Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Stop Cardiac Arrest

  https://stopcardiacarrest.org/

  Sudden Cardiac Arrest is a leading cause of death in the United States, taking the lives of more than 356,000 people each year, including more than 23,000 youth under age 18. […] The sudden cardiac arrest survival rate is less than 10%. As noted by the National Academy of Medicines Strategies to Improve Cardiac Arrest Survival: A Time To Act, the survival rate has remained stagnant for three decades because the public is not prepared to save a life. Survival depends on emergency intervention beyond calling 911 within three minutes of collapse. A bystander administering hands-only CPR can triple a persons chance of survival, and using an AED in the first minute of collapse can increase survival to 90%. […] Call Push Shock has been recognized by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as a resource to educate the public about sudden cardiac arrest recognition and response.

• #2 Primary prevention of sudden cardiac death

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1861296/

  Sudden cardiac death (SCD) causes more than 300000 deaths per annum in Europe, with the same number occurring in the United States, according to current estimations. […] SCD urgently requires primary prevention because the first clinical event is often fatal, especially in patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias. […] Primary prevention of SCD is therefore in part a diagnostic challenge that is, it requires identification of future sudden death victims before the first arrhythmia episode. […] Actions for primary prevention of coronary artery disease, most notably reduction of blood lipids, cessation of smoking, and sufficient treatment of diabetes and arterial hypertension, are therefore paramount to the prevention of SCD. […] In addition, several drugs are useful to prevent SCD in patients with known coronary artery disease or heart failure.

• #3 Prediction and prevention of sudden cardiac arrest

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3193122/

  Major advances have been made in understanding the causes of and treatments for cardiovascular disease, and mortality related to such disease has been reduced. However, the incidence of sudden cardiac arrest has remained almost unchanged for decades, generally affecting younger people (mean age about 65 yr) more so than other cardiovascular conditions causing death. Sudden cardiac arrest therefore represents a heavy burden to families, communities and the health care system. […] Several reasons have been identified for the lack of improvement in outcomes for people at risk of premature, unexpected, sudden cardiac arrest, such as insufficient understanding of the mechanisms responsible or of the role played by genetic or environmental factors and the lack of good parameters for stratifying risk.

• #4 Primary prevention of sudden cardiac death

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1861296/

  Sudden cardiac death (SCD) causes more than 300000 deaths per annum in Europe, with the same number occurring in the United States, according to current estimations. […] SCD urgently requires primary prevention because the first clinical event is often fatal, especially in patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias. […] Primary prevention of SCD is therefore in part a diagnostic challenge that is, it requires identification of future sudden death victims before the first arrhythmia episode. […] Actions for primary prevention of coronary artery disease, most notably reduction of blood lipids, cessation of smoking, and sufficient treatment of diabetes and arterial hypertension, are therefore paramount to the prevention of SCD. […] In addition, several drugs are useful to prevent SCD in patients with known coronary artery disease or heart failure.

• #5 Prediction and prevention of sudden cardiac arrest

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3193122/

  The high incidence of cardiac arrest is recognized as the predominant mechanism of sudden cardiac death, especially among patients with coronary artery disease. As such, medical scientists and clinicians have sought ways of predicting and preventing these events. […] Despite the multiplicity of factors known to be related to an increased risk of sudden cardiac death, the only clinical practice currently used to predict such an event is the measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction. […] Traditional coronary risk factors, such as high cholesterol and hypertension, do not specifically identify those patients at high risk for sudden cardiac arrest. […] Factors such as obesity, diabetes, exercise habits and smoking could be mitigated using widespread population-based preventive strategies, which could help to reduce the overall incidence of sudden cardiac arrest.

• #6 Prediction and prevention of sudden cardiac arrest

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3193122/

  The high incidence of cardiac arrest is recognized as the predominant mechanism of sudden cardiac death, especially among patients with coronary artery disease. As such, medical scientists and clinicians have sought ways of predicting and preventing these events. […] Despite the multiplicity of factors known to be related to an increased risk of sudden cardiac death, the only clinical practice currently used to predict such an event is the measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction. […] Traditional coronary risk factors, such as high cholesterol and hypertension, do not specifically identify those patients at high risk for sudden cardiac arrest. […] Factors such as obesity, diabetes, exercise habits and smoking could be mitigated using widespread population-based preventive strategies, which could help to reduce the overall incidence of sudden cardiac arrest.

• #7 Prediction and prevention of sudden cardiac arrest

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3193122/

  The high incidence of cardiac arrest is recognized as the predominant mechanism of sudden cardiac death, especially among patients with coronary artery disease. As such, medical scientists and clinicians have sought ways of predicting and preventing these events. […] Despite the multiplicity of factors known to be related to an increased risk of sudden cardiac death, the only clinical practice currently used to predict such an event is the measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction. […] Traditional coronary risk factors, such as high cholesterol and hypertension, do not specifically identify those patients at high risk for sudden cardiac arrest. […] Factors such as obesity, diabetes, exercise habits and smoking could be mitigated using widespread population-based preventive strategies, which could help to reduce the overall incidence of sudden cardiac arrest.

• #8 Fairport Central School District – Sudden Cardiac Arrest Prevention Act

  https://www.fairport.org/25147_3

  Students Personal Risk Factors are: Use of diet pills, performance-enhancing supplements, energy drinks, or drugs such as cocaine, inhalants, or recreational drugs, Elevated blood pressure or cholesterol, History of healthcare provider ordered test(s) for heart-related issues. […] Students Family History Risk Factors are: Family history of known heart abnormalities or sudden death before 50 years of age, Family members with unexplained fainting, seizures, drowning, near drowning or car accidents before 50 years of age, Structural heart abnormality, repaired or unrepaired, Any relative diagnosed with the following conditions: Enlarged Heart/ Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy/Dilated Cardiomyopathy, Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy, Heart rhythm problems, long or short QT interval, Brugada Syndrome, Catecholaminergic Ventricular Tachycardia, Marfan Syndrome- aortic rupture, Heart attack at 50 years or younger, Pacemaker or implanted cardiac defibrillator (ICD).

• #9 Sudden Cardiac Arrest Prevention Act | Westhill School District

  https://www.westhillschools.org/teacherpage.cfm?teacher=1677

  Both your family health history and your child’s personal history must be told to healthcare providers to help them know if your child is at risk for sudden cardiac arrest. Ask your child if they are having any of the symptoms listed below and tell a healthcare provider. Know your family history and tell a healthcare provider of any risk factors listed below. The signs or symptoms are: Fainting or seizure, especially during or right after exercise or with excitement or startled […] Racing heart, palpitations, or irregular heartbeat […] Dizziness, lightheadedness, or extreme fatigue with exercise […] Chest pain or discomfort with exercise […] Excessive shortness of breath during exercise […] Excessive, unexpected fatigue during or after exercise […] Finally, the law requires any student who has signs and symptoms of pending SCA be removed from athletic activity until seen by a physician. The physician must provide written clearance to the school for the student to be able to return to athletics.

