Neurofibromatoza typu 1
Epidemiologia

Neurofibromatoza typu 1 (NF1) jest jednym z najczęstszych zaburzeń jednogenowych, z częstością występowania szacowaną na około 1 na 2000-3000 żywych urodzeń, a chorobowością około 1 na 3164 osób (95% CI: 1 na 2132-1 na 4712). Około 50% przypadków wynika z nowych mutacji, głównie pochodzenia ojcowskiego, a pozostałe są dziedziczone autosomalnie dominująco. NF1 charakteryzuje się pełną penetracją u dorosłych, ale objawy nasilają się z wiekiem, a choroba skraca oczekiwaną długość życia o 10-20 lat. Do najważniejszych powikłań należą nowotwory złośliwe osłonek nerwów obwodowych (MPNST) z dożywotnim ryzykiem 10-12%, a także zwiększone ryzyko raka piersi przed 50. rokiem życia. Występuje także zwiększona śmiertelność i zachorowalność, z rocznym współczynnikiem zgonów 9,3 na 100 000 i ryzykiem zgonu 3,10 razy wyższym niż w populacji ogólnej.

Epidemiologia Neurofibromatozy typu 1

Neurofibromatoza typu 1 (NF1), znana również jako choroba von Recklinghausena, jest jednym z najczęstszych zaburzeń jednogenowych występujących u ludzi. Według najnowszych badań częstość występowania NF1 jest szacowana na około 1 na 2000-3000 żywych urodzeń na całym świecie, bez względu na rasę, pochodzenie etniczne czy płeć.123

Nowsze badania epidemiologiczne sugerują, że rzeczywista częstość występowania NF1 może być wyższa niż wcześniej sądzono, z częstością urodzeniową wynoszącą nawet 1 na 2000 i chorobowością 1 na 4000 osób.4 Analiza danych wskazuje, że częstość występowania NF1 u noworodków wynosi około 1 na 2662 (95% CI: 1 na 1968-1 na 3601), natomiast ogólna chorobowość to 1 na 3164 (95% CI: 1 na 2132-1 na 4712).5 Różnice te wynikają częściowo ze zwiększonej świadomości choroby i lepszych metod diagnostycznych.

Geograficzne zróżnicowanie występowania

Występowanie NF1 może się różnić w zależności od kraju i regionu. Krajem o najwyższej zgłaszanej częstości występowania NF1 jest Izrael (104,1 na 100 000 osób), podczas gdy najniższą częstość odnotowano w Danii i Rosji (12,8 na 100 000 osób).67 Chorobowość w Finlandii została oszacowana na około 1 na 4000, ale zauważono, że maleje ona wraz z wiekiem, co wskazuje na krótszą oczekiwaną długość życia u osób z NF1.8

Częstość występowania NF1 jest stosunkowo wysoka w porównaniu do innych chorób rzadkich, przewyższając takie schorzenia jak mukowiscydoza, dystrofia mięśniowa Duchenne’a, choroba Huntingtona czy choroba Tay-Sachsa.9 W Stanach Zjednoczonych w 2023 roku odnotowano około 97 300 zdiagnozowanych przypadków NF1, co stanowi najwyższą liczbę wśród krajów z grupy 7MM (siedmiu głównych rynków).10

Czynniki wpływające na epidemiologię

Około połowa przypadków NF1 jest wynikiem nowych mutacji genetycznych, podczas gdy druga połowa jest dziedziczona w sposób autosomalny dominujący od dotkniętego chorobą rodzica.1112 Szacowana częstość nowych mutacji NF1 jest wyjątkowo wysoka, choć podstawa tego wysokiego wskaźnika mutacji nie jest jeszcze w pełni poznana.13

Badania wykazały, że nowe mutacje występują głównie w chromosomach pochodzących od ojca.14 Zaobserwowano również, że częstość występowania neurofibromatozy jest zwiększona u osób urodzonych przez rodziców w zaawansowanym wieku. Średni wiek matek rodzących dziecko z NF1 wynosi 30 lat, podczas gdy wiek ojców to średnio 33 lata.15

Różnice związane z wiekiem i płcią

Chorobowość NF1 jest nieco wyższa u małych dzieci niż u dorosłych, co prawdopodobnie wynika przynajmniej częściowo z wczesnych zgonów niektórych pacjentów z NF1.16 Najwyższa częstość występowania NF1 jest obserwowana w populacji między 10 a 19 rokiem życia.17

NF1 dotyka równie często mężczyzn i kobiety, jednak badania fińskie wykazały, że choroba znacznie bardziej skraca długość życia kobiet niż mężczyzn – o 26,1 lat u kobiet w porównaniu do 16,5 lat u mężczyzn.18 Ponadto badania pokazały, że kobiety z glejakiem nerwu wzrokowego związanym z NF1 dwa razy częściej przechodzą badanie rezonansem magnetycznym mózgu z powodu objawów wzrokowych i trzy razy częściej wymagają leczenia z powodu pogorszenia widzenia niż mężczyźni.19

Oczekiwana długość życia i śmiertelność

Pacjenci z NF1 mają krótszą oczekiwaną długość życia o około 10-15 lat w porównaniu do populacji ogólnej.2021 Według niektórych źródeł, NF1 skraca oczekiwaną długość życia nawet o 15-20 lat.22

Średnia roczna częstość zgonów związanych z NF1 wynosi 9,3 na 100 000 zgonów, a średni roczny współczynnik śmiertelności związany z NF1 to 0,092 na 100 000 osób.23 W badaniu z Finlandii współczynnik ryzyka zgonu wśród osób z NF1 wynosił 3,10 w porównaniu do populacji ogólnej.24 Opublikowane badania wskazują, że osoby z NF1 doświadczają wyższych wskaźników zachorowalności i śmiertelności w porównaniu do populacji ogólnej.25

Aspekty genetyczne i reprodukcyjne

NF1 jest w pełni penetrująca u dorosłych, ale wiele cech choroby zwiększa częstotliwość lub nasilenie wraz z wiekiem.26 Sprawność reprodukcyjna pacjentów z NF1 jest zmniejszona o około połowę.27

NF1 jest dziedziczona w sposób autosomalny dominujący, co oznacza, że istnieje 50% szansa, że każde dziecko rodzica z NF1 odziedziczy gen i rozwinie NF1.28 W ostatnich latach, dzięki lepszemu wsparciu psychologicznemu i społecznemu, poprawie jakości życia oraz skutecznym zabiegom chirurgicznym i kosmetycznym, opisano setki ciąż u pacjentek z NF1.29

Współwystępowanie nowotworów i innych powikłań

Ogólne ryzyko zachorowania na nowotwór u osób z NF1 jest wyższe niż w populacji ogólnej, z dożywotnim ryzykiem 10-12% dla złośliwych nowotworów osłonek nerwów obwodowych (MPNST), głównie między 20 a 40 rokiem życia, oraz zwiększonym ryzykiem raka piersi przed 50 rokiem życia.30

Szacuje się, że około 40% dzieci z NF1 będzie miało pewne powikłania.31 Badanie przeprowadzone w Japonii wykazało, że 82% zarejestrowanych pacjentów z NF1 wymagało interwencji medycznej.32

Osoby z NF1 mają prawie 10-krotnie większe prawdopodobieństwo rozwoju jakiegokolwiek typu nowotworu w ciągu życia niż populacja ogólna.33 Skumulowane ryzyko wystąpienia nowotworu złośliwego do 50 roku życia wynosi 20%.34 Co więcej, badania wykazały, że osoby z NF1 rozwijają niektóre nowotwory w młodszym wieku i mają większe prawdopodobieństwo zgonu z powodu kilku typów nowotworów w porównaniu z populacją ogólną.35

Nadzór i monitorowanie pacjentów z NF1

Z uwagi na wielonarządowy charakter Neurofibromatozy typu 1 i różnorodność jej objawów, kompleksowy nadzór medyczny jest kluczowym elementem opieki nad pacjentami cierpiącymi na to schorzenie. Głównym celem nadzoru jest wczesne wykrywanie i leczenie objawowe powikłań, co może znacząco poprawić jakość życia i rokowanie pacjentów.3637

Zalecenia dotyczące monitorowania dzieci z NF1

Lekarze zalecają, aby dzieci z NF1 przechodziły badania fizyczne co najmniej dwa razy w roku do 5 roku życia, a następnie przynajmniej raz w roku.38 Dzieci te powinny również przechodzić coroczne badania neurologiczne, które mogą pomóc w wykryciu obecności guzów tworzących się na nerwach, oraz badania okulistyczne, które mogą pomóc wykryć guzy na nerwach wzrokowych lub guzki Lischa, które pojawiają się jako wypukłości na tęczówce.39

