Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Cirrhosis of the Liver: Signs & Symptoms, Causes, Stages

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15572-cirrhosis-of-the-liver

  Cirrhosis of the liver is late stage liver disease, in which healthy liver tissue has been gradually replaced with scar tissue. This is a result of long-term, chronic hepatitis. […] Cirrhosis is a progressive condition that worsens as more and more scar tissue develops. In the beginning, your body adjusts to compensate for your reduced liver function, and you might not notice it too much. This is known as compensated cirrhosis. Eventually, though, as your liver function declines further, you will begin to experience noticeable symptoms. This is known as decompensated cirrhosis. […] Signs and symptoms of cirrhosis depend on how advanced it is. You might not have symptoms at all early on, or you might only have vague symptoms that resemble many other conditions. Symptoms of cirrhosis become more recognizable as your liver function declines.

• #2 The Stages of Liver Disease – American Liver Foundation

  https://liverfoundation.org/about-your-liver/how-liver-diseases-progress/

  Cirrhosis is where your liver is severely scarred and permanently damaged. While the word cirrhosis is most commonly heard when people discuss alcohol-induced liver disease, cirrhosis is caused by many forms of liver disease. […] Most liver diseases damage your liver in similar ways and for many, the progression of liver disease looks the same regardless of the underlying disease. […] At a certain point in the progression of liver disease damage can become irreversible and lead to liver failure, liver cancer, or death.

• #3 What Is Cirrhosis of the Liver | Symptoms & Treatment | MedStar Health

  https://www.medstarhealth.org/services/cirrhosis

  Cirrhosis is significant scarring of the liver that can gradually worsen over time. Its caused by many different liver diseases and conditions, including viral hepatitis, excessive alcohol use, and fatty liver disease, among others. Cirrhosis is the final stage of liver disease. As scarring becomes more severe, it interferes with normal liver function and can become life-threatening. Those with the condition have a higher risk of developing liver cancer and liver failure, leading to a possible need for a liver transplant. […] There are two clinical stages of the condition. Compensated cirrhosis means that the liver is still managing to function despite partial scarring. At this stage, people may not feel sick. Decompensated cirrhosis occurs as the scarring of the liver becomes severe, leading to noticeable symptoms, such as jaundice, swelling in the legs or abdomen (called ascites), and internal bleeding due to esophageal varices.

• #4 Cirrhosis: Causes, symptoms, and treatments of liver scarring

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/172295

  In time, fibrous scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue. Regenerative nodules may also form. These are lumps that appear as the liver tries to heal the damage. […] With compensated cirrhosis, the liver can function effectively despite the damage. People with compensated cirrhosis often have no symptoms. […] With decompensated cirrhosis, the liver cannot function effectively, and symptoms may be noticeable. […] As the disease progresses, the prognosis worsens. People with compensated cirrhosis, when the liver can still function, have a 47% chance of surviving another 10 years compared with people who do not have cirrhosis. Once the liver becomes decompensated—where cirrhosis affects liver function—the 10-year survival rate falls to around 16%.

• #4 Cirrhosis: Causes, symptoms, and treatments of liver scarring

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/172295

  Cirrhosis is a progressive condition where scar tissue gradually replaces healthy liver cells. In time, this can affect liver function and lead to symptoms like nausea, fatigue, and unintentional weight loss. […] As scar tissue builds up, it can affect blood flow through the liver, leading to liver dysfunction. […] With early cirrhosis, there are often no symptoms. But, as scar tissue accumulates, it undermines the liver’s ability to function properly. A person may notice: fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite, weight loss and loss of muscle mass, patches of small, red blood vessels on the upper trunk and the palms of the hands. […] As the disease progresses, they may experience: swelling in the legs and abdomen due to a buildup of fluid, an enlarged spleen, infections, confusion, jaundice, where the whites of the eyes take on a yellow tinge, dark-colored urine, tarry stools, itching, internal bleeding, low sex drive.

• #5 Cirrhosis of the Liver: Signs & Symptoms, Causes, Stages

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15572-cirrhosis-of-the-liver

  Recognizable symptoms of cirrhosis fall into two categories: symptoms related to declining liver function, and symptoms related to portal hypertension. Symptoms of stalled bile flow, like jaundice, are common indicators of declining liver function. Symptoms of portal hypertension indicate cirrhosis specifically. Its scar tissue in your liver that compresses your portal vein. […] Cirrhosis symptoms related to declining liver function include: Jaundice (yellow tint to your skin and eyes). […] Cirrhosis symptoms related to portal hypertension include: Swelling in your abdomen (ascites). […] Once you have cirrhosis, your liver won’t get better. But it won’t necessarily get worse. If you still have compensated cirrhosis with little to no symptoms or side effects, you may continue that way for some time. […] Decompensated cirrhosis has an average life expectancy of seven years. Severe, untreatable diseases and other complications can speed up that timeline. Some people have less than two years.

• #6 Cirrhosis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cirrhosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351487

  Cirrhosis often has no symptoms until liver damage is serious. When symptoms do happen, they may include: […] Often, cirrhosis shows no signs or symptoms until liver damage is extensive. When symptoms do occur, they may first include fatigue; weakness and weight loss; nausea; bruising or bleeding easily; swelling in your legs, feet or ankles; itchy skin; redness on the palms of your hands; and spider-like blood vessels on your skin. During later stages, you might develop jaundice, which is yellowing of the eyes or skin; gastrointestinal bleeding; abdominal swelling from fluid building up in the belly; and confusion or drowsiness. If you notice any of these symptoms, you should speak to your doctor. […] The liver damage caused by cirrhosis generally can’t be undone. But if liver cirrhosis is diagnosed early and the underlying cause is treated, further damage can be limited. In rare cases, it may be reversed.