• #10 Fairport Central School District – Sudden Cardiac Arrest Prevention Act

  https://www.fairport.org/25147_3

  Students Personal Risk Factors are: Use of diet pills, performance-enhancing supplements, energy drinks, or drugs such as cocaine, inhalants, or recreational drugs, Elevated blood pressure or cholesterol, History of healthcare provider ordered test(s) for heart-related issues. […] Students Family History Risk Factors are: Family history of known heart abnormalities or sudden death before 50 years of age, Family members with unexplained fainting, seizures, drowning, near drowning or car accidents before 50 years of age, Structural heart abnormality, repaired or unrepaired, Any relative diagnosed with the following conditions: Enlarged Heart/ Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy/Dilated Cardiomyopathy, Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy, Heart rhythm problems, long or short QT interval, Brugada Syndrome, Catecholaminergic Ventricular Tachycardia, Marfan Syndrome- aortic rupture, Heart attack at 50 years or younger, Pacemaker or implanted cardiac defibrillator (ICD).

• #11 Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA) in Student-Athletes – California Interscholastic Federation

  https://www.cifstate.org/sports-medicine/sca/index

  If not properly treated within minutes, SCA is fatal in 92% of cases. […] Although SCA happens unexpectedly, some people may have signs or symptoms, such as fainting (#1 symptom of a potential heart condition), chest pain, shortness of breath, racing or fluttering of heartbeat (palpitation), dizziness or lightheadedness, extreme fatigue (tiredness). These symptoms can be unclear and confusing in athletes. Often, people confuse these warning signs with physical exhaustion. SCA can be prevented if the underlying causes can be diagnosed and treated. […] California passed the Eric Paredes Sudden Cardiac Arrest Prevention Act in 2016 to protect students participating in school-sponsored athletic activities. The new policy adds SCA training to coach certification and a new protocol that empowers coaches to remove from play a student who exhibits fainting, and potentially for other conditions if they are believed to be cardiac-related. Student-athletes must be evaluated and cleared by a physician, surgeon, nurse practitioner, or physicians assistant to return to play. Student-athletes and parents/guardians review and sign an SCA Information sheet as part of their annual sports packet. […] The SCA Fact Sheet is recommended for schools to use to comply with CIF Bylaw 503.J. Sudden Cardiac Arrest Protocol and California State Law AB 1639 (Education Code 33479).

• #12 Fairport Central School District – Sudden Cardiac Arrest Prevention Act

  https://www.fairport.org/25147_3

  Preventing SCA before it happens is the best way to save a life. Both your family health history and your child’s personal history must be told to healthcare providers to help them know if your child is at risk for sudden cardiac arrest. Ask your child if they are having any of the symptoms listed below and tell a healthcare provider. Know your family history and tell a healthcare provider of any risk factors listed below. […] The signs or symptoms are: Fainting or seizure, especially during or right after exercise or with excitement or startled, Racing heart, palpitations, or irregular heartbeat, Dizziness, lightheadedness, or extreme fatigue with exercise, Chest pain or discomfort with exercise, Excessive shortness of breath during exercise, Excessive, unexpected fatigue during or after exercise.

• #13 Sudden Cardiac Arrest Prevention Act | Westhill School District

  https://www.westhillschools.org/teacherpage.cfm?teacher=1677

  Both your family health history and your child’s personal history must be told to healthcare providers to help them know if your child is at risk for sudden cardiac arrest. Ask your child if they are having any of the symptoms listed below and tell a healthcare provider. Know your family history and tell a healthcare provider of any risk factors listed below. The signs or symptoms are: Fainting or seizure, especially during or right after exercise or with excitement or startled […] Racing heart, palpitations, or irregular heartbeat […] Dizziness, lightheadedness, or extreme fatigue with exercise […] Chest pain or discomfort with exercise […] Excessive shortness of breath during exercise […] Excessive, unexpected fatigue during or after exercise […] Finally, the law requires any student who has signs and symptoms of pending SCA be removed from athletic activity until seen by a physician. The physician must provide written clearance to the school for the student to be able to return to athletics.

• #14 Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA) in Student-Athletes – California Interscholastic Federation

  https://www.cifstate.org/sports-medicine/sca/index

  If not properly treated within minutes, SCA is fatal in 92% of cases. […] Although SCA happens unexpectedly, some people may have signs or symptoms, such as fainting (#1 symptom of a potential heart condition), chest pain, shortness of breath, racing or fluttering of heartbeat (palpitation), dizziness or lightheadedness, extreme fatigue (tiredness). These symptoms can be unclear and confusing in athletes. Often, people confuse these warning signs with physical exhaustion. SCA can be prevented if the underlying causes can be diagnosed and treated. […] California passed the Eric Paredes Sudden Cardiac Arrest Prevention Act in 2016 to protect students participating in school-sponsored athletic activities. The new policy adds SCA training to coach certification and a new protocol that empowers coaches to remove from play a student who exhibits fainting, and potentially for other conditions if they are believed to be cardiac-related. Student-athletes must be evaluated and cleared by a physician, surgeon, nurse practitioner, or physicians assistant to return to play. Student-athletes and parents/guardians review and sign an SCA Information sheet as part of their annual sports packet. […] The SCA Fact Sheet is recommended for schools to use to comply with CIF Bylaw 503.J. Sudden Cardiac Arrest Protocol and California State Law AB 1639 (Education Code 33479).

• #15 Primary prevention of sudden cardiac death in patients with cardiomyopathy and heart failure with reduced LVEF – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/primary-prevention-of-sudden-cardiac-death-in-patients-with-cardiomyopathy-and-heart-failure-with-reduced-lvef

  Primary prevention of sudden cardiac death in patients with cardiomyopathy and heart failure with reduced LVEF […] Primary prevention of SCD refers to medical or interventional therapy undertaken to prevent SCD in patients who have not experienced symptomatic life-threatening sustained VT/VF or sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) but who are felt to be at an increased risk for such an event. […] The primary prevention of SCD in patients with HF and cardiomyopathy with reduced ejection fraction, either due to coronary heart disease or a dilated nonischemic etiology, will be reviewed here with emphasis on the role of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs).

