Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Giardiasis prevention – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Giardiasis_prevention

  There is no vaccine against giardiasis. Prophylaxis against giardiasis is not recommended. Hygiene practices (such as hand washing, drinking safe water) may help reduce the risk of Giardia transmission. […] Prophylaxis against giardiasis, per se, is not recommended. Although some patients may benefit from antibiotic prophylaxis against traveler’s diarrhea, antiparasitic regimens against giardiasis are not used prophylactically. […] The following practices may help reduce the risk of Giardia transmission: Practice good handwashing and hygiene. Avoid water (drinking or recreational) that may be contaminated. Avoid eating food that may be contaminated. Safe sexual practices, especially regarding anal sex, may decrease the risk of contracting or spreading giardiasis.

• #2 Giardiasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardiasis

  Prevention may be improved through proper hygiene practices. […] The CDC recommends hand-washing and avoiding potentially contaminated food and untreated water. […] Boiling water contaminated with Giardia effectively kills infectious cysts. […] Chemical disinfectants or filters may be used. […] Iodine-based disinfectants are preferred over chlorination as the latter is ineffective at destroying cysts. […] Person-to-person transmission accounts for the majority of Giardia infections and is usually associated with poor hygiene and sanitation. […] Giardia is often found on the surface of the ground, in the soil, in undercooked foods, and in water, and on hands that have not been properly cleaned after handling infected faeces. […] Water-borne transmission is associated with the ingestion of contaminated water.

• #3 About Giardia Infection | Giardia | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/giardia/about/index.html

  You can take steps to avoid getting or spreading Giardia: […] Wash your hands with soap and water at key times. […] Avoid swallowing water while swimming. […] Boil or filter water from lakes, springs, or rivers before drinking or preparing food with it. […] Wait to have sex for several weeks after you or your partner no longer have diarrhea. […] Avoid touching animal poop. […] Clean and disinfect areas where a person or pet recently had diarrhea.

• #4 Giardia infection (giardiasis) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/giardia-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20372786

  No drug or vaccine can prevent giardia infection. But commonsense precautions can go a long way toward reducing the chances that you’ll become infected or spread the infection to others. […] Wash your hands. This is the simplest and best way to prevent most kinds of infection. Wash your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds after using the toilet or changing diapers, and before eating or preparing food. When soap and water aren’t available, you can use alcohol-based sanitizers. However, alcohol-based sanitizers aren’t effective in destroying the cyst form of giardia that survives in the environment. […] Purify wilderness water. Avoid drinking untreated water from shallow wells, lakes, rivers, springs, ponds and streams unless you filter it or boil it for at least 10 minutes at 158 F (70 C) first.

• #5 Giardia Infection Prevention and Control | Giardia | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/giardia/prevention/index.html

  You can take steps to avoid getting or spreading Giardia. […] Key steps include washing your hands, avoiding unsafe water or food, and not touching animal poop. […] If a person or pet in your home has a Giardia infection, clean and disinfect areas where they recently had diarrhea. […] Wash your hands with soap and water at key times when you are more likely to get or spread germs. […] Giardia germs can be in soil, so wash your hands after activities like gardening, landscaping, or field work. Wash your hands even if you were wearing gloves. […] Stay out of the water if you are sick with diarrhea. […] Change diapers away from the water to keep germs out of the water. […] If your child has diarrhea, keep them home from early care and education (for example, childcare or preschool) until their diarrhea has stopped.

• #6 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Giardiasis.aspx

  What can a person do to prevent giardiasis? […] Wash hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, rubbing hands together vigorously and scrubbing all surfaces: […] Before preparing or eating food […] After using the toilet […] After changing diapers or cleaning up a child who has used the toilet […] Before and after tending to someone who is ill with diarrhea […] After handling an animal or animal waste […] Avoid swallowing recreational water (water parks, swimming pools, hot tubs, lakes, streams). […] Purify drinking water from questionable sources by boiling, filtration, or iodine treatments. For more information on treating and filtering water when travelling in backcountry areas visit the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) websites on backcountry water treatment and a guide to water filters.

• #7 Health: Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Prevention Division: Giardiasis

  https://www.in.gov/health/idepd/diseases-and-conditions-resource-page/giardiasis/

  How can giardiasis prevented? […] Practice good hand hygiene and use good handwashing techniques […] Wash your hands after using the restroom or changing diapers […] Before and after preparing food or eating […] After contact with animals or their environments […] Avoid eating food or drinking water that is potentially contaminated with Giardia […] Always treat water from lakes, springs, and rivers while backpacking or camping […] Avoid swallowing water from swimming pools, hot tubs, lakes, rivers, or splash pads while swimming […] Always remember to store, clean, and prepare fruits and vegetables properly […] Separate raw and cooked foods […] Practice safe sex […] Reduce contact with stool during sex […] Avoid having sex for several weeks while recovering from a Giardia infection

• #8 Giardiasis: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatments & Medications

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15238-giardiasis

  How can I lower my risk of getting or spreading giardiasis? […] Its hard to avoid something in your environment thats too small to see. But there are steps that individuals and communities can take to prevent infection and reduce transmission of Giardia to others. For example: […] Personal hygiene: Practice frequent hand washing to prevent germs from spreading, especially before eating or having sex and after using the bathroom or interacting with soil or animals. […] Household hygiene: Clean and disinfect the bathrooms in your home regularly. If someone in your household has been sick, clean and disinfect everything theyve touched, including linens. […] Safe food practices: Wash fruit and vegetables in clean water before eating. Avoid raw foods and unbottled water when traveling abroad, where the local water might be contaminated.

• #9 Giardia infection (giardiasis) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/giardia-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20372786

  No drug or vaccine can prevent giardia infection. But commonsense precautions can go a long way toward reducing the chances that you’ll become infected or spread the infection to others. […] Wash your hands. This is the simplest and best way to prevent most kinds of infection. Wash your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds after using the toilet or changing diapers, and before eating or preparing food. When soap and water aren’t available, you can use alcohol-based sanitizers. However, alcohol-based sanitizers aren’t effective in destroying the cyst form of giardia that survives in the environment. […] Purify wilderness water. Avoid drinking untreated water from shallow wells, lakes, rivers, springs, ponds and streams unless you filter it or boil it for at least 10 minutes at 158 F (70 C) first.

• #10 Giardiasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardiasis

  Prevention may be improved through proper hygiene practices. […] The CDC recommends hand-washing and avoiding potentially contaminated food and untreated water. […] Boiling water contaminated with Giardia effectively kills infectious cysts. […] Chemical disinfectants or filters may be used. […] Iodine-based disinfectants are preferred over chlorination as the latter is ineffective at destroying cysts. […] Person-to-person transmission accounts for the majority of Giardia infections and is usually associated with poor hygiene and sanitation. […] Giardia is often found on the surface of the ground, in the soil, in undercooked foods, and in water, and on hands that have not been properly cleaned after handling infected faeces. […] Water-borne transmission is associated with the ingestion of contaminated water.

• #11 Giardiasis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/intestinal-protozoa-and-microsporidia/giardiasis

  Prevention of giardiasis requires […] Appropriate public water treatment […] Hygienic food preparation […] Appropriate fecal-oral hygiene […] Thorough handwashing after contact with feces […] Water can be decontaminated by boiling. Giardia cysts resist routine levels of chlorination. Disinfection with iodine-containing compounds is variably effective and depends on the turbidity and temperature of the water and duration of treatment. Some handheld filtration devices can remove Giardia cysts from contaminated water, but the efficacy of various filter systems has not been fully assessed. […] […] […] The major source of giardiasis is waterborne transmission, including via fresh-appearing mountain streams and poorly filtered municipal water supplies. […] Giardia cysts resist routine levels of chlorination, and disinfection with iodine-containing compounds is variably effective. […] […] […] For symptomatic patients, use tinidazole, metronidazole, secnidazole, or nitazoxanide. […] […] […] Symptoms may persist after parasite clearance.

