Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Giardiasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513239/

  Giardiasis is caused by the protozoan G duodenalis, also known as G lamblia and G intestinalis. Infected animals excrete cysts into freshwater, which remain infective and viable for weeks to months. There are 7 distinct genetic assemblages (A to F), but only genotypes A and B have been found to infect humans. […] Human infection occurs through ingesting cysts via contaminated water or direct person-to-person contact, with transmission heavily influenced by inadequate hygiene and sanitation practices. Daycares have emerged as epicenters of infection due to insufficient handwashing protocols, especially during diaper handling and changing. […] Giardiasis is the most prevalent enteric protozoal infection globally, affecting nearly 2% of adults and 8% of children in developed countries. About 33% of individuals in developing countries have been infected with giardiasis. […] Giardiasis is caused by the protozoan G duodenalis, also known as G lamblia and G intestinalis.

• #1 Giardiasis: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatments & Medications

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15238-giardiasis

  Giardiasis is an intestinal infection caused by a microscopic parasite called Giardia. […] Giardia infection happens when you accidentally ingest the microscopic parasite during the cyst stage of its life cycle. […] The Giardia cyst is sort of like an egg that can survive in the wild until it finds a body (host) to hatch in. […] Animals and humans both get giardiasis, and they can both pass it on to others through their poop. […] The Giardia cyst lives within microscopic traces of poop within your environment that are too small to see. […] Some common ways you might get giardiasis include: Drinking or swimming in untreated or unfiltered water. […] Giardiasis is common throughout the world. […] Its the most common parasite infection in the U.S., where it affects over a million people each year.

• #1 Giardiasis | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/116241/all/Giardiasis

  Giardia lamblia (also known as Giardia duodenalis or Giardia intestinalis) is a protozoan pathogen that leads to intestinal infection and is one of the most common causes of diarrhea worldwide. […] Most infections result from ingestion of unfiltered surface water (e.g., contaminated swimming areas) or fecal-oral transmission; less commonly acquired through contaminated food. […] Giardia trophozoites colonize the surface of the proximal small intestine. […] Cellular attachment to host enterocytes via the ventral suction disc and the excretion of parasite products results in structural damage compromising intestinal epithelial cells and inhibiting the function of brush border enzymes. This causes electrolyte imbalances and increased intestinal permeability, leading to the production of diarrhea. […] G. lamblia has eight defined genotypes (referred to as assemblages AH), but only A and B are known to infect humans.

• #1 Giardia infection (giardiasis) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/giardia-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20372786

  Giardia infection is caused by a microscopic parasite that is found worldwide, especially in areas with poor sanitation and unsafe water. […] Giardia parasites live in the intestines of people and animals. Before the microscopic parasites are passed in stool, they become encased within hard shells called cysts, which allows them to survive outside the intestines for months. Once inside a host, the cysts dissolve and the parasites are released. […] Infection occurs when you accidentally swallow the parasite cysts. This can occur by swallowing unsafe water, by eating infected food or through person-to-person contact. […] The most common way to become infected with giardia is after swallowing unsafe (contaminated) water. Giardia parasites are found in lakes, ponds, rivers and streams worldwide, as well as in public water supplies, wells, cisterns, swimming pools, water parks and spas. Ground and surface water can become infected with giardia from agricultural runoff, wastewater discharge or animal feces.

• #1 Giardiasis

  https://myhealth.umassmemorial.org/YourFamily/Women/85,P00626

  Giardiasis is an infection. It’s caused by a parasite called Giardia. […] The parasite that causes giardiasis lives in two stages: Trophozoites. This is the active form inside the body. Cysts. This is the resting stage that allows the parasite to survive outside the body. […] Infection starts when the cysts are taken in through contaminated food or water. Stomach acid activates the cysts and the trophozoites are released. They attach to the lining of the small intestine and reproduce. Cysts form in the lower intestines. They are then passed in the feces. […] The parasite may be passed from person-to-person by contact with infected feces, or through consuming contaminated food or water. […] You can get the parasite by eating food or drinking water that contains infected feces.

• #1 Giardiasis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1735095/

  Giardiasis is one of the most common pathogenic intestinal protozoal infections worldwide. Giardia lamblia is the most frequently identified etiologic agent in outbreaks associated with the ingestion of surface water, often due to ineffective filtration or pretreatment. […] In addition to humans, other sources of infection include beavers, perhaps muskrats, and possibly domestic animals. […] A low infecting dose (10 to 25 cysts) is reported to be sufficient to produce human infection.

• #1 Giardiasis in Animals – Digestive System – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/digestive-system/giardiasis-giardia/giardiasis-in-animals

  Giardiasis is an intestinal infection with the protozoan flagellate parasite Giardia spp. Most infections of veterinary health importance are by G duodenalis, a species complex of different genotypes that tend to show host specificity; production animals, companion animals, and wildlife can all be infected. […] Giardiasis is an intestinal infection with the protozoan parasite Giardia spp. Giardia infection occurs worldwide in most domestic and wild mammals and many birds. It is also very common in humans. […] Among the eight assemblages of G duodenalis, some (A and B) have a relatively wide host range and may infect humans and a range of animals, whereas other assemblages are more host specific: assemblages C and D infect dogs, assemblage E infects livestock (pigs, cattle, sheep, goats), assemblage F infects cats, assemblage G infects rodents, and assemblage H infects pinnipeds.