• #16 Primary prevention of sudden cardiac death

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1861296/

  While the main effect of these drug treatments is usually prevention of progression of known coronary heart disease or heart failure, some agents may have more direct antiarrhythmic effects. […] Prevention of SCD is ineffective at present. […] Currently, prevention of SCD can be achieved through four types of interventions: prevention of acute ischaemic events by prevention of coronary artery disease, optimal treatment of heart failure and protection of high-risk patients with a defibrillator, identification of an inherited risk for arrhythmias in the surface ECG and subsequent treatment of the underlying disease, prudent use of drugs with a potential for proarrhythmic side effects. […] Future diagnostic tests and therapeutic interventions will be based on a more comprehensive understanding of the cellular and electrical events that trigger SCD.

• #17 Sudden cardiac arrest – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sudden-cardiac-arrest/symptoms-causes/syc-20350634

  Keeping the heart healthy may help prevent sudden cardiac arrest. Take these steps: Eat healthy. Stay active and get regular exercise. Do not smoke or use tobacco. Have regular checkups. Get screened for heart disease. Control blood pressure and cholesterol. […] If you have a known risk of cardiac arrest, your healthcare professional might recommend a heart device called an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). The device is placed under your collarbone. […] You also might consider purchasing an automated external defibrillator (AED) for home use. Discuss this with your healthcare team. AEDs help reset the heart’s rhythm when a person has sudden cardiac arrest. But they can be expensive and aren’t always covered by health insurance.

• #18

  https://www.singhealth.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/sudden-cardiac-arrest

  Those who are young or have not developed signs and symptoms of CAD should: Eat a healthy diet, Exercise regularly, Stop smoking, Watch your weight, Take it easy, Regular health check-ups, Control cardiovascular risk factors. […] Those who already have documented CAD (e.g. had angina, heart attack, angioplasty or bypass surgery) should be more aggressive with the primary prevention steps, especially with smoking and controlling the risk factors. […] Therefore, if the diagnosis of poor heart function is made early and appropriate medications or treatments instituted, some SCA attacks in heart failure patients can be prevented. […] A person who had parents or siblings who had CAD at very young age or high cholesterol should have his/her cholesterol check. Aggressive reduction of cholesterol can reduce the chance of developing CAD and therefore SCD.

• #19 How to Prevent Cardiac Arrest– Avive AED

  https://www.avive.life/blog/how-to-prevent-cardiac-arrest

  Explore the actionable guidelines below to lower your risk of cardiac arrest by adopting a healthy lifestyle. […] Stress is a big risk factor that is often overlooked and under-appreciated when it comes to treating physical and mental health. […] Quitting smoking is a critical part of investing in better long term health outcomes for yourself and those around you. […] It probably comes as no surprise that eating nutrient rich foods is one of the best ways to avoid cardiovascular disease and support a healthy lifestyle. […] Limiting foods that have high amounts of sodium (salt) and saturated fats (i.e. full fat dairy products, whole milk, margarine, fried fast food, and high fat cuts of meat) is crucial to maintaining a healthy diet. […] Several studies have shown that excessive amounts of alcohol and binge drinking have been linked to an increased risk in cardiovascular conditions such as hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, and cardiomyopathy.

• #20

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/injuries-emergencies/sports-injuries/Pages/Sudden-Cardiac-Death.aspx

  Sudden cardiac arrest is rare in young people, but it can happen. […] But there are ways to help identify risk factors that can help prevent these tragedies. […] There are steps families and communities can take to lower their risk of sudden cardiac death in young people: […] Regular well-child visits and sports physicals. All children need regular wellness visits with their doctor. These visits are a chance to get a complete physical exam and detailed health history to help identify risk factors that may contribute to SCA. […] Know your family history. Gather the heart health history of blood relatives (children, siblings, parents, aunts and uncles, nieces and nephews, grandparents and cousins), and share with your pediatrician. This can help guide questions during well-child check-ups and sports physicals.

• #21 How to Prevent Cardiac Arrest– Avive AED

  https://www.avive.life/blog/how-to-prevent-cardiac-arrest

  Maintaining a healthy weight helps promote a lifestyle that poses less risk for developing heart disease, high blood pressure, and diabetes. […] By getting a heart screening to check your genetic predisposition, you can take steps ahead of time to reduce risks and protect yourself. […] By receiving regular medical checkups (including heart screenings), you have a better chance of identifying any underlying heart conditions early on so that you can treat them effectively! […] Knowing how and when to perform CPR and use an AED is crucial to preventing sudden cardiac death. […] Once the signs and symptoms of SCA are recognized, immediate CPR and an early shock (defibrillation) with an AED provide the patient with the best chances of survival. […] An ICD is a battery-powered device that is placed in the chest and meant to identify and terminate irregular heartbeats. It will deliver an electric shock, not unlike the lifesaving shock that an automated external defibrillator would provide. […] Prevention starts with awareness and action, so by making conscious choices to support heart health, we can empower ourselves to lead healthier lives.

• #22 Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA) in Youth

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/chronic/sca/

  Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is an abrupt and unexpected loss of heart function. […] Knowing and not ignoring the signs and symptoms that put you at risk for a SCA is the first step in preventing a SCA. A SCA can be fatal if not treated right away. Survival relies on calling 911, starting cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and using an automatic external defibrillator (AED). […] Talk to your child and their healthcare provider about the child’s personal risk factors and family history that put them at risk for SCA. […] Know your family history: Talking to your blood relatives about the family’s medical history is an important step in identifying conditions that put you at increased risk for SCA. […] Schedule and keep well-visits: The appointment provides an opportunity to review your family history and identify personal risk factors for SCA.

• #23 Primary prevention of sudden cardiac death

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1861296/

  Sudden cardiac death (SCD) causes more than 300000 deaths per annum in Europe, with the same number occurring in the United States, according to current estimations. […] SCD urgently requires primary prevention because the first clinical event is often fatal, especially in patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias. […] Primary prevention of SCD is therefore in part a diagnostic challenge that is, it requires identification of future sudden death victims before the first arrhythmia episode. […] Actions for primary prevention of coronary artery disease, most notably reduction of blood lipids, cessation of smoking, and sufficient treatment of diabetes and arterial hypertension, are therefore paramount to the prevention of SCD. […] In addition, several drugs are useful to prevent SCD in patients with known coronary artery disease or heart failure.