• #7 Cirrhosis – Liver Foundation

  https://liver.org.au/your-liver/liver-diseases/cirrhosis/

  Cirrhosis means scarring of the liver. It is the result of long-term liver damage. […] When the entire liver is scarred, it shrinks and gets hard and lumpy. This is called cirrhosis. Any long-term condition that damages the liver may lead to fibrosis and, eventually, cirrhosis. […] At first, while the liver is functioning normally, you may have no symptoms at all. This is called compensated cirrhosis. […] As cirrhosis gets worse, you can develop major complications. This is called decompensated cirrhosis. […] People with compensated cirrhosis may live many years without realising that their liver is scarred. There are still enough healthy cells to keep up with the body’s needs. […] But the liver gradually gets harder and harder. Eventually, blood can’t flow into the liver properly from its main blood vessel, the portal vein, because the liver is too hard. The few remaining healthy liver cells get overwhelmed.

• #8 7 Myths and Facts about Cirrhosis – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/forefront/gastrointestinal-articles/things-you-thought-you-knew-about-cirrhosis

  Cirrhosis is a serious liver disease that leads some people to need liver transplants, but you may be surprised at what actually causes cirrhosis. […] It is possible to have cirrhosis of the liver and not know it. Many patients who have cirrhosis still have enough liver function to support their bodys daily operations and have no symptoms. Fatigue is a common symptom of cirrhosis, but feeling tired can be caused by many things. Its only when liver dysfunction or failure sets in that you can experience symptoms such as yellowing of the skin or eyes, confusion, fluid buildup in your belly, leg swelling and bleeding. […] Liver cancer is one possible complication of cirrhosis. Early detection of liver cancer is critical, so if you do have cirrhosis, your doctor will want you to undergo periodic testing using blood and radiologic tests. Early-stage liver cancer can be cured with surgery or transplantation, depending on your health and the location and size of the tumor. […] For patients suffering from cirrhosis, slowing down the progression of this serious illness may help preserve your remaining liver function. Thats why its important to diagnose whats causing your cirrhosis as quickly as possible.

• #9 Cirrhosis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cirrhosis/treatment/

  Cirrhosis is a condition where the liver is severely damaged. It can be life-threatening, but treatments and lifestyle changes can help stop it getting worse. […] Many people who have cirrhosis do not have symptoms, especially early on. Early symptoms of cirrhosis may include: feeling tired or unwell all the time, loss of appetite or losing weight without trying, feeling or being sick, tummy pain, visible blood vessels on the skin, blotchy red palms of the hands the redness may be harder to see on brown or black skin. […] As cirrhosis gets worse, you may have other symptoms including: bleeding or bruising easily, itchy skin, changes to your fingers, such as them getting wider and curved (clubbed), or white nails, yellow skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice) yellowing of the skin may be harder to see on brown or black skin, swollen tummy, legs, ankles or feet, trembling hands, slurred speech, feeling confused or difficulty concentrating, vomiting blood, very dark or black poo. […] Many people with cirrhosis can feel well and live for many years. But it can cause complications which can be serious or life-threatening. […] Cirrhosis cannot be cured, but there are treatments that can help slow it down or stop it getting worse.

• #10 Symptoms & Causes of Cirrhosis – NIDDK

  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/cirrhosis/symptoms-causes

  You may have no symptoms in the earliest stage of cirrhosis. Symptoms of cirrhosis may not appear until the liver is badly damaged. […] Early symptoms of cirrhosis may include feeling tired or weak, itching of the skin, poor appetite, losing weight without trying, nausea and vomiting, mild pain or discomfort over the liver in the upper right side of the abdomen, or belly, muscle loss and weakness, muscle cramps, sexual problems. […] As liver function gets worse, people with cirrhosis may have other symptoms, including bruising and bleeding easily, confusion, difficulty thinking, memory loss, personality changes, or sleep disorders, internal bleeding due to the bursting of enlarged veins called varices in the esophagus, stomach, or intestines, swelling in the lower legs, ankles, or feet, called edema, swelling of the abdomen from a buildup of fluid, called ascites, severe itchy skin, darkening of the color of the urine, yellowish tint to the whites of the eyes and skin, called jaundice.

• #11 What Is Cirrhosis of the Liver | Symptoms & Treatment | MedStar Health

  https://www.medstarhealth.org/services/cirrhosis

  Signs of cirrhosis will vary depending on how far along it is. As the disease progresses and slows down liver function, symptoms may become more noticeable. […] People with compensated cirrhosis may experience no symptoms at this stage, while others may experience: Fatigue or loss of energy, Weight loss or loss of appetite, Loss of muscle mass, Nausea, Abdominal pain, Spider angiomas (red spots on the skin). […] As liver damage increases during decompensated cirrhosis, symptoms may include: Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and whites of the eye), Fluid buildup causing swelling in the legs or abdomen (ascites), Itching, caused by the excessive bile products, In men, breast tissue growth and shrunken testicles, Easy bruising and excessive bleeding, Increased risk of infection, Mental confusion, irritability (encephalopathy) from a build-up of ammonia.

• #12 Cirrhosis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/cirrhosis

  Cirrhosis is scarring of the liver and poor liver function. It is the last stage of chronic liver disease. […] There may be no symptoms, or symptoms may come on slowly, depending on how well the liver is working. Often, it is discovered by chance when an abdominal ultrasound exam is done or blood is drawn for another reason. Early symptoms include: Fatigue and loss of energy, Poor appetite and weight loss, Nausea or belly pain, Small, red spider-like blood vessels on the skin. […] As liver function worsens, symptoms may include: Fluid buildup in the legs (edema) and in the abdomen (ascites), Yellow color in the skin, mucous membranes, or eyes (jaundice), Redness on the palms of the hands, In men, impotence, shrinking of the testicles, and breast swelling, Easy bruising and abnormal bleeding, most often from swollen veins in the digestive tract, Confusion or problems thinking, Pale or clay-colored stools, Bleeding from upper or lower gastrointestinal tract. […] When cirrhosis progresses to end-stage liver disease, a liver transplant may be needed. […] Cirrhosis is caused by scarring of the liver. In most cases, the liver cannot heal or return to normal function once the damage is severe. Cirrhosis can lead to serious complications.

