Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Review of cold-induced urticaria characteristics, diagnosis and management in a Western Canadian allergy practice | Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology | Full Text

  https://aacijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13223-018-0310-5

  Cold-induced urticaria is a significant condition, especially among young females. […] Cold-induced urticaria is the second most common type of chronic inducible urticaria and has been reported as early as 1866. It results in pruritic wheals with or without angioedema secondary to the release of leukotrienes, histamine and pro-inflammatory mast cell mediators after exposure of the skin to cold air, liquid or cold objects. […] Cold-induced urticaria is divided into primary and secondary forms and there have been many associations reported in the literature. Primary forms are defined when a secondary, or triggering, etiology cannot be determined. Secondary cold-induced urticaria has been reported to be associated with both bacterial and viral infections, medications, Hymenoptera stings, hematological malignancies and immunotherapy, largely based on various case reports.

• #2 Cold Urticaria: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24629-cold-urticaria

  Cold urticaria is a rare condition that causes an allergic reaction to cold temperatures. […] The condition is sometimes associated with an underlying blood cancer or infectious disease. […] Cold urticaria occurs when the body releases histamines in reaction to cold. Histamines are chemicals made by your immune system in response to an allergen. But the reason for the histamine release is unknown. […] Some cases of cold urticaria may be a symptom of autoimmune disorders. Autoimmune disorders involve your body’s immune system attacking healthy cells or tissue for unknown reasons. […] Cold urticaria can affect anyone. Although the disorder is sometimes inherited, most cases occur in people with no family history of the disease. […] Its sometimes associated with other health conditions, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia, a type of blood cancer. […] Cold urticaria is a rare disorder. The familial form is especially rare.

• #3 Cold-induced urticaria: challenges in diagnosis and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3736478/

  Cold-induced urticaria (CU) is a chronic physical urticaria that can be hard to diagnose and manage. Symptoms of CU can vary from mild localised urticaria, angio-oedema to anaphylaxis. CU may be induced by a wide range of cold triggers from aquatic activities to ingestions of cold substances. […] Cold-induced urticaria (CU) is a subtype of physical urticaria initially described by Boudron in 1866. Physical urticaria account for 25% of all cases of chronic urticaria (ie, urticaria that lasts at least 6 weeks). Six to 34% of individuals with physical urticaria have CU. […] CU consists of the development of localised or diffuse urticaria, angio-oedema and occasionally systemic symptoms secondary to exposure to a cold stimulus. […] The frequency is approximately the same in men and women; and while it occurs more commonly in young adults (20-30 years), the age range is quite broad (3 months to 74 years).

• #4 Cold Urticaria – Allergy & Asthma Network

  https://allergyasthmanetwork.org/chronic-urticaria/cold-urticaria/

  Cold urticaria is a chronic skin condition that occurs after sudden exposure to anything cold swimming in cold water, drinking a cold beverage, eating ice cream, handling a cold object, going for a walk in frigid temperatures, or even walking into an air-conditioned room. […] Most frequently seen in children and young adults, its cause is unknown. However, it has been linked to infections and certain underlying health conditions. The good news is, cold urticaria often disappears within a few years.

• #5 Cold urticaria | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/cold-urticaria

  Cold urticaria occurs most often in young adults. […] No one knows what causes cold urticaria. You could have sensitive skin cells due to a virus or an illness or from a trait passed down in your genes. In the most common forms of this condition, cold causes the release of histamine and other chemicals into the blood. These chemicals cause itching, and they sometimes affect the whole body. […] A less common type is secondary acquired cold urticaria. A condition such as hepatitis or cancer can cause it. […] Rarely, cold urticaria is passed down to you in your genes. This type causes painful welts and flu-like symptoms after being exposed to cold.

• #6 Cold urticaria

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/cold-urticaria

  Cold urticaria is caused by exposure to cold. Why the cold stimulus causes the activation of mast cells and the subsequent release of histamine, and other inflammatory mediators remain unknown. […] Cold urticaria may be primary (idiopathic) or secondary to an underlying haematologic (blood condition) or infectious disease. Most cases are of the idiopathic (unknown cause) type. […] Underlying conditions that have been associated with secondary cold urticaria include: Cryoglobulinemia, Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, Lymphosarcoma, Chickenpox (varicella), Syphilis, Viral hepatitis, Infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever) and other respiratory viral infections, Immunisations.