Coroczne wizyty u okulisty zalecane są dla dzieci do 10 roku życia w celu badania przesiewowego w kierunku glejaków dróg wzrokowych.40 Ponadto zaleca się regularne oceny neuropsychologiczne ze względu na częste zaburzenia neurorozwojowe.41

Monitorowanie dorosłych z NF1

Dla dorosłych pacjentów z NF1 zalecenia dotyczące nadzoru różnią się w zależności od obecności czynników ryzyka i powikłań. Pacjenci z fenotypem wysokiego ryzyka powinni odwiedzać specjalistę NF1 co roku, podczas gdy pacjenci bez fenotypu wysokiego ryzyka lub powikłań powinni odwiedzać specjalistę NF1 co dwa do trzech lat, przy czym pozostałe wizyty odbywają się co roku u lekarza podstawowej opieki zdrowotnej, dermatologa lub pediatry.42

Według europejskich wytycznych (ERN GENTURIS), dorośli pacjenci z NF1 mogą wymagać specyficznej corocznej kontroli, w zależności od obecności lub braku guzów ocenianych przez rezonans magnetyczny całego ciała w wieku 16-18 lat. W przeciwnym razie kontrola co 3 lata może być wystarczająca.43

Badania obrazowe w nadzorze NF1

Dla dzieci lub dorosłych, u których występują objawy takie jak niewyjaśniony ból, osłabienie lub szybko rozwijająca się skolioza, lekarze mogą zalecić rezonans magnetyczny lub inne badania obrazowe w celu poszukiwania nerwiakowłókniaka splotowatego, który jest dużym guzem obejmującym wiele nerwów.44

Lekarze zalecają również badania MRI mózgu i kręgosłupa co najmniej raz w roku po diagnozie, aby sprawdzić obecność guzów. Badania MRI mogą być potrzebne częściej u osób, których guzy wydają się rosnąć lub które doświadczają problemów ze słuchem.45

Całe ciało MRI jest skuteczną metodą wykrywania nieprawidłowości mózgu, nerwu wzrokowego i naczyń, a także wewnętrznych nerwiakowłókniaków i innych guzów.46 Zaleca się rozważenie jednorazowego badania MRI całego ciała przy przejściu do dorosłości, co może pomóc w określeniu podejścia do długoterminowej kontroli w przyszłym życiu pacjenta.47

Pozytonowa tomografia emisyjna/tomografia komputerowa (PET/CT) jest przydatna do wykrywania złośliwej transformacji guzów u pacjentów z NF1.48 PET-CT może pomóc we wczesnym wykryciu złośliwych zmian w nerwiakowłókniakach splotowatych.49

Nadzór pod kątem nowotworów złośliwych

U wszystkich pacjentów z NF1 występuje zwiększone ryzyko nowotworów, dlatego ważne jest monitorowanie pod kątem złośliwych transformacji istniejących zmian oraz rozwoju nowych nowotworów. Szczególnie istotne jest monitorowanie pod kątem złośliwych nowotworów osłonek nerwów obwodowych (MPNST), które rozwijają się u około 10% pacjentów z NF1.50

Dożywotni nadzór pod kątem rozwoju MPNST jest niezbędny, szczególnie u pacjentów o zwiększonym ryzyku tego nowotworu złośliwego z powodu znanej obecności nerwiakowłókniaków splotowatych, polineuropatii wtórnej do guzów korzeni nerwowych, historii radioterapii lub mikrodelecji zarodkowej NF1.51

Nerwiakowłókniaki splotowate powinny być ściśle monitorowane, a pacjentom zaleca się obserwowanie wszelkich objawów, które mogą wskazywać na złośliwą transformację, w tym szybki wzrost, zwiększoną twardość lub ból związany ze zmianą.52

Szczególne zalecenia dotyczące nadzoru

Kobiety z NF1 mają zwiększone ryzyko raka piersi i zaleca się im rozpoczęcie mammografii lub rezonansu magnetycznego piersi, lub obu tych badań, w wieku 30 lat, a nie zgodnie z zaleceniem US Preventive Services Task Force dotyczącym mammografii co drugi rok, począwszy od 40 roku życia w populacji ogólnej.53 ERN GENTURIS preferuje coroczne badania MRI piersi, rozpoczynające się w wieku 30 lat.54

Pacjenci z NF1 powinni mieć również coroczne badanie ciśnienia krwi ze względu na zwiększone ryzyko nadciśnienia tętniczego i naczyniopatii.5556

U kobiet w ciąży z NF1 wymagane jest szczególne monitorowanie ze względu na zwiększone ryzyko udaru (głównie krwotocznego), ostrego pęknięcia naczyń, nadciśnienia tętniczego, stanu przedrzucawkowego, niskiej liczby płytek krwi, zespołu HELLP i rzucawki.57

Wyzwania i kontrowersje w nadzorze NF1

Mimo ustalonych zaleceń, istnieje kilka kontrowersji i wyzwań związanych z nadzorem pacjentów z NF1. Jednym z głównych obszarów debaty jest rola rutynowych badań przesiewowych naczyniowych u pacjentów z NF1. Biorąc pod uwagę zróżnicowaną prezentację i ciężkość naczyniopatii, szczególnie u bezobjawowych osób, konieczność, częstotliwość i zakres badań przesiewowych pozostają kontrowersyjne.58

Niektórzy eksperci sugerują, że regularne badania obrazowe kontrolne nie powinny być rutynowo wykonywane u pacjentów z NF1. Bardziej rozsądne jest wykonywanie kontrolnego MRI w przypadkach nowych/postępujących objawów klinicznych.59 Biorąc pod uwagę rzadkość powikłań, które zwykle są objawowe i łatwo wykrywalne podczas kontroli klinicznej, badania przesiewowe nie są zalecane.60

Wyzwaniem jest również fakt, że obecne wytyczne nie zalecają rutynowych badań przesiewowych MRI w kierunku glejaków dróg wzrokowych, chyba że występują objawy, a obrazowanie naczyń mózgowych generalnie nie jest wykonywane, chyba że pojawiają się objawy kliniczne.61

Znaczenie wielodyscyplinarnego podejścia

Ze względu na wielonarządowy charakter NF1 i różnorodność objawów, dostęp do zespołu specjalistów ze zrozumieniem tego schorzenia jest kluczowy.62 Wdrożenie wytycznych dotyczących praktyki klinicznej poprzez klinikę wielodyscyplinarną jest niezbędne dla opieki nad dorosłymi pacjentami z NF1.63

Wszyscy pacjenci z NF1 powinni być pod opieką lekarza zaznajomionego z tym schorzeniem. Małe dzieci powinny być badane co 6-12 miesięcy, a starsze dzieci co roku.64 Większość dorosłych z NF1 może być prowadzona przez lekarza podstawowej opieki zdrowotnej z skierowaniem do specjalistycznych usług w razie potrzeby.65

Opieka wielosystemowa i dożywotni nadzór są wymagane w przypadku NF1, która jest jedną z najczęstszych chorób genetycznych.66 Wczesne wykrywanie i leczenie objawowe powikłań może znacząco poprawić jakość życia pacjentów i zmniejszyć chorobowość związaną z NF1.67

Przyszłe kierunki w nadzorze nad NF1

Obecnie prowadzone są badania mające na celu lepsze zrozumienie i przewidywanie korelacji fenotyp/genotyp w NF1.68 Międzynarodowe wysiłki, takie jak REiNS (Response Evaluation in Neurofibromatosis and Schwannomatosis), mają na celu lepsze zrozumienie naturalnej historii choroby i opracowanie lepszych metod oceny odpowiedzi na leczenie.

Potrzebne są dalsze badania, aby określić, czy niektóre typy nowotworów powinny być leczone inaczej u osób z NF1.69 Takie wysiłki są utrudnione przez rzadkość NF1, ale prowadzone są projekty mające na celu zwiększenie liczby osób uczestniczących w badaniach klinicznych.

Zrozumienie epidemiologii i konsekwencji NF1 wnosi cenny wkład w trwające wysiłki badawcze, które mają na celu poprawę technik diagnostycznych, opcji leczenia i ogólnych wyników pacjentów.70 Bardziej całościowe zrozumienie epidemiologii NF1 jest niezbędne, aby zapewnić optymalną opiekę zdrowotną i poprawić jakość życia osób dotkniętych tą chorobą.