• #1 Giardiasis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/intestinal-protozoa-and-microsporidia/giardiasis

  Giardiasis is infection with the flagellated protozoan Giardia duodenalis (G. lamblia, G. intestinalis). […] Giardia infection is prevalent throughout the world, particularly in areas with poor sanitation. Waterborne transmission is the major source of infection, but transmission can also occur by ingestion of contaminated food or by direct person-to-person contact. […] Giardia cysts remain viable in surface water and are resistant to routine levels of chlorination in drinking water. […] There are 8 genetic groups (assemblages) of G. duodenalis. Two infect humans and animals; the others infect only animals. The clinical manifestations appear to vary with genotype. […] The major source of giardiasis is waterborne transmission, including via fresh-appearing mountain streams and poorly filtered municipal water supplies. […] Giardia cysts resist routine levels of chlorination, and disinfection with iodine-containing compounds is variably effective.

• #1 Giardia Infection: Causes and How It Spreads | Giardia | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/giardia/causes/index.html

  Giardia infections are caused by the parasite Giardia duodenalis (Giardia for short). A parasite is a type of germ that gets its food from, or at the expense of, its host. Parasites live on or in a host (for example, a person or animal). […] Giardia spreads easily from one person to another or through water, food, surfaces, or objects. […] Giardia germs are in poop of people or animals who are infected, so anything that gets contaminated by human or animal poop can potentially spread the germs. Giardia can spread from one person to another.

• #1 Giardiasis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/giardiasis

  Contracting giardiasis from food is less common because heat kills the parasites. Poor hygiene when handling food or eating produce rinsed in contaminated water can allow the parasite to spread. […] Giardiasis also spreads through personal contact. For example, unprotected anal sex can pass the infection from one person to another. […] Changing a childs diaper or picking up the parasite while working in a day care center are also common ways to become infected. Children are at high risk for giardiasis because theyre likely to encounter feces when wearing diapers or potty training.

• #1 Cary Gastroenterology Associates | Giardiasis: Causes, Symptoms, and…

  https://www.carygastro.com/blog/giardiasis-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  Giardiasis is caused by ingesting the Giardia lamblia parasite. This microscopic parasite exists in the intestines of people, dogs, deer, cattle, beavers, and other animals. […] Giardiasis can be contracted from animals in the outdoors, or even from other humans in household contexts. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, giardia is typically contracted by coming into contact with fecal particles or Giardia cysts on surfaces and in contaminated water. […] Directly ingesting contaminated water, either through swallowing water in a pool or drinking untreated water from a stream in the wilderness, is one common source of infection. […] It is also possible to get giardia from eating undercooked food. Giardiasis from food is more rare than from exposure to contaminated water, as the parasite is easily killed by cooking.

• #1 Giardia infection (giardiasis) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/giardia-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20372786

  Giardia parasites can be spread through food either because food handlers with giardia infection don’t wash their hands thoroughly or because raw produce is irrigated or washed with unsafe (contaminated) water. […] You can get infected with giardia if your hands become dirty with feces parents changing a child’s diapers are especially at risk.

• #1 Giardiasis: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.healthday.com/a-to-z-health/infectious-disease/giardia-644593.html

  Being near an individual with giardiasis, especially in environments like child care facilities. […] Traveling in regions with poor sanitation practices. […] Coming into contact with feces, even through sexual activity, from someone currently ill or recently recovered from giardiasis. […] Accidentally transferring giardia microorganisms from contaminated surfaces (like restroom handles, changing tables, diaper bins or toys) to your mouth. […] Contact with infected animals or environments tainted with fecal matter.

• #1 Giardia infection Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/giardia-infection

  Giardia, or giardiasis, is a parasitic infection of the small intestine. A tiny parasite called Giardia lamblia causes it. […] The giardia parasite lives in soil, food, and water. It may also be found on surfaces that have come into contact with animal or human waste. […] You may become infected if you: Are exposed to a family member with giardiasis, Drink water from lakes or streams where animals such as marmots, beavers and muskrats, or domestic animals such as sheep, have left their waste, Eat raw or undercooked food that has been contaminated with the parasite, Have direct person-to-person contact in daycare centers, long-term care homes, or nursing homes with people who are infected with the parasite, Have unprotected anal sex. […] Travelers are at risk of giardiasis throughout the world. Campers and hikers are at risk if they drink untreated water from streams and lakes.

• #1 About Giardia Infection | Giardia | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/giardia/about/index.html

  Giardia can spread from one person to another or through contaminated water, food, surfaces, or objects. […] Giardia spreads easily; swallowing just a few Giardia germs can make you sick. […] Your healthcare provider may prescribe medicine to treat illness caused by Giardia. […] Although animals can spread Giardia to people, you are unlikely to get a Giardia infection from dogs or cats. The type of Giardia that makes people sick is usually not the same type that makes dogs and cats sick.

• #1 Giardiasis: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment – Southern Iowa Mental Health Center

  https://simhcottumwa.org/giardiasis-what-it-is-causes-symptoms-treatment/

  The spread of giardiasis can occur through: Consuming contaminated food or water that contains giardia microorganisms. Being near an individual with giardiasis, especially in environments like child care facilities. Traveling in regions with poor sanitation practices. Coming into contact with feces, even through sexual activity, from someone currently ill or recently recovered from giardiasis. Accidentally transferring giardia microorganisms from contaminated surfaces (like restroom handles, changing tables, diaper bins or toys) to your mouth. Contact with infected animals or environments tainted with fecal matter.