• #7 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Cold urticaria | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20371028

  Cold causes this allergic skin response. […] No one knows what causes cold urticaria. You could have sensitive skin cells due to a virus or an illness or from a trait passed down in your genes. In the most common forms of this condition, cold causes the release of histamine and other chemicals into the blood. These chemicals cause itching, and they sometimes affect the whole body. […] The most common type primary acquired cold urticaria occurs most often in young adults. […] A less common type is secondary acquired cold urticaria. A condition such as hepatitis or cancer can cause it. […] Rarely, cold urticaria is passed down to you in your genes. This type causes painful welts and flu-like symptoms after being exposed to cold.

• #8 Cold urticaria – What we know and what we do not know – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33249577/

  Cold urticaria (ColdU) is a common form of chronic inducible urticaria characterized by the development of wheals, angioedema or both in response to cold exposure. […] Today, its pathophysiology is thought to involve the cold-induced formation of autoallergens and IgE to these autoallergens, which provoke a release of proinflammatory mediators from skin mast cells. […] The classification of ColdU includes typical and atypical subtypes. […] The diagnosis relies on the patient’s history and cold stimulation testing. […] The management of ColdU includes cold avoidance, the regular use of nonsedating antihistamines and the off-label use of omalizumab. […] However, many questions regarding ColdU remain unanswered.

• #9 Cold Urticaria: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/skin-hair-and-nails/cold-urticaria

  Cold urticaria is an allergic response that develops after exposure to the cold. The exact cause of cold urticaria is unknown. Still, treatment and management can be effective at alleviating symptoms. […] Clinicians aren’t yet sure about the exact cause of cold urticaria. Researchers believe it may be related to the body perceiving cold as an allergen and triggering an immune response. For example, a 2020 review suggests that cold exposure may cause the release of antibodies called immunoglobulin E (IgE) for some people. IgE antibodies can then cause cells to release certain chemicals that trigger inflammation and an allergic reaction. This reaction could be due to a hypersensitivity to the cold. However, researchers do not completely understand why some people experience hypersensitivity and cold urticaria while others do not.

• #10 Cold Urticaria: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/skin-hair-and-nails/cold-urticaria

  Cold urticaria is an allergic response that develops after exposure to the cold. The exact cause of cold urticaria is unknown. Still, treatment and management can be effective at alleviating symptoms. […] Clinicians aren’t yet sure about the exact cause of cold urticaria. Researchers believe it may be related to the body perceiving cold as an allergen and triggering an immune response. For example, a 2020 review suggests that cold exposure may cause the release of antibodies called immunoglobulin E (IgE) for some people. IgE antibodies can then cause cells to release certain chemicals that trigger inflammation and an allergic reaction. This reaction could be due to a hypersensitivity to the cold. However, researchers do not completely understand why some people experience hypersensitivity and cold urticaria while others do not.

• #11 Cold urticaria | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/cold-urticaria

  Cold urticaria occurs most often in young adults. […] No one knows what causes cold urticaria. You could have sensitive skin cells due to a virus or an illness or from a trait passed down in your genes. In the most common forms of this condition, cold causes the release of histamine and other chemicals into the blood. These chemicals cause itching, and they sometimes affect the whole body. […] A less common type is secondary acquired cold urticaria. A condition such as hepatitis or cancer can cause it. […] Rarely, cold urticaria is passed down to you in your genes. This type causes painful welts and flu-like symptoms after being exposed to cold.

• #12 Review of cold-induced urticaria characteristics, diagnosis and management in a Western Canadian allergy practice | Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology | Full Text

  https://aacijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13223-018-0310-5

  In this study, three (6%) of the patients with cold-induced urticaria were felt to have a provoking factor (including infections or insect stings) for their cold-induced urticaria based on clinical history. This would be suggestive of secondary acquired cold-induced urticaria. However, these suspicions were not confirmed on laboratory testing. The remainder of patients were believed to have primary acquired cold-induced urticaria. […] The most common cause of secondary acquired cold-induced urticaria is primary and secondary cryoglobulinemia (e.g. chronic lymphocytic leukemia, lymphosarcoma, leukocytoclastic vasculitis, hepatitis C virus infection, and angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy) based on case reports. Infectious diseases are the second most common type of secondary acquired cold-induced urticaria.