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  1. 10.04.2026
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Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Epidemiology of neurofibromatosis type 1 – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10469430/
    The prevalence of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is about 1/3,000. There are no known ethnic groups in which NF1 does not occur or is unusually common. The prevalence is somewhat higher in young children than in adults, a difference that probably results at least in part from the early death of some NF1 patients. NF1 is fully penetrant in adults, but many disease features increase in frequency or severity with age. The reproductive fitness of NF1 patients is reduced by about one-half. About half of all cases result from new mutations. The estimated rate of new NF1 mutations is unusually high, but the basis for this high mutation rate is not known.
  • #2 Epidemiology and Outcomes of Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF-1): Multicenter Tertiary Experience
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10964784/
    The aim of this manuscript was to assess the epidemiology and clinical features of Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) based on the newly published revised NF-1 diagnostic criteria and to evaluate complications of NF-1 including neurodevelopmental disorders. […] Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1), also known as von Recklinghausens disease, is a hereditary condition that impacts various bodily systems and presents with a notable tendency to develop tumors, along with associated neurological and cutaneous symptoms. This condition has an incidence of 1 in 2000 to 3000 individuals in the general population, regardless of gender or ethnicity, and is typically inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. […] Insufficient data exists in Saudi Arabia about the clinical characteristics and sequelae, such as neurodevelopmental abnormalities, associated with NF-1. A comprehensive descriptive study was required to have a better understanding of the diseases characteristics among both juvenile and adult populations due to the absence of thorough examinations. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of NF-1 using the recently published updated diagnostic NF-1 criteria, as well as the associated consequences including neurodevelopmental disorders.
  • #3 Incidence and prevalence of neurofibromatosis type 1 and 2: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases | Full Text
    https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13023-023-02911-2
    Pooled NF1 prevalence was 1 in 3,164 (95%CI: 1 in 2,132-1 in 4,712). […] NF1 pooled birth incidence was 1 in 2,662 (95%CI: 1 in 1,968-1 in 3,601). […] We present updated estimates of the incidence and prevalence of NF1 and NF2, to help plan for healthcare access and allocation. […] The prevalence of NF1 from screening studies is higher than from medical record studies, suggesting that the disease may be under recognized. […] The estimated prevalence of NF2 is much lower, approximately 1 in 60,000. […] Our pooled estimate of NF1 prevalence is 1 in 3,190, which is within the range of commonly cited estimates. […] Our pooled estimate of birth incidence is 1 in 50,000, with relatively low heterogeneity among studies. […] Given the wide discrepancy in NF2 prevalence rates between the two included studies, there is need for further research into the epidemiology of NF2, especially in countries outside of Europe.
  • #4 Neurofibromatosis 1 French national guidelines based on an extensive literature review since 1966 | Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases | Full Text
    https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13023-020-1310-3
    Neurofibromatosis type 1 is a relatively common genetic disease, with a prevalence ranging between 1/3000 and 1/6000 people worldwide. […] Most epidemiological studies have reported a prevalence ranging between 1/3000 and 1/6000, and birth incidence estimates between 1/2558 and 1/3333. […] Recent evidence revealed that NF1 is a much more common disorder than previously thought, with a birth incidence of 1:2000 and a prevalence of 1/4000. […] NF1 patients are at an increased risk of malignancy and have a life expectancy about 10-15 years shorter than the general population. […] A total population study in Finland demonstrated that NF1 reduces the life expectancy of women considerably more than that of men; with a life span shortened by 16.5 years in men and by 26.1 years in women with NF1.
  • #5 Incidence and prevalence of neurofibromatosis type 1 and 2: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases | Full Text
    https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13023-023-02911-2
    Pooled NF1 prevalence was 1 in 3,164 (95%CI: 1 in 2,132-1 in 4,712). […] NF1 pooled birth incidence was 1 in 2,662 (95%CI: 1 in 1,968-1 in 3,601). […] We present updated estimates of the incidence and prevalence of NF1 and NF2, to help plan for healthcare access and allocation. […] The prevalence of NF1 from screening studies is higher than from medical record studies, suggesting that the disease may be under recognized. […] The estimated prevalence of NF2 is much lower, approximately 1 in 60,000. […] Our pooled estimate of NF1 prevalence is 1 in 3,190, which is within the range of commonly cited estimates. […] Our pooled estimate of birth incidence is 1 in 50,000, with relatively low heterogeneity among studies. […] Given the wide discrepancy in NF2 prevalence rates between the two included studies, there is need for further research into the epidemiology of NF2, especially in countries outside of Europe.
  • #6 Neurofibromatosis type 1 epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc
    https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Neurofibromatosis_type_1_epidemiology_and_demographics
    Neurofibromatosis type 1 is the most common single gene disorder in humans, occurring in about 30 to 40 in 100,000 births worldwide. […] The country with major prevalence of neurofibromatosis type 1 reported is Israel, while the one with the least reported in Denmark. […] The incidence of neurofibromatosis type 1 is approximately 33.33 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. […] The incidence of neurofibromatosis type 1 is approximately 14-26 per 100,000 individuals in the United States. […] The prevalence of neurofibromatosis type 1 is approximately 33.33 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. […] Prevalence can vary from one country to another, being 104.1 per 100,000 individuals in Israel to 12.8 per 100,000 individuals in Russia. […] The highest prevalence of neurofibromatosis type 1 is in the population between 10 to 19 years old.
  • #7 Neurofibromatosis type 1 epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc
    https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Neurofibromatosis_type_1_epidemiology_and_demographics
    The majority of neurofibromatosis type 1 cases are reported in Israel. […] The country with less cases of neurofibromatosis type 1 reported is Denmark. […] Many countries lack a proper electronic patient record, so many times, researchers have to rely on death certificates and non-population-based cohorts to estimate risks of neurofibromatosis type 1.
  • #8 Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1): Pathogenesis, clinical features, and diagnosis – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/neurofibromatosis-type-1-nf1-pathogenesis-clinical-features-and-diagnosis
    Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder with an estimated incidence of 1:2600 to 1:3000 individuals. Approximately one-half of the cases are familial (inherited). The de novo mutations occur primarily in paternally derived chromosomes. The incidence of segmental NF1 is unknown, but the prevalence is estimated at 1:36,000 to 1:40,000. […] A population-based study in Finland revealed an overall prevalence of NF1 of approximately 1:4000, but the prevalence decreased with age, with a hazard ratio of death among individuals with NF1 of 3.10.
  • #9 NF1 – Children’s Tumour Foundation of Australia
    https://www.ctf.org.au/neurofibromatosis-type-1
    Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), formerly known as von Recklinghausen’s disease or Peripheral NF is the most common type of NF and also one of the most commonly inherited neurological conditions, affecting about 1 in 2,500 people throughout the world. […] NF1 is more prevalent than Cystic Fibrosis, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, Huntington’s Disease and Tay Sachs. […] Currently there is no cure for NF. However, there are some ways in which symptoms can be managed to alleviate the burden of the condition, although much of NF1 management consists of monitoring and surveillance. […] The cornerstone of NF1 management is surveillance. This is because the condition affects everyone so differently and the signs and symptoms that can be experienced are so varied. Surveillance may consist of: Clinical examination, Eye exam/vision testing, Cognitive assessments, Ultrasound scans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans, CT scans, PET scans, X-rays, Blood tests.
  • #10 Neurofibromatosis Type 1 – Market Insight, Epidemiology, and Market Forecast – 2034
    https://www.giiresearch.com/report/del1620859-neurofibromatosis-type-market-insight-epidemiology.html
    In 2023, the total diagnosed prevalent cases of NF1 were around 97,000 in the US, and these cases are anticipated to increase by 2034. The rise in NF1 cases can be attributed to improved awareness, advancements in diagnostic techniques, and increased genetic testing accessibility. […] Among the 7MM, the US accounted for the highest number of cases in 2023, with around 97,300 diagnosed prevalent cases of NF1. These cases are expected to increase during the forecast period. […] In the Japan, there were 5,500 operable cases and 3,900 inoperable cases of NF1-PN in 2023. These cases are expected to increase during the forecast period.
  • #11 Epidemiology of neurofibromatosis type 1 – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10469430/
    The prevalence of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is about 1/3,000. There are no known ethnic groups in which NF1 does not occur or is unusually common. The prevalence is somewhat higher in young children than in adults, a difference that probably results at least in part from the early death of some NF1 patients. NF1 is fully penetrant in adults, but many disease features increase in frequency or severity with age. The reproductive fitness of NF1 patients is reduced by about one-half. About half of all cases result from new mutations. The estimated rate of new NF1 mutations is unusually high, but the basis for this high mutation rate is not known.