• #13 Cirrhosis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cirrhosis

  Cirrhosis is the severe scarring or fibrosis of the liver. It happens in the late stage of liver disease and other conditions that involve liver damage. […] Many times, there arent noticeable symptoms of cirrhosis until the condition has progressed. Symptoms begin to occur because scarring on the liver has reached the point where the organ is limited in its ability to: purify the blood, break down toxins, produce clotting proteins, help with the absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins. […] Some of the noticeable symptoms of cirrhosis include: decreased appetite, fatigue, unintentional weight loss, mild pain on the upper right side of your abdomen, nausea, vomiting, varices or varicose veins (enlarged or swollen veins). More serious symptoms include: jaundice, or yellow discoloration of your skin and eyes, confusion and difficulty thinking clearly, bruising or bleeding easily, very itchy skin, urine that looks darker than usual, ascites (abdominal swelling), edema (swelling of your legs).

• #14 Signs of Liver Disease: Skin & Other Effects, How to Know

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/signs-of-liver-disease-8620363

  During the early stage of cirrhosis when the liver is still functional referred to as compensated cirrhosis you may experience nonspecific signs of hepatitis (signs that could be caused by a number of conditions), including: General tiredness or fatigue, Muscle pain (myalgia), Joint pain (arthralgia), Itchy skin (pruritus), Low-grade fever, Diarrhea, Loss of appetite, Dull pain in the upper right part of the abdomen. […] When the liver is no longer functional a condition referred to as decompensated cirrhosis more overt symptoms will develop, including: Dark urine, Clay-colored stool, Nausea and vomiting, Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice), A swollen liver (hepatomegaly), Swelling in the legs, feet, or ankles (edema). […] Symptoms like fatigue, dark urine, and jaundice can develop with the onset of cirrhosis and get progressively worse as it advances to end-stage liver disease and liver failure.

• #15 Cirrhosis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/cirrhosis

  Symptoms include easy bleeding or bruising, fatigue, jaundice, itchy skin, swelling in abdomen or legs. […] Most early signs of cirrhosis are silent, so many people may not realize that they have the condition until its more advanced. […] Symptoms of cirrhosis may include: fatigue and weakness, loss of appetite, unexplained weight loss, pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, under the rib cage, nausea and/or vomiting, blood in the feces or vomit, diarrhea, loss of chest hair and/or breast enlargement in men, atrophy or shrinking of the testicles, irregular menstrual cycle or absence of menstruation, bloating due to fluid collecting in the abdomen, swelling of the ankles or lower legs, muscle wasting, sleep problems, abnormally low blood pressure, rapid heartbeat, itchy skin, jaundice, a yellowing of the skin and/or the whites of the eyes, spider angiomas: small red splotches on the skin that have thin, wiggly lines radiating outward from the center, which look like a spider’s legs or the webbing of a spider web, redness on the palms of the hands.

• #16 Cirrhosis of the liver | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/cirrhosis-of-the-liver

  Cirrhosis is a type of liver damage where healthy cells are replaced by scar tissue. […] Symptoms depend on the severity of the cirrhosis, but may include: appetite loss, nausea, weight loss, general tiredness, spidery red veins on the skin (spider angiomas), easily bruised skin, yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice), reddened palms (palmar erythema), itchy skin, hair loss, dark coloured urine, fluid retention in the abdomen and legs, internal bleeding presenting as dark-coloured stools or vomiting blood, hormone disruptions that could cause a range of problems, including testicular atrophy (shrinking) and impotence in males or amenorrhoea (no periods) in women, disturbed sleep patterns, cognitive problems such as memory loss, confusion or concentration difficulties. […] Depending on the cause, cirrhosis can develop over months or years. There is no cure. Treatment aims to halt liver damage, manage the symptoms and reduce the risk of complications, such as diabetes, osteoporosis (brittle bones), liver cancer and liver failure.

• #17 Cirrhosis of the Liver: Symptoms, Stages, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/fatty-liver-disease/understanding-cirrhosis-basic-information

  Your doctor will know you have decompensated cirrhosis if you show signs of one or more of these conditions: Jaundice. It’s caused when your liver can’t get rid of bilirubin, a blood waste product. It can make your skin and eyes yellow; Ascites. This refers to fluid buildup in your belly; Bleeding varices. Varices are enlarged blood vessels. Signs that you have bleeding varices include black, tarry, or bloody stools or throwing up blood. This is an emergency that needs treatment right away; Hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Toxins can build up in your brain and make you confused and very tired. You may have trouble doing daily activities such as driving or writing. […] About 25% of adults in the U.S. have MASLD and of them, about 20% of them will go on to have liver damage and MASH. One study suggests that up to 20% of those who have MASH will progress to cirrhosis within two years. In others it may take much longer.

• #18 Liver Disease Stages: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/liver-failure-stages

  Liver damage typically has four stages, beginning with inflammation and progressing to cirrhosis and end stage liver disease (ESLD). […] The four stages of liver damage or disease are: inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, end stage liver disease (ESLD). […] In cirrhosis, severe liver scarring has occurred, leading to a buildup of scar tissue. Because there isnt as much healthy liver tissue, it becomes very difficult for your liver to function properly. […] In this stage, you may begin to have symptoms of liver disease. […] Early on, cirrhosis may cause symptoms such as: tiredness or weakness, loss of appetite, unexplained weight loss, mild abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. […] The symptoms of ESLD can include: confusion or disorientation, jaundice, severe skin itching, easy bruising or bleeding, the buildup of fluid in your abdomen, arms, or legs, abdominal discomfort or pain, loss of appetite, darkening of your urine, pale stools, blood in your vomit or stool, nausea or vomiting.