• #12 Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Giardiasis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1998/0215/p802.html

  The prevention of infection with G. lamblia should focus primarily on the avoidance of contaminated water. Vigorous hand-washing and proper disposal of soiled diapers should be practiced in day care settings. Outbreaks of giardiasis have usually been associated with contaminated surface water or shallow wells. The most effective method of rendering Giardia cysts nonviable is boiling the water. Chlorination is not effective. Filtration with a pore size of 2 m or smaller is also effective for removing Giardia cysts from water.

• #13 Giardia infection (giardiasis) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/giardia-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20372786

  No drug or vaccine can prevent giardia infection. But commonsense precautions can go a long way toward reducing the chances that you’ll become infected or spread the infection to others. […] Wash your hands. This is the simplest and best way to prevent most kinds of infection. Wash your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds after using the toilet or changing diapers, and before eating or preparing food. When soap and water aren’t available, you can use alcohol-based sanitizers. However, alcohol-based sanitizers aren’t effective in destroying the cyst form of giardia that survives in the environment. […] Purify wilderness water. Avoid drinking untreated water from shallow wells, lakes, rivers, springs, ponds and streams unless you filter it or boil it for at least 10 minutes at 158 F (70 C) first.

• #14 Patient education: Giardia (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/giardia-beyond-the-basics/print

  Boiling drinking water for at least 10 minutes at a hard boil. […] Adding five drops of tincture of iodine to a quart of water and waiting 30 minutes. Iodine is much more effective in eliminating Giardia than chlorine-based (bleach) treatments. […] Using a high-quality water filtration system. […] Use proper food preparation etiquette. […] If you are diagnosed with Giardia infection, do not prepare food or drink for others and do not share linens, towels, or eating utensils while you have symptoms. […] Keep children with diarrhea home from preschool, child care, and play groups for 24 hours after their diarrhea has completely stopped. […] Practice safe sex. If you engage in anal sex, use a condom every time.

• #15 Giardiasis – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/parasitic-infections-intestinal-protozoa-and-microsporidia/giardiasis

  Giardiasis prevention requires […] Appropriate treatment of public water (including drinking water and water in swimming pools) […] Use of good hygiene when preparing food […] Good personal hygiene (for example, washing hands thoroughly after using the toilet) […] Avoiding contact with stool during sex. […] Boiling water kills the parasite and is the safest way for hikers to ensure that water from streams and lakes is safe to drink. […] Water from streams and lakes can sometimes be disinfected using chlorine-containing compounds or iodine. This method is less reliable because its effectiveness varies depending on how cloudy or muddy the water is (turbidity) and what the water’s temperature is. The amount of chlorine routinely used in drinking water may be insufficient to kill the cysts. […] Water filters that use reverse osmosis or have the words „tested and certified by NSF/ANSI Standard No. 53 or No. 58 for cyst removal/reduction” can remove cysts of Giardia and other protozoa as well as bacteria from water, but other filter systems may not be effective.

• #16 Giardiasis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/intestinal-protozoa-and-microsporidia/giardiasis

  Prevention of giardiasis requires […] Appropriate public water treatment […] Hygienic food preparation […] Appropriate fecal-oral hygiene […] Thorough handwashing after contact with feces […] Water can be decontaminated by boiling. Giardia cysts resist routine levels of chlorination. Disinfection with iodine-containing compounds is variably effective and depends on the turbidity and temperature of the water and duration of treatment. Some handheld filtration devices can remove Giardia cysts from contaminated water, but the efficacy of various filter systems has not been fully assessed. […] […] […] The major source of giardiasis is waterborne transmission, including via fresh-appearing mountain streams and poorly filtered municipal water supplies. […] Giardia cysts resist routine levels of chlorination, and disinfection with iodine-containing compounds is variably effective. […] […] […] For symptomatic patients, use tinidazole, metronidazole, secnidazole, or nitazoxanide. […] […] […] Symptoms may persist after parasite clearance.

• #17 Giardia infection (giardiasis) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/giardia-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20372786

  Wash produce. Wash any raw fruits and vegetables with safe, uncontaminated water. Peel the fruit before eating it. Avoid eating raw fruits or vegetables if traveling in countries where they may have contact with unsafe water. […] Keep your mouth closed. Try not to swallow water when swimming in pools, lakes or streams. […] Use bottled water. When traveling to parts of the world where the water supply is likely to be unsafe, drink and brush your teeth with bottled water that you open yourself. Don’t use ice. […] Practice safer sex. If you engage in anal sex, use a condom every time. Avoid oral-anal sex unless you’re fully protected.

• #18 Giardiasis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/giardiasis

  You cant prevent giardiasis, but you can lower your risk of getting it by thoroughly washing your hands, especially if you work in places where germs spread easily, such as day care centers. […] Ponds, streams, rivers, and other bodies of water can all be sources of giardia. Dont swallow water if you go swimming in one of these. Avoid drinking surface water unless its been boiled, treated with iodine, or filtered. Bring bottled water with you when you go hiking or camping. […] When traveling in a region where giardiasis occurs, dont drink tap water. You should also avoid brushing your teeth with tap water. Keep in mind that tap water can also be present in ice and other beverages. Avoid eating uncooked local produce. […] Be cautious about sexual practices associated with the spread of this infection, such as anal sex. Use a condom to reduce the chance of contracting giardiasis.

• #19 Giardiasis | Health | Province of Manitoba

  https://www.gov.mb.ca/health/publichealth/diseases/giardia_lamblia.html

  Illness is preventable by protecting food and water from fecal contamination as well as practicing good hand hygiene, especially before and after using the bathroom, changing diapers, touching animals and before eating or preparing food. […] Do not drink raw milk or raw milk products. […] Avoid drinking untreated surface water (eg. from lakes, rivers, springs or ponds). […] When travelling where the water supply may be unsafe, drink bottled water and avoid uncooked foods washed with unboiled tap water.

• #20 Giardiasis: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatments & Medications

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15238-giardiasis

  Safe water use: Be wary when swimming in natural ponds, streams, lakes and swimming holes, and even public swimming pools if they dont have a filtering system. Chlorine and iodine treatments arent always enough to kill Giardia. Try not to get any water in your mouth. […] Preventive measures like hand washing and water filtering can go a long way toward protecting you and others from giardiasis.

• #21 Giardia Infection Prevention and Control | Giardia | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/giardia/prevention/index.html

  You can take steps to avoid getting or spreading Giardia. […] Key steps include washing your hands, avoiding unsafe water or food, and not touching animal poop. […] If a person or pet in your home has a Giardia infection, clean and disinfect areas where they recently had diarrhea. […] Wash your hands with soap and water at key times when you are more likely to get or spread germs. […] Giardia germs can be in soil, so wash your hands after activities like gardening, landscaping, or field work. Wash your hands even if you were wearing gloves. […] Stay out of the water if you are sick with diarrhea. […] Change diapers away from the water to keep germs out of the water. […] If your child has diarrhea, keep them home from early care and education (for example, childcare or preschool) until their diarrhea has stopped.