  • #12 Neurofibromatosis type 1: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/neurofibromatosis-type-1/
    Neurofibromatosis type 1 occurs in 1 in 3,000 to 4,000 people worldwide. […] Neurofibromatosis type 1 is considered to have an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. People with this condition are born with one mutated copy of the NF1 gene in each cell. In about half of cases, the altered gene is inherited from an affected parent. The remaining cases result from new mutations in the NF1 gene and occur in people with no history of the disorder in their family.
  • #13 Epidemiology of neurofibromatosis type 1 – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10469430/
    The prevalence of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is about 1/3,000. There are no known ethnic groups in which NF1 does not occur or is unusually common. The prevalence is somewhat higher in young children than in adults, a difference that probably results at least in part from the early death of some NF1 patients. NF1 is fully penetrant in adults, but many disease features increase in frequency or severity with age. The reproductive fitness of NF1 patients is reduced by about one-half. About half of all cases result from new mutations. The estimated rate of new NF1 mutations is unusually high, but the basis for this high mutation rate is not known.
  • #14 Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1): Pathogenesis, clinical features, and diagnosis – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/neurofibromatosis-type-1-nf1-pathogenesis-clinical-features-and-diagnosis
    Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder with an estimated incidence of 1:2600 to 1:3000 individuals. Approximately one-half of the cases are familial (inherited). The de novo mutations occur primarily in paternally derived chromosomes. The incidence of segmental NF1 is unknown, but the prevalence is estimated at 1:36,000 to 1:40,000. […] A population-based study in Finland revealed an overall prevalence of NF1 of approximately 1:4000, but the prevalence decreased with age, with a hazard ratio of death among individuals with NF1 of 3.10.
  • #15 Neurofibromatosis type 1 epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc
    https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Neurofibromatosis_type_1_epidemiology_and_demographics
    Neurofibromatosis type 1 decreases life expectancy in approximately 15-20 years from a normal person. […] The mean annual frequency of neurofibromatosis type 1-associated deaths was 9.3 per 100,000 deaths. […] The mean annual mortality rate associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 is 0.092 per 100,000 people. […] The median age of diagnosis for neurofibromatosis type 1 is usually around 20 years old, although it can range from 3 months to 60 years old. […] Prevalence of neurofibromatosis has been found to be increased in individuals born from parents with advanced age. […] The mean age of mothers who give to birth of a child with neurofibromatosis type 1 is 30 years, while the paternal age is 33. […] There is no racial predilection to neurofibromatosis type 1. […] Neurofibromatosis type 1 affects men and women equally.
  • #16 Epidemiology of neurofibromatosis type 1 – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10469430/
    The prevalence of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is about 1/3,000. There are no known ethnic groups in which NF1 does not occur or is unusually common. The prevalence is somewhat higher in young children than in adults, a difference that probably results at least in part from the early death of some NF1 patients. NF1 is fully penetrant in adults, but many disease features increase in frequency or severity with age. The reproductive fitness of NF1 patients is reduced by about one-half. About half of all cases result from new mutations. The estimated rate of new NF1 mutations is unusually high, but the basis for this high mutation rate is not known.
  • #17 Neurofibromatosis type 1 epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc
    https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Neurofibromatosis_type_1_epidemiology_and_demographics
    Neurofibromatosis type 1 is the most common single gene disorder in humans, occurring in about 30 to 40 in 100,000 births worldwide. […] The country with major prevalence of neurofibromatosis type 1 reported is Israel, while the one with the least reported in Denmark. […] The incidence of neurofibromatosis type 1 is approximately 33.33 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. […] The incidence of neurofibromatosis type 1 is approximately 14-26 per 100,000 individuals in the United States. […] The prevalence of neurofibromatosis type 1 is approximately 33.33 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. […] Prevalence can vary from one country to another, being 104.1 per 100,000 individuals in Israel to 12.8 per 100,000 individuals in Russia. […] The highest prevalence of neurofibromatosis type 1 is in the population between 10 to 19 years old.
  • #18 Neurofibromatosis 1 French national guidelines based on an extensive literature review since 1966 | Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases | Full Text
    https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13023-020-1310-3
    Neurofibromatosis type 1 is a relatively common genetic disease, with a prevalence ranging between 1/3000 and 1/6000 people worldwide. […] Most epidemiological studies have reported a prevalence ranging between 1/3000 and 1/6000, and birth incidence estimates between 1/2558 and 1/3333. […] Recent evidence revealed that NF1 is a much more common disorder than previously thought, with a birth incidence of 1:2000 and a prevalence of 1/4000. […] NF1 patients are at an increased risk of malignancy and have a life expectancy about 10-15 years shorter than the general population. […] A total population study in Finland demonstrated that NF1 reduces the life expectancy of women considerably more than that of men; with a life span shortened by 16.5 years in men and by 26.1 years in women with NF1.
  • #19 Neurofibromatosis Type 1: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1177266-overview
    The estimated incidence of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is 1 in 3000, but the actual frequency may be higher because of less than complete ascertainment of mildly affected individuals. Approximately half of affected individuals represent first cases in the family as a result of a new genetic event or mutation. […] All races and ethnic backgrounds are affected equally. However, evidence indicates that the risk for optic nerve glioma is lower in African Americans than in Caucasians and Hispanics. […] Males and females are affected equally with this autosomal dominant condition. However, one study showed that female patients with NF1-associated optic glioma were twice as likely to undergo brain magnetic resonance imaging for visual symptoms and three times more likely to require treatment for visual decline than their male counterparts.
  • #20 Neurofibromatosis 1 French national guidelines based on an extensive literature review since 1966 | Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases | Full Text
    https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13023-020-1310-3
    Neurofibromatosis type 1 is a relatively common genetic disease, with a prevalence ranging between 1/3000 and 1/6000 people worldwide. […] Most epidemiological studies have reported a prevalence ranging between 1/3000 and 1/6000, and birth incidence estimates between 1/2558 and 1/3333. […] Recent evidence revealed that NF1 is a much more common disorder than previously thought, with a birth incidence of 1:2000 and a prevalence of 1/4000. […] NF1 patients are at an increased risk of malignancy and have a life expectancy about 10-15 years shorter than the general population. […] A total population study in Finland demonstrated that NF1 reduces the life expectancy of women considerably more than that of men; with a life span shortened by 16.5 years in men and by 26.1 years in women with NF1.
  • #21 Epidemiology of neurofibromatosis type 1 » Institute for rare diseases
    https://www.raredis.org/archives/16481?lang=en
    Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an inherited disease characterized by skin hyperpigmentation (most commonly caf au lait), multiple tumors in the central and peripheral nervous system, vascular changes, and cognitive impairments. NF1 is predominantly inherited disease, affecting both genders, and in half of the cases it is a de novo mutation. There is a great variability of the disease manifestations even among members of the same family. Life expectancy in patients with NF1 is reduced by 10-15 years on average, with malignancies being the most common cause of death. Even though there are established clinical diagnostic criteria, more than a half of sporadic cases may remain unrecognized in early childhood. Recently, an improvement of the NF1 diagnosis has been observed due to increased awareness and implementation of advanced molecular genetic and imaging technologies. Patients with NF1 need adequate care and must be monitored closely by competent healthcare professionals utilising a multidisciplinary approach. This publication aims to analyze the available epidemiological data on NF1, as well as to provide an insight into NF1 prevalence in Bulgaria.
  • #22 Neurofibromatosis type 1 epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc
    https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Neurofibromatosis_type_1_epidemiology_and_demographics
    Neurofibromatosis type 1 decreases life expectancy in approximately 15-20 years from a normal person. […] The mean annual frequency of neurofibromatosis type 1-associated deaths was 9.3 per 100,000 deaths. […] The mean annual mortality rate associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 is 0.092 per 100,000 people. […] The median age of diagnosis for neurofibromatosis type 1 is usually around 20 years old, although it can range from 3 months to 60 years old. […] Prevalence of neurofibromatosis has been found to be increased in individuals born from parents with advanced age. […] The mean age of mothers who give to birth of a child with neurofibromatosis type 1 is 30 years, while the paternal age is 33. […] There is no racial predilection to neurofibromatosis type 1. […] Neurofibromatosis type 1 affects men and women equally.
  • #23 Neurofibromatosis type 1 epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc
    https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Neurofibromatosis_type_1_epidemiology_and_demographics