• #19 Alcohol Related Liver Disease | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/digestive-and-liver-health/alcohol-related-liver-disease

  Most patients with ALD do not have symptoms until they develop symptoms of liver failure (alcohol associated hepatitis and/or decompensated ALD cirrhosis). Nearly all patients with early ALD will not have any symptoms at all, which is why it is important to take action if you are drinking heavily. By the time symptoms develop, ALD is usually very advanced. […] As the disease progresses, the symptoms include: Jaundice (a yellow tint to the skin and the whites of the eyes), Swelling of the lower limbs (edema), Fluid buildup in the abdomen (ascites), Itchy skin, Fever and shivering, Fingernails that curve excessively, Muscular weakness, Blood in vomit or stools, Bleeding and bruising more easily, More sensitive reactions to alcohol or drugs, High blood pressure in the liver (portal hypertension), Bleeding from veins in the esophagus (esophageal varices), Confusion and behavior changes, Enlarged spleen, Kidney failure. […] Alcohol related cirrhosis occurs when the entire liver is scarred, causing the liver to shrink and harden. This can lead to liver failure. Usually, the damage cannot be reversed. Between 10 to 20 percent of heavy drinkers develop cirrhosis — typically after 10 or more years of drinking.

• #20 Advanced Liver Disease – Liver Foundation

  https://liver.org.au/your-liver/advanced-liver-disease/

  Anyone with cirrhosis or liver cancer can develop advanced liver disease. If you have advanced liver disease, your liver doesn’t work anymore. You might develop serious health problems. Sometimes liver damage becomes so advanced that the liver doesn’t work anymore. Sometimes this condition is referred to as end-stage liver disease, chronic liver failure or decompensated cirrhosis. Decompensated cirrhosis is when someone with cirrhosis develops complications such as internal bleeding, a swollen belly from build-up of fluid, or confusion or sleepiness. Serious problems that can happen in advanced liver disease include: Portal hypertension: High pressure in the portal vein. Sometimes it can cause internal bleeding […] Ascites: Swollen belly due to build-up of fluid […] Hepatic encephalopathy: A brain disorder when toxins build up in the blood. Often begins subtlety with forgetfulness and “clouded thinking” but can progress to people becoming very confused and sleepy

• #21 Cirrhosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrhosis

  Cirrhosis is a chronic condition of the liver in which the normal functioning tissue, or parenchyma, is replaced with scar tissue (fibrosis) and regenerative nodules as a result of chronic liver disease. Damage to the liver leads to repair of liver tissue and subsequent formation of scar tissue. Over time, scar tissue and nodules of regenerating hepatocytes can replace the parenchyma, causing increased resistance to blood flow in the liver’s capillaries and consequently portal hypertension, as well as impairment in other aspects of liver function. […] The disease typically develops slowly over months or years. Stages include compensated cirrhosis and decompensated cirrhosis. Early symptoms may include tiredness, weakness, loss of appetite, unexplained weight loss, nausea and vomiting, and discomfort in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. As the disease worsens, symptoms may include itchiness, swelling in the lower legs, fluid build-up in the abdomen, jaundice, bruising easily, and the development of spider-like blood vessels in the skin. The fluid build-up in the abdomen may develop into spontaneous infections. More serious complications include hepatic encephalopathy, bleeding from dilated veins in the esophagus, stomach, or intestines, and liver cancer.

• #22 Cirrhosis – Hepatic and Biliary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hepatic-and-biliary-disorders/fibrosis-and-cirrhosis/cirrhosis

  Cirrhosis is characterized by regenerative nodules surrounded by dense fibrotic tissue. Symptoms may not develop for years and are often nonspecific (eg, anorexia, fatigue, weight loss). Late manifestations include portal hypertension, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, and, when decompensation occurs, liver failure. […] The progression rate from fibrosis to cirrhosis and the morphology of cirrhosis vary from person to person. Presumably, the reason for such variation is the extent of exposure to the injurious stimulus and the individuals response. […] Once any complication of cirrhosis develops, additional decompensation (characterized by gastrointestinal bleeding, ascites, or hepatic encephalopathy) is much more likely. […] Cirrhosis may be asymptomatic for years as long as it is compensated. Often, the first symptoms are nonspecific; they include generalized fatigue (due to cytokine release), anorexia, malaise, and weight loss.

• #23 What are the symptoms of cirrhosis? | CATIE – Canada’s source for HIV and hepatitis C information

  https://www.catie.ca/understanding-cirrhosis-of-the-liver-first-steps-for-the-newly-diagnosed/what-are-the-symptoms-of

  In some people, cirrhosis progresses over time and the livers ability to work normally decreases. How quickly this happens varies from person to person and depends on a few things, including the persons general health, their gender, the cause of the cirrhosis, the stage of the disease when they were diagnosed, their diet and their alcohol intake. […] In a small number of people with cirrhosis, the liver gets so damaged it can no longer work properly. (This serious type of damage is called decompensated cirrhosis.) […] Symptoms of more serious cirrhosis include: continuous weight loss, extreme fatigue, yellowing of the skin (jaundice) or eyes that doesnt go away, itchy skin, dark, tea-coloured urine, difficulty falling asleep and/or staying asleep; sleep patterns are reversed for some people: they stay awake through the night and sleep during the day, frequent bacterial infections in fluid that can accumulate in the belly (spontaneous bacterial peritonitis), bleeding gums or gums that get bruised easily, swelling or ruptured veins (varices) in the esophagus (food pipe) and stomach. (Some symptoms of this are black or bloody stools and dark vomit that looks like coffee grounds. If you notice this, you need to get medical attention right away. Bleeding varices are a very serious and potentially life-threatening medical problem.), painful swelling of the legs (edema) and abdomen (ascites) due to an imbalance of fluid, shortness of breath, although this is not a common symptom, confusion, forgetfulness, personality changes, changed sleep habits or other changes in mental function (hepatic encephalopathy). […] If you have cirrhosis and you notice any of these symptoms, you should mention them to your care provider as soon as possible. They might be a sign that your cirrhosis is getting worse.