• #13 Cold urticaria

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/cold-urticaria

  Cold urticaria is caused by exposure to cold. Why the cold stimulus causes the activation of mast cells and the subsequent release of histamine, and other inflammatory mediators remain unknown. […] Cold urticaria may be primary (idiopathic) or secondary to an underlying haematologic (blood condition) or infectious disease. Most cases are of the idiopathic (unknown cause) type. […] Underlying conditions that have been associated with secondary cold urticaria include: Cryoglobulinemia, Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, Lymphosarcoma, Chickenpox (varicella), Syphilis, Viral hepatitis, Infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever) and other respiratory viral infections, Immunisations.

• #14 Cold-induced urticaria: challenges in diagnosis and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3736478/

  Causes of secondary CU include cryoglobulinemia with or without malignancies, infections such as HIV, syphilis, hepatitis, parasites and bacterial infections. […] Atypical cold urticaria has similar presentation as the other types of cold urticaria, however, it usually involves more severe reactions including symptoms such as hypotension. […] Familial conditions with CU include familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome, delayed cold urticaria with autosomal dominant inheritance and Meckel-Wells syndrome. […] The pathogenesis of CU is unclear although it is has been suggested that IgE antibodies react against specific skin antigens at the appropriate temperature causing the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators.

• #15 Cold Urticaria: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/skin-hair-and-nails/cold-urticaria

  Sometimes, cold urticaria appears to be primary. This means it develops on its own and not as a result of an underlying condition. By contrast, some clinicians have reported cases of cold urticaria that appear to be secondary. This means they may have occurred as a result of an underlying condition. […] Conditions and factors that may be linked to secondary cold urticaria include: infections with viruses, bacteria, or parasites; excessive growth of the lymphocytes (lymphoproliferative diseases), such as myeloma; insect stings; high protein foods or meals, such as beef; certain medications, such as penicillin, combined oral contraceptives, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and Sjögren’s disease. […] However, researchers note that further evidence is needed to understand how these factors contribute to cold urticaria.

• #16 Review of cold-induced urticaria characteristics, diagnosis and management in a Western Canadian allergy practice | Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology | Full Text

  https://aacijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13223-018-0310-5

  In this study, three (6%) of the patients with cold-induced urticaria were felt to have a provoking factor (including infections or insect stings) for their cold-induced urticaria based on clinical history. This would be suggestive of secondary acquired cold-induced urticaria. However, these suspicions were not confirmed on laboratory testing. The remainder of patients were believed to have primary acquired cold-induced urticaria. […] The most common cause of secondary acquired cold-induced urticaria is primary and secondary cryoglobulinemia (e.g. chronic lymphocytic leukemia, lymphosarcoma, leukocytoclastic vasculitis, hepatitis C virus infection, and angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy) based on case reports. Infectious diseases are the second most common type of secondary acquired cold-induced urticaria.

• #17 Cold urticaria | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/cold-urticaria

  Cold urticaria occurs most often in young adults. […] No one knows what causes cold urticaria. You could have sensitive skin cells due to a virus or an illness or from a trait passed down in your genes. In the most common forms of this condition, cold causes the release of histamine and other chemicals into the blood. These chemicals cause itching, and they sometimes affect the whole body. […] A less common type is secondary acquired cold urticaria. A condition such as hepatitis or cancer can cause it. […] Rarely, cold urticaria is passed down to you in your genes. This type causes painful welts and flu-like symptoms after being exposed to cold.

• #18 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Cold urticaria | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20371028

  Cold causes this allergic skin response. […] No one knows what causes cold urticaria. You could have sensitive skin cells due to a virus or an illness or from a trait passed down in your genes. In the most common forms of this condition, cold causes the release of histamine and other chemicals into the blood. These chemicals cause itching, and they sometimes affect the whole body. […] The most common type primary acquired cold urticaria occurs most often in young adults. […] A less common type is secondary acquired cold urticaria. A condition such as hepatitis or cancer can cause it. […] Rarely, cold urticaria is passed down to you in your genes. This type causes painful welts and flu-like symptoms after being exposed to cold.

