Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Cirrhosis of the Liver: Signs & Symptoms, Causes, Stages

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15572-cirrhosis-of-the-liver

  Cirrhosis is the result of persistent liver damage over many years. Alcohol and drugs, viruses and metabolic factors are the most common causes. […] Cirrhosis is a gradual scarring process that’s triggered by chronic inflammation in your liver. Any chronic liver disease that causes chronic hepatitis can lead to cirrhosis. The most common causes include: Alcohol-induced hepatitis. This is chronic liver damage from chronic heavy alcohol use. Alcohol may be the most well-known cause of liver cirrhosis, but nonalcoholic causes are also common. […] Non-alcohol-related steatohepatitis. This is chronic damage from excess fat storage in your liver. It’s related to metabolic factors like high blood lipids, blood sugar and blood pressure. […] Chronic hepatitis C infection. Hepatitis C is a viral infection that becomes chronic in most people. It’s now curable with antivirals, but many people don’t realize they have it.

• #1 Hepatic Cirrhosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482419/

  Cirrhosis is characterized by fibrosis and nodule formation of the liver secondary to chronic injury, leading to alteration of the normal lobular organization of the liver. Various insults can injure the liver, including viral infections, toxins, hereditary conditions, or autoimmune processes. […] Chronic liver diseases usually progress to cirrhosis. In the developed world, the most common causes of cirrhosis are hepatitis C virus (HCV), alcoholic liver disease, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In contrast, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HCV are the most common causes in the developing world. Other causes of cirrhosis include autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, hemochromatosis, Wilson disease, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, Budd-Chiari syndrome, drug-induced liver cirrhosis, and chronic right-sided heart failure. Cryptogenic cirrhosis is defined as cirrhosis of unclear etiology.

• #1 Cirrhosis of the Liver – Liver and Gallbladder Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/liver-and-gallbladder-disorders/fibrosis-and-cirrhosis-of-the-liver/cirrhosis-of-the-liver

  Cirrhosis is the widespread distortion of the liver’s internal structure that occurs when a large amount of normal liver tissue is permanently replaced with nonfunctioning scar tissue. […] Chronic excessive use of alcohol, chronic viral hepatitis, and metabolic dysfunctionrelated steatohepatitis (MASH) formerly known as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) (fatty liver not due to alcohol use) are the most common causes of cirrhosis. […] Any disorder, drug, or toxin that causes fibrosis can cause cirrhosis. Some specific causes include certain hereditary metabolic disorders, such as iron overload (hemochromatosis), copper overload (Wilson disease), and alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, and disorders that damage the bile ducts, such as primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). […] In many parts of Asia and Africa, cirrhosis often results from chronic hepatitis B.

• #1 Cirrhosis: Causes, symptoms, and treatments of liver scarring

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/172295

  The liver breaks down toxins, including alcohol. But, if toxin levels are too high, the liver will be unable to process them effectively, and damage to liver cells will result. […] There are three stages of alcohol-related liver disease: Alcohol-related fatty liver or steatosis; Alcohol-related hepatitis; Cirrhosis: Irreversible damage can lead to potentially life threatening complications. […] Doctors diagnose non-alcohol-related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) when fat accumulates in over 5% of liver cells, and there is no other explanation. […] Other diseases and conditions that can contribute to cirrhosis include: cystic fibrosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, or hardening and scarring of the bile ducts, galactosemia, or inability to process sugars in milk, schistosomiasis, a parasitic disease, biliary atresia, which affects the formation of bile ducts before birth, glycogen storage disease, when the body has problems storing and releasing the energy release that is vital for cell function, hemochromatosis, when iron accumulates in the liver and other parts of the body, Budd-Chiari syndrome, when blood clots in the hepatic vein lead to liver enlargement and the development of new blood vessels, cancer of the bile ducts or pancreas, which can lead to blockages in the bile ducts. […] Possible causes include a hepatitis infection, high consumption of alcohol, some genetic conditions, and inflammation that occurs with obesity and metabolic disorder.

• #1 Alcoholic Liver Cirrhosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, & More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/alcoholic-liver-cirrhosis

  Alcoholic liver cirrhosis (alcohol-related cirrhosis) is the most advanced form of liver disease linked to drinking alcohol. […] Cirrhosis can have a variety of causes. But alcohol-related cirrhosis is directly linked to alcohol misuse, which can become alcohol use disorder. […] Damage from prolonged alcohol misuse can lead to alcohol-related cirrhosis. When the liver tissue starts to scar, the liver doesn’t work as well as before. […] Research shows that in many cases, people with alcohol-related cirrhosis have a history of drinking between 30 to 50 g (about 2 to 3 drinks) and 100 g (7 drinks) daily or more. […] However, people with different genetic backgrounds or those with preexisting metabolic conditions may be more likely to develop the condition earlier than others, even with lower alcohol consumption. […] Obesity, a high fat diet, and hepatitis C can also increase your likelihood of developing alcohol-related liver disease. […] People who are female also have a higher chance of developing alcohol-related liver disease than people who are male.

• #1 Cirrhosis of the liver | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/cirrhosis-of-the-liver

  Cirrhosis is a type of liver damage where healthy cells are replaced by scar tissue. […] Common causes include excessive drinking of alcohol, hepatitis B and C virus infections, and fatty liver thats caused by obesity and diabetes. […] Two of the most well-known causes of liver cirrhosis are long-term excessive alcohol consumption and hepatitis C virus infection. […] However, there are a number of other conditions that can also lead to liver damage and cirrhosis. […] In fact, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (fatty liver) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in Australia. […] Hepatitis B virus infection is an important cause of cirrhosis worldwide. […] Excessive and chronic alcohol consumption is the most common cause of liver cirrhosis. […] Chronic hepatitis C is a common cause of liver cirrhosis.

• #1 Liver diseases: epidemiology, causes, trends and predictions | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-02072-z

  Cirrhosis, representing the end stage of diverse chronic liver disorders, has experienced a global surge in incidence, from 20.7 per 100,000 people in 2000 to 23.4 per 100,000 in 2015-a 13% increase. The leading causes of cirrhosis include MASLD (60%), HBV (29%), HCV (9%), and ALD (2%). […] Regionally, HBV is most prevalent among cirrhosis patients in the Western Pacific (59%) and least prevalent in the Americas (5%). The highest proportion of cirrhosis due to HCV occurs in the Eastern Mediterranean (70%), while it is lowest in Africa and the Western Pacific (13% each). In terms of alcohol-related cirrhosis, Europe (16-78%) and the Americas (17-52%) report higher rates compared to Asia (0-41%). Data on MASLD as a cause of cirrhosis show that its prevalence varies, from 2% in South Korea and Brazil to 18% in Canada.

• #1 Cirrhosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrhosis

  Globally, 57% of cirrhosis is attributable to either hepatitis B (30%) or hepatitis C (27%). […] Alcohol use disorder is another major cause, accounting for about 20-40% of the cases. […] Alcoholic liver disease (ALD, or alcoholic cirrhosis) develops for 10-20% of individuals who drink heavily for a decade or more. […] In non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), fat builds up in the liver and eventually causes scar tissue. […] Chronic hepatitis C, an infection with the hepatitis C virus, causes inflammation of the liver and a variable grade of damage to the organ. […] Chronic hepatitis B causes liver inflammation and injury that over several decades can lead to cirrhosis.

• #1 Cirrhosis of the Liver: Signs & Symptoms, Causes, Stages

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15572-cirrhosis-of-the-liver

  Chronic hepatitis B infection. Hepatitis B is a viral infection that may become chronic in a minority of people. If it does, you’ll have it for life. It’s treatable, but not curable. […] Less common causes of cirrhosis include: Autoimmune biliary disease. Certain autoimmune diseases can cause chronic liver inflammation, including autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. […] Genetic disorders. Certain inherited conditions can cause toxic substances to build up in your liver and damage it, such as glycogen storage disease, cystic fibrosis and Wilson disease. […] Toxic hepatitis. Long-term exposure to certain environmental toxins or use of certain medications may cause chronic liver damage, including over-the-counter painkillers. […] Cardiovascular disease. Conditions that cause blood to build up in your liver (congestive heart failure) or that prevent blood from reaching your liver (chronic ischemia) can damage it.

• #1 The Etiology, Diagnosis and Prevention of Liver Cirrhosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3583179/

  The risk of developing HCC depends on the underlying disease: It is low, for example, when the underlying disease is autoimmune hepatitis (2.9% in 10 years) (1), and high when the underlying disease is chronic hepatitis B with a viral burden greater than 107 copies/mL (19.8% in 13 years) (2). […] Aside from chronic viral hepatitis, fatty liver disease due to any of the very common underlying disorders (obesity, diabetes, alcohol abuse) commonly progresses to cirrhosis and thus merits both specialized medical treatment and close follow-up by the primary-care physician. […] The etiology of cirrhosis in any particular case is highly relevant to the prognosis. Thus, appropriate screening should be performed.