• #24 Progression of Cirrhosis Complications Varies With Age and Etiology

  https://www.gastroenterologyadvisor.com/news/progression-of-cirrhosis-complications-varies-with-age-and-etiology/

  In veterans with compensated cirrhosis, approximately half developed complications within 5 years of diagnosis, with younger patients at higher risk for complications for all etiologies and older patients at higher risk of progression to hepatocellular carcinoma and death. […] More than half of patients with compensated cirrhosis progress to complications after approximately 5 years, according to results of a US study published in the American Journal of Gastroenterology. […] Cirrhosis complications follow variable progression patterns, and the impact of complications on further disease progression and mortality is not well understood. […] After a median follow-up of 5.3 years, 12,300 patients (49.8%) progressed to 1 complication as their first progression event, including ascites (30.3%) and hepatic encephalopathy (9.8%).

• #25 Preventing the progression of cirrhosis to decompensation and death | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-024-01031-x

  Two main stages are differentiated in patients with advanced chronic liver disease (ACLD), one compensated (cACLD) with an excellent prognosis, and the other decompensated (dACLD), defined by the appearance of complications (ascites, variceal bleeding and hepatic encephalopathy) and associated with high mortality. […] Preventing the progression to dACLD might dramatically improve prognosis and reduce the burden of care associated with ACLD. […] In cACLD, a portal pressure of 10mmHg defines clinically significant portal hypertension (CSPH), a substage at which varices and decompensation may occur, resulting in significantly higher mortality. […] Among patients with CSPH, those with varices have higher decompensation risk. […] Aetiological therapies, ideally commenced in early cACLD, can prevent disease progression and even achieve cirrhosis regression.

• #26 Progression of Cirrhosis Complications Varies With Age and Etiology

  https://www.gastroenterologyadvisor.com/news/progression-of-cirrhosis-complications-varies-with-age-and-etiology/

  Across the cohort, 5144 patients (20.8%) transitioned from a compensated state to death, and 26.0% continued in a compensated state. […] Among patients with compensated cirrhosis, the 2-year risk of transitioning to death was 13.5% (95% CI, 13.3-13.8), which was higher than the risk of transitioning to any complication. […] Older age from a compensated state was associated with an increased hazard rate for ascites or HCC, and younger age was associated with a higher intensity rate for multiple complications. […] Progression to death was faster with increasing age from all states, and sex was not associated with most transitions. […] Younger patients had a more rapid rate of progression for most complication states for all etiologies, and older patients had a higher rate of progression to HCC and death.

• #27 Cirrhosis – Hepatic and Biliary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hepatic-and-biliary-disorders/fibrosis-and-cirrhosis/cirrhosis

  Prognosis is often unpredictable. It depends on factors such as etiology, severity, presence of complications, comorbid conditions, host factors, and effectiveness of therapy. Cirrhosis was considered irreversible, but more recent evidence suggests it is reversible. Patients who continue to drink alcohol, even small amounts, have a very poor prognosis.

• #28 Liver Disease Progression | Caring Ambassadors

  https://caringambassadors.org/hepatitis-c/liver-disease-progression/

  As scarring (fibrosis) and liver cell destruction continue, some of the following signs and symptoms may occur: loss of appetite, nausea and/or vomiting, weight loss, change in liver size, gallstones, generalized, persistent itching (pruritus), jaundice. […] Despite the seriousness of cirrhosis, large numbers of people live many, many years with cirrhosis without symptoms and without progressing to liver failure. […] Once cirrhosis develops, it is very important to avoid further progression of the disease. Consumption of alcohol in any form, including such things as certain mouthwashes and cough medicines, must be completely avoided by people with cirrhosis. […] Cirrhosis leads to a reduction in blood supply to the liver. The loss of healthy liver tissue and reduced blood supply can lead to abnormalities in liver function. Even when liver disease has progressed to cirrhosis, it may still be possible for the damage to be at least partially reversed if the underlying cause can be eliminated. Cirrhosis progression can usually be slowed or even stopped with effective treatment.

• #29 Cirrhosis of the liver life expectancy: Stages, outlook, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/cirrhosis-of-the-liver-life-expectancy

  Cirrhosis of the liver is a severe condition, causing scarring and permanent damage to the liver. Life expectancy depends on the stage and type of liver cirrhosis, but it may vary between roughly 2 to 12 years. […] Cirrhosis is a progressive condition that puts both a persons liver and life at risk. […] Over time, the disease keeps the liver from working properly and eventually causes liver failure. […] People with compensated cirrhosis do not show symptoms, while life expectancy is around 9 to 12 years. A person can remain asymptomatic for years, although 5 to 7% of those with the condition will develop symptoms every year. […] People with decompensated cirrhosis already experience symptoms and complications. Their life expectancy is greatly reduced than those with compensated cirrhosis, while experts recommend referral for a possible liver transplant in these cases. Evidence notes that an individual with end stage decompensated cirrhosis will have an average life expectancy of about 2 years.

• #30 Cirrhosis of the liver life expectancy: Stages, outlook, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/cirrhosis-of-the-liver-life-expectancy

  The life expectancy of a person with liver cirrhosis will depend on the stage of cirrhosis and other factors, such as how they are managing the condition. Typically, the life expectancy for a person with cirrhosis of the liver is around 2 to 12 years. […] Cirrhosis is often irreversible and is a progressive condition, meaning it gets worse over time. Cirrhosis can be fatal if it progresses to liver failure. […] For people with cirrhosis, there is a close link between life expectancy and the number of symptoms and complications they experience. […] Although this condition greatly reduces life expectancy, taking certain lifestyle steps, such as making dietary changes and avoiding alcohol, may help.

