Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Sudden cardiac arrest – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sudden-cardiac-arrest/symptoms-causes/syc-20350634

  Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is the sudden loss of all heart activity due to an irregular heart rhythm. Breathing stops. The person becomes unconscious. Without immediate treatment, sudden cardiac arrest can lead to death. […] A change in the heart’s electrical activity causes sudden cardiac arrest. The change makes the heart stop pumping blood. No blood flow goes to the body. […] The most common cause of sudden cardiac arrest is an irregular heart rhythm called ventricular fibrillation. Rapid, erratic heart signals cause the lower heart chambers to quiver uselessly instead of pumping blood. Some heart conditions can make you more likely to have this type of irregular heartbeat. […] Heart conditions that can cause sudden cardiac arrest include: Coronary artery disease. Sudden cardiac arrest may occur if the heart arteries become clogged with cholesterol and other deposits, reducing blood flow to the heart. Heart attack. If a heart attack occurs, often as a result of severe coronary artery disease, it can trigger ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac arrest.

• #1 Sudden cardiac arrest – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sudden-cardiac-arrest/symptoms-causes/syc-20350634

  Sudden cardiac arrest can happen in people who have no known heart disease. […] Long QT syndrome (LQTS) and other heart signaling conditions. Conditions such as long QT syndrome and Brugada syndrome cause the heart to beat in an unorganized way. If the heart rhythm isn’t quickly restored, sudden death can occur. Young people with LQTS are especially at risk of sudden death.

• #2 Sudden Cardiac Arrest | Sudden Cardiac Death | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/suddencardiacarrest.html

  Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is a condition in which the heart suddenly stops beating. When that happens, blood stops flowing to the brain and other vital organs. If it is not treated, SCA usually causes death within minutes. But quick treatment with a defibrillator may be lifesaving. […] A heart attack is different from an SCA. A heart attack happens when blood flow to the heart is blocked. During a heart attack, the heart usually doesn’t suddenly stop beating. With an SCA, the heart stops beating. […] An SCA can happen when the heart’s electrical system is not working right and causes irregular heartbeats. Irregular heartbeats are called arrhythmias. There are different types. They may cause the heart to beat too fast, too slow, or with an irregular rhythm. Some can cause the heart to stop pumping blood to the body; this is the type that causes SCA.

• #3 Sudden Cardiac Arrest: Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21736-cardiac-arrest

  Abnormal signals cause cardiac arrest, but a clog in your artery causes a heart attack. Cardiac arrest is an electrical problem, unlike a heart attack. […] Cardiac arrest happens because of an issue with your hearts electrical system. In cardiac arrest, your heart stops beating regularly because of a problem with the system that controls your heartbeats. […] Sudden cardiac arrest happens in people with and without heart disease. Having a heart attack or other heart condition can significantly increase your risk. […] Before cardiac arrest, abnormal, rapid impulses abruptly override the normal electrical impulses that start your heartbeat. Abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) cause most sudden cardiac arrests. The most common life-threatening arrhythmia is ventricular fibrillation (also called v-fib). This is an erratic, disorganized firing of impulses from your hearts ventricles (lower chambers). When this happens, your heart cant pump blood.

• #4 Sudden Cardiac Arrest Causes and Risks

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/cardiac-arrest-causes-1298733

  Sudden cardiac arrest is an abrupt loss of heart function that leads a person to collapse, lose consciousness, and stop breathing. The heart stops beating and blood stops flowing to the brain and other vital organs. […] Death due to sudden cardiac arrest can occur in minutes, and almost 90% of cardiac arrests that occur outside of hospitals are fatal. […] A heart attack can lead to cardiac arrest, but disruption of electrical impulses in the heart is usually the cause of cardiac arrest. Cardiac arrest can be caused by almost any type of heart condition. […] By far, the most common cause of cardiac arrest is cardiac arrhythmia. An arrhythmia is a problem in the heart’s electrical communication system that makes the heart beat irregularly. […] Types of arrhythmias that can lead to cardiac arrest include the following: Ventricular fibrillation occurs when electrical impulses in the ventricles, or lower chambers of the heart, become erratic and ineffective.

• #5 Causes of Cardiac Arrest | Go Red for Women

  https://www.goredforwomen.org/en/health-topics/cardiac-arrest/causes-of-cardiac-arrest

  Cardiac arrest may be caused by almost any known heart condition. […] Most cardiac arrests occur when a diseased heart’s electrical system malfunctions. This malfunction causes an abnormal heart rhythm such as ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. Some cardiac arrests are also caused by extreme slowing of the heart’s rate (bradycardia). […] Other causes of cardiac arrest include: Scarring of the heart tissue – It may be the result of a prior heart attack or another cause. A heart that’s scarred or enlarged from any cause is prone to develop life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. The first six months after a heart attack is a high-risk period for sudden cardiac arrest in patients with atherosclerotic heart disease (the buildup of fatty deposits, or plaque, in the arteries).

• #6 Cardiac Arrest: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/heart/cardiac-arrest

  Cardiac arrest is when the heart suddenly stops beating. […] This condition is usually caused by an issue with the electrical signals in the heart. […] Causes of cardiac arrest include: Arrhythmias – Irregular heart rhythms caused by malfunctioning electrical signals in the heart. […] The most common cause of cardiac arrest is ventricular fibrillation, which causes the heart’s ventricles to quiver rather than fully pump blood to the rest of the body. […] Coronary artery disease – When the coronary arteries are blocked or narrowed by the accumulation of fatty materials, the heart cannot get the oxygen it needs to function properly, leading to cardiac arrest. […] Valvular heart disease – When valves leak or narrow, they put extra strain on the heart and increase the risk of arrhythmia and cardiac arrest.