• #22 Giardia infection – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/giardia+infection/giardia+infection+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Exclude people with Giardia infection from childcare, preschool, school and work until there has been no diarrhoea for at least 24 hours. If working as a food handler in a food business, the exclusion period should be until there has been no diarrhoea or vomiting for 48 hours. […] Infants, children and adults with Giardia infection should not swim until there has been no diarrhoea for 24 hours. […] Follow good hand washing procedures. […] Water suspected of contamination should be boiled before drinking. […] Babies and small children without diarrhoea who are not toilet trained should wear tight fitting waterproof pants or swimming nappies in swimming pools and be changed regularly in the change room. When faecal accidents occur, swimming pools should be properly disinfected. […] Treatment of infected people reduces spread.

• #23 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Giardiasis.aspx

  What can a person do to prevent giardiasis? […] Wash hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, rubbing hands together vigorously and scrubbing all surfaces: […] Before preparing or eating food […] After using the toilet […] After changing diapers or cleaning up a child who has used the toilet […] Before and after tending to someone who is ill with diarrhea […] After handling an animal or animal waste […] Avoid swallowing recreational water (water parks, swimming pools, hot tubs, lakes, streams). […] Purify drinking water from questionable sources by boiling, filtration, or iodine treatments. For more information on treating and filtering water when travelling in backcountry areas visit the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) websites on backcountry water treatment and a guide to water filters.

• #24 About Giardiasis – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/giardiasis/basics.html

  You can minimize your risk of getting giardiasis by following these recommendations: […] Wash hands after using the bathroom and changing diapers, and before handling or eating any food. […] Do not swallow water while swimming. […] Use caution when traveling in countries with minimal water treatment and sanitation systems by avoiding tap water, fountain drinks, ice, and raw foods. […] Do not drink untreated water from lakes, rivers, springs, ponds, and streams. If you are unable to avoid drinking water that might be contaminated, learn how to treat your water properly. […] Reduce fecal-oral exposure during sexual activity and avoid sexual activity with those who have diarrhea or who recently recovered from giardiasis. […] People who have symptoms of giardiasis can reduce the risk of spreading their illness to others by following these recommendations:

• #25 Giardia infection (giardiasis) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/giardia-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20372786

  Wash produce. Wash any raw fruits and vegetables with safe, uncontaminated water. Peel the fruit before eating it. Avoid eating raw fruits or vegetables if traveling in countries where they may have contact with unsafe water. […] Keep your mouth closed. Try not to swallow water when swimming in pools, lakes or streams. […] Use bottled water. When traveling to parts of the world where the water supply is likely to be unsafe, drink and brush your teeth with bottled water that you open yourself. Don’t use ice. […] Practice safer sex. If you engage in anal sex, use a condom every time. Avoid oral-anal sex unless you’re fully protected.

• #26 Giardiasis: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatments & Medications

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15238-giardiasis

  How can I lower my risk of getting or spreading giardiasis? […] Its hard to avoid something in your environment thats too small to see. But there are steps that individuals and communities can take to prevent infection and reduce transmission of Giardia to others. For example: […] Personal hygiene: Practice frequent hand washing to prevent germs from spreading, especially before eating or having sex and after using the bathroom or interacting with soil or animals. […] Household hygiene: Clean and disinfect the bathrooms in your home regularly. If someone in your household has been sick, clean and disinfect everything theyve touched, including linens. […] Safe food practices: Wash fruit and vegetables in clean water before eating. Avoid raw foods and unbottled water when traveling abroad, where the local water might be contaminated.

• #27 Health: Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Prevention Division: Giardiasis

  https://www.in.gov/health/idepd/diseases-and-conditions-resource-page/giardiasis/

  How can giardiasis prevented? […] Practice good hand hygiene and use good handwashing techniques […] Wash your hands after using the restroom or changing diapers […] Before and after preparing food or eating […] After contact with animals or their environments […] Avoid eating food or drinking water that is potentially contaminated with Giardia […] Always treat water from lakes, springs, and rivers while backpacking or camping […] Avoid swallowing water from swimming pools, hot tubs, lakes, rivers, or splash pads while swimming […] Always remember to store, clean, and prepare fruits and vegetables properly […] Separate raw and cooked foods […] Practice safe sex […] Reduce contact with stool during sex […] Avoid having sex for several weeks while recovering from a Giardia infection

• #28 Giardiasis | Health | Province of Manitoba

  https://www.gov.mb.ca/health/publichealth/diseases/giardia_lamblia.html

  Illness is preventable by protecting food and water from fecal contamination as well as practicing good hand hygiene, especially before and after using the bathroom, changing diapers, touching animals and before eating or preparing food. […] Do not drink raw milk or raw milk products. […] Avoid drinking untreated surface water (eg. from lakes, rivers, springs or ponds). […] When travelling where the water supply may be unsafe, drink bottled water and avoid uncooked foods washed with unboiled tap water.

• #29 Giardia infection (giardiasis) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/giardia-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20372786

  Wash produce. Wash any raw fruits and vegetables with safe, uncontaminated water. Peel the fruit before eating it. Avoid eating raw fruits or vegetables if traveling in countries where they may have contact with unsafe water. […] Keep your mouth closed. Try not to swallow water when swimming in pools, lakes or streams. […] Use bottled water. When traveling to parts of the world where the water supply is likely to be unsafe, drink and brush your teeth with bottled water that you open yourself. Don’t use ice. […] Practice safer sex. If you engage in anal sex, use a condom every time. Avoid oral-anal sex unless you’re fully protected.

• #30 Giardiasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardiasis

  In the U.S., outbreaks typically occur in small water systems using inadequately treated surface water. […] Venereal transmission happens through faecal-oral contamination. […] Additionally, nappy/diaper changing and inadequate handwashing are risk factors for transmission from infected children. […] Lastly, food-borne epidemics of Giardia have developed through the contamination of food by infected food-handlers. […] There are no vaccines for humans yet, however, there are several vaccine candidates in development.

• #31 Giardia Infection Prevention and Control | Giardia | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/giardia/prevention/index.html

  Clean, sanitize, or disinfect toys and surfaces. […] Regularly wash your hands and kids’ hands with soap and water. […] Take steps to avoid spreading germs when changing diapers. […] Waiting to have vaginal, anal, and oral sex until several weeks after you or your partner stop having diarrhea can help you avoid getting or spreading Giardia. […] Clean and disinfect to remove Giardia germs from a space where a person or pet recently had diarrhea. […] Always follow the directions on cleaning and disinfection products. […] After cleaning, use a disinfection product appropriate for the surface. […] When traveling, avoid drinking water or eating food that might be contaminated with Giardia. […] Drink bottled water or treat water if you are not sure if the water you are using has been treated to remove germs. […] If possible, eat only cooked food when traveling in areas where the food supply might be unsafe.

• #32 Giardia infection (giardiasis) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/giardia-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20372786

  Wash produce. Wash any raw fruits and vegetables with safe, uncontaminated water. Peel the fruit before eating it. Avoid eating raw fruits or vegetables if traveling in countries where they may have contact with unsafe water. […] Keep your mouth closed. Try not to swallow water when swimming in pools, lakes or streams. […] Use bottled water. When traveling to parts of the world where the water supply is likely to be unsafe, drink and brush your teeth with bottled water that you open yourself. Don’t use ice. […] Practice safer sex. If you engage in anal sex, use a condom every time. Avoid oral-anal sex unless you’re fully protected.