• #1 Patient education: Giardia (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/giardia-beyond-the-basics/print

  Foodborne transmission — The organism that causes Giardia is killed by cooking, so properly cooked food rarely leads to infection. However, uncooked food or food that is contaminated after cooking can cause Giardia infections. […] Person/animal-to-person transmission — Person-to-person transmission can happen when traces of infected feces travel between two people. This can happen if someone does not thoroughly wash their hands after using the bathroom or after changing the diapers of an infected child. […] In addition, virtually all mammals can be infected with Giardia, and animal-to-person transmission may occur. […] Giardia can survive for weeks to months in the environment (eg, soil). You can be infected with Giardia if you put your hands or other objects in your mouth after they have come into contact with infected feces.

• #1 Giardiasis: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatments & Medications

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15238-giardiasis

  In developed countries in general, it affects an estimated 10% of the population. […] In developing countries, giardiasis affects an estimated one-third of the population. […] Giardia thrives in regions and environments with less public sanitation, especially in natural bodies of water and inadequately sanitized public water supplies. […] The incubation period for giardiasis is one to two weeks from infection. […] When your immune system activates to remove it, thats when you might begin to notice symptoms. […] Giardia infection doesnt always cause noticeable symptoms, but it can. […] If giardiasis lasts a long time, or keeps coming back, it can do more long-term damage. […] If giardiasis lasts a long time, it can damage the lining of your small intestine. […] This can cause chronic gastrointestinal symptoms and trigger irritable bowel syndrome.

• #1 About Giardia Infection | Giardia | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/giardia/about/index.html

  Giardia is a tiny parasite (germ) that causes diarrhea. […] Giardia can spread easily from one person to another or through water, food, surfaces, or objects. […] Giardia duodenalis (Giardia for short) is a parasite. Illness caused by Giardia is called giardiasis. […] Giardia lives in the gut of infected people and animals and comes out of the body in poop. […] Giardia can survive for weeks to months outside the body (for example, in soil). […] In the United States, more people get sick from Giardia than from any other parasite that lives in the gut. […] Giardia is found in every region of the United States and around the world. […] You can get sick if you swallow Giardia. […] Giardia germs are in poop, so anything that gets contaminated by poop can potentially spread the germs.

• #1 Giardiasis | Health | Province of Manitoba

  https://www.manitoba.ca/health/publichealth/diseases/giardia_lamblia.html

  Giardiasis, sometimes called 'beaver fever’, is an infection of the intestinal tract. […] It is caused by the parasite Giardia. […] Giardiasis is spread by the fecal-oral route, either directly by person-to-person contact (e.g. diaper changing, sexual practices) or indirectly by eating or drinking fecally contaminated food or water. […] The infection can also spread by coming in contact with the feces of an infected animal. […] Individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those living with AIDS or cancer, or transplant patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs are more at risk of serious illness.

• #1 Giardiasis in Animals – Digestive System – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/digestive-system/giardiasis-giardia/giardiasis-in-animals

  The life cycle of Giardia is relatively simple. The flagellate, vegetative stage (trophozoites) of Giardia inhabit the lumen of the small intestine, where they may attach to the brush border of epithelial cells via the ventral disk, absorb nutrients, and multiply by binary fission. […] Transmission occurs via the fecal-oral route, either by direct contact with an infected host that is contaminated with infective cysts or through a contaminated environment. […] Giardia infections cause an increase in epithelial permeability, increased numbers of intraepithelial lymphocytes, and activation of T lymphocytes. […] The reduced activity of lipase and the increased production of mucin by goblet cells may explain the steatorrhea and mucous diarrhea that has frequently been described in symptomatic giardiasis.

• #1 Giardiasis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/giardiasis/

  Giardiasis is a common parasitic infection caused by the protozoan Giardia duodenalis. […] Pathogen: Giardia duodenalis (formerly known as Giardia lamblia and Giardia intestinalis), a protozoan. […] Transmission: Waterborne: from drinking recreational water (e.g., lakes, rivers, ponds, swimming pools). […] Fecal-oral (e.g., through food handlers, people in daycare and nurseries, oral-anal sexual contact): Giardia cysts are passed into the environment from the feces of infected people and animals. […] Infection is more likely to occur after traveling to endemic regions such as the tropics, subtropics, and North American mountain regions. […] Although several theories exist, it is commonly suspected that infection with Giardia leads to impaired function and structure of intestinal tissue, resulting in malabsorption and diarrhea. […] IgA deficiencies (e.g., selective IgA deficiency, X-linked agammaglobulinemia, common variable immunodeficiency) increases susceptibility to giardiasis because of the disruption of gastrointestinal protective barrier.

• #1 Giardiasis: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatments & Medications

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15238-giardiasis

  It can also damage your intestines ability to absorb the nutrients in your food. […] In some people with severe and/or chronic giardiasis, long-term inflammation triggers an autoimmune response. […] Untreated Giardia infection often goes away by itself. […] But if it doesnt, it can cause long-term complications for your digestive system, and even your immune system.