• #1 Cirrhosis: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/digestive/liver-diseases/cirrhosis

  Cirrhosis of the liver is a condition in which your liver is scarred and permanently damaged. The most common causes of cirrhosis are nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, alcohol abuse, and viral hepatitis. […] Cirrhosis of the liver can be caused by an array of diseases and conditions. The most common causes are: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Alcohol abuse, Hepatitis B and hepatitis C. […] Less common causes of cirrhosis include: Autoimmune hepatitis. Your own immune system attacks healthy liver tissue. Diseases that affect the bile ducts, including primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and biliary atresia. Inherited diseases, including Alpha-1 antitrypsin, hemochromatosis, Wilson disease, cystic fibrosis, and glycogen storage diseases. Chronic heart failure can cause liver damage from congestion.

• #1 Cirrhosis: Practice Essentials, Overview, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/185856-overview

  Other causes of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis include the following conditions: Autoimmune hepatitis, Primary biliary cholangitis, Secondary biliary cirrhosis, Primary sclerosing cholangitis, Hereditary hemochromatosis, Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson disease, Granulomatous disease, Drug-induced liver disease, Venous outflow obstruction, Chronic right-sided heart failure, Tricuspid regurgitation.

• #1 Cirrhosis | Definition, Causes, Symptoms, Stages, & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/cirrhosis

  Cirrhosis can have a number of causes; the term is applied whenever the end result is scarring of the liver. […] Lannec, or portal, cirrhosis is primarily caused by excessive and chronic alcohol consumption. […] There are several other causes of cirrhosis besides alcohol consumption. Cirrhosis can result from viral infection, especially after infection by hepatitis B or C, glycogen storage diseases, cystic fibrosis, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, and obesity can also cause cirrhosis. […] In hemochromatosis an increased amount of iron is absorbed by the body and deposited in the liver cells. […] In Wilson disease, a hereditary condition, there is excess copper in the liver. […] Treatment of cirrhosis depends on the cause.

• #1 Cirrhosis Causes | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/liver-kidneys-and-urinary-system/chronic-liver-disease/causes.html

  The most common cause of cirrhosis is alcohol abuse. Other causes of cirrhosis include the following: […] Hepatitis and other viruses […] Use of certain drugs […] Chemical exposure […] Bile duct obstruction […] Autoimmune diseases […] Obstruction of outflow of blood from the liver (such as Budd-Chiari syndrome) […] Heart and blood vessel disturbances […] Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency […] High blood galactose levels […] High blood tyrosine levels at birth […] Glycogen storage disease […] Cystic fibrosis […] Diabetes […] Malnutrition […] Hereditary accumulation of too much copper (Wilson’s disease or iron hemochromatosis).

• #1 Liver Cirrhosis – Symptoms, Causes, Complications and Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact

  https://www.pacehospital.com/liver-cirrhosis-symptoms-causes-and-prevention

  Chronic biliary disease: Recurrent bacterial cholangitis: The chronic bacterial infection of the biliary tree causing primary hepatolithiasis (multiple intraductal stones). […] Other miscellaneous causes: Erythropoietic protoporphyria: results in liver disease (cirrhosis) due to the deposition of insoluble protoporphyrin IX in liver cells. […] Drug-induced liver cirrhosis (e.g., antimetabolites such as methotrexate, antiarrhythmics such as amiodarone).

• #1 Liver Cirrhosis – Symptoms, Causes, Complications and Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact

  https://www.pacehospital.com/liver-cirrhosis-symptoms-causes-and-prevention

  Under Aetiologic classification, cirrhosis of the liver is of 12 types: Alcoholic cirrhosis (the most common, 60-70%), Post-necrotic cirrhosis (10%), Biliary cirrhosis (5-10%), Pigment cirrhosis in haemochromatosis (5%), Cirrhosis in Wilson’s disease, Cirrhosis in α-1-antitrypsin deficiency, Cardiac cirrhosis, Indian childhood cirrhosis (ICC), Cirrhosis in autoimmune hepatitis, Cirrhosis in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, Miscellaneous forms of cirrhosis (metabolic, infectious, gastrointestinal, infiltrative) diseases, Cryptogenic cirrhosis. […] The cause of liver cirrhosis need not have a linear origin. The multiple liver cirrhosis causes due to various underlying diseases such as Viral hepatitis (hepatitis B and C), Alcoholic liver disease, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) – Hemochromatosis, Wilson’s disease, Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, Type IV glycogen storage disease (Andersen disease), Immune-mediated inflammatory disease (IMID) – Autoimmune hepatitis (types 1, 2, and 3), Primary biliary cholangitis, Primary sclerosing cholangitis, Immunoglobulin G4 cholangiopathy, Cardiovascular disease – Venous outflow obstruction, Chronic right-sided heart failure, Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu disease), Tricuspid regurgitation, Chronic biliary disease – Recurrent bacterial cholangitis, Bile duct stenosis, Other – Medications (e.g., methotrexate, amiodarone), Erythropoietic protoporphyria, Granulomatous disease (e.g., Sarcoidosis), Schistosomiasis.

• #1 Liver Cirrhosis -Symptoms| Causes| Risk Factors| Diagnoses| Treatments

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/liver-diseases/liver-cirrhosis

  Genetic Disorders: Inherited diseases like glycogen storage disease, cystic fibrosis, and Wilson disease may form toxic substances in your liver. This may further damage the liver. […] Toxic Hepatitis: If you are using certain medications regularly, including painkillers, and if you are exposed to some toxins in certain environments, it may lead to chronic liver damage. […] Cardiovascular Diseases: Certain conditions like congestive heart failure may cause blood to build up in the liver, and conditions like chronic ischemia may prevent the blood from reaching the liver. This may cause cirrhosis of the liver.

• #1 Cirrhosis of the Liver: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prognosis

  https://patient.info/digestive-health/abnormal-liver-function-tests-leaflet/cirrhosis

  Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), now called non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). […] Severe reactions to certain medicines. […] Certain poisons and environmental toxins. […] Certain infections caused by bacteria and parasites. […] Severe heart failure which can cause back pressure of blood and congestion in the liver. […] Some rare inherited diseases which can cause damage to liver cells.

• #1 What are the main causes and types of cirrhosis?

  https://www.mymed.com/diseases-conditions/cirrhosis/what-are-the-main-causes-and-types-of-cirrhosis

  Cirrhosis of the liver may also be caused by: […] Primary sclerosing cholangitis (hardening and scarring of the bile ducts) […] Schistosomiasis (infection caused by freshwater parasitic worms, also known as bilharzia) […] Cryptogenic cirrhosis (due to an unidentified cause and normally requiring a liver transplant)

• #1 Cirrhosis – Hepatic and Biliary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hepatic-and-biliary-disorders/fibrosis-and-cirrhosis/cirrhosis

  Cirrhosis is a late stage of hepatic fibrosis that has resulted in widespread distortion of normal hepatic architecture. […] The causes of cirrhosis are the same as those of fibrosis. In high-resource countries, most cases result from chronic alcohol use, chronic viral hepatitis (hepatitis B and C), or metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH, formerly known as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis/NASH). […] In parts of Asia and Africa, cirrhosis often results from endemic chronic hepatitis B. […] Cirrhosis of unknown etiology (cryptogenic cirrhosis) is becoming less common as many specific causes (eg, chronic hepatitis C, MASH) are identified. […] Injury to the bile ducts also can result in cirrhosis, as occurs in mechanical bile duct obstruction, primary biliary cholangitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis.

• #1 Cirrhosis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cirrhosis/

  Cirrhosis is caused by long-term damage to your liver. […] You may be more likely to have cirrhosis if you: regularly drink a lot of alcohol (over 50 units of alcohol a week if you’re a man and over 35 units a week if you’re a woman), have hepatitis B or hepatitis C, live with obesity, have type 2 diabetes, have non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), have an autoimmune liver condition, such as autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis or primary sclerosing cholangitis, have a genetic condition, such as haemochromatosis, Wilson’s disease, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency or cystic fibrosis. […] How serious cirrhosis is depends on things like what’s causing it and how early it’s diagnosed and treated. […] This usually involves treating the cause, for example, antiviral medicines if it’s caused by hepatitis B or C.

