Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Sudden cardiac arrest – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sudden-cardiac-arrest/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350640

  Sudden cardiac arrest happens suddenly and requires emergency medical care at a hospital. If the heart is quickly restored, survival is possible. When you are stable, healthcare professionals at the hospital run tests to determine the cause. […] Tests are done to help learn how well the heart pumps blood and to look for diseases that affect the heart. […] Tests for sudden cardiac arrest often include: […] Blood tests. Certain heart proteins slowly leak into the blood after heart damage from a heart attack. Blood tests can be done to check for these proteins. Blood tests also are done to check levels of potassium, magnesium, hormones and other body chemicals that affect the heart’s ability to work. […] Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). This quick and painless test checks the electrical activity of the heart. Sensors, called electrodes, are attached to the chest and sometimes the arms and legs. An ECG can tell how fast or how slow the heart is beating. The test can show changes in the heartbeat that increase the risk of sudden death.

• #2 Cardiac Arrest – Diagnosis | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/cardiac-arrest/diagnosis

  Cardiac arrests usually occur in peoples homes, where no healthcare provider is present to make a diagnosis. […] A heart imaging test called an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) will show a severe ventricular arrythmia or no heartbeat at all. […] Most often, cardiac arrest is diagnosed after it occurs. Healthcare providers do this by ruling out other causes of a persons collapse. […] The emergency room doctor will do a physical exam and check your medical history and your family history. The doctor will also order tests to assess your condition. […] Test results can also help you and your doctor set up a treatment plan to reduce your risk of death or complications. […] Some genes changes increase the risk of cardiac arrest. If you have survived a cardiac arrest, your provider may order genetic tests for you and your blood relatives, depending on your family history. […] Up to 1 in 5 people who died of unexplained cardiac arrest had genes linked with heart problems, such as inherited cardiomyopathies or arrhythmias.

• #3 Cardiac Arrest – Diagnosis | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/cardiac-arrest/diagnosis

  Cardiac arrests usually occur in peoples homes, where no healthcare provider is present to make a diagnosis. […] A heart imaging test called an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) will show a severe ventricular arrythmia or no heartbeat at all. […] Most often, cardiac arrest is diagnosed after it occurs. Healthcare providers do this by ruling out other causes of a persons collapse. […] The emergency room doctor will do a physical exam and check your medical history and your family history. The doctor will also order tests to assess your condition. […] Test results can also help you and your doctor set up a treatment plan to reduce your risk of death or complications. […] Some genes changes increase the risk of cardiac arrest. If you have survived a cardiac arrest, your provider may order genetic tests for you and your blood relatives, depending on your family history. […] Up to 1 in 5 people who died of unexplained cardiac arrest had genes linked with heart problems, such as inherited cardiomyopathies or arrhythmias.

• #4

  https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/heart-vascular/conditions/sudden-cardiac-arrest

  With the right, immediate treatment, its possible to survive a sudden cardiac arrest. […] Sudden cardiac arrest happens when your heart abruptly stops beating and blood stops flowing to the brain and other organs. […] Immediate action from others can improve your chance of survival until emergency personnel arrive. […] Sudden cardiac arrest is different than a heart attack, which is when blood flow to the heart becomes blocked. […] The symptoms are immediate and severe, and include collapse, no pulse or breathing, and loss of consciousness. […] Any heart condition can cause sudden cardiac arrest, but the most common cause is an irregular heart rhythm, called arrhythmia. […] After a sudden cardiac arrest, youll likely be admitted to a hospital for testing. […] To find the underlying cause or help you manage another heart condition or risk factor that could lead to cardiac arrest, your doctor may order: Electrocardiogram (EKG) to check your hearts electrical activity. […] If the sudden cardiac arrest was caused by an arrhythmia, your doctor may suggest an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD).

• #5 Sudden Cardiac Arrest: Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21736-cardiac-arrest

  Cardiac arrest happens when your heart stops beating or beats so fast that it stops pumping blood. During cardiac arrest, people typically collapse and become unresponsive. Symptoms start without warning. This is why people also call it sudden cardiac arrest. […] Cardiac arrest symptoms begin suddenly, leaving little time for tests. The condition can become fatal within minutes. This is why a quick diagnosis is essential. […] A persons symptoms are often the best way to diagnose cardiac arrest, especially if they: Are unconscious. Have no pulse. Arent breathing. […] You can treat and reverse sudden cardiac arrest. But cardiac arrest treatment has to start immediately, wherever you are. Survival can be as high as 90% if treatment starts within the first minutes after sudden cardiac arrest. The rate drops by about 10% each minute longer.

• #6 Sudden cardiac arrest – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sudden-cardiac-arrest/symptoms-causes/syc-20350634

  Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is the sudden loss of all heart activity due to an irregular heart rhythm. Breathing stops. The person becomes unconscious. Without immediate treatment, sudden cardiac arrest can lead to death. […] Emergency treatment for sudden cardiac arrest includes cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and shocks to the heart with a device called an automated external defibrillator (AED). Survival is possible with fast, appropriate medical care. […] Sudden cardiac arrest isn’t the same as a heart attack. A heart attack happens when blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked. Sudden cardiac arrest is not due to a blockage. However, a heart attack can cause a change in the heart’s electrical activity that leads to sudden cardiac arrest. […] Symptoms of sudden cardiac arrest are immediate and severe and include: Sudden collapse. No pulse. No breathing. Loss of consciousness.

• #7

  https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/heart-vascular/conditions/sudden-cardiac-arrest

  With the right, immediate treatment, its possible to survive a sudden cardiac arrest. […] Sudden cardiac arrest happens when your heart abruptly stops beating and blood stops flowing to the brain and other organs. […] Immediate action from others can improve your chance of survival until emergency personnel arrive. […] Sudden cardiac arrest is different than a heart attack, which is when blood flow to the heart becomes blocked. […] The symptoms are immediate and severe, and include collapse, no pulse or breathing, and loss of consciousness. […] Any heart condition can cause sudden cardiac arrest, but the most common cause is an irregular heart rhythm, called arrhythmia. […] After a sudden cardiac arrest, youll likely be admitted to a hospital for testing. […] To find the underlying cause or help you manage another heart condition or risk factor that could lead to cardiac arrest, your doctor may order: Electrocardiogram (EKG) to check your hearts electrical activity. […] If the sudden cardiac arrest was caused by an arrhythmia, your doctor may suggest an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD).

• #8 Sudden cardiac arrest – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sudden-cardiac-arrest/symptoms-causes/syc-20350634

  If you see someone who’s unconscious and not breathing, call 911 or local emergency services. Then start CPR. The American Heart Association recommends doing CPR with hard and fast chest compressions. Use an automated external defibrillator, called an AED, if one is available. […] A change in the heart’s electrical activity causes sudden cardiac arrest. The change makes the heart stop pumping blood. No blood flow goes to the body. […] The most common cause of sudden cardiac arrest is an irregular heart rhythm called ventricular fibrillation. Rapid, erratic heart signals cause the lower heart chambers to quiver uselessly instead of pumping blood. […] Heart conditions that can cause sudden cardiac arrest include: Coronary artery disease. Sudden cardiac arrest may occur if the heart arteries become clogged with cholesterol and other deposits, reducing blood flow to the heart.