• #1 Giardiasis

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/diseases-a-z-list/giardiasis.html

  Giardiasis, a disease caused by the protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia, is characterized by chronic diarrhea that usually lasts one or more weeks. […] People become infected either directly by hand-to-mouth transfer of cysts from feces of an infected individual (as in careless diaper changing and poor handwashing technique), or indirectly by drinking feces-contaminated water. […] A number of other factors such as number of G. lamblia cysts ingested (dose), varying virulence among G. lamblia strains, human or animal origin of the parasite, etc., may have an influence on the clinical course of infection. […] The cyst form of the organism is hardy and may remain viable for a long period of time (approximately two months), particularly in cold water. […] Giardiasis epidemics have commonly resulted from contaminated drinking water.

• #1 Giardiasis – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/giardiasis-a-to-z

  Giardiasis is an intestinal illness caused by infection with the parasite Giardia lamblia, which lives in contaminated water. […] A person can remain infected with Giardia until the infection is diagnosed and treated. […] G. lamblia can survive in cold, chlorinated water for up to two months, and outbreaks have occurred in municipal water supplies. […] You can become infected with G. lamblia by drinking water that has been contaminated with Giardia cysts (usually because the water has come into contact with sewage). […] In developing areas of the world, it is common for more than 20% of a country’s population to have ongoing Giardia infection. […] Children are three times more likely to develop giardiasis than adults. […] It is possible that the human body develops some immunity to the parasite over time.

• #1 Giardiasis (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/giardiasis.html

  Giardiasis is caused by the tiny Giardia parasite. The parasite attaches itself to the lining of the small intestines in humans, where it causes diarrhea and blocks the body’s absorption of fats and carbohydrates from digested foods. […] In developing countries, giardiasis is a major cause of diarrhea. But even people in developed countries can get the infection, especially children younger than 5. […] Young kids are more likely to have giardiasis than adults.

• #1 Giardia Lamblia (Giardiasis) Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/giardia_lamblia/article.htm

  Giardiasis is a parasitic infection of the small intestine. Giardiasis is a parasitic infection of the small intestine. Giardiasis (gee-ar-die-a-sis with a soft „G”) is an infection of the small intestine that is caused by the parasite, Giardia duodenalis, also known as Giardia lamblia and Giardia intestinalis. It is the most common cause of parasitic gastrointestinal disease; it is estimated that 20,000 cases of giardiasis occur each year in the U.S., and there is a 20% to 40% prevalence in the world’s population. […] The active trophozoite attaches to the lining of the small intestine with a „sucker” and is responsible for causing the signs and symptoms of giardiasis. […] When it is ingested, stomach acid activates the cyst, and the cyst develops into the disease-causing trophozoite. It takes the ingestion of only ten cysts to cause infection. Trophozoites are important not only because they cause the symptoms of giardiasis, but also because they produce cysts that exit the body in the feces and spread the infection to others.

• #1 Giardiasis (beaver fever)

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/giardiasis/fact_sheet.htm

  Giardiasis is an intestinal (bowel) illness caused by a microscopic parasite called Giardia. It is a common illness that causes diarrhea (loose stool/poop). The most common way people get sick with giardiasis is by swallowing contaminated water, but people can also get sick from contaminated food, surfaces, and objects. […] Giardia can infect people and wild and domestic animals. It is passed in the feces (poop) of an infected person or animal and may contaminate water or food. The beaver has gained attention as a potential source of Giardia contamination of lakes, reservoirs, and streams, but human fecal wastes are also play an important role in spreading the parasite. […] People become infected by accidently swallowing Giardia and can carry the parasite in their bodies from a few weeks to a few months.

• #2 Giardia infection (giardiasis) – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/giardia-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20372786

  Giardia infection is caused by a microscopic parasite that is found worldwide, especially in areas with poor sanitation and unsafe water. […] Giardia parasites live in the intestines of people and animals. Before the microscopic parasites are passed in stool, they become encased within hard shells called cysts, which allows them to survive outside the intestines for months. Once inside a host, the cysts dissolve and the parasites are released. […] Infection occurs when you accidentally swallow the parasite cysts. This can occur by swallowing unsafe water, by eating infected food or through person-to-person contact. […] The most common way to become infected with giardia is after swallowing unsafe (contaminated) water. Giardia parasites are found in lakes, ponds, rivers and streams worldwide, as well as in public water supplies, wells, cisterns, swimming pools, water parks and spas. Ground and surface water can become infected with giardia from agricultural runoff, wastewater discharge or animal feces.

• #2 Giardiasis

  https://healthlibrary.uwmedicine.org/Library/DiseasesConditions/Adult/Travel/85,P00626

  Giardiasis is an infection. It’s caused by a parasite called Giardia. […] The parasite that causes giardiasis lives in two stages: Trophozoites. This is the active form inside the body. […] Infection starts when the cysts are taken in through contaminated food or water. […] The parasite may be passed from person-to-person by contact with infected feces, or through consuming contaminated food or water. […] You can get the parasite by eating food or drinking water that contains infected feces.

• #2 Giardia Lamblia (Giardiasis) Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/giardia_lamblia/article.htm

  Giardiasis is a parasitic infection of the small intestine. Giardiasis is a parasitic infection of the small intestine. Giardiasis (gee-ar-die-a-sis with a soft „G”) is an infection of the small intestine that is caused by the parasite, Giardia duodenalis, also known as Giardia lamblia and Giardia intestinalis. It is the most common cause of parasitic gastrointestinal disease; it is estimated that 20,000 cases of giardiasis occur each year in the U.S., and there is a 20% to 40% prevalence in the world’s population. […] The active trophozoite attaches to the lining of the small intestine with a „sucker” and is responsible for causing the signs and symptoms of giardiasis. […] When it is ingested, stomach acid activates the cyst, and the cyst develops into the disease-causing trophozoite. It takes the ingestion of only ten cysts to cause infection. Trophozoites are important not only because they cause the symptoms of giardiasis, but also because they produce cysts that exit the body in the feces and spread the infection to others.