• #31 What is cirrhosis? – British Liver Trust

  https://britishlivertrust.org.uk/information-and-support/liver-conditions/cirrhosis/

  Cirrhosis is a later stage in many types of liver disease. […] It is a serious condition, but many people dont know they have it and feel well. […] Many people with cirrhosis will not die from it. […] Compensated or stable liver cirrhosis is when the liver has permanent scarring but is working OK. Your body is able to cope with the damaged liver. […] People with compensated cirrhosis might not feel ill. You can live for years with compensated cirrhosis. […] Decompensated liver cirrhosis means that your body is no longer coping with the scarring, and your liver is not able to function properly. […] People with decompensated cirrhosis can be very unwell. They may have complications that affect other parts of their body. They often need urgent treatment. […] Decompensated cirrhosis needs urgent treatment. People with the condition often have to spend time in hospital.

• #32 Cirrhosis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/cirrhosis

  If the condition advances unchecked, it can lead to liver failure. […] It is very important to identify the cause of the liver disease so that treatment can be started to prevent the development of cirrhosis or prevent progression of cirrhosis if it is already present. […] Theres no direct treatment or cure for cirrhosis, but treating the diseases that cause it may help to stop its progression. […] The prognosis for a person diagnosed with cirrhosis depends, in large part, on their overall health. Many live for more than a decade, if the condition is stable. Those with more advanced cirrhosis with serious complications, called decompensated cirrhosis, may only live for months or one to two years.

• #33 Cirrhosis: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/digestive/liver-diseases/cirrhosis

  Cirrhosis liver symptoms depend on how far the disease has progressed. In the earliest stages, you may not experience any symptoms at all. […] Early symptoms of cirrhosis can include: Fatigue, Decreased appetite, Unexplained weight loss, Mild abdominal discomfort. […] Symptoms of later-stage cirrhosis can include: Jaundice, a yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes, Easy bruising or bleeding, Swelling (edema) of the feet, ankles, or legs, Itchy skin, Fluid build-up (ascites) in your abdomen, Darker urine, Memory loss, confusion, and difficulty concentrating, Personality changes, Redness in the palms of the hands, Spider-vein vessels on the skin. […] Cirrhosis is considered a late-stage result of liver disease. If you’ve been diagnosed with cirrhosis, your liver has scar tissue and is already damaged. […] In this stage, people begin exhibiting symptoms and develop complications such as jaundice, variceal bleeding, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, hepatorenal syndrome, and/or liver cancer. Patients often require hospital care, and the median survival rate drops to approximately 2 years.

• #34 Cirrhosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cirrhosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351492

  There are instances when damage to the liver can be slowed although complete reversal generally does not happen. For example, if a patient has cirrhosis due to alcohol use, we know that completely abstaining from alcohol can improve the function of the liver. Similarly, weight loss can help improve fatty liver disease. And cirrhosis from hepatitis C was a major reason patients required liver transplants, but we now have medications, antiviral drugs, that are very effective at curing it. There’s evidence to suggest that getting rid of the hepatitis C can slow or maybe even help reverse some of the damage done. But there are instances when the liver disease is too advanced and medical interventions cannot reverse the process and that’s when we consider liver transplantation.

• #34 Cirrhosis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cirrhosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351492

  People with early-stage cirrhosis of the liver usually don’t have symptoms. Often, cirrhosis is first found through a routine blood test or checkup. To help confirm a diagnosis, a combination of laboratory and imaging tests is usually done. […] Treatment for cirrhosis depends on the cause and extent of liver damage. The goals of treatment are to slow the progression of scar tissue in the liver and to prevent or treat symptoms and complications of cirrhosis. For severe liver damage, hospitalization may be needed. […] If you have cirrhosis, a healthcare professional is likely to recommend regular tests to see if liver disease has progressed or check for signs of complications, especially esophageal varices and liver cancer. Noninvasive tests are becoming more widely available for keeping an eye on liver disease.

• #35 What Is Cirrhosis of the Liver | Symptoms & Treatment | MedStar Health

  https://www.medstarhealth.org/services/cirrhosis

  Most importantly, we try to identify and treat the cause so we can slow down the progression of liver disease. […] Living with chronic scarring requires lifestyle changes to slow the progression and reduce the risk of complications, such as portal hypertension or liver cancer. […] Yes, it is possible to slow the progression and even reverse the scarring in some cases. For example, patients with alcoholic cirrhosis may improve their liver function by avoiding alcohol altogether. Additionally, patients with viral hepatitis may be effectively treated with medications that can help to slow the disease process.

• #36 What is cirrhosis? – British Liver Trust

  https://britishlivertrust.org.uk/information-and-support/liver-conditions/cirrhosis/

  Decompensated cirrhosis can sometimes improve. Recompensation is when your liver cirrhosis goes from decompensated back to compensated. […] Someone with decompensated cirrhosis will be very unwell. Their body is no longer coping with the liver scarring. […] Cirrhosis is sometimes also given a score to say how severe it is.

• #37 Liver Cirrhosis – Symptoms, Causes, Complications and Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact

  https://www.pacehospital.com/liver-cirrhosis-symptoms-causes-and-prevention

  Cirrhosis of the liver can increase the risk of various complications, leading to increased patient mortality risk. The multiple complications of liver cirrhosis can include: Portal hypertension (high blood pressure in the veins supplying the liver), Oedema (swelling in the legs and abdomen), Ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdomen), Infections (due to reduced WBC, the patient is easily infected), Splenomegaly (enlargement of the spleen and reduced lymphocytes), Bleeding (portal hypertension creates pressure in veins which can burst and bleed), Malnutrition (due to difficulty in processing nutrients, cachexia and weakness is seen), Hepatic encephalopathy (toxins build up in the brain as impaired liver can’t clear them), Jaundice (increased bile levels in the blood causing yellowing of the skin), Bone disease (cirrhotic patients may lose bone strength and therefore are at greater risk of fractures), Increased risk of liver cancer.

