human cutaneous neurofibromas and that has been suggested to play a role in their pathogenesis. […] The pathoetiology of the complications in NF1 is, however, largely unknown. […] A bi-allelic inactivation of the NF1 gene has been demonstrated in neurofibromas, caf-au-lait macules, and glomus tumors.
  • #23 The Pathoetiology of Neurofibromatosis 1
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3081157/
    These observations raise the important questions as to what symptoms and signs are caused by haploinsufficiency as such and what is the role played by the loss of both NF1 alleles. […] Neurofibromas are lesions characterized by bi-allelic inactivation of the NF1 gene in a subpopulation of Schwann cells. […] The current understanding of the key role of Schwann cells is based on studies with conditional knockout mice and the genetic analysis of cells cultured from human neurofibromas. […] These studies have collectively shown that bi-allelic inactivation of the NF1 gene is a prerequisite for neurofibroma formation but that tumorigenesis can occur only in an NF1+/ background. […] Approximately one-third of patients with NF1 develop clinically detectable plexiform neurofibromas. […] The bi-allelic inactivation leading to the development of plexiform neurofibromas apparently takes place in embryonic cells that have the potential to generate large populations of cells carrying a single NF1 second-hit mutation.
  • #24 The Pathoetiology of Neurofibromatosis 1
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3081157/
    The limited growth of cutaneous neurofibromas may reflect the developmentally late occurrence of the NF1 second-hit mutation essential for their growth. […] The NF1 diploinsufficient Schwann cells may, thus, have a limited potential for clonal cell division. […] The question of the cellular origin of cutaneous neurofibromas has been approached using a mouse model with an Nf1+/ background and a tamoxifen-inducible second hit in dermal stem/progenitor cells. […] These results suggest that the multipotent cells present in the hair follicles may contribute to the development of cutaneous neurofibromas.
  • #25 Neurofibromatosis Type 1: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1177266-overview
    Learning disabilities with or without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are seen in approximately 40% of NF1-affected individuals. A much smaller percentage experience more significant cognitive difficulties such as mild or moderate intellectual disability. Furthermore, a recent population based study reported a prevalence of autism spectrum disorder in 30%. […] Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), often multiple with a predilection for the proximal small bowel, may be seen in patients with NF1. Therefore, there should be a high index of suspicion for a GIST in a patient who presents with GI bleeding or intestinal obstruction. Gene mutations typically seen in sporadic GISTs leading to malignant transformation are rarely identified in the GISTs removed from patients with NF1. Instead, activation of the Ras-MAPK pathway and loss of heterozygosity of specific chromosomal regions may underlie the development of GISTs in patients with NF1.
  • #26 Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)
    https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/neurofibromatosis-type-1-nf1
    Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic disorder. […] Neurofibromatosis or NF1 causes growths to form on nerve tissues. […] NF1 affects about one in every 3,000 people. […] People with NF1 are more likely to develop high blood pressure, and this may occur at any time in their life. […] People with NF1 have a slightly higher risk of developing certain cancers, such as soft tissue tumors or certain brain tumours.
  • #27 Neurofibromatosis Type 1: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1177266-overview
    Hypertension in NF1 can be seen at any age, with many adults with NF1 manifesting the usual essential form of hypertension. However, any person with NF1 and high blood pressure must be evaluated carefully for 2 alternative causes of hypertension. […] Pheochromocytomas are not rare (5%) in NF1 and can cause severe, fluctuating hypertension. […] Vascular stenosis (ie, renal artery stenosis secondary to fibromuscular dysplasia) also may result in hypertension that may not respond well to standard pharmacologic management.