• #2 Giardia: Infection, treatment and prevention | Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine

  https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-information/giardia-infection-treatment-and-prevention

  Giardiasis is a common parasitic infection that can cause diarrhea in dogs. It is caused by an intestinal parasite called Giardia, which can be found in feces-contaminated soil, food and water. […] Dogs get Giardia from ingesting feces-contaminated water, soil, food or objects. Giardia has two forms: trophozoites, which live in the intestines of infected dogs, and cysts, which are trophozoites protected by an outer shell and that get shed in the dogs stool. […] Cysts are hardy and can survive in the surrounding environment for months. They are instantly infectious, and just a few ingested cysts can cause infection. A dog could easily get reinfected by grooming themselves, for example, if cysts remain on their fur, paw pads or hind end.

• #2 Giardiasis

  https://healthlibrary.brighamandwomens.org/wellness/Cholesterol/Tools/85,P00626

  Giardiasis is an infection. It’s caused by a parasite called Giardia. It causes diarrhea. It’s passed on through oral contact with infected feces. You can get the parasite by eating food or drinking water that contains infected feces. […] Giardiasis a common intestinal parasite. It’s most common in countries with poor sanitary conditions, poor water quality control, and overcrowding. But it’s also a common cause of parasitic infection in the U.S. Hikers and campers who drink water from streams and other potentially contaminated sources are often infected. […] The parasite that causes giardiasis lives in two stages: Trophozoites. This is the active form inside the body. […] Cysts. This is the resting stage that allows the parasite to survive outside the body. […] Infection starts when the cysts are taken in through contaminated food or water. Stomach acid activates the cysts and the trophozoites are released. They attach to the lining of the small intestine and reproduce. Cysts form in the lower intestines. They are then passed in the feces.

• #2 Giardiasis – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com

  https://medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/giardiasis

  Giardiasis is an intestinal infection caused by a microscopic, single-celled parasite known as Giardia lamblia (also known as Giardia duodenalis). […] The parasite that causes giardiasis lives in the intestines of infected humans and animals. […] The most frequent method of infection is by drinking contaminated water. […] The parasites produce cysts (resistant forms of the parasite), which are swallowed. […] Ingestion of as little as 10 cysts is enough to cause illness.

• #2 Giardiasis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/intestinal-protozoa-and-microsporidia/giardiasis

  Giardiasis is infection with the flagellated protozoan Giardia duodenalis (G. lamblia, G. intestinalis). […] Giardia infection is prevalent throughout the world, particularly in areas with poor sanitation. Waterborne transmission is the major source of infection, but transmission can also occur by ingestion of contaminated food or by direct person-to-person contact. […] Giardia cysts remain viable in surface water and are resistant to routine levels of chlorination in drinking water. […] There are 8 genetic groups (assemblages) of G. duodenalis. Two infect humans and animals; the others infect only animals. The clinical manifestations appear to vary with genotype. […] The major source of giardiasis is waterborne transmission, including via fresh-appearing mountain streams and poorly filtered municipal water supplies. […] Giardia cysts resist routine levels of chlorination, and disinfection with iodine-containing compounds is variably effective.

• #2 Giardia in Cats | VCA Animal Hospitals

  https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/giardia-in-cats

  If your veterinarian suspects giardiasis, a stool sample may be analyzed for Giardia-specific antigens (cell proteins). […] Fenbendazole (Panacur) and metronidazole are the most commonly used drugs to kill Giardia. […] Giardiasis is the most common intestinal parasitic infection of man and can potentially be passed from cats to humans. […] Genotypes or Assemblage A can infect humans, dogs, and cats, while B can infect both humans and dogs.

• #2 Giardiasis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/giardiasis

  Giardiasis is an infection in your small intestine. Its caused by a microscopic parasite called Giardia lamblia. Giardiasis spreads through contact with infected people. And you can get giardiasis by eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water. Pet dogs and cats also frequently contract giardia. […] G. lamblia are found in animal and human feces. These parasites also thrive in contaminated food, water, and soil, and can survive outside a host for long periods of time. Accidentally consuming these parasites can lead to an infection. […] The most common way to get giardiasis is to drink water that contain G. lamblia. Contaminated water can be in swimming pools, spas, and bodies of water, such as lakes. Sources of contamination include animal feces, diapers, and agricultural runoff.

• #2 Giardia infection Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/giardia-infection

  Giardia, or giardiasis, is a parasitic infection of the small intestine. A tiny parasite called Giardia lamblia causes it. […] The giardia parasite lives in soil, food, and water. It may also be found on surfaces that have come into contact with animal or human waste. […] You may become infected if you: Are exposed to a family member with giardiasis, Drink water from lakes or streams where animals such as marmots, beavers and muskrats, or domestic animals such as sheep, have left their waste, Eat raw or undercooked food that has been contaminated with the parasite, Have direct person-to-person contact in daycare centers, long-term care homes, or nursing homes with people who are infected with the parasite, Have unprotected anal sex. […] Travelers are at risk of giardiasis throughout the world. Campers and hikers are at risk if they drink untreated water from streams and lakes.