• #6 Cardiac Arrest: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/heart/cardiac-arrest

  Heart attack – Can trigger sudden cardiac arrest. […] Severe physical stress – This includes traumatic events that cause a lack of oxygen, like choking or drowning. […] Certain factors can increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. […] Cardiac arrest risk factors include: Heart conditions, including coronary artery disease, congenital heart conditions, valve problems, arrhythmias, and cardiomyopathy, can disrupt normal blood flow, alter heart rate, and strain the heart. […] Previous heart attacks – The resulting scar tissue on the heart muscle can disrupt its proper functionality. […] Family history of heart disease, arrhythmias, or cardiac arrest increases a person’s risk of cardiac arrest. […] The risk of cardiac arrest increases with age. […] Cardiac arrest is more common in men; the risk for women increases after menopause.

• #7 Causes of Sudden Cardiac Death | My Rhythm Device

  https://www.myrhythmdevice.org/sudden-cardiac-death-scd/causes-of-sudden-cardiac-death/

  The rate and rhythm of your heart are controlled by an electrical system. When the hearts electrical system is not working correctly, it can give rise to abnormal heart rhythms called arrhythmias. Arrhythmias can cause the heart to beat fast, slow, or irregularly. Not all arrhythmias are life-threatening; most are not, but some can cause the heart to stop pumping blood effectively around the body, leading to cardiac arrest. Ventricular Fibrillation (VF) is an example of a dangerous arrhythmia. This is an arrhythmia where the hearts lower chambers (ventricles) beat fast and irregularly, fibrillate. When the heart fibrillates, it can no longer perform its pumping function, preventing oxygen from reaching the vital parts of the body. The brain no longer receives oxygen and this leads to loss of consciousness. No oxygen in the heart muscles leads to a cardiac arrest.

• #8 Cardiac arrest – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arrest

  Cardiac arrest is also identified by a lack of central pulses and abnormal or absent breathing. […] The most common underlying causes are different, depending on the patient’s age. Common cardiac causes include coronary artery disease, non-atherosclerotic coronary artery abnormalities, structural heart damage, and inherited arrhythmias. Common non-cardiac causes include respiratory arrest, diabetes, medications, and trauma. […] The most common mechanism underlying sudden cardiac arrest is an arrhythmia (an irregular rhythm). […] Structural heart diseases unrelated to coronary artery disease account for 10% of all sudden cardiac deaths. […] Arrhythmias not due to structural heart disease account for 5 to 10% of sudden cardiac arrests. […] Non-cardiac causes account for 15 to 25% of cardiac arrests. Common non-cardiac causes include respiratory arrest, diabetes, certain medications, and blunt trauma (especially to the chest). […] The definitive electrical mechanisms of cardiac arrest, which may arise from any of the functional, structural, or physiologic abnormalities mentioned above, are characterized by arrhythmias. […] The mechanism responsible for the majority of sudden cardiac deaths is ventricular fibrillation.

• #9 Overview of sudden cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-sudden-cardiac-arrest-and-sudden-cardiac-death/print

  Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) and sudden cardiac death (SCD) refer to the sudden cessation of cardiac activity. These events mostly occur in patients with structural heart disease (that may not have been previously diagnosed), particularly coronary heart disease. […] The specific causes of SCA vary with the population studied and patient age. SCA most commonly results from hemodynamic collapse due to primary ventricular fibrillation (VF) or polymorphic or monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) degenerating into VF. This usually occurs in the setting of structural heart disease. […] Less commonly, SCA may occur with bradycardia/asystole or pulseless electrical activity or electromechanical dissociation. […] A patient is more likely to be resuscitated if they have ventricular tachycardia or VF rather than asystole or pulseless electrical activity. However, if the patient has a poorly tolerated cardiac rhythm, this may be the inevitable consequence of a dying heart. Thus, even early resuscitation may not be successful.

• #10 Pathophysiology and etiology of sudden cardiac arrest – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathophysiology-and-etiology-of-sudden-cardiac-arrest

  Pathophysiology and etiology of sudden cardiac arrest […] Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) and sudden cardiac death (SCD) refer to the sudden cessation of cardiac activity with hemodynamic collapse, typically due to sustained ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation. […] The cardiac diseases that lead to the genesis of the arrhythmia resulting in cardiac collapse and sudden death are varied, and the association with sudden death in some cases is poorly understood. […] Identification of the patient at risk for sudden death and identification of the factors that precipitate the fatal arrhythmia continue to represent a major challenge. […] Ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) account for the majority of episodes.

• #11 Causes of sudden cardiac arrest – The Cardiovascular

  https://ecgwaves.com/topic/causes-of-sudden-cardiac-arrest/

  After corrective surgery, scar tissue can result in ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac arrest. […] AV block is a less common cause of sudden cardiac arrest. […] High-degree AV blocks should therefore be considered as potentially life-threatening, even in the presence of an apparently stable escape rhythm. […] The risk of sudden cardiac arrest should be considered high among patients whose accessory pathway has a short anterograde refractory period. […] Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a disorder of cardiac repolarization, characterized by a prolonged QT interval, which increases the risk of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac arrest. […] The majority of individuals with prolonged QT interval have acquired it as a result of side effects of medications. […] The risk of sudden cardiac arrest is high in acute heart failure due to ventricular arrhythmias and/or cardiogenic shock. […] The risk of sudden cardiac arrest is high among patients with cardiomyopathy, particularly ischemic cardiomyopathy with heart failure.

• #12 Sudden Cardiac Arrest | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/sudden-cardiac-arrest

  Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) occurs when the heart suddenly and unexpectedly stops beating. It is caused by the immediate loss of electrical heart function, usually from an irregular and rapid quivering of the ventricles (called ventricular fibrillation). […] Sudden cardiac arrest is usually caused by ventricular fibrillation (VF), an abnormality in the heart’s electrical system. VF causes the heart to quiver and blood flow to the body and brain to stop. VF is not the same thing as a heart attack. A heart attack results from a blockage in a coronary artery and subsequent damage to the heart muscle. A heart attack can lead to SCA. […] SCA may also be associated with a sudden stop of all electrical activity in the heart (also called asystole). It can also be associated with pulseless electrical activity (PEA), a disorganized electrical activity that does not cause the heart to contract and pump blood.