• #1 Cirrhosis: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/1215/p759.html

  Chronic liver injury causes inflammation and hepatic fibrosis. Regardless of the cause, this can lead to the formation of fibrous septae and nodules, collapse of liver structures, and distortion of hepatic parenchyma and vascular architecture. […] Cirrhosis can result from chronic liver damage of any cause. […] Factors associated with an increased risk of progression to cirrhosis include increased age, medical comorbidities (particularly patients coinfected with HIV and HCV), and male sex (except in alcoholic liver disease, where females progress more rapidly). […] Newer research has established that liver fibrosis is a dynamic process and that even early cirrhosis is reversible. […] Studies have demonstrated biopsy-proven fibrosis improvement rates as high as 88% after antiviral treatment in patients with HBV and HCV and as high as 85% after bariatric surgery in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. […] The primary goals of liver disease management are to prevent cirrhosis complications, liver decompensation, and death.

• #1 Cirrhosis: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/digestive/liver-diseases/cirrhosis

  Certain behaviors and health conditions can raise your chances of developing cirrhosis of the liver. Some risk factors include: Excessive alcohol consumption. Drinking too much alcohol can damage the liver directly and cause fat and inflammation to develop, which can lead to cirrhosis. Obesity and diabetes. These 2 conditions increase the risk of developing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, which can lead to cirrhosis.

• #1 Liver Cancer Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/liver/what-is-liver-cancer/causes-risk-factors

  The most common type of liver cancer in adults, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), typically develops in people with chronic (long-lasting) liver disease caused by hepatitis virus infection or cirrhosis. […] The risk of developing liver cancer is increased for people who have cirrhosis, a disease in which healthy liver tissue is replaced by scar tissue. […] Chronic alcoholism and chronic hepatitis infections are common causes of cirrhosis. […] Heavy alcohol use can cause cirrhosis, which is a risk factor for liver cancer. […] Having NASH-related cirrhosis increases the risk of developing liver cancer. […] Liver cancer has also been found in people with NASH who do not have cirrhosis. […] Cigarette smoking has been linked to a higher risk of liver cancer.

• #1 End-stage Liver Disease (ESLD) | UCSF Department of Surgery

  https://surgery.ucsf.edu/condition/end-stage-liver-disease-esld

  What causes cirrhosis? […] Any illness that affects the liver over a long period of time may lead to fibrosis and, eventually cirrhosis. Some common causes are heavy drinking, viruses, a buildup of fat in the liver, inherited diseases, toxic effects from drugs and autoimmune diseases. […] Cirrhosis has numerous causes. In the United States, heavy alcohol consumption and chronic hepatitis C have been the most common causes of cirrhosis. […] Many people with cirrhosis have more than one cause of liver damage. […] Cirrhosis is not caused by trauma to the liver or other acute, or short-term, causes of damage. Usually years of chronic injury are required to cause cirrhosis. […] Other causes of cirrhosis include drug reactions, prolonged exposure to toxic chemicals, parasitic infections, and repeated bouts of heart failure with liver congestion.

• #1

  https://www.healthxchange.sg/digestive-system/liver/liver-cirrhosis-causes-risk-factors

  Liver cirrhosis is a result of chronic liver damage. […] Liver cirrhosis (liver scarring) is caused by long-term damage to the liver from various causes, potentially leading to liver failure, liver cancer and other liver complications. […] Liver cirrhosis refers to a shrunken, scarred and hardened liver with potential for deterioration of liver function. It results from chronic (long-term) damage to the liver from various causes, leading to progressive scarring of the liver over years. […] Not everyone who drinks large amounts of alcohol will get liver cirrhosis. However, those who have hepatitis C are more likely to suffer liver damage from alcohol. […] You may be at risk of liver cirrhosis if you have one of the following conditions: Chronic hepatitis B, Chronic hepatitis C, Chronic excessive alcohol intake, Fatty liver disease (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis), Autoimmune liver disease (autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis or primary sclerosing cholangitis), Wilson disease, hemochromatosis and other rare inherited liver diseases.

• #1 Liver diseases: epidemiology, causes, trends and predictions | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-02072-z

  In North America and Europe, MASLD is increasingly acknowledged as a primary cause of cirrhosis. For example, the prevalence of cirrhosis in the U.S. has increased between 1.5 to 2 fold over the past two decades, especially among younger populations due to prevalent obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. In Germany, MASLD-related cirrhosis cases saw a fourfold increase from 2005 to 2018. Similarly, in Japan, cirrhosis due to MASLD rose from 2% in 2007 to 9% in 2016; South Korea also reports rising cirrhosis cases caused by MASLD, HCV, and alcohol. Despite these trends, viral hepatitis remains the dominant cause of cirrhosis in the Middle East and Africa, particularly HCV. Overall, NAFLD and ALD-related cirrhosis are becoming more common globally, although HBV and HCV infections remain the primary causes in many developing countries.

• #1 What is cirrhosis? – British Liver Trust

  https://britishlivertrust.org.uk/information-and-support/liver-conditions/cirrhosis/

  Cirrhosis is sometimes called advanced chronic liver disease. […] People often think of cirrhosis as part of alcohol related liver disease. This can be a cause of cirrhosis, but there are many other causes of liver disease that can also lead to cirrhosis. […] Cirrhosis happens when the scarring from fibrosis becomes very severe, causing permanent liver damage. […] Cirrhosis is often divided into compensated and decompensated cirrhosis. […] For many people it is possible to stop compensated cirrhosis getting worse. Usually by taking away or treating whatever was causing the damage. […] Decompensated cirrhosis needs urgent treatment. […] Decompensated cirrhosis can sometimes improve. Recompensation is when your liver cirrhosis goes from decompensated back to compensated. […] Cirrhosis can go from compensated to decompensated in different ways. This can be hard to predict. It can be caused by triggers such as infections or alcohol intake.

• #1 7 Myths and Facts about Cirrhosis – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/forefront/gastrointestinal-articles/things-you-thought-you-knew-about-cirrhosis

  Cirrhosis is a serious liver disease that leads some people to need liver transplants, but you may be surprised at what actually causes cirrhosis. Here are seven myths and facts about cirrhosis, its causes, treatments and potential complications. […] Cirrhosis is simply severe scarring of the liver caused by various injuries over time. There can be several causes of those injuries, including hepatitis B or C, hereditary disorders of iron or copper overload, liver diseases caused by an overactive immune system, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or drinking too much alcohol. […] For patients suffering from cirrhosis, slowing down the progression of this serious illness may help preserve your remaining liver function. Thats why its important to diagnose whats causing your cirrhosis as quickly as possible.

• #1 Liver diseases: epidemiology, causes, trends and predictions | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-02072-z

  […] […] Liver diseases represent a wide array of disorders characterized by hepatocyte injury, inflammatory cell infiltration, and HSC activation, which cumulatively impair liver function and disrupt its architecture. Annually, liver diseases are linked to approximately 2 million deaths and account for 4% of global mortality. Acute liver diseases often result from hepatotropic virus infections, though drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is also becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide. Chronic liver conditions, on the other hand, typically arise from factors like alcohol consumption, hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections, along with a rising incidence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) globally. Progression from such chronic conditions to end-stage liver diseases, including cirrhosis and liver cancer, contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality.

• #2 Cirrhosis: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/1215/p759.html

  Cirrhosis is the 12th leading cause of death in the United States. […] The most common causes of cirrhosis are viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. […] The most common causes of cirrhosis in the United States are viral hepatitis (primarily hepatitis C virus [HCV] and hepatitis B virus [HBV]), alcoholic liver disease, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. HCV remains the leading cause of cirrhosis in patients awaiting liver transplant. With an increasing prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in the United States, estimates suggest that non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, a severe progression of NAFLD characterized by inflammatory steatohepatitis, will become the leading cause of cirrhosis in patients awaiting liver transplant sometime between 2025 and 2035.

• #2 Cirrhosis of the Liver: Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://liverfoundation.org/liver-diseases/complications-of-liver-disease/cirrhosis/

  Cirrhosis refers to the replacement of normal liver tissue with non-living scar tissue. It is always related to other liver diseases. […] The most common causes of Cirrhosis are Hepatitis C, Alcohol-related Liver Disease, Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (now called metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease or MASLD), and Hepatitis B. […] Alcohol remains the second most common cause of liver Cirrhosis after hepatitis C virus. […] Cirrhosis is caused by chronic (long-term) liver diseases that damage liver tissue. It can take many years for liver damage to lead to cirrhosis. […] Chronic alcoholism is one of the leading causes of cirrhosis in the United States. […] Chronic hepatitis C is the another leading cause of cirrhosis in the United States. […] Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) can cause the liver to swell and can lead to cirrhosis. […] Bile duct disease limits or stops bile from flowing to the small intestine. […] Some genetic diseases can lead to cirrhosis.