• #24 Primary prevention of sudden cardiac death

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1861296/

  While the main effect of these drug treatments is usually prevention of progression of known coronary heart disease or heart failure, some agents may have more direct antiarrhythmic effects. […] Prevention of SCD is ineffective at present. […] Currently, prevention of SCD can be achieved through four types of interventions: prevention of acute ischaemic events by prevention of coronary artery disease, optimal treatment of heart failure and protection of high-risk patients with a defibrillator, identification of an inherited risk for arrhythmias in the surface ECG and subsequent treatment of the underlying disease, prudent use of drugs with a potential for proarrhythmic side effects. […] Future diagnostic tests and therapeutic interventions will be based on a more comprehensive understanding of the cellular and electrical events that trigger SCD.

• #25 Sudden Cardiac Arrest: Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21736-cardiac-arrest

  Yes, its possible to prevent a cardiac arrest. […] To prevent future episodes of sudden cardiac arrest, your healthcare provider will want to do tests to figure out what caused your cardiac event. Tests may include: Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). Heart MRI (magnetic resonance imaging). Blood tests to check electrolytes that play a role in your hearts electrical conduction. Ambulatory monitoring. Echocardiogram (echo). Cardiac catheterization. Electrophysiology study. […] Treatments that can prevent cardiac arrest or lower your risk of a second episode include: Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). Other arrhythmia treatments in susceptible people. Medicines like beta-blockers. Fixing heart artery blockages with either coronary artery bypass surgery (also called CABG) or angioplasty.

• #26 Primary prevention of sudden cardiac death

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1861296/

  While the main effect of these drug treatments is usually prevention of progression of known coronary heart disease or heart failure, some agents may have more direct antiarrhythmic effects. […] Prevention of SCD is ineffective at present. […] Currently, prevention of SCD can be achieved through four types of interventions: prevention of acute ischaemic events by prevention of coronary artery disease, optimal treatment of heart failure and protection of high-risk patients with a defibrillator, identification of an inherited risk for arrhythmias in the surface ECG and subsequent treatment of the underlying disease, prudent use of drugs with a potential for proarrhythmic side effects. […] Future diagnostic tests and therapeutic interventions will be based on a more comprehensive understanding of the cellular and electrical events that trigger SCD.

• #27 Cardiac arrest – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arrest

  Prevention Not smoking, physical activity, maintaining a healthy weight, healthy eating […] With the lack of positive outcomes following cardiac arrest, efforts have been spent finding effective strategies to prevent cardiac arrest events. The approach to primary prevention promotes a healthy diet, exercise, limited alcohol consumption, and smoking cessation. […] Exercise is an effective preventative measure for cardiac arrest in the general population but may be risky for those with pre-existing conditions. […] A 2021 study found that diet may be a modifiable risk factor for a lower incidence of sudden cardiac death. […] In certain high-risk patient populations, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD) are also used to prevent sudden cardiac death. […] An implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) is a battery-powered device that monitors electrical activity in the heart, and when an arrhythmia is detected, can deliver an electrical shock to terminate the abnormal rhythm. […] Prevention of SCD with ICD therapy for high-risk patient populations has similarly shown improved survival rates in several large studies.

• #28 How to Prevent Cardiac Arrest– Avive AED

  https://www.avive.life/blog/how-to-prevent-cardiac-arrest

  Maintaining a healthy weight helps promote a lifestyle that poses less risk for developing heart disease, high blood pressure, and diabetes. […] By getting a heart screening to check your genetic predisposition, you can take steps ahead of time to reduce risks and protect yourself. […] By receiving regular medical checkups (including heart screenings), you have a better chance of identifying any underlying heart conditions early on so that you can treat them effectively! […] Knowing how and when to perform CPR and use an AED is crucial to preventing sudden cardiac death. […] Once the signs and symptoms of SCA are recognized, immediate CPR and an early shock (defibrillation) with an AED provide the patient with the best chances of survival. […] An ICD is a battery-powered device that is placed in the chest and meant to identify and terminate irregular heartbeats. It will deliver an electric shock, not unlike the lifesaving shock that an automated external defibrillator would provide. […] Prevention starts with awareness and action, so by making conscious choices to support heart health, we can empower ourselves to lead healthier lives.

• #29 Cardiac arrest – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arrest

  Prevention Not smoking, physical activity, maintaining a healthy weight, healthy eating […] With the lack of positive outcomes following cardiac arrest, efforts have been spent finding effective strategies to prevent cardiac arrest events. The approach to primary prevention promotes a healthy diet, exercise, limited alcohol consumption, and smoking cessation. […] Exercise is an effective preventative measure for cardiac arrest in the general population but may be risky for those with pre-existing conditions. […] A 2021 study found that diet may be a modifiable risk factor for a lower incidence of sudden cardiac death. […] In certain high-risk patient populations, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD) are also used to prevent sudden cardiac death. […] An implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) is a battery-powered device that monitors electrical activity in the heart, and when an arrhythmia is detected, can deliver an electrical shock to terminate the abnormal rhythm. […] Prevention of SCD with ICD therapy for high-risk patient populations has similarly shown improved survival rates in several large studies.

• #30 Sudden cardiac arrest – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sudden-cardiac-arrest/symptoms-causes/syc-20350634

  Keeping the heart healthy may help prevent sudden cardiac arrest. Take these steps: Eat healthy. Stay active and get regular exercise. Do not smoke or use tobacco. Have regular checkups. Get screened for heart disease. Control blood pressure and cholesterol. […] If you have a known risk of cardiac arrest, your healthcare professional might recommend a heart device called an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). The device is placed under your collarbone. […] You also might consider purchasing an automated external defibrillator (AED) for home use. Discuss this with your healthcare team. AEDs help reset the heart’s rhythm when a person has sudden cardiac arrest. But they can be expensive and aren’t always covered by health insurance.

• #31 Treatment of Cardiac Arrest | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/cardiac-arrest/emergency-treatment-of-cardiac-arrest

  Cardiac arrest can strike without warning. […] If you think the person may be suffering cardiac arrest and you’re a trained lay rescuer: […] Your health care team will closely monitor your heart. They also will focus on preventing organ damage, especially to your brain. […] Genetic testing may be recommended for you and your blood relatives. This testing is done because some conditions that can increase the risk of cardiac arrest run in families. […] It’s important to find out what caused your cardiac arrest. It’s also important for your family members to find out if they may be at risk of cardiac arrest because of an inherited condition or a gene that puts them at greater risk for one. […] Your health care team may recommend that you receive an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). This may happen during your hospital stay or shortly after. […] Always carry a card with the details about your ICD and emergency contact information so others know that you have one in the event of a medical emergency.