• #12 Sudden Cardiac Arrest | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/sudden-cardiac-arrest

  The most common causes of SCA in children are: Structural cardiac abnormalities (congenital heart diseases and postoperative repairs, coronary artery anomalies, or Marfan syndrome), Abnormalities of the electrical system of the heart (also known as primary electrical diseases), such as long QT syndrome and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, Abnormalities of the heart muscle structure or function, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), or dilated cardiomyopathies, Acquired heart disease (inflammation or infection in the heart/myocarditis), Arrhythmias, including atrial flutter/atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia (VT), ventricular fibrillation (VF), sinus node dysfunction, and complete heart block, Atherosclerotic coronary disease, Commotio cordis (caused by a blow to the chest), Drug-induced SCA. […] Conditions causing SCD are typically not diagnosed prior to the arrest. In many cases, these conditions are inherited, but family members are unaware of their family history.

• #13 Causes – Sudden Cardiac Arrest UK

  https://suddencardiacarrestuk.org/information/cardiac-arrest/causes/

  This is also known as inflammatory cardiomyopathy, and is an inflammation of the heart muscle. […] Heart failure means that the heart is unable to pump blood around the body properly. It usually occurs because the heart has become too weak or stiff. […] Pulseless electrical activity (PEA), refers to cardiac arrest in which the electrocardiogram shows a heart rhythm that should produce a pulse but does not. PEA is found initially in about 55% of people in cardiac arrest.

• #14 Sudden Cardiac Death – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507854/

  Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is death due to a cardiovascular or unidentifiable cause that occurs within an hour of the onset of symptoms. […] Those who have experienced sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) have a higher risk of SCD. Thus, addressing SCA risk factors reduces SCD risk. […] The common risk factors for SCA and SCD, as identified in population-based studies, include risk factors for ASCVD, left ventricular hypertrophy, and cardiac conduction abnormalities. Smoking directly predicts the risk of SCD. […] The etiology varies with age, but CAD is responsible for most cases of SCD overall. […] In young individuals, inherited cardiac arrhythmias, inherited cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, and coronary artery anomalies are the common SCD causes. […] Up to half of SCD cases in the 4th decade of life arise from acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

• #15 Possible Causes of Sudden Cardiac Arrest – Premier Heart and Vascular – Your Heart Matters

  https://premierheartandvascular.com/possible-causes-of-sudden-cardiac-arrest/

  To be more precise, the abnormal heart rhythm is called ventricular fibrillation or VF. It causes the electrical signals in the lower chambers of the heart (ventricles) to become chaotic. The result of this is that the ventricles go into fibrillation, which is essentially a chaotically irregular and fast trembling that cannot adequately pump blood. […] The Possible Conditions That Lead to SCA […] Many conditions and diseases can lead to SCA; the most common are: […] Heart attack – SCA is often connected to a heart attack, which weakens the heart and increases the risk for SCA. […] Coronary artery disease – plaque on the inner walls of the arteries causes arterial rigidity and narrowing. This restricts the blood flow to the heart, which can result in a heart attack or SCA. Coronary artery disease is the most common cause of SCA for people 35 and older.

• #15 Possible Causes of Sudden Cardiac Arrest – Premier Heart and Vascular – Your Heart Matters

  https://premierheartandvascular.com/possible-causes-of-sudden-cardiac-arrest/

  Long QT syndrome – a disorder that affects the heart’s electrical system and leads to an abnormal rhythm, which can potentially lead to SCA. […] Brugada syndrome – similar to Long QT syndrome, and it can also cause SCA. […] Congenital heart defects – any heart defect can increase the risk of SCA, even after surgery to address the defect. […] Cardiomyopathy – causes the heart muscle to become thick or enlarged and weaker. People with this condition have a more fragile heart, resulting in a higher chance of suffering from SCA. […] Several other conditions can lead to SCA, but these traits increase your risk as well: […] Family history of heart disease […] High blood pressure or cholesterol […] Diabetes […] Obesity […] Smoking […] A sedentary lifestyle […] Age: older than 45 for men or 55 for women. […] If you want to know more about the causes of sudden cardiac arrest, feel free to contact us.

• #16 Sudden Cardiac Death – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507854/

  CAD is responsible for most SCD cases in older patients. Other SCD causes include nonischemic cardiomyopathy and valvular heart disease. […] The literature shows that 40% to 80% of the survivors of cardiac arrest are found to have greater than 70% cross-sectional luminal stenosis in at least 1 major coronary artery. […] The etiology varies with age, but CAD is responsible for most cases of SCD overall. […] SCD’s cardiac causes are classified into the following groups: […] Inherited cardiac arrhythmias, cardiomyopathies, and coronary artery anomalies are the major SCD causes in younger people. In contrast, CAD is the most common cause of SCD in older patients.

• #17 Cardiac arrest – BHF

  https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/conditions/cardiac-arrest

  A cardiac arrest is caused by a dangerous abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia), which happens when the electrical system in the heart isnt working properly. Not all abnormal heart rhythms are life-threatening, but some mean that the heart cannot pump blood around the body. […] Some conditions can cause abnormal heart rhythms and in turn, a cardiac arrest if they’re severe or left untreated: cardiomyopathies (disease of the heart muscle) and inherited heart conditions which affect the electrical system of the heart, such as Brugada syndrome, congenital heart disease a heart condition or defect you get before youre born, heart valve disease when one or more of your heart valves dont work properly, severe or untreated myocarditis – inflammation of the heart muscle. […] Other causes of cardiac arrest include: a heart attack (often caused by coronary heart disease), a severe haemorrhage (losing a large amount of blood), hypoxia – a severe drop in oxygen levels, electrocution, a drug overdose.

• #18 Sudden Cardiac Death: Signs and Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/sudden-cardiac-death

  Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is sudden, unexpected death within an hour due to a heart issue. […] Cardiac arrest can lead to sudden cardiac death. […] What causes sudden cardiac death? Coronary artery disease is the most common cause of sudden cardiac death. […] An abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia) most often causes sudden cardiac death in people younger than 35. […] In people 35 and older, the cause of sudden cardiac death is more often related to coronary artery disease. […] Besides coronary artery disease and arrhythmia, other sudden cardiac death causes include cardiomyopathy from having: Alcohol use disorder, Obesity, Genetic disorders of your heart muscle, including hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. […] Sudden cardiac death has many risk factors.