• #33 Giardiasis – NYC Health

  https://www.nyc.gov/site/doh/health/health-topics/giardiasis.page

  Practice good hand hygiene: Wash hands with soap and warm water before touching food, and after using the toilet or changing diapers, handling animal stool or gardening. […] Avoid water that may be contaminated: Do not drink water directly from streams, lakes, springs or swimming pools. If you must drink from these sources, boil the water for at least one minute or use a filter with a pore size of one micron or smaller. […] Avoid food that may be contaminated: Thoroughly wash uncooked fruits and vegetables. […] Take extra care when traveling: When traveling to countries with poor water treatment or food sanitation, avoid raw fruits and vegetables, unboiled tap water, ice and food from street vendors. […] Protect yourself and others: If you are infected, do not swim in pools or recreational water for two weeks after the diarrhea stops. Sexual practices that result in hand or mouth contact with stool (anal sex, fingering, rimming) can spread disease. To prevent illness, wash the butt, penis and any sex toys thoroughly with soap and water before and after these activities. A dental dam can also provide protection when rimming.

• #34 About Giardiasis – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/giardiasis/basics.html

  You can minimize your risk of getting giardiasis by following these recommendations: […] Wash hands after using the bathroom and changing diapers, and before handling or eating any food. […] Do not swallow water while swimming. […] Use caution when traveling in countries with minimal water treatment and sanitation systems by avoiding tap water, fountain drinks, ice, and raw foods. […] Do not drink untreated water from lakes, rivers, springs, ponds, and streams. If you are unable to avoid drinking water that might be contaminated, learn how to treat your water properly. […] Reduce fecal-oral exposure during sexual activity and avoid sexual activity with those who have diarrhea or who recently recovered from giardiasis. […] People who have symptoms of giardiasis can reduce the risk of spreading their illness to others by following these recommendations:

• #35 Giardia Infection Prevention and Control | Giardia | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/giardia/prevention/index.html

  You can take steps to avoid getting or spreading Giardia. […] Key steps include washing your hands, avoiding unsafe water or food, and not touching animal poop. […] If a person or pet in your home has a Giardia infection, clean and disinfect areas where they recently had diarrhea. […] Wash your hands with soap and water at key times when you are more likely to get or spread germs. […] Giardia germs can be in soil, so wash your hands after activities like gardening, landscaping, or field work. Wash your hands even if you were wearing gloves. […] Stay out of the water if you are sick with diarrhea. […] Change diapers away from the water to keep germs out of the water. […] If your child has diarrhea, keep them home from early care and education (for example, childcare or preschool) until their diarrhea has stopped.

• #36 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Giardiasis.aspx

  Use condoms or barriers to avoid fecal exposure during anal or oral-anal sex. […] Practice extra precaution when travelling outside the U.S., especially in countries where the drinking water may not be clean visit the CDC Food and Water Safety webpage. […] […] […] How do I protect others if I have diarrhea or giardiasis? […] Use careful and frequent hand washing to prevent spread to others in your household. […] Avoid preparing food for others until the diarrhea has stopped for 48 hours or you are under treatment. If you must prepare food for others in your household, be sure to wash your hands frequently. […] Avoid sexual activities that may allow others to come into contact with your feces or anal area. […] […] […] What is public health doing about giardiasis?

• #37 Giardia infection – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/giardia+infection/giardia+infection+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Exclude people with Giardia infection from childcare, preschool, school and work until there has been no diarrhoea for at least 24 hours. If working as a food handler in a food business, the exclusion period should be until there has been no diarrhoea or vomiting for 48 hours. […] Infants, children and adults with Giardia infection should not swim until there has been no diarrhoea for 24 hours. […] Follow good hand washing procedures. […] Water suspected of contamination should be boiled before drinking. […] Babies and small children without diarrhoea who are not toilet trained should wear tight fitting waterproof pants or swimming nappies in swimming pools and be changed regularly in the change room. When faecal accidents occur, swimming pools should be properly disinfected. […] Treatment of infected people reduces spread.

• #38 About Giardiasis – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/giardiasis/basics.html

  Wash hands carefully and frequently with soap, especially after using the bathroom and changing diapers, and before handling or eating any food. […] Stay out of pools, splash pads, and lakes while sick. […] Do not bathe with others while sick. […] Do not attend or work at a child care or preschool until 24 hours after diarrhea stops. […] Wait to have sex until symptoms have stopped.

• #39 Gastroenteritis – giardiasis | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/gastroenteritis-giardiasis

  Giardiasis is spread by poor hygiene practices. […] The spread of giardiasis can be reduced if you: […] Have the illness diagnosed and treated by your doctor. […] Keep children home from school or child care until symptoms have stopped. […] Stay home from work until symptoms have stopped if you are a food handler, healthcare worker or a childcare worker. […] Wash hands thoroughly after going to the toilet, changing nappies or handling animals. […] Clean bathrooms and toilets thoroughly. […] Do not drink untreated water. […] Do not swim in public pools until at least one week after symptoms have stopped. […] Do not prepare or handle food that will be eaten by other people. […] Do not share any towel or face washer with a person who has giardiasis.

• #40 Giardia Infection Prevention and Control | Giardia | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/giardia/prevention/index.html

  You can take steps to avoid getting or spreading Giardia. […] Key steps include washing your hands, avoiding unsafe water or food, and not touching animal poop. […] If a person or pet in your home has a Giardia infection, clean and disinfect areas where they recently had diarrhea. […] Wash your hands with soap and water at key times when you are more likely to get or spread germs. […] Giardia germs can be in soil, so wash your hands after activities like gardening, landscaping, or field work. Wash your hands even if you were wearing gloves. […] Stay out of the water if you are sick with diarrhea. […] Change diapers away from the water to keep germs out of the water. […] If your child has diarrhea, keep them home from early care and education (for example, childcare or preschool) until their diarrhea has stopped.

• #41 Giardia: Infection, treatment and prevention | Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine

  https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-information/giardia-infection-treatment-and-prevention

  Giardiasis is a common parasitic infection that can cause diarrhea in dogs. […] Successful treatment relies on effective anti-parasitic medications, cleaning and managing the surrounding environment both indoors and outdoors. […] Practice good hand hygiene. […] Disinfect the environment. […] Dispose of feces promptly. […] Bathe the dog at the end of treatment to reduce the spread of Giardia cysts. […] Prevent dogs from ingesting potentially contaminated water, food or soil. […] Common household disinfectants and steam-cleaning are the most effective ways for killing Giardia cysts. […] Remove and dispose of all feces promptly. […] Giardia cysts on the lawn can only be killed by direct sunlight drying them. […] Regardless, washing hands thoroughly with soap and water after handling pets or infected feces is always important.

• #42 Giardia in Cats | VCA Animal Hospitals

  https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/giardia-in-cats

  Giardiasis is an intestinal infection of humans and animals caused by a microscopic protozoan. […] Giardiasis can be transmitted by eating or sniffing the cysts from contaminated ground or drinking contaminated water. […] Because Giardia cysts are infective immediately when passed into the environment, feces should be removed quickly and disposed of. Infected animals should be bathed regularly to remove cysts from the hair coat. […] If your cat is diagnosed with giardiasis, environmental disinfection and good personal hygiene are essential to prevent accidental spread to humans. […] For environmental disinfection, you can use chlorine bleach at 1:32 or 1:16 dilutions or 1-2 cups in a gallon of water (60-120 mL/L). However, be sure that the affected surfaces and premises can be safely treated with bleach.