• #32 Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA) in Youth

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/chronic/sca/

  Calling 911, starting CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation), and using an AED (automated external defibrillator) when someone experiences a SCA can make the difference between life and death. […] To address this rare and tragic event in children and youth involved in school sports, Governor Kathy Hochul signed into law the Dominic Murray Sudden Cardiac Arrest Prevention Act (Bill A2388) on October 25, 2021 to support students and their families by: Educating students and families on SCA. […] Educating students to know the signs and symptoms that may put them at increased risk for SCA and to report any of the symptoms listed below to their parent/guardian, teacher, school nurse, or coach/athletic trainer. […] Educating coaches to identify students displaying signs and symptoms of SCA. […] Removing students from athletics who exhibit signs or symptoms of SCA and requiring students removed from athletic activities to be evaluated by and receive written and signed authorization from a licensed physician and the director of school health services before resuming athletic activities.

• #33 SCA Prevention Training – Eric Paredes Save A Life FoundationExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandFacebookTwitterInstagramToggle MenuFacebookInstagramTwitterYouTubeLinkedinExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandExpand

  https://epsavealife.org/sca-prevention-training/

  California law mandates Sudden Cardiac Arrest Prevention training for school and community youth sports coaches, officials and administrators. This free training will: […] help prepare you to protect your young hearts from the #1 killer of young athletes. […] Use our free resources to comply with these elements of the law: […] Coach fact sheets about new remove/return to play protocol for athletes who faint. […] Parent/athlete facts sheets that must be signed prior to participation (like concussion forms).

• #34 Sudden Cardiac Arrest Prevention Act – Simon’s Heart

  https://simonsheart.org/sudden-cardiac-arrest-prevention-act/

  On April 14, 2011, Simons Heart visited twelve lawmakers in Harrisburg to pitch the Sudden Cardiac Arrest Prevention Act. […] The Sudden Cardiac Arrest Prevention Act has three primary components: […] (1) Parents of student athletes in the public school system must review and sign an information sheet about the warning signs and conditions of sudden cardiac arrest. […] (2) Coaches must take an annual online training course about sudden cardiac arrest. […] (3) Coaches must remove a player from competition who exhibits symptoms of sudden cardiac arrest, and the player may not return until cleared by a licensed medical professional. […] This law is budget neutral and is the best way to raise awareness about the risk and warning signs of sudden cardiac arrest. It also promotes discussions around heart screenings, CPR, and AEDs.

• #35 Chase Morris Sudden Cardiac Arrest Prevention Act

  https://oklahoma.gov/content/sok-wcm/en/health/health-education/children—family-health/maternal-and-child-health-service/child-and-adolescent-health/school-health/chase-morris-sudden-cardiac-arrest-prevention-act.html

  Senate Bill 1921, the Chase Morris Sudden Cardiac Arrest Prevention Act outlines guidance for schools on handling and preventing situations of Sudden Cardiac Arrest. […] The legislation requires every coach associated with athletic activity, school nurses, and athletic trainers to complete a sudden cardiac arrest training course annually from Oklahoma State Department of Health (OSDH) approved providers. Training must include first aid, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and the use of an automated external defibrillator (AED). […] Each public school in this state shall also develop a sudden cardiac emergency response plan. The plan shall be formulated by a school site administrator and presented to the school district board of education. […] Contingent upon the availability of federal funding or donations from private organizations or persons made for this purpose, each school district shall make AEDs, as defined in Section 5A of Title 76 of the Oklahoma Statutes, available at each school site in the district.

• #36

  https://www.wiaawi.org/Health/Sudden-Cardiac-Arrest

  Sudden cardiac arrest is the leading cause of death in young athletes while training or participating in sport competition. […] There is potential for effective secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death by having automated external defibrillators (AEDs) easily accessible and trained staff available. […] It is advisable to have an Emergency Action Plan in place for all sport practice and competition sites that outlines the plan of action in case of the sudden collapse of an athlete. […] Time is Critical: If not properly treated within minutes, SCA is fatal in 92% of cases. […] Your schools medical personnel (team physician, licensed athletic trainer, school nurse) and/or local EMS may wish to assist in the development and implementation, if not already in place, of the emergency preparedness plan for the management of the collapsed athlete. […] The American Heart Association recommends a preparticipation history and physical including 12 important cardiac elements. […] Additional screening using an electrocardiogram and/or an echocardiogram is readily available to all athletes, but is not mandatory.

• #37 Sudden cardiac arrest in youth and young athletes: Signs, resources, and prevention – Heersink School of Medicine News

  https://www.uab.edu/medicine/news/latest/item/2858-sudden-cardiac-arrest-in-youth-and-young-athletes-signs-resources-and-prevention

  Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) occurs when the heart suddenly and unexpectedly stops beating. […] SCA can occur in anyone at any ageyouth included. […] By being aware of symptoms and knowing how to respond, one could save a life in an emergent situation. […] Knowing the signs of SCA is especially crucial when it comes to young athletes. […] In addition to knowing the signs, knowing how to be proactive regarding SCA can be critical. […] If someone has a cardiac arrest, you should first assess the person, checking for a pulse and responsiveness. […] When it comes to sports, the goal is to place an AED on an athlete and defibrillate within three to five minutes. […] However, with emergency action plans (EAPs), appropriate equipment (AEDs), and the right training, we can improve the odds of survival.

• #38 How to Prevent Cardiac Arrest– Avive AED

  https://www.avive.life/blog/how-to-prevent-cardiac-arrest

  Maintaining a healthy weight helps promote a lifestyle that poses less risk for developing heart disease, high blood pressure, and diabetes. […] By getting a heart screening to check your genetic predisposition, you can take steps ahead of time to reduce risks and protect yourself. […] By receiving regular medical checkups (including heart screenings), you have a better chance of identifying any underlying heart conditions early on so that you can treat them effectively! […] Knowing how and when to perform CPR and use an AED is crucial to preventing sudden cardiac death. […] Once the signs and symptoms of SCA are recognized, immediate CPR and an early shock (defibrillation) with an AED provide the patient with the best chances of survival. […] An ICD is a battery-powered device that is placed in the chest and meant to identify and terminate irregular heartbeats. It will deliver an electric shock, not unlike the lifesaving shock that an automated external defibrillator would provide. […] Prevention starts with awareness and action, so by making conscious choices to support heart health, we can empower ourselves to lead healthier lives.

• #39 Sudden cardiac arrest – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sudden-cardiac-arrest/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350640

  Preventing sudden cardiac arrest starts with keeping the heart and blood vessels in good shape. To live a heart-healthy lifestyle: […] Immediate CPR is needed to treat sudden cardiac arrest and prevent death. […] If you live with someone who is at risk of sudden cardiac arrest, it’s important that you be trained in CPR. The American Red Cross and other organizations offer courses in CPR and defibrillator use. […] The more people know what to do in a heart emergency, the greater the survival rate for sudden cardiac arrest is likely to be.