• #19 Causes of Sudden Cardiac Death | My Rhythm Device

  https://www.myrhythmdevice.org/sudden-cardiac-death-scd/causes-of-sudden-cardiac-death/

  The cardiac diseases associated with cardiac arrest differ depending on the persons age. […] The most common underlying cardiac conditions associated with cardiac arrest in younger people are inherited heart diseases that affect the hearts electrical system, congenital heart diseases, cardiomyopathies, and myocarditis. Yet, half of the sudden cardiac death cases during the fourth decade of life are related to coronary artery diseases, especially acute coronary syndrome or else known as a heart attack. […] In older populations, there is a clear predominance of coronary artery disease as a cause of sudden cardiac death. Other common conditions include cardiomyopathies (heart muscle diseases) and valvular disorders. […] Listed below are some heart conditions that can cause dangerous arrhythmias and lead to cardiac arrest if they are severe or remain untreated. heart attack (often due to coronary heart disease) cardiomyopathies (disease of the heart muscle) inherited heart diseases that affect the hearts electrical system, such as Brugada or Long QT syndrome. congenital heart diseases heart conditions or defects a person is born with. heart valve diseases one or more of your heart valves does not work correctly. myocarditis an inflammation of the heart muscle.

• #20 Heart Attack and Sudden Cardiac Arrest Differences | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/about-heart-attacks/heart-attack-or-sudden-cardiac-arrest-how-are-they-different

  Sudden cardiac arrest is caused by an electrical problem. […] Sudden cardiac arrest happens suddenly and often without warning. It happens when an electrical failure in the heart causes an irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia). […] Sudden cardiac arrest can happen after a heart attack or during recovery. Heart attacks increase the risk for sudden cardiac arrest. […] Other heart conditions may also disrupt the heart’s rhythm and lead to sudden cardiac arrest.

• #21 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Sudden-Cardiac-Death-Causes.aspx

  Sudden cardiac death usually occurs due to changes in the heart that alter the electrical signaling to cause arrhythmias. The irregular heartbeat increases the risk of dangerous circumstances and sudden cardiac death. […] The most common cause of sudden cardiac arrest is ventricular fibrillation, which is a type of arrhythmia. This involves abnormal function of the ventricles of the heart, causing to them beating faster than usual and with great irregularity. As a result, blood is pumped from the heart and around the body less effectively, which can lead to fatal outcomes such as sudden cardiac death. […] In some cases, the plaque can rupture and a blood clot can form, obstructing the flow of blood and blocking the supply of oxygen to the heart muscle. As a result, a heart attack may occur and the cardiac muscle cells may be damaged or die, which are replaced with scar tissue that can disrupt the electrical signals within the heart. These changes can increase the risk of arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.

• #22 Sudden Cardiac Death: Signs and Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/sudden-cardiac-death

  The two leading risk factors include: Previous heart attack: Your risk of sudden cardiac death is higher after a heart attack. […] Coronary artery disease: Risk factors for coronary artery disease include smoking, family history of cardiovascular disease, high cholesterol or an enlarged heart. […] Other risk factors include having: A prior episode of sudden cardiac arrest. […] A family history of sudden cardiac arrest or sudden cardiac death. […] A personal or family history of certain abnormal heart rhythms, including long QT syndrome, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and ventricular tachycardia. […] Heart failure (when your heart’s pumping power is weaker than normal). […] People with heart failure are six to nine times more likely than most people to have ventricular arrhythmias that can lead to sudden cardiac arrest. […] Dilated cardiomyopathy (causes about 10% of sudden cardiac deaths).

• #23 Sudden death in young people: Heart problems often blamed

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sudden-cardiac-arrest/in-depth/sudden-death/art-20047571

  Anything that strains the heart or damages heart tissue can increase the risk of sudden cardiac death. Some conditions that can lead to sudden cardiac death in young people are: Thickened heart muscle, also called hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. This genetic condition is the most common cause of sudden cardiac death in young people. It causes the heart muscle to grow too thick. The thickening makes it hard for the heart to pump blood. This can cause fast heartbeats. […] Long QT syndrome. This heart rhythm condition can cause fast, chaotic heartbeats. It’s linked to fainting for no reason and sudden death, especially in young people. If you are born with it, it’s called congenital long QT syndrome. If it is caused by a medicine or health condition, it is called acquired long QT syndrome. […] Other heart rhythm conditions. Other irregular heart rhythms can cause sudden cardiac death. These include Brugada syndrome and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.

• #24 Sudden cardiac death (SCD) in sports: the most common medical cause of death in athletes | Bangkok Heart Hospital

  https://www.bangkokhearthospital.com/en/content/sudden-cardiac-death-scd-in-sports-the-most-common-medical-cause-of-death-in-athletes

  Sudden cardiac death is the most common medical cause of death in athletes, with an incidence of approximately 1 in 50,000 to 1 in 300,000 athletes per year according to the most recent estimates in these recent 10-20 years. […] The most common causes of sudden cardiac death in young athletes under 35 years of age retrieved from medical database of 1,400 athletes in the United States include: 36% of deaths are caused by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy a disease in which the heart muscle (myocardium) becomes abnormally thick (hypertrophied). The thickened heart muscle makes it harder for the heart to pump blood effectively. […] In athletes older than 35, most sudden cardiac death events are caused by acquired atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD). […] Due to the advancements in cardiac technology and diagnosis, the screening program significantly helps to early detect the cardiac abnormalities which are major factors for developing sudden cardiac death, even without the presence of warning signs and symptoms. […] Pre-participation evaluation remains essential to identify any abnormalities that might potentially lead to sudden cardiac death.