• #2 Giardiasis Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/giardiasis.html

  Giardiasis is an intestinal illness caused by infection with the parasite Giardia lamblia, which lives in contaminated water. […] A person can remain infected with Giardia until the infection is diagnosed and treated. […] Contagious cysts are found in the feces of infected people or animals. […] You can become infected with G. lamblia by drinking water that has been contaminated with Giardia cysts (usually because the water has come into contact with sewage). […] G. lamblia can survive in cold, chlorinated water for up to two months, and outbreaks have occurred in municipal water supplies. […] Giardiasis is also a common cause of waterborne illness in the United States. […] In developing areas of the world, it is common for more than 20% of a country’s population to have ongoing Giardia infection.

• #2 Patient education: Giardia (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/giardia-beyond-the-basics/print

  Foodborne transmission — The organism that causes Giardia is killed by cooking, so properly cooked food rarely leads to infection. However, uncooked food or food that is contaminated after cooking can cause Giardia infections. […] Person/animal-to-person transmission — Person-to-person transmission can happen when traces of infected feces travel between two people. This can happen if someone does not thoroughly wash their hands after using the bathroom or after changing the diapers of an infected child. […] In addition, virtually all mammals can be infected with Giardia, and animal-to-person transmission may occur. […] Giardia can survive for weeks to months in the environment (eg, soil). You can be infected with Giardia if you put your hands or other objects in your mouth after they have come into contact with infected feces.

• #2 Giardiasis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/giardiasis

  Contracting giardiasis from food is less common because heat kills the parasites. Poor hygiene when handling food or eating produce rinsed in contaminated water can allow the parasite to spread. […] Giardiasis also spreads through personal contact. For example, unprotected anal sex can pass the infection from one person to another. […] Changing a childs diaper or picking up the parasite while working in a day care center are also common ways to become infected. Children are at high risk for giardiasis because theyre likely to encounter feces when wearing diapers or potty training.

• #2 Giardiasis: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment – Southern Iowa Mental Health Center

  https://simhcottumwa.org/giardiasis-what-it-is-causes-symptoms-treatment/

  The spread of giardiasis can occur through: Consuming contaminated food or water that contains giardia microorganisms. Being near an individual with giardiasis, especially in environments like child care facilities. Traveling in regions with poor sanitation practices. Coming into contact with feces, even through sexual activity, from someone currently ill or recently recovered from giardiasis. Accidentally transferring giardia microorganisms from contaminated surfaces (like restroom handles, changing tables, diaper bins or toys) to your mouth. Contact with infected animals or environments tainted with fecal matter.

• #2 Giardiasis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1735095/

  Giardiasis is one of the most common pathogenic intestinal protozoal infections worldwide. Giardia lamblia is the most frequently identified etiologic agent in outbreaks associated with the ingestion of surface water, often due to ineffective filtration or pretreatment. […] In addition to humans, other sources of infection include beavers, perhaps muskrats, and possibly domestic animals. […] A low infecting dose (10 to 25 cysts) is reported to be sufficient to produce human infection.

• #2 Giardia in Dogs and Giardiasis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/health/giardia-in-dogs/

  Giardia is a single-celled parasite that inhabits the intestines of mammals, birds, and amphibians. […] Each assemblage targets a specific group of animals, but all Giardia assemblages have the same life cycle and mode of transmission. […] The lifecycle of Giardia has two stages. The mature parasites, or trophozoites, live in the small intestine, where they multiply and eventually become cysts. Cysts are the infective stage and are shed into the feces of the infected animal. […] Your dog has to ingest Giardia in order for them to get the parasite. […] Once the parasite is in your dogs intestines, your dog can spread the parasite, even if they dont show any signs of infection. […] Giardiasis is the term for the disease caused by the Giardia infection. […] The parasite decreases your dogs ability to properly absorb nutrients, water, and electrolytes, which leads to diarrhea and weight loss. […] Failure to diagnose and treat the disease can lead to severe weight loss and even death in extreme cases. […] Giardia is a highly unpleasant parasite that your dogs regular flea and tick preventatives and heartworm preventatives do not protect them from.

• #2 Giardiasis (Giardia Infection): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/giardiasis-overview

  Giardiasis, also known as a giardia infection, is an intestinal disease marked by diarrhea, cramps, nausea, and bloating. A tiny parasite called Giardia intestinalis causes the infection. This bug lives all around the world in places that dont have clean drinking water. Its a common cause of waterborne illness in the U.S. […] You usually pick up a giardia infection from the stool of an infected person or animal. Before theyre pooped out, the parasites grow a hard shell called a cyst. It helps them live for months outside of a body, either in water or on a surface. The infection comes after you come in contact with the parasite or a cyst. […] You might: Come into close contact with someone who has giardiasis, Touch contaminated surfaces like bathroom handles, changing tables, diaper pails, or toys, then eat without washing your hands, Drink water or use ice made from an untreated water source — like a lake, stream, or well — thats home to giardia, Swallow the parasite while you swim or play in water, Eat uncooked food that contains giardia, Travel to countries where its common.