• #40 Stop Cardiac Arrest

  https://stopcardiacarrest.org/

  Sudden Cardiac Arrest is a leading cause of death in the United States, taking the lives of more than 356,000 people each year, including more than 23,000 youth under age 18. […] The sudden cardiac arrest survival rate is less than 10%. As noted by the National Academy of Medicines Strategies to Improve Cardiac Arrest Survival: A Time To Act, the survival rate has remained stagnant for three decades because the public is not prepared to save a life. Survival depends on emergency intervention beyond calling 911 within three minutes of collapse. A bystander administering hands-only CPR can triple a persons chance of survival, and using an AED in the first minute of collapse can increase survival to 90%. […] Call Push Shock has been recognized by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as a resource to educate the public about sudden cardiac arrest recognition and response.

• #41 Sudden cardiac arrest: Symptoms, treatment, & prevention tips

  https://www.uabmedicine.org/news/sudden-cardiac-arrest-symptoms-treatment-options-and-prevention-tips/

  UAB experts say coaches should be aware of the signs of SCA, be trained in CPR and AED use, know the location of the nearest AED, be familiar with the field/court cardiac EAP, and ideally perform a medical timeout before the event to share this information with people unfamiliar with the facility. […] When someone is experiencing SCA, every minute that person does not receive CPR decreases their chance of survival by 10 percent, according to the American Heart Association. […] This type of support and training is also available to other school systems.

• #42 Sudden cardiac arrest – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sudden-cardiac-arrest/symptoms-causes/syc-20350634

  Keeping the heart healthy may help prevent sudden cardiac arrest. Take these steps: Eat healthy. Stay active and get regular exercise. Do not smoke or use tobacco. Have regular checkups. Get screened for heart disease. Control blood pressure and cholesterol. […] If you have a known risk of cardiac arrest, your healthcare professional might recommend a heart device called an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). The device is placed under your collarbone. […] You also might consider purchasing an automated external defibrillator (AED) for home use. Discuss this with your healthcare team. AEDs help reset the heart’s rhythm when a person has sudden cardiac arrest. But they can be expensive and aren’t always covered by health insurance.

• #43 Chase Morris Sudden Cardiac Arrest Prevention Act

  https://oklahoma.gov/content/sok-wcm/en/health/health-education/children—family-health/maternal-and-child-health-service/child-and-adolescent-health/school-health/chase-morris-sudden-cardiac-arrest-prevention-act.html

  Senate Bill 1921, the Chase Morris Sudden Cardiac Arrest Prevention Act outlines guidance for schools on handling and preventing situations of Sudden Cardiac Arrest. […] The legislation requires every coach associated with athletic activity, school nurses, and athletic trainers to complete a sudden cardiac arrest training course annually from Oklahoma State Department of Health (OSDH) approved providers. Training must include first aid, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and the use of an automated external defibrillator (AED). […] Each public school in this state shall also develop a sudden cardiac emergency response plan. The plan shall be formulated by a school site administrator and presented to the school district board of education. […] Contingent upon the availability of federal funding or donations from private organizations or persons made for this purpose, each school district shall make AEDs, as defined in Section 5A of Title 76 of the Oklahoma Statutes, available at each school site in the district.

• #44

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/injuries-emergencies/sports-injuries/Pages/Preparing-for-Sudden-Cardiac-Arrest-in-Schools.aspx

  Did you know sudden cardiac arrest is the main cause of death in young athletes? […] In addition, many states now require automated external defibrillators (AEDs) in schools. […] CPR and AEDs save lives. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics advises all schools to place AEDs both inside and outside on school grounds as part of a Cardiac Emergency Response Plan. […] At least 20 states plus the District of Columbia require AEDs to be in all public schools. […] Even if your state doesn’t mandate AEDs, you can still be an advocate for getting them at your school. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that pediatricians should screen all kids for heart-related issues, not just athletes. […] This screening could help identify conditions that can lead to sudden cardiac arrest. […] The AAP also recommends that all kids from middle school to college age have an annual sports physical. […] If you or your child have any concerns about their heart health, see your pediatrician or a pediatric cardiologist.

• #45 Prevention of sudden cardiac arrest in sports settings: time is of the essence

  https://www.escardio.org/Sub-specialty-communities/European-Association-of-Preventive-Cardiology-(EAPC)/News/prevention-of-sudden-cardiac-arrest-in-sports-settings-no-more-time-to-lose

  Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) in athletes during competitive sports is rare (incidence of 0.76 per 100,000 athlete-years) but devastating, with severe consequences potentially leading to death during sports. […] In this context, basic life support (BLS) with early defibrillation, consisting of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and automated external defibrillator (AED), is the intervention most closely related to good resuscitation outcomes in the general population as in sports-related sudden cardiac arrest occurring during competition activities or recreational exercises. […] The results highlight the importance of witness intervention and encourage countries to develop their first aid training policy and AED installation in sport settings. […] Since defibrillation is the most effective treatment for SCA, the longer a patient has to wait for a defibrillation shock, the lower the chances of survival.

• #46 Center for Cardiac Arrest Prevention | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.edu/health-sciences-university/research/departments-institutes/cardiology/cardiac-arrest-prevention.html

  The mission of the Center for Cardiac Arrest Prevention (CCAP) is to discover and implement novel clinical tools for prediction and prevention of sudden cardiac arrest, thereby reducing the burden of sudden cardiac death in the community. […] The center will test prediction tools to identify individuals who would benefit from further medical screening or access to medical treatment, or devices to reduce their risk of sudden cardiac arrest. […] The center will implement proven, effective prediction tools in the community and/or medical setting and measure the impact of early identification and treatment. […] Center faculty and personnel explore novel methods for prediction and prevention of sudden cardiac arrest through epidemiological and translational research.

• #47 Predicting, Preventing Sudden Cardiac Arrest | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/newsroom/new-centers-mission-predict-prevent-sudden-cardiac-arrest/

  Sudden cardiac arrest is an electrical disturbance in heart rhythm that causes the heart to stop beating. The Smidt Heart Institute is launching a new, comprehensive Center for Cardiac Arrest Prevention to help predict and prevent the usually fatal heart rhythm problem. „Fewer than 10% of the people who experience sudden cardiac arrest survive,” said Sumeet Chugh, MD, who will direct the new center. „We have to learn from those that lost their lives as well as survivors’ experiences so that we can predict who is at risk. Being able to predict will enable us to prevent.” […] These seminal population-based studies have provided the foundation for pivotal advances in our ability to both predict and prevent sudden cardiac arrest, said Christine Albert, MD, MPH, chair of the Department of Cardiology.