• #25 Cardiac Arrest – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534866/

  As defined by the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology, „(sudden) cardiac arrest is the sudden cessation of cardiac activity so that the victim becomes unresponsive, with no normal breathing and no signs of circulation. If corrective measures are not taken rapidly, this condition progresses to sudden death. Cardiac arrest should be used to signify an event as described above, which is reversed, usually by CPR and/or defibrillation or cardioversion, or cardiac pacing. Sudden cardiac death should not be used to describe events that are not fatal.” […] Cardiac arrest is usually due to underlying structural cardiac disease. Seventy percent of cardiac arrest cases are thought to be due to ischemic coronary disease, the leading cause of cardiac arrest. Other structural causes include congestive heart failure, left ventricular hypertrophy, congenital coronary artery abnormalities, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, and cardiac tamponade. Nonstructural cardiac causes include Brugada syndrome, Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome and congenital long QT syndrome.

• #25 Cardiac Arrest – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534866/

  There are many non-cardiac etiologies including intracranial hemorrhage, pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax, primary respiratory arrest, toxic ingestions including drug overdose, electrolyte abnormalities, severe infection (sepsis), hypothermia, or trauma. […] Occlusive (ischemic) coronary disease is the leading cause of cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death. […] Within the United States, up to 70% of all sudden cardiac death is due to underlying coronary heart disease. […] The incidence of cardiac death is lower for women at a younger age when compared to males. […] Factors that are proven to improve survivability include witnessed cardiac arrest with immediate CPR and utilization of defibrillation when indicated.

• #26 Sudden Cardiac Arrest | Causes, Signs & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/s/sudden-cardiac-arrest

  Conditions that are more likely to cause SCA/SCD in teens include: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Congenital heart disease, Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, Arrhythmias. […] These diseases are typically undetected prior to the SCA/SCD event. In the case of SCD, an autopsy is essential; however, no identifiable cause is found at autopsy in up to one-third of young people. Lack of knowledge about the cause of SCD poses the greatest challenge in understanding the risk of SCA/SCD for surviving relatives.

• #26 Sudden Cardiac Arrest | Causes, Signs & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/s/sudden-cardiac-arrest

  Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is when the heart suddenly fails to pump blood. If the person does not survive, the term sudden cardiac death (SCD) is used. The person may or may not have a known diagnosis of heart disease. […] Sudden cardiac arrest is caused by a failure in the hearts electrical system, which keeps the heart pumping normally. Once the heart fails, the rest of the body does not get the blood it needs to function. […] Some of the things that may cause sudden cardiac arrest include: A sudden blow to the chest, An allergic reaction or medication interaction, Breathing trouble such as a severe asthma attack or choking, Electrocution, Heart disease or a heart rhythm problem. […] Many different kinds of heart disease can result in SCA and SCD. Coronary heart disease (CHD) remains the most common cardiac cause of sudden unexplained death in people of all ages.

• #27 Causes of sudden cardiac arrest – The Cardiovascular

  https://ecgwaves.com/topic/causes-of-sudden-cardiac-arrest/

  Thus, among cases with coronary artery disease as the underlying cause of cardiac arrest, old infarctions constitute the majority of the substrates. […] Ischemic cardiomyopathy is characterized by remodeling, scar formation, and heart failure, which pose a very high risk of malignant ventricular arrhythmias. […] Patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy have a high risk of sudden cardiac arrest. […] Congenital variants in the origination of coronary arteries occur in 5% of all individuals. […] Some variants are associated with an increased risk of sudden cardiac arrest, particularly during strenuous exercise. […] Myocardial bridges are believed to increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest, especially during exercise. […] Coronary artery spasm can cause sudden cardiac arrest due to ventricular arrhythmias.

• #28

  https://www.iaedjournal.org/sudden-cardiac-arrest-causes

  Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome is a heart condition that causes the heart to beat abnormally fast for (generally brief) periods of time. […] Long QT syndrome has been linked to unexplained sudden death in children and young adults, including fainting, drownings, and seizures. […] Commotio cordis is an SCA caused by a sudden blunt impact to the chest in the absence of cardiac damage, resulting in ventricular fibrillation. […] Brugada syndrome is a rare but potentially life-threatening heart rhythm condition (arrhythmia) that is sometimes inherited. […] The primary role of the EMD is to consider first any caller-mentioned heart conditions when selecting the Chief Complaint. […] Remember that some patients with these unusual heart conditions may be worsening or unstable, and for them, the risk of SCA is higher.

• #29 Investigation of the Unexplained Cardiac Arrest Survivor

  https://www.aerjournal.com/articles/explaining-unexplained-practical-approach-investigating-cardiac-arrest-survivor?language_content_entity=en

  Systematic evaluation of such patients may subsequently reveal a specific underlying diagnosis in nearly half of cases. […] The differential diagnoses of UCA are broad. Initially, non-cardiac causes of SCA, such as respiratory, metabolic or toxicological causes, should be excluded as far as possible. Thereafter, the differential diagnoses can be considered to include primary electrical disease or structural cardiac disease, which were not evident on original assessment. […] The established inherited primary electrical diseases include Brugada syndrome (BrS), long QT syndrome (LQTS), short QT syndrome (SQTS), catecholaminergic polymorphic VT (CPVT) and early repolarisation syndrome (ERS). […] Structural heart disease, including concealed inherited cardiomyopathies, may also be diagnosed in UCA patients.

• #30 Causes of sudden cardiac arrest – The Cardiovascular

  https://ecgwaves.com/topic/causes-of-sudden-cardiac-arrest/

  The risk appears to be higher if the spasm occurs in atherosclerotic coronary arteries with stenoses. […] Left-sided valvular lesions are clearly associated with sudden cardiac arrest, particularly aortic stenosis which carries a 1% annual risk of sudden cardiac arrest. […] The risk increases with the severity of aortic stenosis but can be halved by interventions. […] Both surgical procedures and TAVI may cause high-degree AV block, but sudden cardiac arrest is a rare complication. […] The presence of such arrhythmias should raise suspicion of septic emboli to the coronary arteries, which can cause ventricular arrhythmias. […] Congenital heart diseases that increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest include congenital aortic stenosis, shunts that increase pulmonary vascular resistance, and Eisenmenger syndrome.