• #19 Review of cold-induced urticaria characteristics, diagnosis and management in a Western Canadian allergy practice | Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology | Full Text

  https://aacijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13223-018-0310-5

  In addition to acquired cold-induced urticaria, there are types of cold-induced urticaria that are felt to have a genetic component with familial transmission. This includes the cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS) which is a rare inherited autoimmune disorder with a mutation in NLRP3 (CIAS1) gene that leads to overproduction of interleukin-1-beta (IL-1).

• #20 Orphanet: Familial cold urticaria

  https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/47045

  Familial cold urticaria (FCAS) is the mildest form of cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS) and is characterized by recurrent episodes of urticaria-like skin rash triggered by exposure to cold associated with low-grade fever, general malaise, eye redness and arthralgia/myalgia. […] FCAS is caused by gain-of-function point mutations in the NLRP3 gene (1q44), which encodes cryopyrin. Mutations in NLRP3 gene ultimately lead to the increased secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1 beta and dysregulated inflammation. Mutations in this gene may also cause two additional forms of CAPS which are Muckle-Wells syndrome (MWS) and CINCA syndrome, demonstrating that all three disorders are allelic. […] Some patients with a classical phenotype of FCAS, MWS or CINCA syndrome may not have mutations in NLRP3, suggesting involvement of additional genes. In addition, somatic NLRP3 mosaicism could explain 30-60% of patients with negative conventional genetic testing. Patients carrying identical amino acid substitution may present with distinctly different clinical subtypes, suggesting that additional genetic and/or environmental modifying factors are required to define the clinical phenotype.

• #21 Orphanet: Familial cold urticaria

  https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/47045

  Familial cold urticaria (FCAS) is the mildest form of cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS) and is characterized by recurrent episodes of urticaria-like skin rash triggered by exposure to cold associated with low-grade fever, general malaise, eye redness and arthralgia/myalgia. […] FCAS is caused by gain-of-function point mutations in the NLRP3 gene (1q44), which encodes cryopyrin. Mutations in NLRP3 gene ultimately lead to the increased secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1 beta and dysregulated inflammation. Mutations in this gene may also cause two additional forms of CAPS which are Muckle-Wells syndrome (MWS) and CINCA syndrome, demonstrating that all three disorders are allelic. […] Some patients with a classical phenotype of FCAS, MWS or CINCA syndrome may not have mutations in NLRP3, suggesting involvement of additional genes. In addition, somatic NLRP3 mosaicism could explain 30-60% of patients with negative conventional genetic testing. Patients carrying identical amino acid substitution may present with distinctly different clinical subtypes, suggesting that additional genetic and/or environmental modifying factors are required to define the clinical phenotype.

• #22 Cold-induced urticaria: challenges in diagnosis and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3736478/

  Causes of secondary CU include cryoglobulinemia with or without malignancies, infections such as HIV, syphilis, hepatitis, parasites and bacterial infections. […] Atypical cold urticaria has similar presentation as the other types of cold urticaria, however, it usually involves more severe reactions including symptoms such as hypotension. […] Familial conditions with CU include familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome, delayed cold urticaria with autosomal dominant inheritance and Meckel-Wells syndrome. […] The pathogenesis of CU is unclear although it is has been suggested that IgE antibodies react against specific skin antigens at the appropriate temperature causing the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators.

• #23 Cold urticaria – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_urticaria

  Cold urticaria is a disorder in which large red welts called hives (urticaria) form on the skin after exposure to a cold stimulus. […] This disorder, or perhaps two disorders with the same clinical manifestations, can be inherited (familial cold urticaria) or acquired (primary acquired cold urticaria). […] The hives are a histamine reaction in response to cold stimuli, including a drastic drop in temperature, cold air, and cold water. […] There are many causes for cold hives, most are idiopathic (meaning they have no known cause). […] Some rare conditions can cause cold hives, and it can be useful to test for these conditions if the cold hives are in any way unusual. […] Scientists from the USA National Institutes of Health have identified a genetic mutation in three unrelated families that causes a rare immune disorder characterized by excessive and impaired immune function: immune deficiency, autoimmunity, inflammatory skin disorders and cold-induced hives (cold urticaria). […] The mutation discovered occurs in a gene for phospholipase C-gamma2 (PLCG2), an enzyme involved in the activation of immune cells.