• #9 Sudden cardiac arrest – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sudden-cardiac-arrest/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350640

  Sudden cardiac arrest happens suddenly and requires emergency medical care at a hospital. If the heart is quickly restored, survival is possible. When you are stable, healthcare professionals at the hospital run tests to determine the cause. […] Tests are done to help learn how well the heart pumps blood and to look for diseases that affect the heart. […] Tests for sudden cardiac arrest often include: […] Blood tests. Certain heart proteins slowly leak into the blood after heart damage from a heart attack. Blood tests can be done to check for these proteins. Blood tests also are done to check levels of potassium, magnesium, hormones and other body chemicals that affect the heart’s ability to work. […] Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). This quick and painless test checks the electrical activity of the heart. Sensors, called electrodes, are attached to the chest and sometimes the arms and legs. An ECG can tell how fast or how slow the heart is beating. The test can show changes in the heartbeat that increase the risk of sudden death.

• #10 Cardiac Arrest: Diagnosis & Treatment | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/heart/cardiac-arrest/treatment

  How is Cardiac Arrest Diagnosed? Diagnosis Since cardiac arrest occurs suddenly and unexpectedly, the condition is often diagnosed after an episode occurs. If a person survives cardiac arrest, diagnostic tests are performed to determine its cause and help prevent future cardiac arrest episodes. Diagnostic tests include: Electrocardiogram – Also known as an EKG or ECG. Electrode sensors are placed on the chest and sometimes the arms and legs. The electrodes detect and record information about heart activity and electrical impulses in the heart. This test provides an easy, painless way for a doctor to check for irregularities that could lead to sudden cardiac death. […] Blood tests – A doctor can analyze a blood sample to detect abnormal levels of potassium, magnesium, hormones, and other chemicals that influence the electrical signals in the heart. Blood tests can also measure certain enzyme levels that are indicators of heart damage or a heart attack.

• #11 Sudden cardiac arrest – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sudden-cardiac-arrest/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350640

  Sudden cardiac arrest happens suddenly and requires emergency medical care at a hospital. If the heart is quickly restored, survival is possible. When you are stable, healthcare professionals at the hospital run tests to determine the cause. […] Tests are done to help learn how well the heart pumps blood and to look for diseases that affect the heart. […] Tests for sudden cardiac arrest often include: […] Blood tests. Certain heart proteins slowly leak into the blood after heart damage from a heart attack. Blood tests can be done to check for these proteins. Blood tests also are done to check levels of potassium, magnesium, hormones and other body chemicals that affect the heart’s ability to work. […] Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). This quick and painless test checks the electrical activity of the heart. Sensors, called electrodes, are attached to the chest and sometimes the arms and legs. An ECG can tell how fast or how slow the heart is beating. The test can show changes in the heartbeat that increase the risk of sudden death.

• #12 Cardiac Arrest: Diagnosis & Treatment | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/heart/cardiac-arrest/treatment

  How is Cardiac Arrest Diagnosed? Diagnosis Since cardiac arrest occurs suddenly and unexpectedly, the condition is often diagnosed after an episode occurs. If a person survives cardiac arrest, diagnostic tests are performed to determine its cause and help prevent future cardiac arrest episodes. Diagnostic tests include: Electrocardiogram – Also known as an EKG or ECG. Electrode sensors are placed on the chest and sometimes the arms and legs. The electrodes detect and record information about heart activity and electrical impulses in the heart. This test provides an easy, painless way for a doctor to check for irregularities that could lead to sudden cardiac death. […] Blood tests – A doctor can analyze a blood sample to detect abnormal levels of potassium, magnesium, hormones, and other chemicals that influence the electrical signals in the heart. Blood tests can also measure certain enzyme levels that are indicators of heart damage or a heart attack.

• #13 Sudden Cardiac Death Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Other Tests

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/151907-workup

  Laboratory studies in the workup of sudden cardiac death (SCD) include the following: […] Cardiac enzymes (creatine kinase, myoglobin, troponin): Elevations in these enzyme levels may indicate ischemia and myocardial infarction (MI). The extent of myocardial damage usually can be correlated to the extent of elevation in the enzyme levels. Patients are at increased risk for arrhythmia in the peri-infarct period. […] Electrolytes, calcium, and magnesium: Severe metabolic acidosis, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, and hypomagnesemia are some of the conditions that can increase the risk for arrhythmia and sudden death. […] Quantitative drug levels (quinidine, procainamide, tricyclic antidepressants, digoxin): Drug levels higher than the levels indicated in the therapeutic index may have a proarrhythmic effect. Subtherapeutic levels of these drugs in patients being treated for specific cardiac conditions also can lead to an increased risk for arrhythmia. Most of the antiarrhythmic medications also have a proarrhythmic effect.

• #14 Sudden Cardiac Death Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Other Tests

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/151907-workup

  Toxicology screen: Looking for drugs, such as cocaine, that can lead to vasospasm-induced ischemia is warranted if suspicion exists. Obtaining levels of drugs (antiarrhythmics) also may be warranted. […] Thyroid-stimulating hormone: Hyperthyroidism can lead to tachycardia and tachyarrhythmias. Over a period of time, it also can lead to heart failure. Hypothyroidism can lead to QT prolongation. […] Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP): BNP has predictive value especially in post MI patients and in patients with heart failure. Although preliminary and not conclusive, emerging data support the notion that an elevated BNP level may provide prognostic information on the risk of SCD, independent of clinical information and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). […] Echocardiography provides useful information about the cardiac structure and function, and it is an essential part of the workup for sudden cardiac death (SCD).

• #15 Sudden cardiac arrest – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sudden-cardiac-arrest/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350640

  Sudden cardiac arrest happens suddenly and requires emergency medical care at a hospital. If the heart is quickly restored, survival is possible. When you are stable, healthcare professionals at the hospital run tests to determine the cause. […] Tests are done to help learn how well the heart pumps blood and to look for diseases that affect the heart. […] Tests for sudden cardiac arrest often include: […] Blood tests. Certain heart proteins slowly leak into the blood after heart damage from a heart attack. Blood tests can be done to check for these proteins. Blood tests also are done to check levels of potassium, magnesium, hormones and other body chemicals that affect the heart’s ability to work. […] Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). This quick and painless test checks the electrical activity of the heart. Sensors, called electrodes, are attached to the chest and sometimes the arms and legs. An ECG can tell how fast or how slow the heart is beating. The test can show changes in the heartbeat that increase the risk of sudden death.

• #16 Cardiac Arrest: Diagnosis & Treatment | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/heart/cardiac-arrest/treatment

  How is Cardiac Arrest Diagnosed? Diagnosis Since cardiac arrest occurs suddenly and unexpectedly, the condition is often diagnosed after an episode occurs. If a person survives cardiac arrest, diagnostic tests are performed to determine its cause and help prevent future cardiac arrest episodes. Diagnostic tests include: Electrocardiogram – Also known as an EKG or ECG. Electrode sensors are placed on the chest and sometimes the arms and legs. The electrodes detect and record information about heart activity and electrical impulses in the heart. This test provides an easy, painless way for a doctor to check for irregularities that could lead to sudden cardiac death. […] Blood tests – A doctor can analyze a blood sample to detect abnormal levels of potassium, magnesium, hormones, and other chemicals that influence the electrical signals in the heart. Blood tests can also measure certain enzyme levels that are indicators of heart damage or a heart attack.