    Neurofibromatosis type 1 decreases life expectancy in approximately 15-20 years from a normal person. […] The mean annual frequency of neurofibromatosis type 1-associated deaths was 9.3 per 100,000 deaths. […] The mean annual mortality rate associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 is 0.092 per 100,000 people. […] The median age of diagnosis for neurofibromatosis type 1 is usually around 20 years old, although it can range from 3 months to 60 years old. […] Prevalence of neurofibromatosis has been found to be increased in individuals born from parents with advanced age. […] The mean age of mothers who give to birth of a child with neurofibromatosis type 1 is 30 years, while the paternal age is 33. […] There is no racial predilection to neurofibromatosis type 1. […] Neurofibromatosis type 1 affects men and women equally.
  • #24 Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1): Pathogenesis, clinical features, and diagnosis – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/neurofibromatosis-type-1-nf1-pathogenesis-clinical-features-and-diagnosis
    Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder with an estimated incidence of 1:2600 to 1:3000 individuals. Approximately one-half of the cases are familial (inherited). The de novo mutations occur primarily in paternally derived chromosomes. The incidence of segmental NF1 is unknown, but the prevalence is estimated at 1:36,000 to 1:40,000. […] A population-based study in Finland revealed an overall prevalence of NF1 of approximately 1:4000, but the prevalence decreased with age, with a hazard ratio of death among individuals with NF1 of 3.10.
  • #25 Epidemiology and Outcomes of Neurofibromatosis Type 1 | JMDH
    https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-and-outcomes-of-neurofibromatosis-type-1-nf-1-multicenter-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JMDH
    Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1), also known as von Recklinghausens disease, is a hereditary condition that impacts various bodily systems and presents with a notable tendency to develop tumors, along with associated neurological and cutaneous symptoms. This condition has an incidence of 1 in 2000 to 3000 individuals in the general population, regardless of gender or ethnicity, and is typically inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. […] Published research indicated that people with NF-1 experience higher rates of illness and death compared to the general population. […] In order to improve ones quality of life and decrease the occurrence of illness and death, it is important to effectively address and manage the difficulties related with NF-1. […] Insufficient data exists in Saudi Arabia about the clinical characteristics and sequelae, such as neurodevelopmental abnormalities, associated with NF-1. A comprehensive descriptive study was required to have a better understanding of the diseases characteristics among both juvenile and adult populations due to the absence of thorough examinations. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of NF-1 using the recently published updated diagnostic NF-1 criteria, as well as the associated consequences including neurodevelopmental disorders.
  • #26 Epidemiology of neurofibromatosis type 1 – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10469430/
    The prevalence of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is about 1/3,000. There are no known ethnic groups in which NF1 does not occur or is unusually common. The prevalence is somewhat higher in young children than in adults, a difference that probably results at least in part from the early death of some NF1 patients. NF1 is fully penetrant in adults, but many disease features increase in frequency or severity with age. The reproductive fitness of NF1 patients is reduced by about one-half. About half of all cases result from new mutations. The estimated rate of new NF1 mutations is unusually high, but the basis for this high mutation rate is not known.
  • #27 Epidemiology of neurofibromatosis type 1 – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10469430/
    The prevalence of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is about 1/3,000. There are no known ethnic groups in which NF1 does not occur or is unusually common. The prevalence is somewhat higher in young children than in adults, a difference that probably results at least in part from the early death of some NF1 patients. NF1 is fully penetrant in adults, but many disease features increase in frequency or severity with age. The reproductive fitness of NF1 patients is reduced by about one-half. About half of all cases result from new mutations. The estimated rate of new NF1 mutations is unusually high, but the basis for this high mutation rate is not known.
  • #28 Neurofibromatosis – AANS
    https://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/neurofibromatosis/
    NF1 occurs in approximately one out of every 3,500 births […] NF2 occurs in approximately one out of every 40,000 births […] Schwannomatosis occurs an estimated one out of every 40,000 births […] There is a 50-percent chance that each child of a parent with NF1 or NF2 will inherit the gene and develop NF1 or NF2 (respectively) this is known as autosomal dominant inheritance pattern […] Tumors in these disorders are overwhelmingly benign; they may be/become malignant in 3 to 5 percent of all cases […] About one-third of people with NF notice no symptoms.
  • #29 Reproductive Issues in Neurofibromatosis Type 1: An Update
    https://www.scientificarchives.com/article/reproductive-issues-in-neurofibromatosis-type-1-an-update
    In recent years, hundreds of pregnancies have been described in NF1 patients because of normal fertility, better psychological and social support, ameliorated quality of life and successful surgical and cosmetic treatment. […] Pregnancy should be planned for a safe delivery with adequate counseling, and multidisciplinary medical team with genetics, obstetrician, cardiologist, neurologist, neurosurgeon in a tertiary level hospital. […] Number and size of neurofibromas frequently increase in pregnancy especially in the second trimester and many new tumors may grow but in pregnant women the growth of cutaneous and plexiform neurofibromas is not significantly different in comparison to non-pregnant NF1 patients. […] Up to 3% of NF1 patients are diagnosed during pregnancy due to the appearance of neurofibromas.
  • #30 Orphanet: Neurofibromatosis type 1
    https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/636
    Prevalence is reported to be 1/3,000 live births. NF1 is reported in many ethnic groups and affects males and females equally. […] Overall cancer risk is higher than the general population (lifetime risk of 10-12% for MPNST, mostly between 20-40 years; increased risk of breast cancer before age 50).
  • #31 Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)
    https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Neurofibromatosis/
    NF1 (also known as von Recklinghausen disease) is the most common type, affecting an estimated one in 3000 people in Australia. […] Many children with NF1 have no or very few medical problems, but about four in 10 children will have some complications. […] It is important that they are regularly reviewed by a doctor who is familiar with the condition. Young children should be seen every six to 12 months, and older children every year. […] Every child with NF1 is at risk of complications, so it is important to have regular reviews by a doctor and regular eye checks.
  • #32
    https://medicaljournalssweden.se/actadv/article/view/2991
    Neurofibromatosis 1 has various complications. To elucidate the frequency of neurofibromatosis 1-related major complications requiring medical intervention, a nationwide retrospective study was conducted of 3,530 patients with neurofibromatosis 1 registered from 2001 to 2014 in Japan. The ratio of certified patients requiring medical intervention (stage 3) was 82%. […] It is necessary for physicians to be aware of neurofibromatosis 1-related complications requiring medical intervention in order to provide appropriate care for patients with neurofibromatosis 1.
  • #33 NF1 Associated with More Cancer Types Than Previously Known – NCI
    https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2021/nf1-associated-with-more-cancer-types
    An inherited condition called neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is linked to the development of more types of cancer than previously realized, according to results from a new study. People with NF1 also have a greater chance of dying from some cancer types than people without the condition, the study found. […] People with NF1 are also known to have a higher risk of cancerous tumors, including a sarcoma called malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST), brain cancer, and breast cancer, than people without the condition. […] This study shows that there are some other cancers that we didn’t know are associated with NF1, and also that the outcomes of these cancers may be worse than in people without the condition, Dr. Widemann added. […] Overall, people with NF1 were almost 10 times more likely to develop any type of cancer during their lifetime than the general population.
  • #34 NF1 (Neurofibromatosis type 1) – risk management
    https://www.eviq.org.au/cancer-genetics/adult/risk-management/752-nf1-neurofibromatosis-type-1-risk-manageme
    The choice of risk management strategy should take into account current age, other health issues and age-related cancer risk. […] There is a lack of data about the optimal surveillance for individuals with NF1. […] In NF1 there is an increased risk of a broad range of cancers/tumours. […] The overall risk of cancer was 2.7 times higher in this cohort of NF1 patients than in the general population. […] The cumulative risk of a malignancy by age 50 years was 20%.
  • #35 NF1 Associated with More Cancer Types Than Previously Known – NCI
    https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2021/nf1-associated-with-more-cancer-types
    But several cancers found to be associated with NF1 hadn’t been identified in previous studies. These included several rare sarcomas, neuroendocrine tumors, ovarian cancer, and melanoma. […] People with NF1 also developed some cancers at an earlier age and were more likely to die from several cancer types compared with the general population. […] The poorer prognosis for many cancer types among people with the condition should trigger special vigilance from clinicians caring for patients with NF1, Dr. Alcindor added. […] Some specialized cancer screening guidelines already exist for people with NF1. […] Patients with neurofibromatosis should see their doctor as soon as possible if they notice any lumps, rapid growths, or pain, agreed Dr. Torres. […] The reason for these annual checks is to detect these cancers early, when more treatment options are available, Dr. Torres said.