• #2 Cirrhosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrhosis

  Globally, 57% of cirrhosis is attributable to either hepatitis B (30%) or hepatitis C (27%). […] Alcohol use disorder is another major cause, accounting for about 20-40% of the cases. […] Alcoholic liver disease (ALD, or alcoholic cirrhosis) develops for 10-20% of individuals who drink heavily for a decade or more. […] In non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), fat builds up in the liver and eventually causes scar tissue. […] Chronic hepatitis C, an infection with the hepatitis C virus, causes inflammation of the liver and a variable grade of damage to the organ. […] Chronic hepatitis B causes liver inflammation and injury that over several decades can lead to cirrhosis.

• #2 Cirrhosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrhosis

  Cirrhosis is most commonly caused by medical conditions including alcohol-related liver disease, metabolic dysfunction associated steatohepatitis (MASH the progressive form of metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease, previously called non-alcoholic fatty liver disease or NAFLD), heroin abuse, chronic hepatitis B, and chronic hepatitis C. […] Chronic heavy drinking can cause alcoholic liver disease. […] Liver damage has also been attributed to heroin usage over an extended period of time as well. […] MASH has several causes, including obesity, high blood pressure, abnormal levels of cholesterol, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. […] Less common causes of cirrhosis include autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis that disrupts bile duct function, genetic disorders such as Wilson’s disease and hereditary hemochromatosis, and chronic heart failure with liver congestion.

• #2 Alcoholic Liver Cirrhosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, & More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/alcoholic-liver-cirrhosis

  Alcoholic liver cirrhosis (alcohol-related cirrhosis) is the most advanced form of liver disease linked to drinking alcohol. […] Cirrhosis can have a variety of causes. But alcohol-related cirrhosis is directly linked to alcohol misuse, which can become alcohol use disorder. […] Damage from prolonged alcohol misuse can lead to alcohol-related cirrhosis. When the liver tissue starts to scar, the liver doesn’t work as well as before. […] Research shows that in many cases, people with alcohol-related cirrhosis have a history of drinking between 30 to 50 g (about 2 to 3 drinks) and 100 g (7 drinks) daily or more. […] However, people with different genetic backgrounds or those with preexisting metabolic conditions may be more likely to develop the condition earlier than others, even with lower alcohol consumption. […] Obesity, a high fat diet, and hepatitis C can also increase your likelihood of developing alcohol-related liver disease. […] People who are female also have a higher chance of developing alcohol-related liver disease than people who are male.

• #2 Chronic Liver Disease: Causes and Symptoms – Alcohol Help

  https://www.alcoholhelp.com/resources/medical-conditions/chronic-liver-disease/

  Chronic liver disease occurs through various health conditions. The most common conditions often stem from alcohol abuse. […] Common causes of chronic liver disease are: Infection, Alcohol abuse, Exposure to toxic chemicals, Blocked or damaged tubes, Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E, Episodes of heart failure, Viruses, High cholesterol, Autoimmune disorders, Parasitic infection, Certain medications, Heredity. […] Although people can get liver disease from many of the listed reasons, most of the time, chronic liver disease stems from alcoholism. […] Cirrhosis is a condition of scarring on the liver, which can worsen over time. This condition can occur from type 2 diabetes, in men, people older than 50, and alcohol abusers. […] Percentage-wise, 10% to 20% of heavy drinkers eventually get cirrhosis. […] Cirrhosis can be life threatening if not treated, and can increase the risk of infection from other potentially fatal conditions. Most prominently, cirrhosis can lead to liver failure and liver cancer.

• #2 Liver Cirrhosis – Shore Gastroenterology Associates

  https://shoregastro.com/conditions-and-diseases/liver-cirrhosis/

  Cirrhosis is a slow, progressive disease that is marked by severe scarring of the liver. […] The most common causes of cirrhosis are non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), heavy alcohol consumption over a long period, and hepatitis C. […] The three most common causes of cirrhosis are non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, long-term alcohol abuse, and hepatitis C infection. […] Non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) is the most common liver disease in the United States, affecting between 30-40% adults. […] When it comes to alcohol, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases says that a woman is at risk for cirrhosis if she drinks two or more drinks per day over the course of many years. […] Hepatitis C also contributes to the development of cirrhosis. […] Other causes of cirrhosis can include iron disorders, such as hemochromatosis and Wilson’s disease, damage to the bile ducts, such as primary biliary cholangitis, autoimmune hepatitis, and some medications.

• #2 Liver diseases: epidemiology, causes, trends and predictions | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-02072-z

  In North America and Europe, MASLD is increasingly acknowledged as a primary cause of cirrhosis. For example, the prevalence of cirrhosis in the U.S. has increased between 1.5 to 2 fold over the past two decades, especially among younger populations due to prevalent obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. In Germany, MASLD-related cirrhosis cases saw a fourfold increase from 2005 to 2018. Similarly, in Japan, cirrhosis due to MASLD rose from 2% in 2007 to 9% in 2016; South Korea also reports rising cirrhosis cases caused by MASLD, HCV, and alcohol. Despite these trends, viral hepatitis remains the dominant cause of cirrhosis in the Middle East and Africa, particularly HCV. Overall, NAFLD and ALD-related cirrhosis are becoming more common globally, although HBV and HCV infections remain the primary causes in many developing countries.

• #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Causes-Cirrhosis.aspx

  Alcohol abuse, referring to both social binge drinking and alcoholism, is one of the leading causes of cirrhosis in the United States. […] Chronic hepatitis C results in inflammation of the liver. If left untreated it causes long-term, ongoing damage to the liver and can lead to cirrhosis. 25% of those infected with hepatitis C will develop cirrhosis after many years with the infection. […] Much like alcohol-related liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) presents as a build-up of fatty tissue in the liver. As the disease progresses, it results in severe inflammation and scarring of the liver, leading to cirrhosis.

• #2 Liver diseases: epidemiology, causes, trends and predictions | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-02072-z

  Cirrhosis, representing the end stage of diverse chronic liver disorders, has experienced a global surge in incidence, from 20.7 per 100,000 people in 2000 to 23.4 per 100,000 in 2015-a 13% increase. The leading causes of cirrhosis include MASLD (60%), HBV (29%), HCV (9%), and ALD (2%). […] Regionally, HBV is most prevalent among cirrhosis patients in the Western Pacific (59%) and least prevalent in the Americas (5%). The highest proportion of cirrhosis due to HCV occurs in the Eastern Mediterranean (70%), while it is lowest in Africa and the Western Pacific (13% each). In terms of alcohol-related cirrhosis, Europe (16-78%) and the Americas (17-52%) report higher rates compared to Asia (0-41%). Data on MASLD as a cause of cirrhosis show that its prevalence varies, from 2% in South Korea and Brazil to 18% in Canada.

• #2 Liver Disease: Signs & Symptoms, Causes, Stages, Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17179-liver-disease

  Autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune conditions can cause chronic inflammation and scarring in your liver or your bile ducts, including autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. […] Inherited metabolic disorders. Disorders that cause toxic products to build up in your blood such as glycogen storage disease (GSD), Wilson disease, hemochromatosis and Gaucher disease can cause chronic liver damage. […] Cardiovascular diseases. Conditions that affect blood flow to and from your liver including Budd-Chiari syndrome, ischemia, arterial diseases and right-sided heart failure can cause chronic liver damage.

• #2 Cirrhosis: Causes, symptoms, and treatments of liver scarring

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/172295

  Cirrhosis is a progressive condition where scar tissue gradually replaces healthy liver cells. […] Various factors can lead to liver damage and cirrhosis, such as: viral infections, alcohol consumption, toxins, including medications, hereditary and genetic conditions, some autoimmune diseases, metabolic syndrome, including obesity, which leads to widespread inflammation. […] Common causes of cirrhosis are: hepatitis, a viral infection; long-term high alcohol consumption; non-alcohol-related steatosis, a type of fatty liver disease; exposure to toxins; genetic diseases. […] Globally, hepatitis B and C are the leading causes of cirrhosis. […] In autoimmune hepatitis, the person has an autoimmune disease. In this type of disease, the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells. Sometimes, an autoimmune disease can affect the liver, leading to hepatitis and cirrhosis.