• #17 Cardiac arrest – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arrest

  Cardiac arrest is diagnosed by the inability to find a pulse in an unresponsive patient. […] The goal of treatment for cardiac arrest is to rapidly achieve return of spontaneous circulation using a variety of interventions including CPR, defibrillation, and/or cardiac pacing. […] Cardiac arrest is synonymous with clinical death. […] The physical examination to diagnose cardiac arrest focuses on the absence of a pulse. […] During resuscitation efforts, continuous monitoring equipment including EKG leads should be attached to the patient so that providers can analyze the electrical activity of the cardiac cycle and use this information to guide the management efforts. […] EKG readings will help to identify the arrhythmia present and allow the team to monitor any changes that occur with the administration of CPR and defibrillation.

• #18 Cardiac arrest – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arrest

  Clinicians classify cardiac arrest into „shockable” versus „non-shockable”, as determined by the EKG rhythm. […] The two „shockable” rhythms are ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia, while the two „non-shockable” rhythms are asystole and pulseless electrical activity. […] Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is a tool that can be used to examine the movement of the heart and its force of contraction at the patient’s bedside. […] POCUS can accurately diagnose cardiac arrest in hospital settings, as well as visualize cardiac wall motion contractions. […] Various other methods for detecting circulation and therefore diagnosing cardiac arrest have been proposed. […] The current guidelines prompt individuals to begin CPR on any unconscious person with absent or abnormal breathing. […] In a non-acute setting where the patient is expired, diagnosis of cardiac arrest can be done via molecular autopsy or postmortem molecular testing, which uses a set of molecular techniques to find the ion channels that are cardiac defective.

• #19 Sudden Cardiac Death Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Other Tests

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/151907-workup

  A number of studies have demonstrated that the use of two-dimensional echocardiogram to evaluate left wall motion abnormalities after an acute myocardial infarction (MI) (using the LV wall-motion score index) is useful in predicting the risk for major cardiac events, including sudden death. […] Signal-averaged ECG (SAECG) has been variably reported to be useful in analysis of patients with sudden cardiac death (SCD). […] Microvolt T wave alternans (MTWA) amplifies the alternans and may be used in the workup to predict the risk of SCD. […] In targeted patients, EPS play diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic roles. […] The presence of inducible sustained VT, at baseline or when the patient is on antiarrhythmic medications, confers a higher risk for sudden death. […] Ejection fraction is the best predictor of significant cardiac events and survival.

• #20 Sudden cardiac arrest – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sudden-cardiac-arrest/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350640

  Echocardiogram. Sound waves create images of the heart in motion. This test can show how blood flows through the heart and heart valves. It can show heart valve conditions and heart muscle damage. […] Ejection fraction. This test is done during an echocardiogram. It’s a measurement of the percentage of blood leaving the heart each time it squeezes. A typical ejection fraction is 50% to 70%. An ejection fraction of less than 40% increases the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. […] Chest X-ray. This test shows the size and shape of the heart and lungs. It might also show whether you have heart failure. […] Nuclear scan. This test is usually done with a stress test. It helps see changes in blood flow to the heart. Tiny amounts of radioactive material, called a tracer, are given by IV. Special cameras can see the radioactive material as it flows through the heart and lungs.

• #21 Cardiac Arrest: Diagnosis & Treatment | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/heart/cardiac-arrest/treatment

  Imaging tests, including: Echocardiogram – A doctor uses a wand-like instrument that emits ultrasound waves to produce computerized images of the heart in motion. This enables the doctor to detect structural or blood flow issues within the heart and damage or abnormalities in the heart muscle or valves that may lead to cardiac arrest. […] Chest X-ray – Uses radiation to produce images of the heart and surrounding blood vessels. The X-ray can reveal the size and shape of the heart, fluid accumulation around the heart, or issues with valves. […] Nuclear scan – Trace amounts of a radioactive substance are injected into the bloodstream. Specialized cameras can detect the radioactive substance in the blood as it flows throughout the body, allowing doctors to detect blood flow issues that may lead to cardiac arrest. […] Coronary catheterization – A thin tube is fed through a blood vessel to the heart and injects a liquid dye into the bloodstream. X-ray images are then used to view the dye and detect artery blockages and blood flow issues.

• #22 Sudden Cardiac Arrest: Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21736-cardiac-arrest

  Sudden cardiac arrest can be fatal if it lasts longer than eight minutes without CPR. Brain damage can happen after just five minutes. […] Testing can let you know whether youre at risk for sudden cardiac arrest. […] To prevent future episodes of sudden cardiac arrest, your healthcare provider will want to do tests to figure out what caused your cardiac event. Tests may include: Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). Heart MRI (magnetic resonance imaging). Blood tests to check electrolytes that play a role in your hearts electrical conduction. Ambulatory monitoring. Echocardiogram (echo). Cardiac catheterization. Electrophysiology study. […] After successful defibrillation, most people need hospital care to recover from the effects of their sudden cardiac arrest and to treat and prevent future heart problems. […] Surviving sudden cardiac arrest is the start of a long recovery for many. Depending on how long your brain was without oxygen, youll likely have brain damage. […] Surviving a life-threatening condition can cause mental health challenges (post-intensive care syndrome).

• #23 Cardiac Arrest

  https://www.marshfieldclinic.org/specialties/heart-care/cardiac-arrest

  Cardiac Arrest also called Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA) or Cardiopulmonary Arrest is the sudden, unexpected stoppage of normal blood circulation due to ineffective heart action. […] Proper diagnosis begins with a doctor consultation that includes a review of the patient’s medical history and family medical history, including risk factors for sudden cardiac arrest. […] Several screening and diagnostic tests may be used to determine if a patient is at risk: Genetic Testing helps detect a patient’s risk for SCA […] Imaging Tests such as chest X-ray, echocardiogram, computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or a nuclear scan that identifies blood flow problems in the heart […] Clinical Laboratory Tests such as an electrocardiogram (EKG) or coronary catheterization (angiogram).

• #24 Sudden Cardiac Arrest: Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21736-cardiac-arrest

  Sudden cardiac arrest can be fatal if it lasts longer than eight minutes without CPR. Brain damage can happen after just five minutes. […] Testing can let you know whether youre at risk for sudden cardiac arrest. […] To prevent future episodes of sudden cardiac arrest, your healthcare provider will want to do tests to figure out what caused your cardiac event. Tests may include: Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). Heart MRI (magnetic resonance imaging). Blood tests to check electrolytes that play a role in your hearts electrical conduction. Ambulatory monitoring. Echocardiogram (echo). Cardiac catheterization. Electrophysiology study. […] After successful defibrillation, most people need hospital care to recover from the effects of their sudden cardiac arrest and to treat and prevent future heart problems. […] Surviving sudden cardiac arrest is the start of a long recovery for many. Depending on how long your brain was without oxygen, youll likely have brain damage. […] Surviving a life-threatening condition can cause mental health challenges (post-intensive care syndrome).