• #48 Predicting, Preventing Sudden Cardiac Arrest | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/newsroom/new-centers-mission-predict-prevent-sudden-cardiac-arrest/

  „The underlying philosophy to harness science and epidemiology to guide rational community intervention promises to be a game changer in approaching this deadly scourge on society.” […] Explore novel methods for prediction and prevention of sudden cardiac arrest through epidemiological and translational research. […] Test prediction tools to identify individuals who would benefit from further medical screening or access to medical treatment or devices to reduce their risk of sudden cardiac arrest. […] Implement proven, effective prediction tools in the community and/or medical setting and measure the impact of early identification and treatment. […] Contribute to the scientific and medical community’s knowledge about ways to prevent death due to sudden cardiac arrest.

• #49 Strategies for Sudden Cardiac Death Prevention

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/10/3/639

  Sudden cardiac death (SCD) represents a major challenge in modern medicine. The prevention of SCD orbits on two levels, the general population level and individual level. Much research has been done with the aim to improve risk stratification of SCD, although no radical changes in evidence and in therapeutic strategy have been achieved. […] A novel approach for future research is represented by the use of machine learning (ML) technologies to improve risk prediction of SCD. […] The problem of SCD risk stratification reaches a maximum of complexity at an individual level, where patients suffer from different heart disease, and clinicians have to detect who could benefit from an ICD implantation for primary prevention. […] The heterogeneity of its physiopathology, where acquired and genetic factors concur to the development of fatal ventricular arrhythmias, affect the strategies of risk prevention. […] Solutions proposed in this review suggest the use of ML models to improve patient selection for an ICD implantation for primary prevention.

• #50 Management and prevention of in-hospital cardiac arrest: present and future | npj Cardiovascular Health

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s44325-024-00009-7

  Based on the setting, IHCA prevention can divided into two complementary approaches, hospital-based and pre-hospital. Hospital-based approaches include early warning scores/systems and the more novel use of signal analysis and machine learning to predict imminent IHCA. This can lead to prompt in-hospital interventions following an improved and rapid response to patients at risk of imminent SCA. The pre-hospital approach currently consists of measures that increase the speed of EMS contact and initiation of medical therapy to prevent IHCA. […] Hospital-based prevention of IHCA has been recently facilitated by the use of rapid response teams (RRTs) and proactive rounding in the hospital which reduce both IHCA incidence and associated mortality. Proactive rounding mostly consists of the deployment of RRT nurses to identify high-risk patients for preemptive interventions. Other rapidly advancing efforts that target improved monitoring and early recognition of IHCA include early warning systems (EWS) and triage tools.

• #51 Management and prevention of in-hospital cardiac arrest: present and future | npj Cardiovascular Health

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s44325-024-00009-7

  Advances in technology are being evaluated and deployed at a rapid pace to facilitate accurate prediction of IHCA. These include artificial intelligence (AI), signal/waveform analysis, and biometrics. One of the most promising of these is the deep learning-based early warning systems (DEWS). […] In addition to improved prevention measures, much of the improvement in IHCA survival outcomes can be attributed to better resuscitation and post-resuscitation techniques, widespread use of specialized code team responders, and adoption of guideline-directed therapy. […] The cornerstones of treatment for patients in cardiac arrest are chest compressions, defibrillation (if applicable), ventilation/oxygenation, and pharmacotherapy. Of these interventions, chest compressions and defibrillation have been a staple of management since 1960 and have shown to be the most critical part of CPR and should be initiated as soon as possible after cardiac arrest has been identified.

• #52 Eric Paredes Sudden Cardiac Arrest Prevention Act – Professional Learning (CA Dept of Education)

  https://www.cde.ca.gov/pd/ca/pe/scaprevention.asp

  Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA) is a leading cause of death among people under age 25. According to the American Heart Association, SCA affects nearly 10,000 youth per year. Many children and parents are unaware they have a potentially fatal heart condition until it is too late. Youth participating in sports are particularly susceptible given SCA is the #1 killer of student athletes. […] As a result of AB 1639, information on sudden cardiac arrest symptoms and warning signs will be posted to the Internet and a pupil’s parent or guardian will be required to review, sign, and return an acknowledgement of receiving such information before the pupil participates in an athletic activity as specified in California Education Code (EC) 33479. Most importantly, pupils who pass out or faint during or following participation in an athletic activity must be removed from participation until evaluated and cleared in writing by a physician and surgeon, or a nurse practitioner or physician assistant practicing in accordance with standardized procedures or protocols developed by the supervising physician and surgeon and the nurse practitioner or physician assistant.

• #53 Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA) in Student-Athletes – California Interscholastic Federation

  https://www.cifstate.org/sports-medicine/sca/index

  Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA) in Student-Athletes […] Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA) is not a heart attack. Its an abnormality in the hearts electrical system that abruptly stops the heartbeat. It’s caused by an undetected congenital or genetic heart condition. […] Possible Warning Signs: Unexplained fainting, shortness of breath, lightheadedness, chest pain, heart palpitations, family history of SCA, or unexplained sudden death under the age of 50. […] Sudden Cardiac Arrest is the #1 Killer of Student Athletes. Up to 72% of sudden cardiac arrests are preceded by symptoms, which often go unrecognized, which is why parents and student-athletes thoughtfully completing sports clearance packets and health history forms together is so critical. SCA is also the leading cause of death on school campuses, with 1 in 300 youth having an undetected heart condition that puts them at risk for SCA.

• #54 What is sudden cardiac arrest and how can you be prepared?

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/news/headlines/what-is-sudden-cardiac-arrest-and-how-can-you-be-prepared/2023/07

  Sudden cardiac arrest is the leading cause of death for student athletes. […] Project ADAM Sacramento is committed to helping schools, sports organizations and community groups implement and sustain a CPR and AED program so they can handle cardiac emergencies and save lives. […] We provide education and support in the following areas: Increasing awareness of sudden cardiac arrest and its signs and symptoms, Guidance in developing cardiac emergency response plans, Assistance in getting training for CPR and AED use, Guidance on carrying out regular cardiac emergency response drills.

• #55 Primary prevention of sudden cardiac death in patients with cardiomyopathy and heart failure with reduced LVEF – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/primary-prevention-of-sudden-cardiac-death-in-patients-with-cardiomyopathy-and-heart-failure-with-reduced-lvef

  Primary prevention of sudden cardiac death in patients with cardiomyopathy and heart failure with reduced LVEF […] Primary prevention of SCD refers to medical or interventional therapy undertaken to prevent SCD in patients who have not experienced symptomatic life-threatening sustained VT/VF or sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) but who are felt to be at an increased risk for such an event. […] The primary prevention of SCD in patients with HF and cardiomyopathy with reduced ejection fraction, either due to coronary heart disease or a dilated nonischemic etiology, will be reviewed here with emphasis on the role of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs).