• #2 Cirrhosis: Causes, Signs, & Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/cirrhosis/article.htm

  Cirrhosis is the end complication of many liver diseases and is characterized by abnormal structure and function of the liver. The diseases that lead to cirrhosis do so because they injure and kill liver cells. […] What causes cirrhosis of the liver? There are many causes of cirrhosis including chemicals (such as alcohol, fat, and certain medications), viruses, toxic metals (such as iron and copper that may accumulate in the liver as a result of genetic diseases), and autoimmune liver diseases where the body’s immune system attacks the liver. […] Common causes of cirrhosis of the liver include: Alcohol abuse, Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), Cryptogenic causes, Chronic viral hepatitis. Hepatitis B, and C infections are common causes of cirrhosis. Hepatitis A tends to be a short-lived infection and does not usually progress to cirrhosis, Autoimmune hepatitis, Inherited (genetic) disorders, Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), Infants born without bile ducts (primary biliary atresia).

• #2 Cirrhosis: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/digestive/liver-diseases/cirrhosis

  Cirrhosis of the liver is a condition in which your liver is scarred and permanently damaged. The most common causes of cirrhosis are nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, alcohol abuse, and viral hepatitis. […] Cirrhosis of the liver can be caused by an array of diseases and conditions. The most common causes are: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Alcohol abuse, Hepatitis B and hepatitis C. […] Less common causes of cirrhosis include: Autoimmune hepatitis. Your own immune system attacks healthy liver tissue. Diseases that affect the bile ducts, including primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and biliary atresia. Inherited diseases, including Alpha-1 antitrypsin, hemochromatosis, Wilson disease, cystic fibrosis, and glycogen storage diseases. Chronic heart failure can cause liver damage from congestion.

• #2 Cirrhosis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/cirrhosis

  Cirrhosis is the condition that results when a chronic health problem affecting the liver has progressed to its final stage of scarring (fibrosis). […] There are many causes of chronic liver disease, and each one can lead to cirrhosis over time if not detected, says Yale Medicine hepatologist David N. Assis, MD. It is very important to identify the cause of the liver disease so that treatment can be started to prevent the development of cirrhosis or prevent progression of cirrhosis if it is already present. […] Because many different conditions may lead to cirrhosis, there are a variety of causes for the condition. […] The most common causes of cirrhosis are: Alcohol-related liver disease, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis B, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. […] Other conditions that may lead to cirrhosis include: Autoimmune diseases that affect the liver, including autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis; Inherited diseases that affect the liver, like hemochromatosis, Wilson disease, and alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency; Conditions that limit blood flow to and from the liver, including Budd-Chiari syndrome and heart failure affecting the right side of the heart; Certain medications that may cause liver damage as a side effect.

• #2 Cirrhosis: Causes, Signs, & Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/cirrhosis/article.htm

  Inherited (genetic) disorders result in the accumulation of toxic substances in the liver, which may lead to tissue damage and cirrhosis. Examples include the abnormal accumulation of iron (hemochromatosis) or copper (Wilson disease). […] Cryptogenic cirrhosis (cirrhosis due to unidentified causes) is a common reason for liver transplantation. […] Less common causes of cirrhosis include unusual reactions to some drugs and prolonged exposure to toxins, as well as chronic heart failure (cardiac cirrhosis). In certain parts of the world (particularly Northern Africa), infection of the liver with a parasite (schistosomiasis) is the most common cause of liver disease and cirrhosis.

• #2 Cirrhosis: Causes, symptoms, and treatments of liver scarring

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/172295

  The liver breaks down toxins, including alcohol. But, if toxin levels are too high, the liver will be unable to process them effectively, and damage to liver cells will result. […] There are three stages of alcohol-related liver disease: Alcohol-related fatty liver or steatosis; Alcohol-related hepatitis; Cirrhosis: Irreversible damage can lead to potentially life threatening complications. […] Doctors diagnose non-alcohol-related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) when fat accumulates in over 5% of liver cells, and there is no other explanation. […] Other diseases and conditions that can contribute to cirrhosis include: cystic fibrosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, or hardening and scarring of the bile ducts, galactosemia, or inability to process sugars in milk, schistosomiasis, a parasitic disease, biliary atresia, which affects the formation of bile ducts before birth, glycogen storage disease, when the body has problems storing and releasing the energy release that is vital for cell function, hemochromatosis, when iron accumulates in the liver and other parts of the body, Budd-Chiari syndrome, when blood clots in the hepatic vein lead to liver enlargement and the development of new blood vessels, cancer of the bile ducts or pancreas, which can lead to blockages in the bile ducts. […] Possible causes include a hepatitis infection, high consumption of alcohol, some genetic conditions, and inflammation that occurs with obesity and metabolic disorder.

• #2 Cirrhosis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cirrhosis

  Other causes of cirrhosis include: Hepatitis D, Autoimmune hepatitis, Damage to the bile ducts, Disorders that affect the body’s ability to handle iron and copper, Medication. […] Cirrhosis can develop in a variety of ways, such as from long-term alcohol misuse, an unmanaged hepatitis infection, or untreated MASLD.

• #2 Cirrhosis Causes | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/liver-kidneys-and-urinary-system/chronic-liver-disease/causes.html

  The most common cause of cirrhosis is alcohol abuse. Other causes of cirrhosis include the following: […] Hepatitis and other viruses […] Use of certain drugs […] Chemical exposure […] Bile duct obstruction […] Autoimmune diseases […] Obstruction of outflow of blood from the liver (such as Budd-Chiari syndrome) […] Heart and blood vessel disturbances […] Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency […] High blood galactose levels […] High blood tyrosine levels at birth […] Glycogen storage disease […] Cystic fibrosis […] Diabetes […] Malnutrition […] Hereditary accumulation of too much copper (Wilson’s disease or iron hemochromatosis).

• #2 Cirrhosis – Hepatic and Biliary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hepatic-and-biliary-disorders/fibrosis-and-cirrhosis/cirrhosis

  Cirrhosis is a late stage of hepatic fibrosis that has resulted in widespread distortion of normal hepatic architecture. […] The causes of cirrhosis are the same as those of fibrosis. In high-resource countries, most cases result from chronic alcohol use, chronic viral hepatitis (hepatitis B and C), or metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH, formerly known as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis/NASH). […] In parts of Asia and Africa, cirrhosis often results from endemic chronic hepatitis B. […] Cirrhosis of unknown etiology (cryptogenic cirrhosis) is becoming less common as many specific causes (eg, chronic hepatitis C, MASH) are identified. […] Injury to the bile ducts also can result in cirrhosis, as occurs in mechanical bile duct obstruction, primary biliary cholangitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis.

• #2 Cirrhosis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/cirrhosis/

  Cirrhosis is most commonly due to excessive alcohol consumption, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, or hepatitis C. […] Other causes include inflammatory or metabolic diseases, such as primary biliary cirrhosis and hemochromatosis. […] Chronic hepatitis C (most common cause of cirrhosis in the US) […] Chronic alcohol use disorder […] Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) […] Autoimmune conditions: e.g., type 1 AIH, PBC, PSC […] Genetic conditions: e.g., hereditary hemochromatosis, Wilson disease, 1-antitrypsin deficiency […] Hepatic vein congestion or vascular anomalies: e.g., Budd-Chiari syndrome, cardiac cirrhosis […] Cryptogenic cirrhosis: cirrhosis of unknown etiology despite adequate diagnostics. […] Hepatitis C, alcohol-associated liver disease, and MASH are the most common causes of cirrhosis worldwide.

• #2 Liver Cirrhosis – Symptoms, Causes, Complications and Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact

  https://www.pacehospital.com/liver-cirrhosis-symptoms-causes-and-prevention

  Under Aetiologic classification, cirrhosis of the liver is of 12 types: Alcoholic cirrhosis (the most common, 60-70%), Post-necrotic cirrhosis (10%), Biliary cirrhosis (5-10%), Pigment cirrhosis in haemochromatosis (5%), Cirrhosis in Wilson’s disease, Cirrhosis in α-1-antitrypsin deficiency, Cardiac cirrhosis, Indian childhood cirrhosis (ICC), Cirrhosis in autoimmune hepatitis, Cirrhosis in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, Miscellaneous forms of cirrhosis (metabolic, infectious, gastrointestinal, infiltrative) diseases, Cryptogenic cirrhosis. […] The cause of liver cirrhosis need not have a linear origin. The multiple liver cirrhosis causes due to various underlying diseases such as Viral hepatitis (hepatitis B and C), Alcoholic liver disease, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) – Hemochromatosis, Wilson’s disease, Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, Type IV glycogen storage disease (Andersen disease), Immune-mediated inflammatory disease (IMID) – Autoimmune hepatitis (types 1, 2, and 3), Primary biliary cholangitis, Primary sclerosing cholangitis, Immunoglobulin G4 cholangiopathy, Cardiovascular disease – Venous outflow obstruction, Chronic right-sided heart failure, Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu disease), Tricuspid regurgitation, Chronic biliary disease – Recurrent bacterial cholangitis, Bile duct stenosis, Other – Medications (e.g., methotrexate, amiodarone), Erythropoietic protoporphyria, Granulomatous disease (e.g., Sarcoidosis), Schistosomiasis.