• #25 Sudden Cardiac Arrest: Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21736-cardiac-arrest

  Sudden cardiac arrest can be fatal if it lasts longer than eight minutes without CPR. Brain damage can happen after just five minutes. […] Testing can let you know whether youre at risk for sudden cardiac arrest. […] To prevent future episodes of sudden cardiac arrest, your healthcare provider will want to do tests to figure out what caused your cardiac event. Tests may include: Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). Heart MRI (magnetic resonance imaging). Blood tests to check electrolytes that play a role in your hearts electrical conduction. Ambulatory monitoring. Echocardiogram (echo). Cardiac catheterization. Electrophysiology study. […] After successful defibrillation, most people need hospital care to recover from the effects of their sudden cardiac arrest and to treat and prevent future heart problems. […] Surviving sudden cardiac arrest is the start of a long recovery for many. Depending on how long your brain was without oxygen, youll likely have brain damage. […] Surviving a life-threatening condition can cause mental health challenges (post-intensive care syndrome).

• #26 Sudden Cardiac Death Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Other Tests

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/151907-workup

  A number of studies have demonstrated that the use of two-dimensional echocardiogram to evaluate left wall motion abnormalities after an acute myocardial infarction (MI) (using the LV wall-motion score index) is useful in predicting the risk for major cardiac events, including sudden death. […] Signal-averaged ECG (SAECG) has been variably reported to be useful in analysis of patients with sudden cardiac death (SCD). […] Microvolt T wave alternans (MTWA) amplifies the alternans and may be used in the workup to predict the risk of SCD. […] In targeted patients, EPS play diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic roles. […] The presence of inducible sustained VT, at baseline or when the patient is on antiarrhythmic medications, confers a higher risk for sudden death. […] Ejection fraction is the best predictor of significant cardiac events and survival.

• #27 Cardiac arrest – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arrest

  Cardiac arrest is diagnosed by the inability to find a pulse in an unresponsive patient. […] The goal of treatment for cardiac arrest is to rapidly achieve return of spontaneous circulation using a variety of interventions including CPR, defibrillation, and/or cardiac pacing. […] Cardiac arrest is synonymous with clinical death. […] The physical examination to diagnose cardiac arrest focuses on the absence of a pulse. […] During resuscitation efforts, continuous monitoring equipment including EKG leads should be attached to the patient so that providers can analyze the electrical activity of the cardiac cycle and use this information to guide the management efforts. […] EKG readings will help to identify the arrhythmia present and allow the team to monitor any changes that occur with the administration of CPR and defibrillation.

• #28 Differential Diagnosis of Cardiac Arrest

  https://ddxof.com/cardiac-arrest/

  Asystole is the absence of even disorganized electrical discharge and is the terminal degeneration of any of the previously-mentioned rhythms if left untreated. […] Traditional diagnostic measures are generally unavailable during an ongoing cardiac arrest resuscitation. The emergency medicine physician must rely on the physical examination and point-of-care tests with the objective of identifying potentially reversible processes. […] End-tidal capnography was discussed previously for the guidance of ongoing resuscitation, but it may have diagnostic utility in patients with SCD. […] The use of point-of-care ultrasonography, particularly in PEA arrest where non-cardiac etiologies dominate, may help identify the etiology of arrest and direct therapy. […] If cardiac ultrasound is unrevealing, thoracic ultrasound can identify pneumothorax. […] In the absence of ultrasonographic abnormalities, attention turns to other rapidly reversible precipitants first.

• #29 Cardiac Arrest – Diagnosis | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/cardiac-arrest/diagnosis

  Cardiac arrests usually occur in peoples homes, where no healthcare provider is present to make a diagnosis. […] A heart imaging test called an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) will show a severe ventricular arrythmia or no heartbeat at all. […] Most often, cardiac arrest is diagnosed after it occurs. Healthcare providers do this by ruling out other causes of a persons collapse. […] The emergency room doctor will do a physical exam and check your medical history and your family history. The doctor will also order tests to assess your condition. […] Test results can also help you and your doctor set up a treatment plan to reduce your risk of death or complications. […] Some genes changes increase the risk of cardiac arrest. If you have survived a cardiac arrest, your provider may order genetic tests for you and your blood relatives, depending on your family history. […] Up to 1 in 5 people who died of unexplained cardiac arrest had genes linked with heart problems, such as inherited cardiomyopathies or arrhythmias.

• #30 Investigation of the Unexplained Cardiac Arrest Survivor

  https://www.aerjournal.com/articles/explaining-unexplained-practical-approach-investigating-cardiac-arrest-survivor?language_content_entity=en

  Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is a common cause of death. The majority of SCA is caused by ventricular arrhythmia due to underlying CHD. Aborted SCA with no apparent diagnosis after initial assessment with ECG, echocardiography and coronary assessment is referred to as unexplained cardiac arrest (UCA). Systematic evaluation of such patients may reveal a specific diagnosis in up to half of patients before a diagnosis of idiopathic VF is assigned. Specific diagnoses include inherited cardiac conditions, such as latent cardiomyopathies or inherited primary electrical disease. Identifying the cause of UCA is therefore not only critical for appropriate management of the SCA survivors to prevent recurrence, but also for their family members who may be at risk of the same condition. This review provides a tiered, systematic approach for the investigation of UCA.

• #31 How To…Investigate Sudden Cardiac Death and Sudden Cardiac Arrest in the Young

  https://www.escardio.org/Councils/Council-on-Cardiovascular-Genomics/Cardiovascular-Genomics-Insight/Volume-2/how-to-investigate-sudden-cardiac-death-and-sudden-cardiac-arrest-in-the-young

  After sudden unexpected death (SUD) in the young, a significant number of individuals present an underlying cardiac disorder, which can be hereditary. […] In a considerable number of cases of SCD among children and young adults, a cause of death is not found after a exhaustive autopsy examination including toxicologic and histologic studies. […] On the other hand, a considerable number of cases present with a sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). In nearly 80% of individuals presenting with SCA, who are resuscitated, the cause is cardiac. Despite implementation of SCA protocols, it remains a significant factor leading to mortality worldwide. […] As mentioned above, in subjects under 35 years of age, the most common causes of SCD are inherited cardiomyopathies and primary electric disorders. […] Several studies have investigated the cost-effectiveness of diagnostic protocols for the study of SCD aetiology, including conventional techniques, such as electrocardiogram (ECG), and more complex ones, such as genetic testing or pathology.

• #32 How To…Investigate Sudden Cardiac Death and Sudden Cardiac Arrest in the Young

  https://www.escardio.org/Councils/Council-on-Cardiovascular-Genomics/Cardiovascular-Genomics-Insight/Volume-2/how-to-investigate-sudden-cardiac-death-and-sudden-cardiac-arrest-in-the-young

  Similarly to the evaluation of SCD, the diagnostic approach to survivors of SCA involves a variety of tests in an effort to exclude underlying structural heart disease, primary electrical diseases, drug or toxin exposure and acute reversible causes. […] In SCA, genetic testing is of paramount importance, since it can confirm a diagnosis with familial implications, but it can also guide substrate-specific treatment as well as establish a prognosis. […] The diagnostic approach to SCD and SCA is complex and sometimes inconclusive. It is extremely important to perform a thorough and expert postmortem examination.