• #31 Sudden death in young people: Heart problems often blamed

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sudden-cardiac-arrest/in-depth/sudden-death/art-20047571

  Forceful hit to the chest. A blunt chest injury that causes sudden cardiac death is called commotio cordis. Commotio cordis may occur in athletes who are hit hard in the chest by sports equipment or by another player. This condition does not damage the heart muscle. Instead, it changes the heart’s electrical signaling. The blow to the chest can trigger ventricular fibrillation. The hit must occur at a specific time in the heart signaling cycle. […] Heart condition present at birth, also called a congenital heart defect. Some people are born with changes in the heart and blood vessels. These changes can reduce blood flow and lead to sudden cardiac death.

• #32

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/injuries-emergencies/sports-injuries/Pages/Sudden-Cardiac-Death.aspx

  Coronary artery abnormalities. Defects in the way the coronary arteries connect to the heart can lead to decreased blood supply to heart muscle during exercise and cause cardiac arrest. […] Primary arrhythmias. In people with structurally normal hearts, sudden cardiac arrest can sometimes be caused by undiagnosed genetic conditions that affect the heart’s electrical impulses. […] Myocarditis. Usually triggered by an infection, myocarditis means the walls of the heart are inflamed. […] Commotio Cordis is caused by a blow to the chest directly over the heart at certain points in the heartbeat cycle. […] There are steps families and communities can take to lower their risk of sudden cardiac death in young people: Regular well-child visits and sports physicals. […] Know your family history.

• #33 Sudden Cardiac Arrest Causes, Treatment, Prognosis, Prevention

  https://www.medicinenet.com/sudden_cardiac_death/article.htm

  Inflammation of the heart muscle, known as myocarditis, can also cause rhythm disturbances. […] Some people are born with electrical conducting systems that are faulty, which places them at higher risk for rhythm disturbances. […] A pulmonary embolus or a blood clot in the lung can also cause sudden death. […] Blunt chest trauma, such as in a motor vehicle accident, may result in ventricular fibrillation. […] The most common cause is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. […] Anomalous coronary arteries can also cause sudden death in the young. […] Commotio cordis is a situation in which the heart stops when the chest is hit by an object. […] The frequency of sudden cardiac arrest is related to the frequency of coronary artery disease. If public health initiatives work to decrease risk the factors for heart disease, the risk of sudden death should decrease as well.

• #34 Sudden Death and Myocarditis: FAQs – Myocarditis Foundation

  https://www.myocarditisfoundation.org/research-and-grants/faqs/sudden-death-and-myocarditis/

  Sudden death syndrome (SDS) refers to an umbrella of cardiac conditions, such as myocarditis, that can lead to sudden cardiac arrest and even death. It presents as sustained abnormal electrical activity within the heart. Sudden death due to a loss of heart function typically occurs within one hour of symptoms beginning, which may include: […] A majority of sudden death cases are linked to coronary heart disease, heart attacks, and heart failure. While the incidence of sudden death from myocarditis in older adults is unknown, roughly 1-9% of deceased patients are found to have evidence of cardiac inflammation. However, in young adults, nearly 20% of sudden death cases are linked to myocarditis. Further, up to half of sudden death victims with HIV show evidence of myocarditis during their autopsy.

• #35 Sudden Cardiac Arrest | Sudden Cardiac Death | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/suddencardiacarrest.html

  Very low blood levels of potassium or magnesium. These minerals play an important role in your heart’s electrical system. […] Major blood loss […] Severe lack of oxygen […] Certain inherited disorders which can cause arrhythmias or problems with the structure of your heart […] Structural changes in the heart, such as an enlarged heart due to high blood pressure or advanced heart disease. Heart infections can also cause changes to the structure of the heart.

• #35 Sudden Cardiac Arrest | Sudden Cardiac Death | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/suddencardiacarrest.html

  Certain diseases and conditions can cause the electrical problems that lead to SCA. They include: Ventricular fibrillation, a type of arrhythmia where the ventricles (the heart’s lower chambers) don’t beat normally. Instead, they beat very fast and very irregularly. They can’t pump blood to the body. This causes most SCAs. […] Coronary artery disease (CAD), also called ischemic heart disease. CAD happens when the arteries of the heart cannot deliver enough oxygen-rich blood to the heart. It is often caused by the buildup of plaque, a waxy substance, inside the lining of larger coronary arteries. The plaque blocks some or all of the blood flow to the heart. […] Some types of physical stress can cause your heart’s electrical system to fail, such as intense physical activity in which your body releases the hormone adrenaline. This hormone can trigger SCA in people who have heart problems.

• #36 Causes of Cardiac Arrest | Go Red for Women

  https://www.goredforwomen.org/en/health-topics/cardiac-arrest/causes-of-cardiac-arrest

  Thickened heart muscle (cardiomyopathy) – Damage to the heart muscle can be the result of high blood pressure, heart valve disease or other causes. A diseased heart muscle can make you more prone to sudden cardiac arrest, especially if you also have heart failure. […] Heart medications – Under certain conditions, some heart medications can set the stage for arrhythmias that cause sudden cardiac arrest. (Oddly, antiarrhythmic drugs that treat arrhythmias can sometimes produce ventricular arrhythmias even at normal doses. This is called a “proarrhythmic” effect.) Significant changes in blood levels of potassium and magnesium (from using diuretics, for example) can also cause life-threatening arrhythmias and cardiac arrest. […] Electrical abnormalities – These, including Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and long QT syndrome, may cause sudden cardiac arrest in children and young people.