  • #36 Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1): Management and prognosis – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/neurofibromatosis-type-1-nf1-management-and-prognosis
    Annual surveillance for all children with NF1 […] Surveillance for adults with NF1 […] Longitudinal care for persons with NF1 aims at the early detection and symptomatic treatment of complications as they occur.
  • #37 Neurofibromatosis 1 French national guidelines based on an extensive literature review since 1966 | Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases | Full Text
    https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13023-020-1310-3
    The mainstay of management of NF1 is a patient-centered longitudinal care with age-specific monitoring of clinical manifestations, aiming at the early recognition and symptomatic treatment of complications as they occur. […] The purpose of a PNDS is to provide health care professionals with guidance regarding the optimal diagnostic and therapeutic management of patients affected with a rare disease; and thus, harmonizing their management nationwide. […] Lifetime monitoring is recommended as soon as the diagnosis of NF1 is suspected. […] Clinical evaluation by a NF1 specialist should take place on a yearly basis for both children and adults with a high-risk phenotype. […] NF1 patients without the high-risk phenotype or complications should visit the NF1 specialist every two to 3 years, with the rest of the visits taking place annually with a primary care physician, dermatologist, or pediatrician. […] Annual clinical examinations allow for early detection of complications, decreasing morbidity and improving quality of life.
  • #38 Surveillance for Neurofibromatosis | NYU Langone Health
    https://nyulangone.org/conditions/neurofibromatosis/treatments/surveillance-for-neurofibromatosis
    Surveillance meaning that doctors carefully monitor your condition but do not treat it may be an option in people with neurofibromatosis type 1, neurofibromatosis type 2, or schwannomatosis. […] Because neurofibromatosis type 1 affects many systems throughout the body and the types of symptoms and their severity vary so widely, access to a team of specialists with an understanding of the condition is critical. In determining a surveillance approach, NYU Langone doctors consider each person’s individual symptoms, as well as other factors such as the person’s age. […] NYU Langone doctors recommend that children with neurofibromatosis type 1 have physical examinations at least twice a year until age five and then at least once a year after that. […] Children with neurofibromatosis type 1 should also undergo yearly neurologic exams, which may help to detect the presence of tumors forming on the nerves, and ophthalmologic evaluations, which can help detect tumors on the optic nerves or Lisch nodules, which arise as bumps on the iris.
  • #39 Surveillance for Neurofibromatosis | NYU Langone Health
    https://nyulangone.org/conditions/neurofibromatosis/treatments/surveillance-for-neurofibromatosis
    Surveillance meaning that doctors carefully monitor your condition but do not treat it may be an option in people with neurofibromatosis type 1, neurofibromatosis type 2, or schwannomatosis. […] Because neurofibromatosis type 1 affects many systems throughout the body and the types of symptoms and their severity vary so widely, access to a team of specialists with an understanding of the condition is critical. In determining a surveillance approach, NYU Langone doctors consider each person’s individual symptoms, as well as other factors such as the person’s age. […] NYU Langone doctors recommend that children with neurofibromatosis type 1 have physical examinations at least twice a year until age five and then at least once a year after that. […] Children with neurofibromatosis type 1 should also undergo yearly neurologic exams, which may help to detect the presence of tumors forming on the nerves, and ophthalmologic evaluations, which can help detect tumors on the optic nerves or Lisch nodules, which arise as bumps on the iris.
  • #40 Surveillance for Neurofibromatosis | NYU Langone Health
    https://nyulangone.org/conditions/neurofibromatosis/treatments/surveillance-for-neurofibromatosis
    NYU Langone doctors recommend annual visits with an ophthalmologist for children up to age 10 to screen for optic gliomas. […] For children or adults who develop symptoms such as unexplained pain, weakness, or rapidly evolving scoliosis, NYU Langone doctors may recommend an MRI or other imaging tests to look for a plexiform neurofibroma, which is a large tumor involving multiple nerves. […] Our doctors also recommend MRIs of the brain and spine at least once a year after diagnosis, in order to check for tumors. MRIs may need to be more frequent in people whose tumors appear to be growing or who are experiencing any hearing problems.
  • #41 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
    https://www.e-cep.org/m/journal/view.php?number=20125555162
    Regular neuropsychological assessment is needed. Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging is an efficient method of detecting brain, optic nerve, and vascular abnormalities as well as internal neurofibromas and other tumors. […] Multisystemic and lifelong surveillance is required for NF1, which is one of the most common genetic diseases.
  • #42 Neurofibromatosis 1 French national guidelines based on an extensive literature review since 1966 | Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases | Full Text
    https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13023-020-1310-3
    The mainstay of management of NF1 is a patient-centered longitudinal care with age-specific monitoring of clinical manifestations, aiming at the early recognition and symptomatic treatment of complications as they occur. […] The purpose of a PNDS is to provide health care professionals with guidance regarding the optimal diagnostic and therapeutic management of patients affected with a rare disease; and thus, harmonizing their management nationwide. […] Lifetime monitoring is recommended as soon as the diagnosis of NF1 is suspected. […] Clinical evaluation by a NF1 specialist should take place on a yearly basis for both children and adults with a high-risk phenotype. […] NF1 patients without the high-risk phenotype or complications should visit the NF1 specialist every two to 3 years, with the rest of the visits taking place annually with a primary care physician, dermatologist, or pediatrician. […] Annual clinical examinations allow for early detection of complications, decreasing morbidity and improving quality of life.
  • #43 Neurofibromatosis type 1
    https://www.genturis.eu/l=eng/Thematic-disease-groups/Schwannomatosis-and-neurofibromatosis/Neurofibromatosis-type-1.html
    Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1, ORPHA:636) affects mainly skin and nerves and occurs in 1 in 2,000 – 2,500 individuals. […] Children have to be monitored on a yearly basis for vision, blood pressure, growth of plexiform neurofibromas, development, skeletal problems and school career. Depending on the presence or absence of tumours as assessed by a whole body MRI at the age of 16-18 years, adults might need a specific yearly follow-up. Otherwise a follow-up every 3 years might be sufficient. It is recommended that females have yearly breast MRI (preferred) or mammograms preferably starting at the age of 30 years. […] Neurofibromatosis 1 guideline – ERN GENTURIS tumour surveillance guidelines for individuals with neurofibromatosis type 1.
  • #44 Surveillance for Neurofibromatosis | NYU Langone Health
    https://nyulangone.org/conditions/neurofibromatosis/treatments/surveillance-for-neurofibromatosis
    NYU Langone doctors recommend annual visits with an ophthalmologist for children up to age 10 to screen for optic gliomas. […] For children or adults who develop symptoms such as unexplained pain, weakness, or rapidly evolving scoliosis, NYU Langone doctors may recommend an MRI or other imaging tests to look for a plexiform neurofibroma, which is a large tumor involving multiple nerves. […] Our doctors also recommend MRIs of the brain and spine at least once a year after diagnosis, in order to check for tumors. MRIs may need to be more frequent in people whose tumors appear to be growing or who are experiencing any hearing problems.
  • #45 Surveillance for Neurofibromatosis | NYU Langone Health
    https://nyulangone.org/conditions/neurofibromatosis/treatments/surveillance-for-neurofibromatosis
    NYU Langone doctors recommend annual visits with an ophthalmologist for children up to age 10 to screen for optic gliomas. […] For children or adults who develop symptoms such as unexplained pain, weakness, or rapidly evolving scoliosis, NYU Langone doctors may recommend an MRI or other imaging tests to look for a plexiform neurofibroma, which is a large tumor involving multiple nerves. […] Our doctors also recommend MRIs of the brain and spine at least once a year after diagnosis, in order to check for tumors. MRIs may need to be more frequent in people whose tumors appear to be growing or who are experiencing any hearing problems.
  • #46 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
    https://www.e-cep.org/m/journal/view.php?number=20125555162
    Regular neuropsychological assessment is needed. Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging is an efficient method of detecting brain, optic nerve, and vascular abnormalities as well as internal neurofibromas and other tumors. […] Multisystemic and lifelong surveillance is required for NF1, which is one of the most common genetic diseases.
  • #47 A mini review on neurofibromatosis type 1 from the radiological point of view
    https://www.rarediseasesjournal.com/articles/a-mini-review-on-neurofibromatosis-type-1-from-the-radiological-point-of-view.html
    Taking into account the rarity of complications that are usually symptomatic and easily detected during the clinical follow-up, screening investigations are not recommended. […] At present MRI is generally recommended for follow-up of clinically suspected tumours, both intra- and extracranial and it is recommended to consider a single whole-body MR examination at transition to adulthood which might assist in determining approaches to long-term follow-up in the future life of a patient. […] Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) is useful for the detection of malignant transformation of tumours in NF1 patients.
  • #48 A mini review on neurofibromatosis type 1 from the radiological point of view
    https://www.rarediseasesjournal.com/articles/a-mini-review-on-neurofibromatosis-type-1-from-the-radiological-point-of-view.html