• #33 Cardiac arrest – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arrest

  Clinicians classify cardiac arrest into „shockable” versus „non-shockable”, as determined by the EKG rhythm. […] The two „shockable” rhythms are ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia, while the two „non-shockable” rhythms are asystole and pulseless electrical activity. […] Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is a tool that can be used to examine the movement of the heart and its force of contraction at the patient’s bedside. […] POCUS can accurately diagnose cardiac arrest in hospital settings, as well as visualize cardiac wall motion contractions. […] Various other methods for detecting circulation and therefore diagnosing cardiac arrest have been proposed. […] The current guidelines prompt individuals to begin CPR on any unconscious person with absent or abnormal breathing. […] In a non-acute setting where the patient is expired, diagnosis of cardiac arrest can be done via molecular autopsy or postmortem molecular testing, which uses a set of molecular techniques to find the ion channels that are cardiac defective.

• #34 Cardiac arrest – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arrest

  Clinicians classify cardiac arrest into „shockable” versus „non-shockable”, as determined by the EKG rhythm. […] The two „shockable” rhythms are ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia, while the two „non-shockable” rhythms are asystole and pulseless electrical activity. […] Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is a tool that can be used to examine the movement of the heart and its force of contraction at the patient’s bedside. […] POCUS can accurately diagnose cardiac arrest in hospital settings, as well as visualize cardiac wall motion contractions. […] Various other methods for detecting circulation and therefore diagnosing cardiac arrest have been proposed. […] The current guidelines prompt individuals to begin CPR on any unconscious person with absent or abnormal breathing. […] In a non-acute setting where the patient is expired, diagnosis of cardiac arrest can be done via molecular autopsy or postmortem molecular testing, which uses a set of molecular techniques to find the ion channels that are cardiac defective.

• #35 Differential Diagnosis of Cardiac Arrest

  https://ddxof.com/cardiac-arrest/

  Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) leading to sudden cardiac death (SCD) if not successfully resuscitated, refers to the unexpected collapse of circulatory function. […] Identifying the underlying cause is critical as several reversible precipitants require rapid identification. However, the usual diagnostic techniques may be challenging, limited or absent including patient history, detailed examination, and diagnostic studies. […] The initial rhythm detected upon evaluation is most suggestive of the etiologic precipitant. Pulseless ventricular tachycardia (pVT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) is suggestive of a cardiac process most commonly an acute coronary syndrome although heart failure or other structural and non-structural heart defects associated with dysrhythmias may be at fault. […] Pulseless electrical activity (PEA) presents a broader differential diagnosis as it essentially represents severe shock.

• #36

  https://www.saem.org/about-saem/academies-interest-groups-affiliates2/cdem/for-students/online-education/m3-curriculum/group-basic-and-advanced-life-support-techniques/cardiac-arrest

  As soon as a defibrillator is available, it should be used to check the cardiac rhythm. […] The immediate goal is to determine if the rhythm is shockable. Shockable rhythms in cardiac arrest include ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. […] After chest compressions, defibrillation is the most important determinant of outcome in cardiac arrest, and should never be delayed for any reason. […] The time that elapses between cardiac arrest and defibrillation is one of the most important determinants of patient outcome, as every minute without defibrillation is associated with a 7-10% decrease in the likelihood of survival. High-quality CPR slows this decline in survival outcomes. […] Cardiac arrest is not a subtle clinical presentation. Patients are universally unresponsive and pulseless.

• #37

  https://www.saem.org/about-saem/academies-interest-groups-affiliates2/cdem/for-students/online-education/m3-curriculum/group-basic-and-advanced-life-support-techniques/cardiac-arrest

  There are no tests needed to confirm the diagnosis of cardiac arrest. However, management of cardiac arrest patients varies by cardiac rhythm. For this reason, accurate interpretation of the rhythm during the arrest is essential. […] Each of these are treated according to different algorithms. […] VF and pVT are treated identically in cardiac arrest. They are both ventricular dysrhythmias that respond well to electricity, and are thus termed the shockable rhythms. […] Once VF and pVT have been excluded, ANY rhythm in a patient without a pulse is classified as PEA. […] The final rhythm to consider in cardiac arrest is asystole. […] Once the defibrillator arrives and is set up, use it! Don’t delay defibrillation for ANY reason – do compressions while you’re setting it up, but don’t let any other intervention interfere with defibrillation!

• #38 Asystole | Diagnosis & Disease Information – The Cardiology Advisor

  https://www.thecardiologyadvisor.com/ddi/asystole/

  Cardiac arrest that results from the total failure of the cardiac electrical system is called asystole or flat-lining. Asystole is a medical emergency that requires immediate recognition and intervention. This article will review the causes of asystole and the methods for diagnosing and treating patients with this condition. […] Asystole can be diagnosed by a flatline without measurable heartbeats on AED rhythm analysis and/or with a 12-lead electrocardiogram. […] For patients with no pulse and no regular breathing, CPR should be initiated, the emergency response system activated, and an automated external defibrillator (AED) obtained immediately. […] In a hospital setting and once asystole is diagnosed, CPR continues, and patients are treated with epinephrine. […] After the first 2-minute round of CPR and epinephrine dose, blood should be collected and bedside imaging performed to identify causes for SCA and asystole.

• #39 Sudden Cardiac Arrest and the Hs and Ts – ACLS.com

  https://acls.com/articles/reversible-causes-of-cardiac-arrest-hs-and-ts/

  Sudden cardiac arrest is a major healthcare problem in the United States that accounts for up to 350,000 deaths per year. Irrespective of the cause of cardiac arrest, early recognition and calling for help, including appropriate management of the deteriorating patient, early defibrillation, high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) with minimal interruption of chest compressions and treatment of reversible causes, are the most important interventions. […] Determining and treating the cause of cardiac arrest is critical to improving patient outcomes. […] Treating the cause of hypoxia/hypoxemia must be done quickly because this is one of the potentially reversible causes of cardiac arrest. […] One common cause of cardiac arrest is hypovolemia, which can develop due to a reduced intravascular volume (i.e. hemorrhage).

• #40 Sudden Cardiac Arrest and the Hs and Ts – ACLS.com

  https://acls.com/articles/reversible-causes-of-cardiac-arrest-hs-and-ts/

  Tension pneumothorax is defined as hemodynamic compromise in a patient with an expanding intrapleural air mass. It is a treatable cause of cardiac arrest and should be excluded during CPR. […] Cardiac tamponade occurs when the pericardial sac is filled with fluid under pressure, which leads to compromise of cardiac function and ultimately cardiac arrest. […] Cardiac arrest from acute pulmonary embolism is the most serious clinical presentation of venous thromboembolism, in most cases originating from a deep venous thrombosis (DVT). […] Coronary heart disease is the most frequent cause of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

• #41 Sudden cardiac arrest – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sudden-cardiac-arrest/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350640

  Sudden cardiac arrest happens suddenly and requires emergency medical care at a hospital. If the heart is quickly restored, survival is possible. When you are stable, healthcare professionals at the hospital run tests to determine the cause. […] Tests are done to help learn how well the heart pumps blood and to look for diseases that affect the heart. […] Tests for sudden cardiac arrest often include: […] Blood tests. Certain heart proteins slowly leak into the blood after heart damage from a heart attack. Blood tests can be done to check for these proteins. Blood tests also are done to check levels of potassium, magnesium, hormones and other body chemicals that affect the heart’s ability to work. […] Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). This quick and painless test checks the electrical activity of the heart. Sensors, called electrodes, are attached to the chest and sometimes the arms and legs. An ECG can tell how fast or how slow the heart is beating. The test can show changes in the heartbeat that increase the risk of sudden death.