• #24

  https://www.wyndly.com/blogs/learn/cold-urticaria?srsltid=AfmBOoq-gxmcAHazT6aD8E1bL83_e200IEUh4FrK82_Wn9q8BNBRHwX1

  Cold urticaria is primarily caused by exposure to cold temperatures. This could be through cold air, cold water, or direct contact with cold objects. The sudden drop in skin temperature triggers an allergic response, causing redness, itching, and hives on the exposed skin. […] The exact cause of cold urticaria is not fully understood. However, it is believed to occur when the immune system has an abnormal response to cold temperatures. This reaction leads to the release of histamine and other chemicals into the bloodstream, causing hives and other symptoms. […] Certain medical conditions have been associated with an increased risk. For instance, people with autoimmune diseases or certain types of infections might be more susceptible to cold urticaria. Some evidence also suggests links between cold urticaria and exposure to certain extreme climates, underscored by research around climate change and allergies. However, more studies are needed to confirm these connections. […] Cold urticaria is triggered by exposure to cold temperatures. This can occur through cold air, cold water, or direct contact with cold objects. Even consuming cold food or drink can cause a reaction. The skin’s response can vary from mild irritation to severe, systemic reactions.

• #25 Cold Allergy (Cold Urticaria) – Istanbul Allergy

  https://www.istanbulallergy.com/en/cold-allergy-cold-urticaria/

  You can be allergic to many different things, including cold weather. The medical name for hives that occur on the skin when exposed to cold is cold urticaria. […] Cold urticaria can occur for many reasons, including: Going out in the cold, Swimming or bathing in cold water, Entering an area that is air-conditioned or kept at cold temperatures, such as a freezer. […] If you have cold urticaria, exposure to this cold causes your body to release histamine, which triggers symptoms. […] Cold urticaria can be inherited from a family member. Cold urticaria can also occur in people without a family history. Symptoms may also be triggered by a particular illness such as: An autoimmune condition, A viral infection that causes mononucleosis, Varicella, Viral hepatitis, Other blood diseases.

• #26 Cold allergy – causes & symptoms | Future for Patients

  https://futureforpatients.com/en-us/disease-patterns/cold-allergy/

  Cold allergy, also known as cold urticaria, is a rare form of physical urticaria. This is an allergic reaction of the skin to exposure to cold. […] Triggers can be cold air in cold environments, contact with cold water, e.g. when washing your hands or showering, or cold objects. The consumption of cool drinks or food can also lead to allergic reactions if they come into contact with the mouth, lips or throat. […] With sudden and very strong cold exposures, such as a jump into cold water, the reaction can occur on the entire body surface, leading to a systemic reaction. In severe cases, this can trigger an anaphylactic reaction, which can lead to breathing difficulties, cardiovascular problems, a drop in blood pressure and loss of consciousness and thus represents a life-threatening emergency situation.

• #27 What Is Cold-Induced Urticaria?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/skin-care/cold-induced-urticaria

  It is an allergic reaction to a cold that appears within minutes of getting exposed to the cold. […] The FCAS form of cold-induced urticaria is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and the rest of the forms of cold-induced urticaria are caused due to autoallergy, autoimmunity, neurological pathways, and aberrant temperature sensing. […] In some acquired forms of cold-induced urticaria, exposure to cold will act as an antigen (foreign stimulant) and trigger immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated autoimmunity, this activates the mast cells (cells responsible for immediate allergic reaction) which then release histamine (the chemical responsible for symptoms of allergies) and other inflammatory mediators. […] Regardless, of the underlying cause, the symptoms of all types of cold-induced urticaria are instigated by exposure to cold; the temperature at which cold-induced urticaria patients start showing symptoms varies from four degrees to 27 degrees.