• #38 Cirrhosis – Liver Foundation

  https://liver.org.au/your-liver/liver-diseases/cirrhosis/

  Then you may notice symptoms like: Low energy, Poor appetite, Weight and muscle loss, Depressed mood, Itching, Loss of sexual function. […] Decompensated cirrhosis is when you develop major complications. This is because your liver function is getting worse and there is increasing pressure in the portal vein. […] Having decompensated cirrhosis is a sign that you will need to work closely with your healthcare team to manage your symptoms, improve your liver function and prevent further major complications. […] When blood can’t flow into the liver properly, pressure builds up in the portal vein system. […] This condition can lead to swelling of the belly (ascites) as fluid leaks out of the liver, or swelling in other veins (varices). […] In decompensated cirrhosis, fluid can build up in your belly (called ascites) or chest (called pleural effusion). This can lead to swelling of the belly, or feeling short of breath.

• #39 Liver Damage Symptoms, Signs & Causes | Hepatitis NSW

  https://www.hep.org.au/liver-health/signs-and-symptoms-of-liver-damage-or-disease/

  Jaundice is yellowing of the skin or eyes. It happens when the liver cant filter your blood properly. […] Bleeding varices is bleeding that happens in your oesophagus (food pipe) or stomach, if your liver is very scarred. […] Ascites is a build-up of fluid in your abdomen (stomach area). It is due to high pressure in the liver. […] Encephalopathy is due to a build-up of toxins in your brain. When the liver cant filter toxins, the toxins stay in your blood and are carried to the brain. Symptoms of early encephalopathy are changes in mood, concentration, memory and sleeping patterns, as well as flapping hands. You may also have problems with handwriting, doing maths and crankiness. […] If it is severe it can make you become deeply unconscious.

• #40 Cirrhosis – Hepatic and Biliary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hepatic-and-biliary-disorders/fibrosis-and-cirrhosis/cirrhosis

  Progressive loss of hepatic architecture impairs function, leading to hepatic insufficiency; it manifests as coagulopathy, acute kidney injury (hepatorenal syndrome), and hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatic encephalopathy is characterized by asterixis, confusion, or hepatic coma and is the result of the liver’s inability to metabolize the toxins from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Elevated serum ammonia level may help the diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy, but the level does not correlate well with the severity of hepatic encephalopathy. […] Hepatocellular carcinoma frequently complicates cirrhosis from any cause (justifying clinical surveillance). The incidences of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis from specific etiologies are listed below (1): Chronic hepatitis B: 3 to 8 % per year, Chronic hepatitis C: 3 to 5 % per year, Primary biliary cholangitis: 3 to 5 % per year, Metabolic dysfunctionassociated steatohepatitis: 0.3 to 2.6% per year, Cirrhosis from other etiologies, eg, hemochromatosis, alcohol-related liver disease, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson disease: Probably more than 1.5% per year.

• #41 Cirrhosis: Causes, Signs, & Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_are_the_4_stages_of_cirrhosis_of_the_liver/article.htm

  Cirrhosis is a late stage of liver damage. In the early stages of liver disease, there will be inflammation of the liver. If this inflammation is not treated, it can lead to scarring (fibrosis). At this stage, it is still possible for the liver to heal with treatment. […] If fibrosis of the liver is not treated, it can result in cirrhosis. At this stage, the scar tissue cannot heal, but the progression of the scarring may be prevented or slowed. […] The prognosis and life expectancy for cirrhosis of the liver varies and depends on the cause, the severity, any complications, and any underlying diseases. In compensated cirrhosis, patients who have not developed any major complications, the average survival rate is more than 12 years. The prognosis worsens for patients who have decompensated cirrhosis and have developed complications such as ascites, variceal hemorrhage, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatorenal syndrome, or hepatopulmonary syndrome.

• #42 Some dementia cases could be undiagnosed liver disease | STAT

  https://www.statnews.com/2024/01/31/dementia-cirrhosis-link-jama-study-liver-disease-symptoms/

  But some dementia patients, even up to 10% of people diagnosed with the condition, might actually have undiagnosed liver disease and accompanying neurological problems, a new study in JAMA Open Network suggests. Most importantly, its possible their liver-related brain symptoms could be resolved with treatment. […] But a crucial tie between liver disease and dementia is what occurs in the brains of about 50% of people with cirrhosis: hepatic encephalopathy. When the liver stops removing toxins and waste from the blood, those bits of trash circulate to the brain. There, toxins like ammonia and manganese have a poisonous effect on brain cells. Once encephalopathy moves from covert to overt, patients can experience an array of changes to their cognition, motor skills, sleep and mood a profile strikingly similar to that seen in dementia, except its reversible.

• #43 Some dementia cases could be undiagnosed liver disease | STAT

  https://www.statnews.com/2024/01/31/dementia-cirrhosis-link-jama-study-liver-disease-symptoms/

  If a portion of their symptoms is caused by hepatic encephalopathy, which is way easier to treat than dementia, then I think we need to look at that, said lead author Jasmohan Bajaj, a professor of medicine at Virginia Commonwealth University and provider at Richmond VA Medical Center. […] Many veterans have risk factors for both cirrhosis and dementia, so the conditions could coexist and feed into each other, Bajaj said. This is particularly true for Hispanic veterans, who are disproportionately affected by dementia, have elevated liver disease risks, and had a higher likelihood of potentially undiagnosed cirrhosis in Bajajs results. […] Cirrhosis, while a serious and growing concern due to increased rates of metabolic disease and alcohol consumption, is hard to catch. Liver disease often develops silently, over time, and only makes itself known once severe and irreversible damage has been done.