    Taking into account the rarity of complications that are usually symptomatic and easily detected during the clinical follow-up, screening investigations are not recommended. […] At present MRI is generally recommended for follow-up of clinically suspected tumours, both intra- and extracranial and it is recommended to consider a single whole-body MR examination at transition to adulthood which might assist in determining approaches to long-term follow-up in the future life of a patient. […] Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) is useful for the detection of malignant transformation of tumours in NF1 patients.
  • #49 Neurofibromatosis type 1 – الجمعية السعودية لأمراض وجراحة الجلد
    https://ssdds.org/en/5432/
    Neurofibromatosis type 1 incidence rate is approximately 1 in 3000 births. […] Lifelong surveillance for the development of Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) is essential, particularly for patients at increased risk of this malignancy due to the known presence of PNFs, polyneuropathy secondary to multiple nerve root tumors, a history of radiation therapy, or a germline NF1 microdeletion. […] PET-CT scan can aid in the early detection of malignant change within Plexiform neurofibromas.
  • #50 Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/risk-prevention/genetics/family-cancer-syndromes/neurofibromatosis-type-1.html
    Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a family cancer syndrome associated with a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) and an increased risk of other cancers. […] NF1 affects about 1 in every 3,000 people worldwide. This means millions of people around the world are living with NF1. […] Most NF1 tumors are benign (non-cancerous). However, about 10% of people with NF1 may develop a cancerous tumor called a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST). This type of tumor grows quickly and can spread to other areas. Early detection and treatment are important. […] NF1 is also associated with increased risk of other cancers, such as breast cancer, gastrointestinal tumors (GIST), and sarcomas.
  • #51 Neurofibromatosis type 1 – الجمعية السعودية لأمراض وجراحة الجلد
    https://ssdds.org/en/5432/
    Neurofibromatosis type 1 incidence rate is approximately 1 in 3000 births. […] Lifelong surveillance for the development of Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) is essential, particularly for patients at increased risk of this malignancy due to the known presence of PNFs, polyneuropathy secondary to multiple nerve root tumors, a history of radiation therapy, or a germline NF1 microdeletion. […] PET-CT scan can aid in the early detection of malignant change within Plexiform neurofibromas.
  • #52 Care of Individuals with Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Amid an Evolving Paradigm of Therapeutic Development
    https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/neuro-oncology/care-of-individuals-with-neurofibromatosis-type-1-amid-an-evolving-paradigm-of-therapeutic-development/35583/
    Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) has an incidence rate of ~1 in 3000 births worldwide and is a heterogeneous disorder with a wide array of manifestations that can affect multiple organs. […] There is an increased risk of cancer in NF1 with different prevailing risks depending on age. For example, optic pathway gliomas occur in at least 15% of individuals with NF1. […] PNs should be monitored closely, and patients are advised to monitor for any symptoms that may point to malignant transformation, including rapid growth, increasing firmness, or pain associated with the lesion. […] There is an increased risk of breast cancer in individuals with NF1. Women with NF1 are recommended to start receiving mammograms or breast MRIs, or both, at age 30 years, rather than the US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation for every-other-year mammography starting at age 40 years in the general population.
  • #53 Care of Individuals with Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Amid an Evolving Paradigm of Therapeutic Development
    https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/neuro-oncology/care-of-individuals-with-neurofibromatosis-type-1-amid-an-evolving-paradigm-of-therapeutic-development/35583/
    Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) has an incidence rate of ~1 in 3000 births worldwide and is a heterogeneous disorder with a wide array of manifestations that can affect multiple organs. […] There is an increased risk of cancer in NF1 with different prevailing risks depending on age. For example, optic pathway gliomas occur in at least 15% of individuals with NF1. […] PNs should be monitored closely, and patients are advised to monitor for any symptoms that may point to malignant transformation, including rapid growth, increasing firmness, or pain associated with the lesion. […] There is an increased risk of breast cancer in individuals with NF1. Women with NF1 are recommended to start receiving mammograms or breast MRIs, or both, at age 30 years, rather than the US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation for every-other-year mammography starting at age 40 years in the general population.
  • #54 Neurofibromatosis type 1
    https://www.genturis.eu/l=eng/Thematic-disease-groups/Schwannomatosis-and-neurofibromatosis/Neurofibromatosis-type-1.html
    Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1, ORPHA:636) affects mainly skin and nerves and occurs in 1 in 2,000 – 2,500 individuals. […] Children have to be monitored on a yearly basis for vision, blood pressure, growth of plexiform neurofibromas, development, skeletal problems and school career. Depending on the presence or absence of tumours as assessed by a whole body MRI at the age of 16-18 years, adults might need a specific yearly follow-up. Otherwise a follow-up every 3 years might be sufficient. It is recommended that females have yearly breast MRI (preferred) or mammograms preferably starting at the age of 30 years. […] Neurofibromatosis 1 guideline – ERN GENTURIS tumour surveillance guidelines for individuals with neurofibromatosis type 1.
  • #55 Neurofibromatosis type 1
    https://www.nccs.com.sg/patient-care/specialties-services/pages/neurofibromatosis-type-1.aspx
    NF1 is among the most common genetic conditions. It is estimated that as many as 1 in 3,000 people have NF1. This condition has been observed in all racial groups and affects both genders. […] People with NF1 should have their blood pressure checked annually.
  • #56 Care of Individuals with Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Amid an Evolving Paradigm of Therapeutic Development
    https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/neuro-oncology/care-of-individuals-with-neurofibromatosis-type-1-amid-an-evolving-paradigm-of-therapeutic-development/35583/
    Updated guidelines regarding the recommended cancer screening for people with genetic cancer predisposition syndromes, including NF1, were published in 2024, with surveillance for breast cancer recommended for all individuals with NF1, but additional screening on an as-needed basis for other adult-onset cancers. […] Individuals with NF1 are recommended to undergo regular comprehensive ophthalmologic examinations, have close follow-up with a dermatologist, and be evaluated for clinical signs of pheochromocytoma with regular blood pressure checks. […] Imaging surveillance of PN for malignant transformation to MPNST is imperative for early diagnosis.
  • #57 Reproductive Issues in Neurofibromatosis Type 1: An Update
    https://www.scientificarchives.com/article/reproductive-issues-in-neurofibromatosis-type-1-an-update
    Concerns for the mother are related to stroke (mostly hemorrhagic), acute vascular rupture, hypertension, preeclampsia, low platelet count, HELLP syndrome and eclampsia. […] In conclusion, in recent years, pregnancy is not rare in NF1 patients because they can plan pregnancy and deliver safely with adequate counseling and psychological and social support, but multidisciplinary medical team should be alerted for possible maternal and fetal complications.
  • #58 Cerebral Vasculopathy in Neurofibromatosis Type 1: An Under-Recognized Problem? – Phoenix Children’s Medical Connection
    https://www.phoenixchildrensmedconnection.org/news/cerebral-vasculopathy-in-neurofibromatosis-type-1-an-under-recognized-problem
    The higher frequency of imaging in some children with NF1, often due to optic pathway glioma surveillance, may lead to earlier detection of otherwise asymptomatic vascular changes, contributing to a higher diagnostic rate in these patients. […] Several important questions about the nature of NF1-associated cerebral vasculopathy remain unanswered. […] The natural history, progression and long-term prognosis of this condition are not well understood, leaving gaps in clinical management. […] As a result, there is no consensus on optimal monitoring, imaging or treatment strategies for cerebral vasculopathy in NF1 patients. […] One major area of debate is the role of routine vascular screening in NF1 patients. […] Given the variable presentation and severity of vasculopathy, particularly in asymptomatic individuals, the necessity, frequency and scope of screening remain controversial.
  • #59 A mini review on neurofibromatosis type 1 from the radiological point of view
    https://www.rarediseasesjournal.com/articles/a-mini-review-on-neurofibromatosis-type-1-from-the-radiological-point-of-view.html
    Neurofibromatosis type one (NF1) belongs to the most frequent rare diseases, occurring with an incidence of approximately one in 3000 individuals at birth. […] Various methods of diagnostic imaging are used at different stages of diagnostics and follow-up of many of these manifestations. […] Regular imaging follow-up studies should not be routinely performed in NF1 patients. […] It has been stated in the literature at least 15 years ago by French experts that regular imaging follow-up studies, often required by the clinicians, should be routinely performed in NF1 patients. […] It is more reasonable to perform follow-up MRI in cases of new/progressing clinical signs and symptoms. […] The finding of gadolinium deposition in the brain despite normal renal function, that has been a concern so far in terms of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, has pointed at its possible long-term toxicity.
  • #60 A mini review on neurofibromatosis type 1 from the radiological point of view
    https://www.rarediseasesjournal.com/articles/a-mini-review-on-neurofibromatosis-type-1-from-the-radiological-point-of-view.html
    Taking into account the rarity of complications that are usually symptomatic and easily detected during the clinical follow-up, screening investigations are not recommended. […] At present MRI is generally recommended for follow-up of clinically suspected tumours, both intra- and extracranial and it is recommended to consider a single whole-body MR examination at transition to adulthood which might assist in determining approaches to long-term follow-up in the future life of a patient. […] Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) is useful for the detection of malignant transformation of tumours in NF1 patients.