• #43 Giardia Infection Prevention and Control | Giardia | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/giardia/prevention/index.html

  Clean, sanitize, or disinfect toys and surfaces. […] Regularly wash your hands and kids’ hands with soap and water. […] Take steps to avoid spreading germs when changing diapers. […] Waiting to have vaginal, anal, and oral sex until several weeks after you or your partner stop having diarrhea can help you avoid getting or spreading Giardia. […] Clean and disinfect to remove Giardia germs from a space where a person or pet recently had diarrhea. […] Always follow the directions on cleaning and disinfection products. […] After cleaning, use a disinfection product appropriate for the surface. […] When traveling, avoid drinking water or eating food that might be contaminated with Giardia. […] Drink bottled water or treat water if you are not sure if the water you are using has been treated to remove germs. […] If possible, eat only cooked food when traveling in areas where the food supply might be unsafe.

• #44

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/giardiasis

  Giardiasis is not notifiable, but school and childrens services centres exclusions still apply. […] Preventive measures include: educating families and personnel of childcare centres in personal hygiene issues. This includes the need for hand washing before, during and after handling food; before eating; and after toilet use, changing nappies or cleaning a child who has used the toilet […] protecting public and private water supplies against faecal contamination […] educating travellers about the need for safe food and water consumption […] minimising contact and contamination during sex. […] Primary school and childrens service centres exclusion criteria apply until there has not been a loose bowel action for 24 hours. […] Dispose of faeces in a sanitary and hygienic manner, and clean and disinfect soiled surfaces and articles. […] Disinfection of contaminated areas or water sources is required. Particular attention should be paid to potentially contaminated surfaces in childcare centres.

• #45 Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Giardiasis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1998/0215/p802.html

  The prevention of infection with G. lamblia should focus primarily on the avoidance of contaminated water. Vigorous hand-washing and proper disposal of soiled diapers should be practiced in day care settings. Outbreaks of giardiasis have usually been associated with contaminated surface water or shallow wells. The most effective method of rendering Giardia cysts nonviable is boiling the water. Chlorination is not effective. Filtration with a pore size of 2 m or smaller is also effective for removing Giardia cysts from water.

• #46 Giardiasis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/176718-treatment

  Infected persons and persons at risk should carefully wash their hands regularly and after any contact with feces. Careful hand washing is important, especially for caregivers of diapered infants in daycare centers, where diarrhea is common and carriers of Giardia organisms are numerous. […] Chlorination, sedimentation, and filtration methods should be implemented to adequately purify public water supplies. Effective chlorine inactivation of Giardia cysts in water requires an optimal chlorine concentration, water pH, turbidity, temperature, and contact time. These variables cannot be appropriately controlled in all municipalities, and they are particularly difficult to control in swimming pools. […] Travelers to endemic areas should be advised to avoid eating uncooked foods that may have been grown, washed, or prepared with contaminated water.

• #47 Giardiasis Fact Sheet

  https://health.maryland.gov/phpa/pages/giardiasis.aspx

  Giardiasis can be prevented. […] Wash hands after using the bathroom, after handling diapers, before fixing food or drink, and before eating. […] Avoid drinking improperly treated water, for example, when camping or during foreign travel. Municipal water supplies with filtration are usually safe. […] Keep children with diarrhea out of swimming pools. Have diapered children wear tight diaper covers in swimming or wading pools. […] Maintain swimming pools through adequate disinfection and filtration. If a child or adult has a bowel movement in a swimming pool, have everyone get out of the water, remove the stool, and increase the chlorine to 3 to 5 parts per million (ppm) for 30 minutes. Water in unfiltered wading pools should be emptied and refilled. […] In child care centers, careful handwashing among staff and children is very important.

• #48

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/giardiasis

  Giardiasis is not notifiable, but school and childrens services centres exclusions still apply. […] Preventive measures include: educating families and personnel of childcare centres in personal hygiene issues. This includes the need for hand washing before, during and after handling food; before eating; and after toilet use, changing nappies or cleaning a child who has used the toilet […] protecting public and private water supplies against faecal contamination […] educating travellers about the need for safe food and water consumption […] minimising contact and contamination during sex. […] Primary school and childrens service centres exclusion criteria apply until there has not been a loose bowel action for 24 hours. […] Dispose of faeces in a sanitary and hygienic manner, and clean and disinfect soiled surfaces and articles. […] Disinfection of contaminated areas or water sources is required. Particular attention should be paid to potentially contaminated surfaces in childcare centres.

• #49 Giardiasis in Kids: A McKinney Pediatrician’s Guide to Symptoms & Care

  https://www.kidsvillepeds.com/blog/1234640-the-silent-parasite-a-mckinney-pediatricians-guide-to-recognizing-giardiasis-symptoms-in-kids/

  Preventive measures are essential to reduce the risk of giardiasis, especially in childcare settings. Pediatric healthcare McKinney clinics might recommend these strategies: […] Hand Hygiene: Teach children to wash hands thoroughly with soap and water. […] Safe Drinking Water: Ensure children drink only treated, safe water, especially when traveling. […] Avoid Untreated Water: Prevent children from swallowing water in lakes, rivers, and pools. […] Clean and Disinfect Surfaces: Regularly clean surfaces, toys, and diaper-changing areas. […] Safe Food Handling: Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly and ensure food is properly cooked. […] Supervised Bathroom Use: In childcare settings, supervise young children’s bathroom visits. […] Giardiasis in children is preventable and treatable with proper care and hygiene. Recognizing symptoms early, seeking timely treatment, and practicing preventive measures can make a significant difference in managing this infection. Following these guidelines from a McKinney pediatrician can help families protect their children and reduce the spread of giardiasis, allowing children to lead healthy, active lives free from parasitic infections.

• #50 Giardia – Fit for Travel

  https://www.fitfortravel.nhs.uk/advice/disease-prevention-advice/giardia

  The chance of infection can be reduced by following Food and Water Precautions during travel. If you cannot access clean drinking water during your trip, for instance if you are trekking or climbing, you should be aware of safe water purification techniques. […] Be aware of the risk of giardiasis if swimming or bathing in lakes, rivers and streams and try to avoid swallowing water whilst swimming. […] There is no vaccine against Giardia.

• #51 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Giardiasis.aspx

  What can a person do to prevent giardiasis? […] Wash hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, rubbing hands together vigorously and scrubbing all surfaces: […] Before preparing or eating food […] After using the toilet […] After changing diapers or cleaning up a child who has used the toilet […] Before and after tending to someone who is ill with diarrhea […] After handling an animal or animal waste […] Avoid swallowing recreational water (water parks, swimming pools, hot tubs, lakes, streams). […] Purify drinking water from questionable sources by boiling, filtration, or iodine treatments. For more information on treating and filtering water when travelling in backcountry areas visit the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) websites on backcountry water treatment and a guide to water filters.

• #52 Giardiasis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/giardiasis

  You cant prevent giardiasis, but you can lower your risk of getting it by thoroughly washing your hands, especially if you work in places where germs spread easily, such as day care centers. […] Ponds, streams, rivers, and other bodies of water can all be sources of giardia. Dont swallow water if you go swimming in one of these. Avoid drinking surface water unless its been boiled, treated with iodine, or filtered. Bring bottled water with you when you go hiking or camping. […] When traveling in a region where giardiasis occurs, dont drink tap water. You should also avoid brushing your teeth with tap water. Keep in mind that tap water can also be present in ice and other beverages. Avoid eating uncooked local produce. […] Be cautious about sexual practices associated with the spread of this infection, such as anal sex. Use a condom to reduce the chance of contracting giardiasis.