• #56

  https://www.prevention.com/health/a64340749/antidepressants-sudden-cardiac-death-study/

  New research finds a link between using antidepressants and a higher risk of sudden cardiac death. […] Some antidepressant users have an up to five times greater risk of sudden cardiac death. […] The researchers discovered that people who filled prescriptions for antidepressants for one to five years had a 56% higher risk of sudden cardiac death compared to those in the general population who didn’t take the medication. […] Those who filled prescriptions for antidepressants for six or more years had a 2.2 times higher risk. […] The differences in risk of sudden cardiac death varied by age and how long people took antidepressants, with people taking these medications for longer periods of time being the most at risk. […] The researchers found the risk of sudden cardiac death increased by as much as five times in some people.

• #57

  https://www.prevention.com/health/a64340749/antidepressants-sudden-cardiac-death-study/

  Certain antidepressants, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or SSRIs, can interact with other medications, including those used to manage a range of heart conditions, which could decrease their effect and raise the risk of heart complications. […] They also can interact with medications like certain antibiotics or other types of psychiatric medications and cause an increase in cardiac arrhythmias, which can lead ultimately to sudden cardiac death. […] Worth noting: Research suggests that having untreated depression more than doubles the risk of having cardiac arrest. […] Much more research is necessary to fully understand the connection between antidepressant use and sudden cardiac death.

• #58 Prediction and prevention of sudden cardiac arrest

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3193122/

  Major advances have been made in understanding the causes of and treatments for cardiovascular disease, and mortality related to such disease has been reduced. However, the incidence of sudden cardiac arrest has remained almost unchanged for decades, generally affecting younger people (mean age about 65 yr) more so than other cardiovascular conditions causing death. Sudden cardiac arrest therefore represents a heavy burden to families, communities and the health care system. […] Several reasons have been identified for the lack of improvement in outcomes for people at risk of premature, unexpected, sudden cardiac arrest, such as insufficient understanding of the mechanisms responsible or of the role played by genetic or environmental factors and the lack of good parameters for stratifying risk.

• #59 Primary prevention of sudden cardiac death

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1861296/

  While the main effect of these drug treatments is usually prevention of progression of known coronary heart disease or heart failure, some agents may have more direct antiarrhythmic effects. […] Prevention of SCD is ineffective at present. […] Currently, prevention of SCD can be achieved through four types of interventions: prevention of acute ischaemic events by prevention of coronary artery disease, optimal treatment of heart failure and protection of high-risk patients with a defibrillator, identification of an inherited risk for arrhythmias in the surface ECG and subsequent treatment of the underlying disease, prudent use of drugs with a potential for proarrhythmic side effects. […] Future diagnostic tests and therapeutic interventions will be based on a more comprehensive understanding of the cellular and electrical events that trigger SCD.

• #60 Primary prevention of sudden cardiac death

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1861296/

  While the main effect of these drug treatments is usually prevention of progression of known coronary heart disease or heart failure, some agents may have more direct antiarrhythmic effects. […] Prevention of SCD is ineffective at present. […] Currently, prevention of SCD can be achieved through four types of interventions: prevention of acute ischaemic events by prevention of coronary artery disease, optimal treatment of heart failure and protection of high-risk patients with a defibrillator, identification of an inherited risk for arrhythmias in the surface ECG and subsequent treatment of the underlying disease, prudent use of drugs with a potential for proarrhythmic side effects. […] Future diagnostic tests and therapeutic interventions will be based on a more comprehensive understanding of the cellular and electrical events that trigger SCD.

• #61 Strategies for Sudden Cardiac Death Prevention

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/10/3/639

  Sudden cardiac death (SCD) represents a major challenge in modern medicine. The prevention of SCD orbits on two levels, the general population level and individual level. Much research has been done with the aim to improve risk stratification of SCD, although no radical changes in evidence and in therapeutic strategy have been achieved. […] A novel approach for future research is represented by the use of machine learning (ML) technologies to improve risk prediction of SCD. […] The problem of SCD risk stratification reaches a maximum of complexity at an individual level, where patients suffer from different heart disease, and clinicians have to detect who could benefit from an ICD implantation for primary prevention. […] The heterogeneity of its physiopathology, where acquired and genetic factors concur to the development of fatal ventricular arrhythmias, affect the strategies of risk prevention. […] Solutions proposed in this review suggest the use of ML models to improve patient selection for an ICD implantation for primary prevention.

• #62 Stop Cardiac Arrest

  https://stopcardiacarrest.org/

  Sudden Cardiac Arrest is a leading cause of death in the United States, taking the lives of more than 356,000 people each year, including more than 23,000 youth under age 18. […] The sudden cardiac arrest survival rate is less than 10%. As noted by the National Academy of Medicines Strategies to Improve Cardiac Arrest Survival: A Time To Act, the survival rate has remained stagnant for three decades because the public is not prepared to save a life. Survival depends on emergency intervention beyond calling 911 within three minutes of collapse. A bystander administering hands-only CPR can triple a persons chance of survival, and using an AED in the first minute of collapse can increase survival to 90%. […] Call Push Shock has been recognized by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as a resource to educate the public about sudden cardiac arrest recognition and response.

• #63 Stop Cardiac Arrest

  https://stopcardiacarrest.org/

  In 2008 the 110th Congress of the United States declared October to be National Sudden Cardiac Arrest Awareness Month in an effort to educate the public about warning signs, risk factors and what to do in a cardiac emergency. […] Healthy People 2030 Heart Disease/Emergency Preparedness objectives include increasing the rate of bystander CPR (PREP-01) and use of an AED (PREP-02). […] Many organizations, including the ones listed below, offer information about: risk factors and potential warning signs of a heart condition, preventative heart screenings, the Cardiac Chain of Survival that anyone can use to save a life, how to administer hands-only CPR and use an AED, cardiac emergency response plans, treatment options for SCA survivors and those living with a heart condition, flyers, posters, fact sheets, videos and training tools for SCA prevention.

• #64 Risk-factor changes could prevent the majority of sudden cardiac arrests | EurekAlert!

  https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1081297

  To achieve dramatic reductions in the immense burden SCA places on the health system, this narrative must extend beyond acute intervention to a broader, population-wide strategy that prioritizes primary prevention. Identifying modifiable factors linked to SCA is crucial for informing the development of high-quality public health messaging and interventions, especially in resource-limited environments.

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