  • #61 Cerebral Vasculopathy in Neurofibromatosis Type 1: An Under-Recognized Problem? – Phoenix Children’s Medical Connection
    https://www.phoenixchildrensmedconnection.org/news/cerebral-vasculopathy-in-neurofibromatosis-type-1-an-under-recognized-problem
    Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a common genetic disorder caused by mutations in the NF1 gene, which encodes neurofibromin, a GTPase-activating protein (GAP)-related domain that negatively regulates the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (RAS/MAPK) signaling pathway. […] NF1-associated vasculopathy can affect different vascular beds, resulting in potentially life-threatening complications, including hypertension, aneurysms and ischemic events. […] One of the lesser known, but serious, complications of NF1 is cerebral vasculopathy, which is often underrecognized due to its asymptomatic presentation in many patients. […] The estimated prevalence of cerebral vasculopathy in NF1 ranges from 2.5% to 7.5%, based on data from limited retrospective cohort studies and case series. […] Current guidelines do not recommend routine MRI screening for optic pathway gliomas unless symptomatic, and cerebral vascular imaging generally is not performed unless clinical symptoms arise.
  • #62 Surveillance for Neurofibromatosis | NYU Langone Health
    https://nyulangone.org/conditions/neurofibromatosis/treatments/surveillance-for-neurofibromatosis
    Surveillance meaning that doctors carefully monitor your condition but do not treat it may be an option in people with neurofibromatosis type 1, neurofibromatosis type 2, or schwannomatosis. […] Because neurofibromatosis type 1 affects many systems throughout the body and the types of symptoms and their severity vary so widely, access to a team of specialists with an understanding of the condition is critical. In determining a surveillance approach, NYU Langone doctors consider each person’s individual symptoms, as well as other factors such as the person’s age. […] NYU Langone doctors recommend that children with neurofibromatosis type 1 have physical examinations at least twice a year until age five and then at least once a year after that. […] Children with neurofibromatosis type 1 should also undergo yearly neurologic exams, which may help to detect the presence of tumors forming on the nerves, and ophthalmologic evaluations, which can help detect tumors on the optic nerves or Lisch nodules, which arise as bumps on the iris.
  • #63 A Systematic Review of Diagnostic Modalities and Strategies for the Assessment of Complications in Adult Patients with Neurofibromatosis Type 1
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/6/1119
    Neurofibromatosis Type 1 is an inherited tumour predisposition syndrome with a varied clinical phenotype. Long-term monitoring through imaging is inconsistent and varies in high- and low-income countries. […] Implementation of a clinical practice guideline through a multidisciplinary clinic is instrumental to the care of adult Neurofibromatosis Type 1 patients. This systematic review aims to evaluate the association between a country’s socioeconomic status and diagnostic modalities and strategies used for adult Neurofibromatosis Type 1 patients. Our results show multiple imaging modalities are used in high-income countries; however, there is limited use in low-income countries. The two most common diagnostic modalities used in developed countries are WB MRI and FDG PET/CT. […] We identified 51 papers reporting on 7724 individuals. Multiple imaging modalities are actively employed in high-income and upper-middle-income countries for surveying adult Neurofibromatosis Type 1 patients. We did not find any relevant papers from low- and middle-income countries.
  • #64 Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)
    https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Neurofibromatosis/
    NF1 (also known as von Recklinghausen disease) is the most common type, affecting an estimated one in 3000 people in Australia. […] Many children with NF1 have no or very few medical problems, but about four in 10 children will have some complications. […] It is important that they are regularly reviewed by a doctor who is familiar with the condition. Young children should be seen every six to 12 months, and older children every year. […] Every child with NF1 is at risk of complications, so it is important to have regular reviews by a doctor and regular eye checks.
  • #65 NF1 (Neurofibromatosis type 1) – risk management
    https://www.eviq.org.au/cancer-genetics/adult/risk-management/752-nf1-neurofibromatosis-type-1-risk-manageme
    Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant benign and malignant tumour predisposition syndrome, characterised by the development of benign peripheral nerve sheath tumours (neurofibromas). […] The care of an individual who has developed a related tumour or cancer should be individualised based on their clinical situation, their family history and the monitoring they need as part of their treatment and post-treatment follow-up. […] The risk management of an individual with a pathogenic variant in two or more genes that confer a predisposition to cancer should also be individualised. […] All children with NF1 should be managed by a paediatrician and/or a multidisciplinary team. Most adults with NF1 can be managed by their general practitioner with referral to specialised services as necessary.
  • #66 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
    https://www.e-cep.org/m/journal/view.php?number=20125555162
    Regular neuropsychological assessment is needed. Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging is an efficient method of detecting brain, optic nerve, and vascular abnormalities as well as internal neurofibromas and other tumors. […] Multisystemic and lifelong surveillance is required for NF1, which is one of the most common genetic diseases.
  • #67 Epidemiology and Outcomes of Neurofibromatosis Type 1 | JMDH
    https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-and-outcomes-of-neurofibromatosis-type-1-nf-1-multicenter-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JMDH
    This study evaluated the revised diagnostic criteria, neuroradiological features, and both the associated physical and psychiatric comorbidities of NF1. […] A comprehensive comprehension of the epidemiology and consequences of NF-1 is fundamental in order to deliver optimum healthcare and enhance the quality of life for those impacted. […] Consequently, physicians must possess a comprehensive understanding of its epidemiology in order to promptly identify and diagnose cases. Prompt detection enables opportune implementation of interventions, such as genetic counseling and monitoring for complications including optic pathway gliomas, neurofibromas, and skeletal abnormalities. Furthermore, an examination of NF-1 outcomes yields significant knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of the ailment and facilitates the prognostication of disease advancement and complications. This data is crucial for the formulation of individualized treatment strategies and the establishment of practical anticipations for patients and their families. […] Furthermore, the comprehension of the epidemiology and consequences of NF-1 makes a valuable contribution to continuous research endeavors that seek to enhance diagnostic techniques, treatment alternatives, and overall patient outcomes.
  • #68 Caring for Adults With Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (Podcast) | Consult QD
    https://consultqd.clevelandclinic.org/caring-for-adults-with-neurofibromatosis-type-1-podcast
    Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic disorder that affects one in 3,000 people. […] NF1 is typically diagnosed in childhood, so patients require long-term management of the condition as they age into adulthood. […] We know these patients have an increased risk of cancer, so we counsel patients about the symptoms to look for. We get imaging, including PET scans, to allow early identification of any signs of malignant transformation. […] But one of the ongoing research efforts through the international collaboration REiNS Response Evaluation in Neurofibromatosis and Schwannomatosis is designed to better understand and predict these sorts of questions around the phenotype/genotype correlation. […] For now, the more we know and learn, the more we can empower our patients.
  • #69 NF1 Associated with More Cancer Types Than Previously Known – NCI
    https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2021/nf1-associated-with-more-cancer-types
    More work is needed to learn whether some types of cancer should be treated differently in people with NF1. […] Such efforts are hampered by NF1’s rarity, but projects are underway to expand the number of people participating in clinical trials, said Dr. Widemann. […] She also recommends that, whenever possible, people with NF1 get their care at a specialty NF1 clinic. […] These cancers are aggressive, and the order and types of treatment used can determine a patient’s outcome, she said.
  • #70 Epidemiology and Outcomes of Neurofibromatosis Type 1 | JMDH
    https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-and-outcomes-of-neurofibromatosis-type-1-nf-1-multicenter-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JMDH
    This study evaluated the revised diagnostic criteria, neuroradiological features, and both the associated physical and psychiatric comorbidities of NF1. […] A comprehensive comprehension of the epidemiology and consequences of NF-1 is fundamental in order to deliver optimum healthcare and enhance the quality of life for those impacted. […] Consequently, physicians must possess a comprehensive understanding of its epidemiology in order to promptly identify and diagnose cases. Prompt detection enables opportune implementation of interventions, such as genetic counseling and monitoring for complications including optic pathway gliomas, neurofibromas, and skeletal abnormalities. Furthermore, an examination of NF-1 outcomes yields significant knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of the ailment and facilitates the prognostication of disease advancement and complications. This data is crucial for the formulation of individualized treatment strategies and the establishment of practical anticipations for patients and their families. […] Furthermore, the comprehension of the epidemiology and consequences of NF-1 makes a valuable contribution to continuous research endeavors that seek to enhance diagnostic techniques, treatment alternatives, and overall patient outcomes.