• #2 Liver Disease: Signs & Symptoms, Causes, Stages, Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17179-liver-disease

  Chronic liver disease progresses in roughly four stages: […] Cirrhosis is severe, permanent scarring in your liver. This is the stage where fibrosis is no longer reversible. […] There are over 100 types of liver disease, but they fall into a handful of subtypes. Causes include: […] Viral infections. Viral hepatitis infections that become chronic can cause chronic hepatitis, including hepatitis B and hepatitis C. […] Alcohol-induced hepatitis. Heavy alcohol use can cause acute or chronic hepatitis. If it goes on long enough, it can cause cirrhosis and liver failure. […] Toxic hepatitis. Chronic overexposure to toxins, such as industrial chemicals or drugs, can cause acute or chronic hepatitis. […] Non-alcohol related fatty liver disease. Metabolic conditions associated with obesity, high blood sugar and high blood lipids can cause excess fat storage in your liver, which can cause inflammation (non-alcohol related steatohepatitis).

• #2 Liver Failure: Causes, Symptoms, Treatments, Tests & More

  https://www.webmd.com/fatty-liver-disease/digestive-diseases-liver-failure

  The causes of acute liver failure, when the liver fails rapidly, include: Acetaminophen overdose: Large doses can damage your liver or lead to failure. Viruses including hepatitis A, B, and E, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus: They lead to liver damage or cirrhosis. Long-term alcohol consumption: Heavy drinking can lead to cirrhosis. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): It often affects people who are overweight, obese, or have high cholesterol.

• #2 What are the main causes and types of cirrhosis?

  https://www.mymed.com/diseases-conditions/cirrhosis/what-are-the-main-causes-and-types-of-cirrhosis

  Primary biliary cholangitis (formerly known as primary biliary cirrhosis): Blockage of the bile ducts leads to liver cell damage as bile accumulates in the small tubes which carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder and into the intestines. […] Toxic substances and infections: Germs and other substances which are toxic to the liver can contribute to scarring and damage. […] Inherited (genetic) disorders: Genetic conditions can sometimes interfere with the metabolism process in the liver, or the ability to handle accumulation in the liver such as iron (haemochromatosis) and copper (Wilson’s disease) in the system. […] Cardiac cirrhosis: A back-up of blood that develops as a result of an inability of the heart to pump effectively can also cause damage to the liver cells, as well as swelling and pain.

• #2 Cirrhosis of the Liver: Symptoms, Stages, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/fatty-liver-disease/understanding-cirrhosis-basic-information

  Hepatitis B or hepatitis C. Medicines for these diseases can prevent further damage to your liver. […] Other conditions that can lead to cirrhosis include: […] Cryptogenic cirrhosis is when there’s no apparent cause for the scarring on your liver. A doctor usually gives this diagnosis after ruling out other possible causes. There may be links to MASH.

• #2 Cirrhosis: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/digestive/liver-diseases/cirrhosis

  Certain behaviors and health conditions can raise your chances of developing cirrhosis of the liver. Some risk factors include: Excessive alcohol consumption. Drinking too much alcohol can damage the liver directly and cause fat and inflammation to develop, which can lead to cirrhosis. Obesity and diabetes. These 2 conditions increase the risk of developing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, which can lead to cirrhosis.

• #2

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/alcohol-related-liver-disease-arld/causes/

  Alcohol-related liver disease (ARLD) is caused by drinking too much alcohol. The more you drink above the recommended limits, the higher your risk of developing ARLD. […] drinking more than the recommended limits of alcohol over many years can cause hepatitis and cirrhosis, the more serious types of ARLD. […] other factors can increase your chances of developing ARLD. These include: being female (women appear to be more vulnerable than men to the harmful effects of alcohol) […] having a pre-existing liver condition, such as hepatitis C […] genetics (alcohol dependence and problems processing alcohol often run in families)

• #2 Cirrhosis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cirrhosis/

  Cirrhosis is caused by long-term damage to your liver. […] You may be more likely to have cirrhosis if you: regularly drink a lot of alcohol (over 50 units of alcohol a week if you’re a man and over 35 units a week if you’re a woman), have hepatitis B or hepatitis C, live with obesity, have type 2 diabetes, have non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), have an autoimmune liver condition, such as autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis or primary sclerosing cholangitis, have a genetic condition, such as haemochromatosis, Wilson’s disease, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency or cystic fibrosis. […] How serious cirrhosis is depends on things like what’s causing it and how early it’s diagnosed and treated. […] This usually involves treating the cause, for example, antiviral medicines if it’s caused by hepatitis B or C.

• #2 9 Things That Can Cause Cirrhosis of the Liver

  https://www.health.com/condition/hepatitis-c/what-causes-cirrhosis-liver

  You may think alcohol is the only culprit, but many factors can lead to cirrhosis or liver damage. […] Scarring (cirrhosis) can occur if the liver becomes damaged, which can eventually cause liver failure or cancer. […] Several health conditions can directly cause or increase the risk of liver damage. Some of these health conditions include obesity, hepatitis, genetic diseases, and various autoimmune conditions. […] Chronic hepatitis B and C are responsible for most cases of liver cancer worldwide. […] Genetics can also play a role in the health of your liver, and several hereditary conditions can lead to liver disease. The hereditary disease hemochromatosis, for example, causes a build-up of iron in the body, which can cause cirrhosis and eventual liver failure. […] Certain autoimmune diseases can also impact liver function. […] Although other factors play a role, alcohol misuse remains a major cause of cirrhosis and subsequent liver disease. […] Smoking can increase the risk of liver cancer and liver cirrhosis.

• #2 Cirrhosis of the Liver – Liver and Gallbladder Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/liver-and-gallbladder-disorders/fibrosis-and-cirrhosis-of-the-liver/cirrhosis-of-the-liver

  Cirrhosis is the widespread distortion of the liver’s internal structure that occurs when a large amount of normal liver tissue is permanently replaced with nonfunctioning scar tissue. […] Chronic excessive use of alcohol, chronic viral hepatitis, and metabolic dysfunctionrelated steatohepatitis (MASH) formerly known as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) (fatty liver not due to alcohol use) are the most common causes of cirrhosis. […] Any disorder, drug, or toxin that causes fibrosis can cause cirrhosis. Some specific causes include certain hereditary metabolic disorders, such as iron overload (hemochromatosis), copper overload (Wilson disease), and alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, and disorders that damage the bile ducts, such as primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). […] In many parts of Asia and Africa, cirrhosis often results from chronic hepatitis B.

• #2 Cirrhosis in adults: Etiologies, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/cirrhosis-in-adults-etiologies-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis

  Cirrhosis represents a late stage of progressive hepatic fibrosis characterized by distortion of the hepatic architecture and the formation of regenerative nodules. It is generally considered to be irreversible in its advanced stages, at which point the only treatment option may be liver transplantation. However, reversal of cirrhosis (in its earlier stages) has been documented in several forms of liver disease following treatment of the underlying cause. Patients with cirrhosis are susceptible to a variety of complications, and their life expectancy is markedly reduced. […] There are numerous causes of liver disease that can result in cirrhosis, either by causing chronic hepatic inflammation or cholestasis. In resource-abundant countries, common causes of cirrhosis include: Alcohol-associated liver disease, Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.

• #2 Liver Fibrosis and Cirrhosis | Oxford Gut and Liver

  https://www.oxfordgutandliver.co.uk/conditions/liver-fibrosis-and-cirrhosis/

  Causes of chronic liver disease that can lead to cirrhosis include: […] Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) […] Alcohol related liver disease […] Chronic hepatitis viruses (Hepatitis B and C) […] Autoimmune liver diseases […] Biliary diseases such as PBC and PSC […] Haemochromatosis. […] Traditionally, it was thought that cirrhosis was irreversible and in practice, most cases are. However, if the cause of the liver disease can be removed completely, the liver can remodel and cirrhosis can regress, although it can take many years for this to happen.