• #53 About Giardiasis – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/giardiasis/basics.html

  You can minimize your risk of getting giardiasis by following these recommendations: […] Wash hands after using the bathroom and changing diapers, and before handling or eating any food. […] Do not swallow water while swimming. […] Use caution when traveling in countries with minimal water treatment and sanitation systems by avoiding tap water, fountain drinks, ice, and raw foods. […] Do not drink untreated water from lakes, rivers, springs, ponds, and streams. If you are unable to avoid drinking water that might be contaminated, learn how to treat your water properly. […] Reduce fecal-oral exposure during sexual activity and avoid sexual activity with those who have diarrhea or who recently recovered from giardiasis. […] People who have symptoms of giardiasis can reduce the risk of spreading their illness to others by following these recommendations:

• #54 Giardia Treatment and Prevention » Wilderness Awareness School

  https://wildernessawareness.org/articles/giardia-treatment-and-prevention/

  Giardia lamblia is a single-celled protozoan, and the giardia cyst is the dormant stage, the hardy form in which it exists in the environment, and, so, the form in which it is ingested. […] To avoid ever acquiring this parasite: the primary vector by which giardia is contracted is through ingesting water, or food, contaminated by infected human or animal feces. Boil all backcountry water—regardless of how pure and pristine it appears—for five minutes (longer at higher elevations). The only other option is to use a water filter with an absolute pore size of at least 1 micron, or one that has been NSF-rated for “giardia cysts removal.”

• #55 Giardiasis | South Dakota Department of Health

  https://doh.sd.gov/diseases/giardiasis/

  Important preventive measures include: […] Carefully wash hands thoroughly after toilet visits. […] Carefully dispose of sewage wastes so as not to contaminate surface or groundwater. […] Avoid consuming improperly treated drinking water. […] Boil emergency water supplies. Chemical treatment of emergency drinking water is less reliable. […] Hunters, backpackers, hikers and campers should not drink un-boiled water directly from rivers, streams or lakes.

• #56 Giardiasis – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/giardiasis-a-to-z

  There is no vaccine that can prevent giardiasis. Medicine to prevent infection is not recommended. The best way to prevent infection is good travel habits and good sanitation. […] Travelers should take special care to avoid food and water that could be contaminated. It is safest to eat produce that has been peeled or cooked. Cooking kills Giardia parasites and cysts. […] To prevent giardiasis caused by contaminated water, drink water only from approved sources. When camping and when traveling to developing countries, drink bottled water or other beverages that have been bottled or canned. Campers can drink bottled water, treat water with iodine for eight or more hours, use a high-quality water filter or boil water for at least one minute. Travelers to developing countries should avoid drinking beverages that are served with ice. […] It is always a good habit to wash your hands frequently. This can reduce your risk of Giardia infection at home and while traveling. It is especially important to wash your hands after you use the bathroom, before you eat, after you change a diaper and after you care for a sick person or animal.

• #57 Patient education: Giardia (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/giardia-beyond-the-basics/print

  Giardia infections can spread in four main ways, all of which can be prevented. […] The key to preventing Giardia and other infections is good hygiene. Here are some prevention tips: […] Wash your hands with soap and water before eating and after using the bathroom and teach children to do the same. […] Wash your hands with soap and water after changing diapers or after tending to anyone who has poor bowel control. […] Dispose of diapers properly and wash any clothes that could be contaminated with even small amounts of feces. […] Try not to swallow water when swimming, especially in rivers or lakes. […] Pretreat drinking water when traveling in regions where water sanitation standards may not be adequate and when hiking if drinking water from rivers, streams, or lakes. This can be done by:

• #58 Giardia: Infection, treatment and prevention | Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine

  https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-information/giardia-infection-treatment-and-prevention

  Giardiasis is a common parasitic infection that can cause diarrhea in dogs. […] Successful treatment relies on effective anti-parasitic medications, cleaning and managing the surrounding environment both indoors and outdoors. […] Practice good hand hygiene. […] Disinfect the environment. […] Dispose of feces promptly. […] Bathe the dog at the end of treatment to reduce the spread of Giardia cysts. […] Prevent dogs from ingesting potentially contaminated water, food or soil. […] Common household disinfectants and steam-cleaning are the most effective ways for killing Giardia cysts. […] Remove and dispose of all feces promptly. […] Giardia cysts on the lawn can only be killed by direct sunlight drying them. […] Regardless, washing hands thoroughly with soap and water after handling pets or infected feces is always important.

• #59 Companion Animal Parasite Council | Giardia

  https://capcvet.org/guidelines/giardia/

• #60

  https://www.smalldoorvet.com/learning-center/medical/giardia-in-cats/

  Good hygiene is important when it comes to preventing the spread of giardia. Practices to follow include: […] Thoroughly clean and disinfect litter boxes. […] Wear gloves and wash your hands frequently when working with infected animals or feces. […] Feces should be disposed of immediately. […] Bathe all household pets following medical treatment to ensure there is no fecal residue within their fur. […] Limit outdoor access and keep all household animals away from potentially contaminated water.

• #61 Giardia: Infection, treatment and prevention | Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine

  https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-information/giardia-infection-treatment-and-prevention

  You can limit their risk by having them defecate in separate areas, by wiping the infected dog’s butt after defecating and by preventing them from grooming each other. […] Otherwise, continue to dispose of feces promptly, bathe the infected dog at the end of treatment and remember to wash your own hands after petting them and handling feces.

• #62 Giardia in Dogs: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/giardia-in-dogs

  Giardiasis can be transmitted by eating or sniffing the cysts from contaminated ground, or by drinking contaminated water. […] If your dog is diagnosed with giardiasis, environmental disinfection and good personal hygiene are essential to prevent accidental spread to humans. […] For environmental disinfection, you can use chlorine bleach at 1:32 or 1:16 dilutions or 1-2 cups in a gallon of water (60-120 ml/L). […] Giardia cysts are susceptible to drying, so keep your environment as dry as possible.

• #63 Treatment and Prevention of Giardia in Dogs – Chimacum Valley Veterinary Hospital

  https://chimacumvet.com/blog/treatment-and-prevention-of-giardia-in-dogs/

  Giardia is a common intestinal parasite that affects dogs, among other animals. […] Prevention is key when it comes to giardia. There are several steps you can take to help protect your dog from this unpleasant parasite: Maintaining Cleanliness: Regular cleaning of your dog’s bedding, toys, and feeding areas is vital. Use a bleach solution to effectively kill any giardia cysts. […] Routine Veterinary Checks: Regular check-ups with your veterinarian can help catch giardia infections early. This is particularly important if your dog has recurring symptoms or was previously treated for giardia. […] Giardia in dogs is a treatable condition, but early diagnosis and proper management are essential. By following the recommended treatment and prevention strategies, you can help ensure your dog remains healthy and giardia-free.

• #64 Giardiasis

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/diseases-a-z-list/diseases/giardiasis.html

  Giardiasis epidemics have commonly resulted from contaminated drinking water. The long-term solution to waterborne outbreaks involving municipal water systems requires use of water filtration equipment in the water treatment process. […] Because the cysts of G. lambia resist conventional disinfection, effective filtration must serve as an additional barrier to prevent disease transmission. Studies have shown that diatomaceous earth filtration is an effective process for the removal of G. lamblia cysts. […] Backpackers and campers should not drink water directly from streams or lakes, no matter how clean the water appears. G. lamblia cysts can survive in the aquatic environment, especially in cold lakes or streams, for months, and are more resistant to disinfection than most other microbial pathogenic agents. Person-to-person transmission of G. lamblia can be prevented by practicing good personal hygiene and maintaining a sanitary environment. Good handwashing and fingernail cleaning should be stressed, especially after using the toilet, handling soiled diapers of infants and before eating. Quick and thorough cleanup of fecal accidents at home or in institutions also reduces the risk of spreading G. lamblia to others.