• #2 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Giardiasis.aspx

  Giardiasis (jee-ahr-dahy-uh-sis) is a diarrheal illness caused by a parasite called Giardia. The Giardia parasite lives in the intestines of infected people and animals and forms an outer shell called a „cyst”. Giardia cysts can live outside the body for long periods of time. […] Giardia is found throughout the United States and the world, and is especially common in countries without clean drinking water. In the United States, Giardia is one of the most common causes of waterborne diseases in people. Outbreaks have been associated with contaminated municipal and recreational waters, day care centers, and among people who were exposed to feces during sex. […] Giardiasis is a contagious disease. When a person or animal infected with Giardia begins to have symptoms, millions of cysts are shed in their feces during a bowel movement. The shedding of the cysts can last for weeks after the symptoms stop. People can become infected after accidentally swallowing Giardia cysts. Giardia may be found in soil, food, water, or on surfaces that have been contaminated with feces from infected people or animals.

• #2 About Giardia Infection | Giardia | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/giardia/about/index.html

  Giardia is a tiny parasite (germ) that causes diarrhea. […] Giardia can spread easily from one person to another or through water, food, surfaces, or objects. […] Giardia duodenalis (Giardia for short) is a parasite. Illness caused by Giardia is called giardiasis. […] Giardia lives in the gut of infected people and animals and comes out of the body in poop. […] Giardia can survive for weeks to months outside the body (for example, in soil). […] In the United States, more people get sick from Giardia than from any other parasite that lives in the gut. […] Giardia is found in every region of the United States and around the world. […] You can get sick if you swallow Giardia. […] Giardia germs are in poop, so anything that gets contaminated by poop can potentially spread the germs.

• #2 Giardiasis: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment – Southern Iowa Mental Health Center

  https://simhcottumwa.org/giardiasis-what-it-is-causes-symptoms-treatment/

  Giardiasis is a parasitic infection caused by the protozoan Giardia lamblia, affecting the digestive system. It is North Americas most common intestinal parasite and the third most common etiology of diarrheal disease in children under 5 years old worldwide, said Dr. Alfredo Mena Lora, director of infectious diseases at Saint Anthony Hospital in Chicago. […] You can get giardiasis by ingesting contaminated water or food that contains the giardia parasite, Mena Lora said. „Transmission can occur in day care centers, outdoor recreation or swimming pools, and overcrowded areas with poor sanitation.” […] The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says you can get infected when you ingest the giardia parasite, a microorganism. The parasite, often present in the feces of infected people or animals, can contaminate objects it comes into contact with. The ease of giardia transmission is remarkable — even a small amount of fecal matter entering your mouth can lead to illness.

• #2 Giardiasis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/giardiasis/

  Giardiasis is a common parasitic infection caused by the protozoan Giardia duodenalis. […] Pathogen: Giardia duodenalis (formerly known as Giardia lamblia and Giardia intestinalis), a protozoan. […] Transmission: Waterborne: from drinking recreational water (e.g., lakes, rivers, ponds, swimming pools). […] Fecal-oral (e.g., through food handlers, people in daycare and nurseries, oral-anal sexual contact): Giardia cysts are passed into the environment from the feces of infected people and animals. […] Infection is more likely to occur after traveling to endemic regions such as the tropics, subtropics, and North American mountain regions. […] Although several theories exist, it is commonly suspected that infection with Giardia leads to impaired function and structure of intestinal tissue, resulting in malabsorption and diarrhea. […] IgA deficiencies (e.g., selective IgA deficiency, X-linked agammaglobulinemia, common variable immunodeficiency) increases susceptibility to giardiasis because of the disruption of gastrointestinal protective barrier.

• #2 Giardiasis in Animals – Digestive System – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/digestive-system/giardiasis-giardia/giardiasis-in-animals

  The life cycle of Giardia is relatively simple. The flagellate, vegetative stage (trophozoites) of Giardia inhabit the lumen of the small intestine, where they may attach to the brush border of epithelial cells via the ventral disk, absorb nutrients, and multiply by binary fission. […] Transmission occurs via the fecal-oral route, either by direct contact with an infected host that is contaminated with infective cysts or through a contaminated environment. […] Giardia infections cause an increase in epithelial permeability, increased numbers of intraepithelial lymphocytes, and activation of T lymphocytes. […] The reduced activity of lipase and the increased production of mucin by goblet cells may explain the steatorrhea and mucous diarrhea that has frequently been described in symptomatic giardiasis.

• #2 Giardiasis: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatments & Medications

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15238-giardiasis

  In developed countries in general, it affects an estimated 10% of the population. […] In developing countries, giardiasis affects an estimated one-third of the population. […] Giardia thrives in regions and environments with less public sanitation, especially in natural bodies of water and inadequately sanitized public water supplies. […] The incubation period for giardiasis is one to two weeks from infection. […] When your immune system activates to remove it, thats when you might begin to notice symptoms. […] Giardia infection doesnt always cause noticeable symptoms, but it can. […] If giardiasis lasts a long time, or keeps coming back, it can do more long-term damage. […] If giardiasis lasts a long time, it can damage the lining of your small intestine. […] This can cause chronic gastrointestinal symptoms and trigger irritable bowel syndrome.

• #2 Giardiasis: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatments & Medications

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15238-giardiasis

  It can also damage your intestines ability to absorb the nutrients in your food. […] In some people with severe and/or chronic giardiasis, long-term inflammation triggers an autoimmune response. […] Untreated Giardia infection often goes away by itself. […] But if it doesnt, it can cause long-term complications for your digestive system, and even your immune system.