• #2 Cirrhosis: Practice Essentials, Overview, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/185856-overview

  Cirrhosis is defined histologically as a diffuse hepatic process characterized by fibrosis and conversion of the normal liver architecture into structurally abnormal nodules. The progression of liver injury to cirrhosis may occur over several weeks to years. […] Most patients with cirrhosis are well compensated. They have no or minimal symptoms and with the modification of risk factors may have a reasonably good life expectancy. […] Relatively recent practice guidelines highlight the importance of making an early diagnosis of clinically significant portal hypertension (CSPH). Patients with compensated cirrhosis may or may not have CSPH. However, by definition, patients with decompensated cirrhosis have CSPH. […] Cirrhosis represents the final common histologic pathway for a wide variety of chronic liver diseases. This condition is defined histologically as a diffuse hepatic process characterized by fibrosis and the conversion of normal liver architecture into structurally abnormal nodules.

• #2 7 Myths and Facts about Cirrhosis – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/forefront/gastrointestinal-articles/things-you-thought-you-knew-about-cirrhosis

  Cirrhosis is a serious liver disease that leads some people to need liver transplants, but you may be surprised at what actually causes cirrhosis. Here are seven myths and facts about cirrhosis, its causes, treatments and potential complications. […] Cirrhosis is simply severe scarring of the liver caused by various injuries over time. There can be several causes of those injuries, including hepatitis B or C, hereditary disorders of iron or copper overload, liver diseases caused by an overactive immune system, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or drinking too much alcohol. […] For patients suffering from cirrhosis, slowing down the progression of this serious illness may help preserve your remaining liver function. Thats why its important to diagnose whats causing your cirrhosis as quickly as possible.

• #2 Liver diseases: epidemiology, causes, trends and predictions | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-02072-z

  […] […] Despite often presenting similar clinicopathological features ranging from asymptomatic stages to nonspecific digestive symptoms, these liver diseases share biochemical and histological profiles that complicate their differentiation based on a single diagnostic parameter. Accurate diagnosis typically requires a combination of clinical presentation, specific biomarkers, and liver biopsy. Currently, clinical management of liver diseases largely focuses on hepatocyte protection, cause elimination, and symptom alleviation. The removal of causative agents such as ethanol and viruses does not always prevent progression to cirrhosis, suggesting that the underlying mechanisms driving disease onset and progression are incompletely understood.

• #3 The Etiology, Diagnosis and Prevention of Liver Cirrhosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3583179/

  Cirrhosis of the liver is the end stage of chronic liver disease. Among the many liver disorders that can lead to cirrhosis, some progress rapidly (years) and others more slowly (decades). In Germany, cirrhosis is often a consequence of fatty liver disease due to alcoholism or other causes, but can also be caused by hepatitis B and hepatitis C. […] The commonest causes of cirrhosis in Germany are alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and viral hepatitis (B or C). Among these causes, the most common of all is alcoholic fatty liver disease, which caused 8619 deaths in Germany (8.9 deaths per 100 000 population) in 2009 and thus ranks among the country’s top 20 causes of death. […] Cirrhosis is rising in importance as a public health problem: the number of deaths from cirrhosis per 100 000 population doubled from 5 in 1980 to 9.9 in 2005.

• #3 Cirrhosis and Chronic Liver Failure: Part I. Diagnosis and Evaluation | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2006/0901/p756.html

  Cirrhosis and chronic liver failure are leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States, with the majority of preventable cases attributed to excessive alcohol consumption, viral hepatitis, or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. […] Single or multifactorial insults to the liver ultimately lead to cirrhosis, the most common being alcohol abuse, chronic hepatitis C, and obesity with concomitant nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. […] According to estimates from the United Network for Organ Sharing, 75 to 80 percent of cirrhosis cases could be prevented by eliminating alcohol abuse, and approximately 3.9 million Americans have chronic hepatitis C. […] Any chronic insult to the liver can cause progression to cirrhosis. […] Although numerous pathophysiologic mechanisms of injury exist, the final common pathway is persistent wound healing resulting in hepatic parenchymal fibrosis. […] The most common causes of cirrhosis include alcohol (60 to 70 percent), chronic hepatitis B or C (10 percent), and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (10 percent) most commonly resulting from obesity.

• #3 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Causes-Cirrhosis.aspx

  Alcohol abuse, referring to both social binge drinking and alcoholism, is one of the leading causes of cirrhosis in the United States. […] Chronic hepatitis C results in inflammation of the liver. If left untreated it causes long-term, ongoing damage to the liver and can lead to cirrhosis. 25% of those infected with hepatitis C will develop cirrhosis after many years with the infection. […] Much like alcohol-related liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) presents as a build-up of fatty tissue in the liver. As the disease progresses, it results in severe inflammation and scarring of the liver, leading to cirrhosis.

• #3 Cirrhosis of the Liver: Symptoms, Stages, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/fatty-liver-disease/understanding-cirrhosis-basic-information

  Cirrhosis always develops because of another liver problem or disease. If you don’t treat the cause of your cirrhosis, it’ll get worse, and over time your healthy liver cells won’t be able to keep up. After a while, your liver may not be able to work well or at all. […] The most common causes are: […] Alcohol use disorder. If you have a drinking problem, it’s important to get help. Alcohol harms your liver. Talk to your doctor. They may refer you to a treatment program. […] MASLD (formerly called nonalcoholic fatty liver disease). Type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and obesity raise your chances of this condition. If your cirrhosis is caused by fatty liver disease, losing weight and keeping your blood sugar levels under control may improve your liver health. MASH is the most severe form of MASLD.

• #3

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/alcohol-related-liver-disease-arld/causes/

  Alcohol-related liver disease (ARLD) is caused by drinking too much alcohol. The more you drink above the recommended limits, the higher your risk of developing ARLD. […] drinking more than the recommended limits of alcohol over many years can cause hepatitis and cirrhosis, the more serious types of ARLD. […] other factors can increase your chances of developing ARLD. These include: being female (women appear to be more vulnerable than men to the harmful effects of alcohol) […] having a pre-existing liver condition, such as hepatitis C […] genetics (alcohol dependence and problems processing alcohol often run in families)

• #3 Cirrhosis – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/cirrhosis-a-to-z

  Cirrhosis has many causes. In the United States and Europe, the most common causes are excessive alcohol use and chronic infection with the hepatitis C virus. […] Alcohol has a toxic effect on liver cells. Alcoholic cirrhosis tends to develop after a decade or more of heavy drinking, although it is possible for „social drinkers” to have cirrhosis. […] Chronic hepatitis B, which causes damage in a similar way, is another common cause of cirrhosis in the world. […] Chronic hepatitis C causes inflammation of the liver that eventually can lead to cirrhosis. Without treatment, about one out of every five people with chronic hepatitis C develops cirrhosis after 20 years. […] More recently, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease has become a more common cause of cirrhosis. […] Rarer causes of cirrhosis include autoimmune diseases that attack the bile ducts or liver cells, severe reactions to prescription drugs, prolonged exposure to environmental toxins, infections from bacteria and parasites usually found in the tropics or Asia, repeated episodes of heart failure with liver congestion, and certain inherited diseases, including hemochromatosis, Wilson’s disease, and alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency.

• #3 What Is Cirrhosis? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/liver-disease/cirrhosis/

  Alcohol is toxic to the liver, and drinking too much can lead to inflammation and changes in the liver cells themselves. This causes swelling and, eventually, cirrhosis. […] Fat buildup in the liver that is not alcohol related is called metabolic dysfunctionassociated liver disease (MASLD), formerly known as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. If MASLD worsens, it can lead to MASH, which is when inflammation appears in the liver along with the fat. […] Certain genetic diseases can increase someone’s chances of developing cirrhosis. Wilson disease, hemochromatosis, glycogen storage diseases, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, and cystic fibrosis are all genetic diseases that can cause cirrhosis. […] Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) as well as autoimmune liver disease can cause cirrhosis.

• #3 Cirrhosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrhosis

  Globally, 57% of cirrhosis is attributable to either hepatitis B (30%) or hepatitis C (27%). […] Alcohol use disorder is another major cause, accounting for about 20-40% of the cases. […] Alcoholic liver disease (ALD, or alcoholic cirrhosis) develops for 10-20% of individuals who drink heavily for a decade or more. […] In non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), fat builds up in the liver and eventually causes scar tissue. […] Chronic hepatitis C, an infection with the hepatitis C virus, causes inflammation of the liver and a variable grade of damage to the organ. […] Chronic hepatitis B causes liver inflammation and injury that over several decades can lead to cirrhosis.

• #3 The Etiology, Diagnosis and Prevention of Liver Cirrhosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3583179/

  The risk of developing HCC depends on the underlying disease: It is low, for example, when the underlying disease is autoimmune hepatitis (2.9% in 10 years) (1), and high when the underlying disease is chronic hepatitis B with a viral burden greater than 107 copies/mL (19.8% in 13 years) (2). […] Aside from chronic viral hepatitis, fatty liver disease due to any of the very common underlying disorders (obesity, diabetes, alcohol abuse) commonly progresses to cirrhosis and thus merits both specialized medical treatment and close follow-up by the primary-care physician. […] The etiology of cirrhosis in any particular case is highly relevant to the prognosis. Thus, appropriate screening should be performed.