• #44 Cirrhosis – Liver Foundation

  https://liver.org.au/your-liver/liver-diseases/cirrhosis/

  Advanced cirrhosis can lead to confusion, called hepatic encephalopathy (HE). This is because the liver can’t remove toxins (poisons) from the blood properly. The toxins build up in the brain. […] Yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes (jaundice) may happen in decompensated cirrhosis. […] Cirrhosis of the liver is the greatest risk factor for developing liver cancer, although liver cancer can also develop in people with liver disease without cirrhosis. […] Early diagnosis of HCC can dramatically improve the chance of having effective treatment and potentially curing the cancer. Anyone with a diagnosis of cirrhosis is recommended to have regular screening tests for liver cancer.

• #45 Liver Cirrhosis: symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Clínica Universidad de Navarra

  https://www.cun.es/en/diseases-treatments/diseases/hepatic-cirrhosis

  Liver cirrhosis is the ultimate consequence of many chronic liver diseases leading to the loss of normal liver architecture and a progressive decline in liver function. […] In the initial stages, patients may be asymptomatic. Progressively, the patient is tired, without energy, without appetite, may have digestive problems and lose weight and muscle mass. […] When the disease is advanced, the patient is always ill, cannot lead a normal life and the following symptoms, among others, appear: Jaundice. Yellowing of the skin due to the inability of the liver to remove bilirubin from the blood. Changes in the skin. Vascular dilations, especially in the cheeks, trunk and arms. In addition, redness may appear on the palms of the hands and finger pads. The nails have a whitish tone. Salt and water retention. Accumulation of fluid in the lower extremities (edema) and in the abdomen (ascites). Ease of bleeding. When the liver fails, bleeding from the gums and nose is frequent, as well as the appearance of bruises with soft blows.

• #46 Liver Cirrhosis: symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Clínica Universidad de Navarra

  https://www.cun.es/en/diseases-treatments/diseases/hepatic-cirrhosis

  Some patients present severe internal bleeding, especially in the digestive system due to broken varicose veins in the esophagus or stomach. These hemorrhages are serious, can be fatal and require admission to a hospital for treatment. […] Changes in behavior and level of consciousness. The liver removes substances from the blood that are toxic to the brain. If the liver fails, these substances produce brain intoxication manifested by nocturnal insomnia, daytime sleepiness, behavioral and mood changes, and disorientation and a progressive decrease in consciousness, which may lead to coma. This complication is serious and requires hospital admission. […] Changes in sexual function. Due to hormonal changes and malnutrition, loss of sexual desire and potency in males and loss of menstruation and fertility in females are common. In addition, in men, they can produce breast enlargement, sometimes painful.

• #47 End Stage Liver Disease: Symptoms, Causes, Complications Your Webpage TitlePACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospital

  https://www.pacehospital.com/end-stage-liver-disease-symptoms-causes-complications-treatment

  The end stage liver disease is characterised by the presence of (any) chronic liver failure, decompensated cirrhosis (scar tissue replaces damaged tissue in the liver), and stage 4 hepatitis. Patients with end stage liver disease usually have either decompensated or compensated cirrhosis. […] The signs and symptoms of end stage liver disease are numerous, especially in the terminal phase of a patient’s life. The following are some of the symptoms of ESLD such as: Peripheral oedema, Dyspnoea (shortness of breath), Yellowish discoloration of the skin and sclera (jaundice), Disorientation and memory loss, Vomiting sensation, Muscle cramps, Loss of hunger, Insomnia (trouble falling asleep), Depression and anxiety, Impaired brain functions, Pruritus (itching). […] The severity of hepatic decompensation is typically a significant prognostic factor. The prognosis of liver decompensation (ESLD prognosis) has been predicted by numerous research using clinical and laboratory evaluations of liver function. The Child-Pugh classification and the Model for End stage Liver Disease (MELD) score are often employed models. […] The only treatment available to people with end-stage liver disease is a liver transplant, which replaces the damaged liver (cirrhotic) with a healthy one from a deceased or living donor.

• #48 Preventing the progression of cirrhosis to decompensation and death | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-024-01031-x

  Non-selective -blockers (NSBBs) can effectively prevent decompensation and improve survival in patients with cACLD and CSPH. […] Carvedilol is the preferred NSBB in cACLD because it is more effective than classic NSBBs in decreasing portal pressure, is better tolerated and has been shown to prevent decompensation and improve survival.

• #49 Get Cirrhosis Care | Cleveland Clinic

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/cirrhosis-treatment

  If you have cirrhosis (scarring in your liver), your day-to-day life can start to change. You might feel weak or tired all the time. You might not have much of an appetite and lose weight. As the disease progresses, you might feel like you cant do the things you used to enjoy. […] Cirrhosis is a chronic (lifelong) condition, but with the right treatment, we can help you manage it, relieve symptoms and slow down the conditions progression. […] Cirrhosis can lead to other health issues. Our providers will keep a close eye on your health and suggest treatments to help with any other symptoms or related health problems you may have.

• #50 Cirrhosis | Healthify

  https://healthify.nz/health-a-z/c/cirrhosis/

  If damage to the liver continues or the scarring becomes severe, the liver is no longer able to function as it should. This stage is known as decompensated cirrhosis. People with decompensated cirrhosis can be very unwell and may get complications that affect other parts of their body. […] People with advanced liver disease are at risk of malnutrition which may result in muscle wasting and reduce muscle strength (frailty). It’s important to ensure you are eating a diet with enough protein and calories. People with cirrhosis need more protein and calories than the average person because you may not be able to store as many nutrients as usual and your liver may be working harder than usual.

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