  • #28 Reproductive Issues in Neurofibromatosis Type 1: An Update
    https://www.scientificarchives.com/article/reproductive-issues-in-neurofibromatosis-type-1-an-update
    Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a complex, multisystem, autosomal dominant disease that has widespread effects on ectodermal and mesodermal tissues. […] NF1 is due to gene mutation of proximal long arm of chromosome 17 that encodes neurofibromin, a ubiquitously expressed protein, which functions as a RAS-GTPase Activating Protein (RAS-GAP), a negative regulator of RAS activity. Neurofibromin deficiency leads to increased RAS signaling which is believed to cause NF1. […] Causes of high prevalence of neoplasm in NF1 patients, both benign and malignant, are not completely known, and genetic, hormonal and environmental factors may be implicated. […] It is well known the sensibility of hormones of pregnancy on neurofibromas because up to 80% of skin tumors increases in dimensions in pregnancy.
  • #29 Reproductive Issues in Neurofibromatosis Type 1: An Update
    https://www.scientificarchives.com/article/reproductive-issues-in-neurofibromatosis-type-1-an-update
    Number and size of neurofibromas frequently increase in pregnancy especially in the second trimester and many new tumors may grow but in pregnant women the growth of cutaneous and plexiform neurofibromas is not significantly different in comparison to non-pregnant NF1 patients. […] Up to 3% of NF1 patients are diagnosed during pregnancy due to the appearance of neurofibromas. […] Furthermore, up to 22% of neurofibroma may regress during gestation. […] The mutation is dominant autosomic and between 50-75% of neurofibromatosis cases stems from de novo mutation. […] NF1 is associated with advance paternal age, while no effects are evident for maternal age.
  • #30 Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Symptoms and Treatment
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/neurofibromatosis-type-1-nf1-2860837
    Neurofibromatosis type 1 may either be inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, or it may be due to a new gene mutation in an individual. The gene for neurofibromatosis type 1 is located on chromosome 17. […] Genetic testing by blood test can be done to detect defects in the NF1 gene.
  • #31 Neurofibromatosis – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/neurocutaneous-syndromes/neurofibromatosis
    Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1, or von Recklinghausen disease) is most prevalent, occurring in 1 of 4650 people in a study done in the United Kingdom. It causes neurologic, cutaneous, and sometimes soft-tissue or bone manifestations. The NF1 gene is located on band 17q11.2 and encodes synthesis of neurofibromin; 1000 mutations have been identified. Although it is an autosomal dominant disorder, 20 to 50% of cases are caused by a de novo germ cell mutation. […] Diagnosis of all 3 types is clinical by detailed physical examination that is focused on the cutaneous, skeletal, and neurologic systems. NF1 should be suspected and monitored for in children who have multiple caf-au-lait spots even if they do not have other features or family history of NF1. […] Genetic testing is recommended for patients who are suspected to have neurofibromatosis but who do not fulfill clinical criteria.
  • #32 Neurofibromatosis type 1 | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
    https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/neurofibromatosis-type-1
    Neurofibromatosis type 1 genetic test results can also provide important information for other family members. […] If a mutation responsible for neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) syndrome is identified, at-risk relatives (first or second degree relatives) can be tested for the same genetic alteration.
  • #33 Neurofibromatosis type 1
    https://www.genturis.eu/l=eng/Thematic-disease-groups/Schwannomatosis-and-neurofibromatosis/Neurofibromatosis-type-1.html
    Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1, ORPHA:636) affects mainly skin and nerves and occurs in 1 in 2,000 – 2,500 individuals. […] NF1 is caused by a genetic error in one of the two copies of the NF1 gene on chromosome 17. […] Half of the individuals with NF1 do not have an affected parent and the genetic error started with the person.
  • #34 FDNA™ Neurofibromatosis Type 1 syndrome: Symptoms, and Causes
    https://fdna.com/health/resource-center/neurofibromatosis-type-i-nf1/
    Neurofibromatosis, Type 1 is a genetic condition that affects male and females equally. […] A damaged NF1 gene is responsible for causing the syndrome. In 50% of cases, the faulty gene is inherited from one parent in an autosomal dominant pattern. In the other 50% of cases, the mutation is a new one. […] In some cases, a genetic syndrome may be the result of a de-novo mutation and the first case in a family. In this case, this is a new gene mutation which occurs during the reproductive process.