• #3 Hepatic Cirrhosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482419/

  Based on the cause of cirrhosis which is sub-classified as follows: Viral – hepatitis B, C, and D; Toxins – alcohol, drugs; Autoimmune – autoimmune hepatitis; Cholestatic – primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis; Vascular – Budd-Chiari syndrome, sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, cardiac cirrhosis; Metabolic – hemochromatosis, NASH, Wilson disease, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, cryptogenic cirrhosis.

• #3 Cirrhosis: Causes, Signs, & Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/cirrhosis/article.htm

  Cirrhosis is the end complication of many liver diseases and is characterized by abnormal structure and function of the liver. The diseases that lead to cirrhosis do so because they injure and kill liver cells. […] What causes cirrhosis of the liver? There are many causes of cirrhosis including chemicals (such as alcohol, fat, and certain medications), viruses, toxic metals (such as iron and copper that may accumulate in the liver as a result of genetic diseases), and autoimmune liver diseases where the body’s immune system attacks the liver. […] Common causes of cirrhosis of the liver include: Alcohol abuse, Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), Cryptogenic causes, Chronic viral hepatitis. Hepatitis B, and C infections are common causes of cirrhosis. Hepatitis A tends to be a short-lived infection and does not usually progress to cirrhosis, Autoimmune hepatitis, Inherited (genetic) disorders, Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), Infants born without bile ducts (primary biliary atresia).

• #3 Cirrhosis of the Liver: Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://liverfoundation.org/liver-diseases/complications-of-liver-disease/cirrhosis/

  Cirrhosis refers to the replacement of normal liver tissue with non-living scar tissue. It is always related to other liver diseases. […] The most common causes of Cirrhosis are Hepatitis C, Alcohol-related Liver Disease, Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (now called metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease or MASLD), and Hepatitis B. […] Alcohol remains the second most common cause of liver Cirrhosis after hepatitis C virus. […] Cirrhosis is caused by chronic (long-term) liver diseases that damage liver tissue. It can take many years for liver damage to lead to cirrhosis. […] Chronic alcoholism is one of the leading causes of cirrhosis in the United States. […] Chronic hepatitis C is the another leading cause of cirrhosis in the United States. […] Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) can cause the liver to swell and can lead to cirrhosis. […] Bile duct disease limits or stops bile from flowing to the small intestine. […] Some genetic diseases can lead to cirrhosis.

• #3 Cirrhosis: Practice Essentials, Overview, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/185856-overview

  Other causes of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis include the following conditions: Autoimmune hepatitis, Primary biliary cholangitis, Secondary biliary cirrhosis, Primary sclerosing cholangitis, Hereditary hemochromatosis, Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson disease, Granulomatous disease, Drug-induced liver disease, Venous outflow obstruction, Chronic right-sided heart failure, Tricuspid regurgitation.

• #3 Liver Cirrhosis -Symptoms| Causes| Risk Factors| Diagnoses| Treatments

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/liver-diseases/liver-cirrhosis

  Non-alcohol-related Steatohepatitis: This type of liver damage in your liver is due to stored fat. This type of cirrhosis is related to high blood lipids, blood sugar, and blood pressure. […] Chronic Hepatitis C Infection: Hepatitis C infection is caused by a virus and may become a chronic condition. Antivirals can help treat the condition. But many are not aware of this condition. […] Chronic Hepatitis B Infection: Hepatitis B infection is caused by a virus and may become a chronic condition. Once affected by this virus, it remains for a lifetime. Using the right approach, this condition of yours can be controlled effectively. This helps you enjoy a good quality of life. […] Less common causes include: Autoimmune Biliary Disease: Autoimmune hepatitis (when your body’s immune system attacks your liver cells), primary biliary cholangitis (a liver disease that affects your bile ducts), and primary sclerosing cholangitis (a chronic liver disease in which bile ducts are inflamed and scarred, and eventually they are blocked) are responsible for causing chronic liver inflammation. In the long run, it may lead to cirrhosis of the liver.

• #3 What are the main causes and types of cirrhosis?

  https://www.mymed.com/diseases-conditions/cirrhosis/what-are-the-main-causes-and-types-of-cirrhosis

  Cirrhosis of the liver may also be caused by: […] Primary sclerosing cholangitis (hardening and scarring of the bile ducts) […] Schistosomiasis (infection caused by freshwater parasitic worms, also known as bilharzia) […] Cryptogenic cirrhosis (due to an unidentified cause and normally requiring a liver transplant)

• #3 Cirrhosis: Causes, Signs, & Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/cirrhosis/article.htm

  Inherited (genetic) disorders result in the accumulation of toxic substances in the liver, which may lead to tissue damage and cirrhosis. Examples include the abnormal accumulation of iron (hemochromatosis) or copper (Wilson disease). […] Cryptogenic cirrhosis (cirrhosis due to unidentified causes) is a common reason for liver transplantation. […] Less common causes of cirrhosis include unusual reactions to some drugs and prolonged exposure to toxins, as well as chronic heart failure (cardiac cirrhosis). In certain parts of the world (particularly Northern Africa), infection of the liver with a parasite (schistosomiasis) is the most common cause of liver disease and cirrhosis.

• #3 Alcoholic Liver Cirrhosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, & More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/alcoholic-liver-cirrhosis

  Alcoholic liver cirrhosis (alcohol-related cirrhosis) is the most advanced form of liver disease linked to drinking alcohol. […] Cirrhosis can have a variety of causes. But alcohol-related cirrhosis is directly linked to alcohol misuse, which can become alcohol use disorder. […] Damage from prolonged alcohol misuse can lead to alcohol-related cirrhosis. When the liver tissue starts to scar, the liver doesn’t work as well as before. […] Research shows that in many cases, people with alcohol-related cirrhosis have a history of drinking between 30 to 50 g (about 2 to 3 drinks) and 100 g (7 drinks) daily or more. […] However, people with different genetic backgrounds or those with preexisting metabolic conditions may be more likely to develop the condition earlier than others, even with lower alcohol consumption. […] Obesity, a high fat diet, and hepatitis C can also increase your likelihood of developing alcohol-related liver disease. […] People who are female also have a higher chance of developing alcohol-related liver disease than people who are male.

• #3 Cirrhosis: Practice Essentials, Overview, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/185856-overview

  The initial step in fibrogenesis is likely the stimulation of immune cells within the liver by an insult whether toxic, metabolic, or caused by viral infection. […] Multiple scoring systems exist to assess the degree of hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis. […] The finding of cirrhosis can identify individuals at the highest risk of developing liver decompensation, HCC, or liver-related mortality. […] The challenge to clinicians caring for patients with cirrhosis is how to implement the strategies that maximize patients’ chances for remaining well-compensated and minimize their risk for liver decompensation. […] Many patients with chronic liver disease are asymptomatic and will not experience progressive liver disease. Even cirrhosis develops, these individuals may not go on to decompensate and die from cirrhosis.

• #3 Liver Fibrosis and Cirrhosis | Oxford Gut and Liver

  https://www.oxfordgutandliver.co.uk/conditions/liver-fibrosis-and-cirrhosis/

  Causes of chronic liver disease that can lead to cirrhosis include: […] Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) […] Alcohol related liver disease […] Chronic hepatitis viruses (Hepatitis B and C) […] Autoimmune liver diseases […] Biliary diseases such as PBC and PSC […] Haemochromatosis. […] Traditionally, it was thought that cirrhosis was irreversible and in practice, most cases are. However, if the cause of the liver disease can be removed completely, the liver can remodel and cirrhosis can regress, although it can take many years for this to happen.

• #3 7 Myths and Facts about Cirrhosis – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/forefront/gastrointestinal-articles/things-you-thought-you-knew-about-cirrhosis

  Cirrhosis is a serious liver disease that leads some people to need liver transplants, but you may be surprised at what actually causes cirrhosis. Here are seven myths and facts about cirrhosis, its causes, treatments and potential complications. […] Cirrhosis is simply severe scarring of the liver caused by various injuries over time. There can be several causes of those injuries, including hepatitis B or C, hereditary disorders of iron or copper overload, liver diseases caused by an overactive immune system, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or drinking too much alcohol. […] For patients suffering from cirrhosis, slowing down the progression of this serious illness may help preserve your remaining liver function. Thats why its important to diagnose whats causing your cirrhosis as quickly as possible.

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