• #42 Cardiac Arrest: Diagnosis & Treatment | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/heart/cardiac-arrest/treatment

  How is Cardiac Arrest Diagnosed? Diagnosis Since cardiac arrest occurs suddenly and unexpectedly, the condition is often diagnosed after an episode occurs. If a person survives cardiac arrest, diagnostic tests are performed to determine its cause and help prevent future cardiac arrest episodes. Diagnostic tests include: Electrocardiogram – Also known as an EKG or ECG. Electrode sensors are placed on the chest and sometimes the arms and legs. The electrodes detect and record information about heart activity and electrical impulses in the heart. This test provides an easy, painless way for a doctor to check for irregularities that could lead to sudden cardiac death. […] Blood tests – A doctor can analyze a blood sample to detect abnormal levels of potassium, magnesium, hormones, and other chemicals that influence the electrical signals in the heart. Blood tests can also measure certain enzyme levels that are indicators of heart damage or a heart attack.

• #43 Sudden Cardiac Arrest: Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21736-cardiac-arrest

  Sudden cardiac arrest can be fatal if it lasts longer than eight minutes without CPR. Brain damage can happen after just five minutes. […] Testing can let you know whether youre at risk for sudden cardiac arrest. […] To prevent future episodes of sudden cardiac arrest, your healthcare provider will want to do tests to figure out what caused your cardiac event. Tests may include: Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). Heart MRI (magnetic resonance imaging). Blood tests to check electrolytes that play a role in your hearts electrical conduction. Ambulatory monitoring. Echocardiogram (echo). Cardiac catheterization. Electrophysiology study. […] After successful defibrillation, most people need hospital care to recover from the effects of their sudden cardiac arrest and to treat and prevent future heart problems. […] Surviving sudden cardiac arrest is the start of a long recovery for many. Depending on how long your brain was without oxygen, youll likely have brain damage. […] Surviving a life-threatening condition can cause mental health challenges (post-intensive care syndrome).

• #44 Investigation of the Unexplained Cardiac Arrest Survivor

  https://www.aerjournal.com/articles/explaining-unexplained-practical-approach-investigating-cardiac-arrest-survivor?language_content_entity=en

  However, no diagnosis will be apparent after initial assessment with ECG, echocardiography and coronary assessment in a significant proportion of SCA survivors. Such cases are referred to as unexplained cardiac arrest (UCA). […] Making a specific diagnosis by thorough and systematic clinical testing following UCA is important for several reasons. Besides providing an explanation for the individual in an otherwise confusing and distressing situation, it leads to tailored treatment and prevention strategies not only for the individual, but also for family members, who may also be at risk for an inherited condition. […] For the above-mentioned reasons, a comprehensive work-up of sudden cardiac arrest survivors is critical, with particular focus on those cases that are initially unexplained, before assigning the label of IVF.

• #45 Investigation of the Unexplained Cardiac Arrest Survivor

  https://www.aerjournal.com/articles/explaining-unexplained-practical-approach-investigating-cardiac-arrest-survivor?language_content_entity=en

  The cause of a cardiac arrest due to VT/VF remains unexplained in a significant minority of patients after initial evaluation with ECG, echocardiogram and coronary imaging. A systematic approach to further assessment is recommended to maximise the chance of making a specific diagnosis. Inherited primary electrical disease and cardiomyopathies are often identified as the aetiology in these cases. Establishing a diagnosis of these heritable conditions is not only relevant for the management of the index patient but also their family members at risk for the same condition.

• #46 Sudden Cardiac Arrest: Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21736-cardiac-arrest

  Cardiac arrest happens when your heart stops beating or beats so fast that it stops pumping blood. During cardiac arrest, people typically collapse and become unresponsive. Symptoms start without warning. This is why people also call it sudden cardiac arrest. […] Cardiac arrest symptoms begin suddenly, leaving little time for tests. The condition can become fatal within minutes. This is why a quick diagnosis is essential. […] A persons symptoms are often the best way to diagnose cardiac arrest, especially if they: Are unconscious. Have no pulse. Arent breathing. […] You can treat and reverse sudden cardiac arrest. But cardiac arrest treatment has to start immediately, wherever you are. Survival can be as high as 90% if treatment starts within the first minutes after sudden cardiac arrest. The rate drops by about 10% each minute longer.

• #47 Sudden Cardiac Arrest: Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21736-cardiac-arrest

  Sudden cardiac arrest can be fatal if it lasts longer than eight minutes without CPR. Brain damage can happen after just five minutes. […] Testing can let you know whether youre at risk for sudden cardiac arrest. […] To prevent future episodes of sudden cardiac arrest, your healthcare provider will want to do tests to figure out what caused your cardiac event. Tests may include: Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). Heart MRI (magnetic resonance imaging). Blood tests to check electrolytes that play a role in your hearts electrical conduction. Ambulatory monitoring. Echocardiogram (echo). Cardiac catheterization. Electrophysiology study. […] After successful defibrillation, most people need hospital care to recover from the effects of their sudden cardiac arrest and to treat and prevent future heart problems. […] Surviving sudden cardiac arrest is the start of a long recovery for many. Depending on how long your brain was without oxygen, youll likely have brain damage. […] Surviving a life-threatening condition can cause mental health challenges (post-intensive care syndrome).

• #48

  https://www.saem.org/about-saem/academies-interest-groups-affiliates2/cdem/for-students/online-education/m3-curriculum/group-basic-and-advanced-life-support-techniques/cardiac-arrest

  As soon as a defibrillator is available, it should be used to check the cardiac rhythm. […] The immediate goal is to determine if the rhythm is shockable. Shockable rhythms in cardiac arrest include ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. […] After chest compressions, defibrillation is the most important determinant of outcome in cardiac arrest, and should never be delayed for any reason. […] The time that elapses between cardiac arrest and defibrillation is one of the most important determinants of patient outcome, as every minute without defibrillation is associated with a 7-10% decrease in the likelihood of survival. High-quality CPR slows this decline in survival outcomes. […] Cardiac arrest is not a subtle clinical presentation. Patients are universally unresponsive and pulseless.

• #49 Inhospital cardiac arrest — the crucial first 5 min: a simulation study | Advances in Simulation | Full Text

  https://advancesinsimulation.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41077-022-00225-0

  Early recognition and call for help, fast initiation of chest compressions, and early defibrillation are key elements to improve survival after cardiac arrest but are often not achieved. […] Time to diagnosis of cardiac arrest was 37 (27; 55) s. Time to first chest compression from diagnosis of cardiac arrest was 37 (18; 74) s, time to calling the cardiac arrest team was 144 (71; 180) s, and time to first shock was 221 (181; 301) s. […] Using unannounced in situ simulated cardiac arrests, we found that key elements such as chest compressions, calling the cardiac arrest team, and defibrillation were delayed. […] Survival after inhospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) is low at approximately 2030%. […] The chance of survival decreases with delays in any or all of these key components. […] We found delays in executing key components in resuscitation, such as initiation of chest compressions, calling the cardiac arrest team, and delivering the first shock.