• #65 Prevention of Giardia infection (giardiasis) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/giardia-infection/prevention.html

  You can reduce your risk of becoming ill from Giardia infection if you: […] avoid drinking: […] water that may be contaminated […] untreated water from streams, rivers or lakes […] follow general food safety practices […] practise safe sex and wash hands after contact with stool […] wash your hands often with clean running water and soap […] avoid contact when possible with infected animals, such as pets […] avoid swallowing untreated water used for recreational activities, such as swimming […] In these cases, it is best to avoid swallowing untreated water. […] Municipal water treatment authorities reduce the risk of Giardia infection in drinking water using treatment methods such as: […] filtration […] chlorination […] If there is a suspected or actual outbreak of Giardia related to drinking water, municipalities will generally issue a boil-water advisory. This is done to help control the spread of illness.

• #66 Giardiasis

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/diseases-a-z-list/giardiasis.html

  Giardiasis epidemics have commonly resulted from contaminated drinking water. The long-term solution to waterborne outbreaks involving municipal water systems requires use of water filtration equipment in the water treatment process. […] Because the cysts of G. lambia resist conventional disinfection, effective filtration must serve as an additional barrier to prevent disease transmission. Studies have shown that diatomaceous earth filtration is an effective process for the removal of G. lamblia cysts. Only diatomaceous earth filters approved by the National Sanitation Foundation for treatment of drinking water should be used. […] Backpackers and campers should not drink water directly from streams or lakes, no matter how clean the water appears. G. lamblia cysts can survive in the aquatic environment, especially in cold lakes or streams, for months, and are more resistant to disinfection than most other microbial pathogenic agents. Person-to-person transmission of G. lamblia can be prevented by practicing good personal hygiene and maintaining a sanitary environment. Good handwashing and fingernail cleaning should be stressed, especially after using the toilet, handling soiled diapers of infants and before eating. Quick and thorough cleanup of fecal accidents at home or in institutions also reduces the risk of spreading G. lamblia to others.

• #67 Treatment and prevention of giardiasis – GPnotebook

  https://gpnotebook.com/pages/infectious-disease/management/treatment-and-prevention-of-giardiasis

  Prevent – sanitary disposal of faeces, filtration or boiling of water. Cysts resist usual levels of water chlorination.

• #68 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Giardiasis.aspx

  The California Department of Public Health (CDPH) and local health departments (LHDs) monitor giardiasis in California. If many cases are reported, CDPH and LHDs will investigate to find the cause, fix the problem, and educate the public. To help prevent spread of giardia to others, LHDs may restrict persons with giardia from certain types of work (such as food handling) or other activities until the person has not had diarrhea for 48 hours.

• #69 Giardiasis | Public Health Ontario

  https://www.publichealthontario.ca/en/Diseases-and-Conditions/Infectious-Diseases/Enteric-Foodborne-Diseases/Giardiasis

  Giardiasis can be prevented through careful hand washing and avoiding drinking untreated water. […] Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality. Guideline Technical Document: Enteric Protozoa, Giardia and Cryptosporidum (January 2012) – Health Canada. […] Control of Gastroenteritis Outbreaks in Long-Term Care Homes – Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. […] Ontario’s Food-Borne Illness Outbreak Response Protocol (ON-FIORP), 2020 – Ministry of Health. […] Food-Borne Illness Outbreak Response Protocol (FIORP) – Public Health Agency of Canada. […] Weight of Evidence: Factors to Consider for Appropriate and Timely Action in a Food-Borne Illness Outbreak Investigation – Health Canada. […] Appendix 1: Giardiasis – Ministry of Health.

• #70 Giardia | Georgia Department of Public Health

  https://dph.georgia.gov/epidemiology/acute-disease-epidemiology/foodborne-and-waterborne-diseases/giardia

  The best way to prevent Giardia infection is by practicing good hand hygiene. Wash your hands with soap and water before eating or preparing food, after changing diapers, and after using the restroom. Avoid swallowing water from ponds, lakes, or recreational water (i.e. pools and waterparks). Avoid sexual activity with persons who have diarrhea or who recently recovered from Giardia. Be sure to clean up properly after ill pets and people. […] Please refer to this and other CDC websites for more information on Giardia.

• #71 Giardiasis: Pediatric OIs | NIH

  https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/hiv-clinical-guidelines-pediatric-opportunistic-infections/giardiasis

  Giardiasis can be prevented by practicing good hygiene, not drinking or swimming in water that may be contaminated, and not eating food that may be contaminated (expert opinion). […] Frequent hand washing can help reduce the incidence of diarrheal illnesses, including giardiasis (strong, moderate). […] Initiating combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) in children with HIV infection to reverse or prevent severe immunodeficiency is the primary intervention to prevent severe enteric giardiasis (strong, very low). […] Recurrent episodes of giardiasis can be prevented by practicing good hygiene and avoiding contaminated food and water (expert opinion). […] A randomized trial of an intensive hand washing intervention (i.e., handwashing after defecation, after cleaning infants who had defecated, before preparing food, before eating, and before and after sex) in 148 adults with HIV infection in the United States resulted in fewer episodes of diarrheal illness and Giardia infections during a one year period, demonstrating the effectiveness of hand washing.

• #72 Giardiasis: Pediatric OIs | NIH

  https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/hiv-clinical-guidelines-pediatric-opportunistic-infections/giardiasis

  Combination antiretroviral therapy of children with HIV infection to reverse or prevent severe immunodeficiency is the primary mode of prevention of severe enteric giardiasis (strong, very low). […] Given the evidence, it is reasonable to recommend initiation of ART and immune reconstitution as a primary mode of giardiasis prevention.

• #73 GUIDELINE for Giardiasis — ABCD cats & vets

  https://www.abcdcatsvets.org/guideline-for-giardiasis/

  It is not recommended to treat an asymptomatic cat, but in multi-cat environments where cats with clinical signs are present, it may be more efficient to treat all animals (dogs and cats) living together (ESCCAP recommendation). Moreover, positive cats living in contact with immunocompromised people should be treated. […] Beside treatment, it is critical to manage the environment for preventing super-infection and re-infection along and after the treatment.

• #74 Clarithromycin Prophylaxis for MAC May Also Prevent PCP, Giardiasis

  https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/clarithromycin-prophylaxis-mac-may-also-prevent-pcp-giardiasis

  Clarithromycin prophylaxis for Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) may provide additional benefits to AIDS patients by preventing the development of common opportunistic infections, Mark Pierce, MD, said at the Third International Conference on the Macrolides, Azalides, and Streptogra-mins, sponsored by Abbott Laboratories. […] Giardia lamblia, the bacterium responsible for giardiasis, was observed in only three patients (0.9%) randomized to clarithromycin vs 10 patients (2.9%) receiving placebo. […] Dr. Pierce said that he’s not „100% convinced” that clarithromycin actually prevents PCP, community-acquired pneumonia, and giardiasis in AIDS. […] „While the data do raise the possibility that clarithromycin is active against these infections, more research is needed to say that the relationship is causal.”