• #37 Sudden Cardiac Arrest and the Hs and Ts – ACLS.com

  https://acls.com/articles/reversible-causes-of-cardiac-arrest-hs-and-ts/

  Hyperkalemia is the most common electrolyte disorder associated with cardiac arrest. […] Hypokalemia increases the incidence of arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. […] Acidosis can be either metabolic or respiratory. Either cause can lead to cardiac arrest. […] Tension pneumothorax is defined as hemodynamic compromise in a patient with an expanding intrapleural air mass. It is a treatable cause of cardiac arrest and should be excluded during CPR. […] Cardiac tamponade occurs when the pericardial sac is filled with fluid under pressure, which leads to compromise of cardiac function and ultimately cardiac arrest. […] Cardiac arrest from acute pulmonary embolism is the most serious clinical presentation of venous thromboembolism, in most cases originating from a deep venous thrombosis (DVT). […] Coronary heart disease is the most frequent cause of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

• #37 Sudden Cardiac Arrest and the Hs and Ts – ACLS.com

  https://acls.com/articles/reversible-causes-of-cardiac-arrest-hs-and-ts/

  Sudden cardiac arrest is a major healthcare problem in the United States that accounts for up to 350,000 deaths per year. […] Many different traumatic and medical conditions can lead to cardiac arrest in both adults and children. This includes electrical abnormalities, inherited disorders and structural changes in the heart. Determining and treating the cause of cardiac arrest is critical to improving patient outcomes. […] One common cause of cardiac arrest is hypovolemia, which can develop due to a reduced intravascular volume (i.e. hemorrhage). […] Hypothermia can be estimated and further subdivided by using the Swiss staging system. […] Electrolyte abnormalities can cause cardiac arrhythmias or cardiac arrest, and life-threatening arrhythmias are associated most commonly with potassium disorders, particularly hyperkalemia.

• #38 Cardiac Arrest – Critical Care Medicine – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/critical-care-medicine/cardiac-arrest-and-cardiopulmonary-resuscitation-cpr/cardiac-arrest

  Sudden cardiac arrest occurs outside the hospital in more than 300,000 people/year in the United States, including an estimated 5000 infants and children, with a 90% mortality rate. […] In adults, sudden cardiac arrest results primarily from cardiac disease (of all types, with most sudden cardiac arrest attributable to acute coronary syndromes, and a large majority associated with underlying cardiovascular disease). In a significant percentage of patients, sudden cardiac arrest is the first manifestation of heart disease. Other causes include circulatory shock due to noncardiac disorders (especially pulmonary embolism, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, or trauma), ventilatory failure, and metabolic disturbance (including drug overdose). […] In infants and children, cardiac causes of cardiac arrest are less common than in adults. The predominant cause of cardiac arrest in infants and children is respiratory failure due to various respiratory disorders (e.g., airway obstruction, drowning, infection, sudden infant death syndrome [SIDS], smoke inhalation). However, sudden cardiac arrest (the unexpected cessation of circulation without warning) in children and adolescents is most commonly due to arrhythmia resulting from a channelopathy or underlying structural cardiac abnormality.

• #39 Causes of Cardiac Arrest | Go Red for Women

  https://www.goredforwomen.org/en/health-topics/cardiac-arrest/causes-of-cardiac-arrest

  Blood vessel abnormalities – These rare cases occur particularly in the coronary arteries and aorta. Adrenaline released during intense physical activity can trigger sudden cardiac arrest when these abnormalities are present. […] Recreational drug use – This can be associated with cardiac arrest in otherwise healthy people. […] Commotio cordis – Commotio cordis occurs as a result of a blow to the left side of the chest during a narrow window in the heart rhythm.

• #40 Causes of Sudden Cardiac Death | My Rhythm Device

  https://www.myrhythmdevice.org/sudden-cardiac-death-scd/causes-of-sudden-cardiac-death/

  Sudden cardiac death in athletes is rare (about one to three in 100,000). Males are affected more often than women. […] In younger athletes, most sudden cardiac deaths occur in patients with structurally normal hearts, according to autopsies. […] Commotio cordis is the occurrence of a sudden dangerous arrhythmia, such as ventricular fibrillation, which can lead to cardiac arrest after a chest blow. Athletes with thin, compliant chest walls with no apparent cardiovascular disorder can be affected. […] In older athletes, sudden cardiac death is typically caused by coronary artery disease. […] These symptoms are signs of potentially dangerous heart conditions that can lead to cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death.

• #41 Causes of Sudden Cardiac Death | My Rhythm Device

  https://www.myrhythmdevice.org/sudden-cardiac-death-scd/causes-of-sudden-cardiac-death/

  Yet some non-heart conditions can lead to cardiac arrests, such as: severe bleeding (losing a large amount of blood) hypoxia a severe drop in oxygen levels electrolyte disturbances (disturbances of minerals in your blood) drug overdoses intoxication from other causes. […] The same factors that increase the risk of heart disease can also raise the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. Some of those factors include: a personal or family history of coronary artery disease a previous episode or a family history of sudden cardiac arrest a personal or family history of inherited heart diseases that affect the hearts electrical system or heart problems present at birth. smoking high blood pressure. high blood cholesterol. obesity diabetes inactive lifestyle age the risk of sudden cardiac arrest increases with age using illegal drugs such as cocaine or amphetamines low potassium or magnesium levels chronic kidney disease.

• #42 Cardiac Arrest & Sudden Death Syndrome | OneWelbeck

  https://onewelbeck.com/conditions/cardiac-arrest-and-sudden-death-syndrome/

  Unfortunately, its unclear what causes Sudden Death Syndrome. Genetic mutations have been linked to many of the syndromes that fall under the SDS umbrella, but not every person with SDS has these genetic mutations. […] Additionally, some medications can cause the syndromes that may lead to sudden death. For example, long QT syndrome may result from using: Antihistamines, Decongestants, Antibiotics, Diuretics, Antidepressants, Antipsychotics.

• #43 Sudden Cardiac Arrest Causes, Treatment, Prognosis, Prevention

  https://www.medicinenet.com/sudden_cardiac_death/article.htm

  Cardiac arrest is best treated by prevention. Most sudden death is associated with heart disease, so the at-risk population remains males older than 40 years of age who smoke, have high blood pressure, and have diabetes (the risk factors for heart attack). […] Using implantable defibrillators in high-risk patients, especially those with markedly decreased ejection fractions can reduce the incidence of sudden cardiac arrest.