• #50

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/injuries-emergencies/sports-injuries/Pages/Sudden-Cardiac-Death.aspx

  Sudden cardiac arrest is rare in young people, but it can happen. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 2,000 young, seemingly healthy people under age 25 in the United States die each year of sudden cardiac arrest. Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA) is a life-threatening emergency that happens from an „abrupt and unexpected loss of heart function leading to loss of consciousness and collapse.” SCA can be fatal if not treated within minutes. Survival outside a hospital depends on people nearby calling 911, along with prompt bystander emergency response such as using CPR and automatic defibrillators. […] When SCA happens to seemingly healthy young people, there is usually no obvious injury or medical reasons the patient or family knew about. Some young people who suffer SCA may have previously experienced heart-related symptoms, such as shortness of breath, chest pain or fainting, that weren’t thought to be anything life-threatening. Sudden cardiac arrest is thought to be a leading cause of death in young athletes, but it also affects young people not involved in organized sports.

• #51

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/injuries-emergencies/sports-injuries/Pages/Sudden-Cardiac-Death.aspx

  Not all causes of sudden cardiac arrest in children and young adults is known, but may include: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Usually inherited and often undiagnosed, this is the most common cardiovascular cause of SCA in young people. Muscle cells in the heart’s lower chambers, called ventricles, thicken. This can cause abnormal heart rhythm, especially during exercise. Other types of pediatric cardiomyopathy may also play a role. Coronary artery abnormalities. Defects in the way the coronary arteries connect to the heart can lead to decreased blood supply to heart muscle during exercise and cause cardiac arrest. Young people with coronary artery abnormalities usually are born with them but may not notice any symptoms until they are older. Primary arrhythmias. In people with structurally normal hearts, sudden cardiac arrest can sometimes be caused by undiagnosed genetic conditions that affect the heart’s electrical impulses.

• #52 Sudden Cardiac Arrest | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/sudden-cardiac-arrest

  Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) occurs when the heart suddenly and unexpectedly stops beating. It is caused by the immediate loss of electrical heart function, usually from an irregular and rapid quivering of the ventricles (called ventricular fibrillation). […] Early emergency treatment with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) or an automated external defibrillator (AED) can help restart a stopped heart and allow return of a normal heartbeat to help prevent sudden cardiac death (SCD). […] If your general pediatrician suspects your child is at risk for SCA, she might refer you to a pediatric cardiologist, a doctor who specializes in heart problems in children. […] A pediatric cardiologist will listen to your child’s heart and ask questions about the circumstances that led to the symptoms, your child’s medical history and the family medical history. The cardiologist will read an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), a record of the electrical activity of your child’s heart, to determine whether a heart problem may be causing your child’s symptoms.

• #53 Sudden Cardiac Arrest | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/sudden-cardiac-arrest

  Your child’s cardiologist might order other tests, such as an exercise stress test, echocardiogram, or chest X-ray. You might be sent home with an ambulatory cardiac event monitor or a Holter monitor to continuously record your child’s heart rhythm for a specific length of time as she goes about her normal activities. […] If your child has experienced one of the warning signs or symptoms of sudden cardiac arrest, their pediatric cardiology evaluation may indicate a normal heart needing no further testing. It could also result in further testing or follow up evaluations, if needed.

• #54 Sudden Cardiac Arrest | Causes, Signs & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/s/sudden-cardiac-arrest

  Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is when the heart suddenly fails to pump blood. If the person does not survive, the term sudden cardiac death (SCD) is used. The person may or may not have a known diagnosis of heart disease. […] Sudden cardiac arrest can happen at any age. It is the leading cause of death in teenage athletes in the United States and accounts for approximately 7% of all deaths in the young. […] Sudden cardiac arrest is caused by a failure in the hearts electrical system, which keeps the heart pumping normally. Once the heart fails, the rest of the body does not get the blood it needs to function. […] Many different kinds of heart disease can result in SCA and SCD. Coronary heart disease (CHD) remains the most common cardiac cause of sudden unexplained death in people of all ages.

• #55 Sudden Cardiac Arrest | Causes, Signs & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/s/sudden-cardiac-arrest

  These diseases are typically undetected prior to the SCA/SCD event. In the case of SCD, an autopsy is essential; however, no identifiable cause is found at autopsy in up to one-third of young people. […] Assessing a young persons risk of SCA/SCD requires consideration of both personal and family history. […] Often times, there are no warning signs prior to a SCA/SCD. Many individuals who experience SCA/SCD, however, report experiencing symptoms, such as fainting, before the actual cardiac event. […] Quick care during a sudden cardiac arrest will greatly increase the chance of survival. The first step in treatment is to get medical help. Call 911 immediately. CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) and an AED (automated external defibrillator) can increase the chance of survival by 75%. […] For individuals known to be at an increased risk of SCA/SCD, medical therapy may be recommended, and in some cases, can provide protection.

• #56 Sudden cardiac death (SCD) in sports: the most common medical cause of death in athletes | Bangkok Heart Hospital

  https://www.bangkokhearthospital.com/en/content/sudden-cardiac-death-scd-in-sports-the-most-common-medical-cause-of-death-in-athletes

  Sudden cardiac death is the most common medical cause of death in athletes, with an incidence of approximately 1 in 50,000 to 1 in 300,000 athletes per year according to the most recent estimates in these recent 10-20 years. […] Due to the advancements in cardiac technology and diagnosis, the screening program significantly helps to early detect the cardiac abnormalities which are major factors for developing sudden cardiac death, even without the presence of warning signs and symptoms. […] To screen and diagnose accurately, advanced diagnostic tools e.g. echocardiogram and highly expert sport cardiologists are crucially important. […] The most effective tool to greatly reduce risks of sudden cardiac death in athletes is a screening program, particularly for professional athletes who have to participate in the competitions which continuous trainings are required.

• #57 Sudden cardiac death (SCD) in sports: the most common medical cause of death in athletes | Bangkok Heart Hospital

  https://www.bangkokhearthospital.com/en/content/sudden-cardiac-death-scd-in-sports-the-most-common-medical-cause-of-death-in-athletes

  Although sudden cardiac death cannot be completely prevented, early screening can significantly help to detect cardiac abnormalities at its early stage and treatment could be given appropriately while lifestyle modifications can be accordingly changed. […] Pre-participation evaluation remains essential to identify any abnormalities that might potentially lead to sudden cardiac death. […] The presence of on-site AED programs in the athletic setting is strongly recommended as a means for early defibrillation in both athletes and non-athletes who suffer sudden cardiac death.

• #58 Sudden Cardiac Arrest | Causes, Signs & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/s/sudden-cardiac-arrest

  These diseases are typically undetected prior to the SCA/SCD event. In the case of SCD, an autopsy is essential; however, no identifiable cause is found at autopsy in up to one-third of young people. […] Assessing a young persons risk of SCA/SCD requires consideration of both personal and family history. […] Often times, there are no warning signs prior to a SCA/SCD. Many individuals who experience SCA/SCD, however, report experiencing symptoms, such as fainting, before the actual cardiac event. […] Quick care during a sudden cardiac arrest will greatly increase the chance of survival. The first step in treatment is to get medical help. Call 911 immediately. CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) and an AED (automated external defibrillator) can increase the chance of survival by 75%. […] For individuals known to be at an increased risk of SCA/SCD, medical therapy may be recommended, and in some cases, can provide protection.