• #75 Giardiasis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/176718-treatment

  Drinking water can be purified by using filtration (pore size, 1 m) or by briskly boiling water for at least 5 minutes. Chlorine or iodine water treatments are less effective than boiling or filtration, but they may be used as alternatives when other methods are not available. […] Infected individuals should refrain from using recreational water venues (eg, swimming pools, lakes, rivers) until they are symptom-free for a few weeks. […] Breastfeeding appears to protect infants from Giardia intestinalis infection. Breast milk contains detectable titers of secretory immunoglobulin A, which is protective for infants, especially in developing countries. A study from Egypt showed that breastfed infants had a lower incidence of symptomatic and asymptomatic infection. Furthermore, infected infants who were exclusively breastfed had fewer clinical manifestations than those who were not exclusively breastfed.

• #76 Giardiasis (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/giardiasis

  Handwashing and hygiene around infected people and in institutions. […] UK tap water is very unlikely to be contaminated with Giardia spp. but the same cannot be said for water from rivers and lakes. When camping, water from these sources should be boiled before use. […] Swimming pools and other recreational facilities can become contaminated. It should not be assumed that chlorinated water is safe. […] Travellers to endemic areas should avoid eating uncooked foods. […] Breast-feeding is protective. […] People who frequently engage in anal sex are at higher risk of acquiring giardiasis. This can be minimised by washing the hands after touching the anus of another person or after touching a condom that has been used for anal sex, and by avoiding oro-anal contact.

• #77 Giardiasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardiasis

  In the U.S., outbreaks typically occur in small water systems using inadequately treated surface water. […] Venereal transmission happens through faecal-oral contamination. […] Additionally, nappy/diaper changing and inadequate handwashing are risk factors for transmission from infected children. […] Lastly, food-borne epidemics of Giardia have developed through the contamination of food by infected food-handlers. […] There are no vaccines for humans yet, however, there are several vaccine candidates in development.

• #78 Giardia in Dogs | PetMD

  https://www.petmd.com/dog/conditions/infectious-parasitic/giardia-dogs

  Tips to help prevent giardia in dogs include: […] A giardia vaccine is available to help prevent infection. Ask your veterinarian if your dog would benefit from the giardia vaccine.

• #79 SciELO Brazil – Effect of probiotics on giardiasis. Where are we? Effect of probiotics on giardiasis. Where are we?

  https://www.scielo.br/j/bjps/a/Br3dCGL7d8Ws4Sqdp6hJz8B/

  Probiotics may represent an attractive option. […] In this context, the aim of this revision is to demonstrate the role of probiotics in treating and preventing clinical and experimental giardiasis. […] Probiotics are considered non-pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria or yeasts) that, when consumed in adequate amounts, produce beneficial effects on the health and well-being of the host. […] The competition for binding sites and available food sources in the intestinal lumen limits pathogen survival in this environment. […] Mechanisms by which probiotics might improve host health include immune function augmentation through reinforcing mucosal barrier function, reducing mucosal transfer of luminal organisms and metabolites to the host, increasing mucosal antibody production, strengthening epithelia integrity and direct antagonism of pathogenic microorganisms.

• #80 SciELO Brazil – Effect of probiotics on giardiasis. Where are we? Effect of probiotics on giardiasis. Where are we?

  https://www.scielo.br/j/bjps/a/Br3dCGL7d8Ws4Sqdp6hJz8B/

  However, in order for the desired benefits to be gained, probiotics must be present in functional foods for consumption in adequate amounts. […] Studies involving the action of probiotics as an alternative therapy on enteric parasites, such as G. lamblia, have been conducted due to their worldwide epidemiological importance as well as because of the damage caused upon the host. […] The co-administration of the probiotic and albendazole reduced both the excretion of Giardia cysts in feces and trophozoite counts in the intestinal fluid, and restored villi and crypts to normal morphology. […] Probiotics have a positive action in the treatment of enteric parasite infections, and this benefit may be due to several factors, such as change of intestinal microbiota composition, modulation of immune response, and reduction of host-pathogen interactions. […] We also strongly support more research on the best probiotic or probiotic association to use in giardiasis.

• #81 SciELO Brazil – Effect of probiotics on giardiasis. Where are we? Effect of probiotics on giardiasis. Where are we?

  https://www.scielo.br/j/bjps/a/Br3dCGL7d8Ws4Sqdp6hJz8B/

  However, in order for the desired benefits to be gained, probiotics must be present in functional foods for consumption in adequate amounts. […] Studies involving the action of probiotics as an alternative therapy on enteric parasites, such as G. lamblia, have been conducted due to their worldwide epidemiological importance as well as because of the damage caused upon the host. […] The co-administration of the probiotic and albendazole reduced both the excretion of Giardia cysts in feces and trophozoite counts in the intestinal fluid, and restored villi and crypts to normal morphology. […] Probiotics have a positive action in the treatment of enteric parasite infections, and this benefit may be due to several factors, such as change of intestinal microbiota composition, modulation of immune response, and reduction of host-pathogen interactions. […] We also strongly support more research on the best probiotic or probiotic association to use in giardiasis.

• #82 Giardiasis prevention – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Giardiasis_prevention

  There is no vaccine against giardiasis. Prophylaxis against giardiasis is not recommended. Hygiene practices (such as hand washing, drinking safe water) may help reduce the risk of Giardia transmission. […] Prophylaxis against giardiasis, per se, is not recommended. Although some patients may benefit from antibiotic prophylaxis against traveler’s diarrhea, antiparasitic regimens against giardiasis are not used prophylactically. […] The following practices may help reduce the risk of Giardia transmission: Practice good handwashing and hygiene. Avoid water (drinking or recreational) that may be contaminated. Avoid eating food that may be contaminated. Safe sexual practices, especially regarding anal sex, may decrease the risk of contracting or spreading giardiasis.

• #83 Giardiasis prevention – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Giardiasis_prevention

  There is no vaccine against giardiasis. Prophylaxis against giardiasis is not recommended. Hygiene practices (such as hand washing, drinking safe water) may help reduce the risk of Giardia transmission. […] Prophylaxis against giardiasis, per se, is not recommended. Although some patients may benefit from antibiotic prophylaxis against traveler’s diarrhea, antiparasitic regimens against giardiasis are not used prophylactically. […] The following practices may help reduce the risk of Giardia transmission: Practice good handwashing and hygiene. Avoid water (drinking or recreational) that may be contaminated. Avoid eating food that may be contaminated. Safe sexual practices, especially regarding anal sex, may decrease the risk of contracting or spreading giardiasis.

• #84 Clarithromycin Prophylaxis for MAC May Also Prevent PCP, Giardiasis

  https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/clarithromycin-prophylaxis-mac-may-also-prevent-pcp-giardiasis

  Clarithromycin prophylaxis for Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) may provide additional benefits to AIDS patients by preventing the development of common opportunistic infections, Mark Pierce, MD, said at the Third International Conference on the Macrolides, Azalides, and Streptogra-mins, sponsored by Abbott Laboratories. […] Giardia lamblia, the bacterium responsible for giardiasis, was observed in only three patients (0.9%) randomized to clarithromycin vs 10 patients (2.9%) receiving placebo. […] Dr. Pierce said that he’s not „100% convinced” that clarithromycin actually prevents PCP, community-acquired pneumonia, and giardiasis in AIDS. […] „While the data do raise the possibility that clarithromycin is active against these infections, more research is needed to say that the relationship is causal.”

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