• #44 Cardiac Arrest: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/heart/cardiac-arrest

  The risk of cardiac arrest is twice as high for black people compared to white people. […] Certain behaviors like excessive alcohol consumption, extreme physical exertion, severe emotional trauma, or recent influenza infection can act as triggers of cardiac arrest, particularly in individuals who already have existing heart conditions.

• #45

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=abh2047

  In cardiac arrest, the heart suddenly stops beating. This problem is also called sudden cardiac arrest. […] Cardiac arrest is usually caused by a problem with the heart’s electrical system. In most cases, the heart’s rhythm is too fast and irregular. This problem is called ventricular fibrillation. […] Cardiac arrest can run in families. People who have a family history of sudden cardiac death may have a higher risk for sudden cardiac death. […] Some heart problems can increase the chance of a deadly heart rhythm. They include: coronary artery disease, a heart attack, heart failure, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. […] Other health problems can also cause cardiac arrest. They include: a blood clot in a lung (pulmonary embolism), drowning, injury, and poisoning.

• #46 Sudden death: Causes, epidemiology, and associations in cardiology | 2023, Volume 8 – Issue 1&2 | Demiroglu Science University Florence Nightingale Journal of Transplantation

  https://journaltxdbu.com/full-text/70

  The risk of SCD is also increased by psychosocial stressors. […] Sudden cardiac death and obesity are connected. […] According to reports, the probability of this deadly event rises gradually with weight. […] Overall, due to its effects on the circulatory system, being overweight or obese increases one’s risk of developing a variety of cardiac issues, including coronary heart disease, heart failure, and SD.

• #46 Sudden death: Causes, epidemiology, and associations in cardiology | 2023, Volume 8 – Issue 1&2 | Demiroglu Science University Florence Nightingale Journal of Transplantation

  https://journaltxdbu.com/full-text/70

  Sudden death may have many different etiologies, however, it is most commonly related to ischemic heart disease. […] When the patient survives, the event is referred to as a canceled SCD or sudden cardiac arrest. […] The most prevalent cause of death in the case of SD is related to cardiovascular diseases. […] Sudden cardiac death is related to genetic factors at multiple points along the pathophysiological pathway. […] Almost half of the people with SCD had no previous diagnosis of a cardiac disorder. […] Sudden cardiac death risk factors are similar to those of ischemic heart disease and include smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes. […] The risk of SCD increases (about 17-fold) in nonsedentary people after vigorous physical activity, particularly in those who are generally sedentary (approximately 74-fold).

• #47 Sudden Death and Myocarditis: FAQs – Myocarditis Foundation

  https://www.myocarditisfoundation.org/research-and-grants/faqs/sudden-death-and-myocarditis/

  Other acquired and hereditary cardiac conditions may also lead to sudden death, including: […] A small percentage of cases may occur without evidence of structural heart disease. […] There is no evidence that caffeine is a risk factor associated with sudden death. However, there is an increased risk of sudden death for people who: […] In addition, the risk increases during exercise and for up to 30 minutes after strenuous activity, though this risk is extremely low. This risk is lower in those who regularly exercise, though people with inherited heart diseases are at a higher risk – even if they work out routinely. […] It is possible to decrease the risk of these factors by: […] Generally, no. However, those at risk can undergo stress testing, ECG monitoring, or other screenings, and if issues are identified, they may benefit from specific interventions.

• #48 Common Causes of Cardiac Arrest in Infants and Children – Avive

  https://www.avive.life/blog/what-are-the-common-causes-of-cardiac-arrest-in-infants-and-children

  A common misconception about Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA) is that it only affects people of a certain age or demographic. The reality is that SCA can happen to anyone, regardless of age, health, gender, or pre-existing condition. Every year in the United States, over 15,000 pediatric cardiac arrests occur, most of which lead to death. […] Cardiac arrest can happen to infants and young children for various reasons ranging from respiratory issues to congenital heart defects. Research shows us, though, that the most common reason for pediatric cardiac arrest is related to heart issues. […] A 30-year review study published by the American Heart Association found that in cardiac arrest patients from 0-13 years old, the most common cause of SCA was due to congenital heart abnormalities. […] Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), often caused by abnormal genes in the heart muscle, is a chronic disease that is also believed to be a leading cause of cardiac arrest in young athletes in the United States.

• #49 Aetiology and incidence of sudden cardiac arrest and death in young competitive athletes in the USA: a 4-year prospective study | British Journal of Sports Medicine

  https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/55/21/1196

  Anomalous coronary arteries accounted for nearly one-third of cases in middle school athletes. […] Cardiomyopathies such as HCM and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy represented nearly half of SCA/D cases in college and professional athletes. […] The aetiology of SCA/D in competitive athletes involves a heterogeneous grouping of structural, electrical and acquired cardiac disorders.

• #50 Sudden Cardiac Arrest In Young Athletes | UT Physicians

  https://www.utphysicians.com/what-to-know-about-sudden-cardiac-arrest-in-young-athletes/

  Blunt chest injuries and underlying heart conditions can cause sudden cardiac arrest even in young athletes. […] Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is the leading cause of death in young athletes, but this reality probably never rang so true until the evening of Jan. 2. […] There are a number of causes for sudden cardiac arrest in athletes who are 35 and younger. […] In the case of Hamlin, a blunt injury to his chest may have led to commotio cordis. […] The main culprit of SCA in young athletes, however, is not commotio cordis or another form of arrhythmia. The leading cause in the U.S. is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, while congenital coronary artery anomaly is the second. […] Most SCA cases are due to genetics rather than injuries. […] Most of the conditions that can lead to sudden cardiac arrest in young athletes are hereditary.

• #51 About Sudden Cardiac Arrest | Sudden Cardiac Arrest Foundation

  https://www.sca-aware.org/about-sca

  Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA) is a life-threatening emergency that occurs when the heart suddenly stops beating. […] SCA is the third leading cause of death in the U.S. Approximately 356,000 people of all ages experience EMS-assessed out-of-hospital non-traumatic SCA each year and nine out of 10 victims die. […] When bystanders intervene immediately by giving CPR, survival rates double or triple.

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