• #59 Diagnosis of sudden cardiac arrest using principal component analysis in automated external defibrillators | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-36011-9

  Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) consisting of ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia considered as shockable rhythms is a life-threatening heart disease, which is treated efficiently by the automated external defibrillator (AED). […] The proposed SAA is certainly efficient for SCA detection with a small number of the extracted feature and relatively high diagnosis performance such as accuracy of 99.52%, sensitivity of 97.69%, and specificity of 99.91%. […] Until now, automated external defibrillator (AED) associated with a shock advice algorithm (SAA) is the most productive device for rapid diagnosis of the SCA and countershock delivery to reset the electrical system of the heart. […] The diagnosis performance of the SAA is better than that of the conventional methods, which use different thresholds for SCA classification and meet the American Heart Association recommendation.

• #60 Diagnosis of sudden cardiac arrest using principal component analysis in automated external defibrillators | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-36011-9

  The proposed SAA was designed with a KNN model and a subset of 8 input features, which were carefully selected by the RFE method in combination with the BS model and the wise-patient fivefold CV procedure. […] The validated classification performance with Ac of 99.52%, Se of 97.69%, and Sp of 99.91% on the validation set and average diagnosis time of 3.97 s imply the effectiveness and simplicity of our proposed SAA, which are less complexity than others using signal transformation techniques for the feature extraction.

• #61

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00431-023-05301-9

  Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) studies are often population-based, limited to sudden cardiac death, and excluding infants. […] The objectives of this study were to determine paediatric SCA etiology, and to evaluate the extent of post-SCA investigations and to assess the performance of previous cardiac evaluation in detecting conditions predisposing to SCA. […] The etiology of arrest could be determined in 52% of 172 cases. […] SCA etiology remained unresolved in 83 of 172 cases (48%) and essential diagnostic investigations were often not performed. […] The diagnostic post-SCA approach should be improved and the proposed standardized pediatric post-SCA diagnostics protocol may ensure a consistent and systematic evaluation process increasing the diagnostic yield. […] In patients with unresolved SCA events, the diagnostic work up was often incompletely performed.

• #62

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00431-023-05301-9

  Over one fifth of victims had prior cardiac evaluation before the arrest, with either a diagnosed cardiac condition (9%) or an unrecognized cardiac condition (13%). […] The finding that a substantial proportion of children suffered SCA presumably caused by a pre-SCA diagnosed cardiac condition or had undergone a prior cardiac evaluation without recognizing a condition with increased risk for SCA has not been described before in a pediatric population. […] The results suggest that not in all evaluated children a SCA risk can be recognized and if a SCA risk was recognized, not all arrests can be prevented. […] The diagnostic post-SCA approach should be improved and the proposed standardized pediatric post-SCA diagnostics protocol may ensure a consistent and systematic evaluation process increasing the diagnostic yield and enhancing our understanding of SCA and our ability to prevent SCA in family members with ICC.

• #63

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00431-023-05301-9

  Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) studies are often population-based, limited to sudden cardiac death, and excluding infants. […] The objectives of this study were to determine paediatric SCA etiology, and to evaluate the extent of post-SCA investigations and to assess the performance of previous cardiac evaluation in detecting conditions predisposing to SCA. […] The etiology of arrest could be determined in 52% of 172 cases. […] SCA etiology remained unresolved in 83 of 172 cases (48%) and essential diagnostic investigations were often not performed. […] The diagnostic post-SCA approach should be improved and the proposed standardized pediatric post-SCA diagnostics protocol may ensure a consistent and systematic evaluation process increasing the diagnostic yield. […] In patients with unresolved SCA events, the diagnostic work up was often incompletely performed.

• #64

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00431-023-05301-9

  Over one fifth of victims had prior cardiac evaluation before the arrest, with either a diagnosed cardiac condition (9%) or an unrecognized cardiac condition (13%). […] The finding that a substantial proportion of children suffered SCA presumably caused by a pre-SCA diagnosed cardiac condition or had undergone a prior cardiac evaluation without recognizing a condition with increased risk for SCA has not been described before in a pediatric population. […] The results suggest that not in all evaluated children a SCA risk can be recognized and if a SCA risk was recognized, not all arrests can be prevented. […] The diagnostic post-SCA approach should be improved and the proposed standardized pediatric post-SCA diagnostics protocol may ensure a consistent and systematic evaluation process increasing the diagnostic yield and enhancing our understanding of SCA and our ability to prevent SCA in family members with ICC.

• #65 Investigation of the Unexplained Cardiac Arrest Survivor

  https://www.aerjournal.com/articles/explaining-unexplained-practical-approach-investigating-cardiac-arrest-survivor?language_content_entity=en

  The cause of a cardiac arrest due to VT/VF remains unexplained in a significant minority of patients after initial evaluation with ECG, echocardiogram and coronary imaging. A systematic approach to further assessment is recommended to maximise the chance of making a specific diagnosis. Inherited primary electrical disease and cardiomyopathies are often identified as the aetiology in these cases. Establishing a diagnosis of these heritable conditions is not only relevant for the management of the index patient but also their family members at risk for the same condition.

• #66 Sudden cardiac arrest – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sudden-cardiac-arrest/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350640

  Sudden cardiac arrest happens suddenly and requires emergency medical care at a hospital. If the heart is quickly restored, survival is possible. When you are stable, healthcare professionals at the hospital run tests to determine the cause. […] Tests are done to help learn how well the heart pumps blood and to look for diseases that affect the heart. […] Tests for sudden cardiac arrest often include: […] Blood tests. Certain heart proteins slowly leak into the blood after heart damage from a heart attack. Blood tests can be done to check for these proteins. Blood tests also are done to check levels of potassium, magnesium, hormones and other body chemicals that affect the heart’s ability to work. […] Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). This quick and painless test checks the electrical activity of the heart. Sensors, called electrodes, are attached to the chest and sometimes the arms and legs. An ECG can tell how fast or how slow the heart is beating. The test can show changes in the heartbeat that increase the risk of sudden death.

• #67 Investigation of the Unexplained Cardiac Arrest Survivor

  https://www.aerjournal.com/articles/explaining-unexplained-practical-approach-investigating-cardiac-arrest-survivor?language_content_entity=en

  The cause of a cardiac arrest due to VT/VF remains unexplained in a significant minority of patients after initial evaluation with ECG, echocardiogram and coronary imaging. A systematic approach to further assessment is recommended to maximise the chance of making a specific diagnosis. Inherited primary electrical disease and cardiomyopathies are often identified as the aetiology in these cases. Establishing a diagnosis of these heritable conditions is not only relevant for the management of the index patient but also their family members at risk for the same condition.

• #68 Cardiac Arrest – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534866/

  Factors that are proven to improve survivability include witnessed cardiac arrest with immediate CPR and utilization of defibrillation when indicated. […] Numerous complications can occur during a cardiac arrest. […] If ROSC is obtained, the determination to provide targeted temperature management will be made. […] Patients who require a tracheostomy and PEG tube placement will usually have a prolonged recovery time. […] If a cardiac arrest is due to traumatic etiology, trauma surgery is usually consulted to aid with resuscitation, including resuscitative thoracotomy. […] Most cardiac arrests occur in an out-of-hospital setting. Since immediate CPR and utilization of the AED are the 2 main interventions shown to aid in patient outcome, one can see why training laypersons with adequate CPR skills can be life-saving. […] Despite the many treatments available for cardiac arrest, the majority of patients have a poor prognosis. However, many lives can still be saved with the basic, the most important interventions, including defibrillation and bystander CPR.

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