• #2 Giardiasis | The Children’s Hospital at Montefiore

  https://www.cham.org/health-library/article?id=hw186436

  Giardiasis (say „jee-ar-DYE-uh-sus”) is an infection of the intestines caused by the parasite Giardia lamblia. The illness is also called giardia (say „jee-AR-dee-uh”). It can happen if you drink water that has been contaminated. […] You may become infected with giardia if you eat food or drink water that is tainted with infected human or animal waste. […] In the United States and Canada, you can get giardia by drinking untreated water from wells, streams, rivers, and lakes. This is true even in mountain lakes and streams where the water may seem very pure. […] You can also get the infection if you swallow contaminated water while you swim. […] After a person is exposed to the parasite, it usually takes 7 to 10 days for the infection to develop. But it can take from 3 to 25 days or longer. You can pass the infection to others during the entire time you are infected. You may be infected for months, even if you don’t have symptoms.

• #2 Giardiasis | Health | Province of Manitoba

  https://www.manitoba.ca/health/publichealth/diseases/giardia_lamblia.html

  Giardiasis, sometimes called 'beaver fever’, is an infection of the intestinal tract. […] It is caused by the parasite Giardia. […] Giardiasis is spread by the fecal-oral route, either directly by person-to-person contact (e.g. diaper changing, sexual practices) or indirectly by eating or drinking fecally contaminated food or water. […] The infection can also spread by coming in contact with the feces of an infected animal. […] Individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those living with AIDS or cancer, or transplant patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs are more at risk of serious illness.

• #2 Giardiasis – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/giardiasis-a-to-z

  Giardiasis is an intestinal illness caused by infection with the parasite Giardia lamblia, which lives in contaminated water. […] A person can remain infected with Giardia until the infection is diagnosed and treated. […] G. lamblia can survive in cold, chlorinated water for up to two months, and outbreaks have occurred in municipal water supplies. […] You can become infected with G. lamblia by drinking water that has been contaminated with Giardia cysts (usually because the water has come into contact with sewage). […] In developing areas of the world, it is common for more than 20% of a country’s population to have ongoing Giardia infection. […] Children are three times more likely to develop giardiasis than adults. […] It is possible that the human body develops some immunity to the parasite over time.

• #2 Giardiasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardiasis

  Giardiasis is caused by the protozoan Giardia duodenalis. The infection occurs in many animals, including beavers, other rodents, cows, and sheep. Animals are believed to play a role in keeping infections present in an environment. […] Giardiasis usually spreads when Giardia duodenalis cysts within faeces contaminate food or water that is later consumed orally. The disease can also spread between people and through other animals. […] Giardiasis is transmitted via the faecal-oral route with the ingestion of cysts. Primary routes are personal contact and contaminated water and food. […] Giardiasis is caused by the protozoan Giardia duodenalis.

• #2 Giardia Infection: Causes and How It Spreads | Giardia | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/giardia/causes/index.html

  Giardia infections are caused by the parasite Giardia duodenalis (Giardia for short). A parasite is a type of germ that gets its food from, or at the expense of, its host. Parasites live on or in a host (for example, a person or animal). […] Giardia spreads easily from one person to another or through water, food, surfaces, or objects. […] Giardia germs are in poop of people or animals who are infected, so anything that gets contaminated by human or animal poop can potentially spread the germs. Giardia can spread from one person to another.

• #3 Giardia Infection: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/travel-and-vaccinations/travellers-diarrhoea-leaflet/giardia

  Giardia infection should be considered in someone who develops sudden-onset (acute) or persistent (chronic) diarrhoea. […] It’s typical to treat giardiasis with antibiotics. Metronidazole is the antibiotic that is most commonly used. […] Most people who have giardia infection make a full recovery and do not have any complications or further problems. However, there is a risk of re-infection if preventative measures are not followed. […] Other complications specific to giardia infection include: Weight loss – can occur in persistent (chronic) giardia infection. […] Growth restriction in children – can occur in chronic giardia infection. This is especially a problem in developing countries where the condition may not be picked up and treated. […] Malabsorption and vitamin deficiencies – are possible in chronic giardia infection. This is because the gut infection can interfere with the absorption of essential nutrients from the food being eaten.

• #3 Giardia Lamblia (Giardiasis) Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/giardia_lamblia/article.htm

  Symptoms and signs of giardiasis do not begin for at least seven days following infection but can occur as long as three or more weeks later. […] The best single test for diagnosing giardiasis is antigen testing of the stool. […] The most common treatment for giardiasis is metronidazole (Flagyl) for 5-10 days. […] Tinidazole has replaced furazolidone as the FDA-approved drug for the treatment of the condition and is highly effective at treating giardiasis (90%). […] Drink only water that has been treated in established treatment facilities. […] Do not drink from freshwater streams or lakes without boiling or filtering the water.

• #3 Giardiasis: What It Is, Symptoms, Treatments & Medications

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15238-giardiasis

  Giardiasis is an intestinal infection caused by a microscopic parasite called Giardia. […] Giardia infection happens when you accidentally ingest the microscopic parasite during the cyst stage of its life cycle. […] The Giardia cyst is sort of like an egg that can survive in the wild until it finds a body (host) to hatch in. […] Animals and humans both get giardiasis, and they can both pass it on to others through their poop. […] The Giardia cyst lives within microscopic traces of poop within your environment that are too small to see. […] Some common ways you might get giardiasis include: Drinking or swimming in untreated or unfiltered water. […] Giardiasis is common throughout the world. […] Its the most common parasite infection in the U.S., where it affects over a million people each year.

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