• #28 Cold allergy – causes & symptoms | Future for Patients

  https://futureforpatients.com/en-us/disease-patterns/cold-allergy/

  Cold allergy, also known as cold urticaria, is a rare form of physical urticaria. This is an allergic reaction of the skin to exposure to cold. […] Triggers can be cold air in cold environments, contact with cold water, e.g. when washing your hands or showering, or cold objects. The consumption of cool drinks or food can also lead to allergic reactions if they come into contact with the mouth, lips or throat. […] With sudden and very strong cold exposures, such as a jump into cold water, the reaction can occur on the entire body surface, leading to a systemic reaction. In severe cases, this can trigger an anaphylactic reaction, which can lead to breathing difficulties, cardiovascular problems, a drop in blood pressure and loss of consciousness and thus represents a life-threatening emergency situation.

• #29

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40521-024-00366-9

  Cold-induced anaphylaxis (ColdA) is a poorly understood form of anaphylaxis that occurs in patients with cold urticaria (ColdU). […] ColdA has been defined as acute cold-induced involvement of the skin and/or visible mucosal tissue accompanied by cardiovascular manifestations, difficulty breathing, or gastrointestinal symptoms, but a universally accepted definition is lacking. […] The primary exogenous risk factors for ColdA appear to be the extent of skin surface area exposed, the temperature, and the duration of the exposure. […] Other documented triggers of ColdA include exposure to cold air, localized contact with cold water, limited contact with cold solid surfaces, cold provocation in the clinical setting, consumption of cold food or drinks, and exposure to intravenous or irrigation fluids.

• #30

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40521-024-00366-9

  Cold-induced anaphylaxis (ColdA) is a poorly understood form of anaphylaxis that occurs in patients with cold urticaria (ColdU). […] ColdA has been defined as acute cold-induced involvement of the skin and/or visible mucosal tissue accompanied by cardiovascular manifestations, difficulty breathing, or gastrointestinal symptoms, but a universally accepted definition is lacking. […] The primary exogenous risk factors for ColdA appear to be the extent of skin surface area exposed, the temperature, and the duration of the exposure. […] Other documented triggers of ColdA include exposure to cold air, localized contact with cold water, limited contact with cold solid surfaces, cold provocation in the clinical setting, consumption of cold food or drinks, and exposure to intravenous or irrigation fluids.

• #31

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40521-024-00366-9

  The pathophysiology of ColdA remains largely unexplored. […] We hypothesize that ColdA also predominantly involves MC and basophil activation. […] The hypothesis that cold exposure may trigger the formation of de novo autoallergens and subsequent IgE-mediated responses diverges from traditional views of anaphylaxis but could be crucial in understanding ColdA. […] Given that HVA was recognized as an independent risk factor for ColdA in the COLD-CE study, further research is needed to determine whether patients with ColdA also need to be tested for CMCDs. […] ColdA remains an intriguing yet understudied area amongst anaphylactic reactions.

• #32 Cold urticaria – What we know and what we do not know – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33249577/

  Cold urticaria (ColdU) is a common form of chronic inducible urticaria characterized by the development of wheals, angioedema or both in response to cold exposure. […] Today, its pathophysiology is thought to involve the cold-induced formation of autoallergens and IgE to these autoallergens, which provoke a release of proinflammatory mediators from skin mast cells. […] The classification of ColdU includes typical and atypical subtypes. […] The diagnosis relies on the patient’s history and cold stimulation testing. […] The management of ColdU includes cold avoidance, the regular use of nonsedating antihistamines and the off-label use of omalizumab. […] However, many questions regarding ColdU remain unanswered.

• #33 Cold-induced urticaria: challenges in diagnosis and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3736478/

  Causes of secondary CU include cryoglobulinemia with or without malignancies, infections such as HIV, syphilis, hepatitis, parasites and bacterial infections. […] Atypical cold urticaria has similar presentation as the other types of cold urticaria, however, it usually involves more severe reactions including symptoms such as hypotension. […] Familial conditions with CU include familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome, delayed cold urticaria with autosomal dominant inheritance and Meckel-Wells syndrome. […] The pathogenesis of CU is unclear although it is has been suggested that IgE antibodies react against specific skin antigens at the appropriate temperature causing the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators.

• #34 Urticaria – Kaplan AP (Updated 2019)

  https://www.worldallergy.org/component/content/article/urticaria-kaplan-ap-updated-2019?catid=16&Itemid=101

  Idiopathic cold urticaria is characterized by the rapid onset of pruritus, erythema, and swelling after exposure to a cold stimulus. The location of the swelling is confined to those parts of the body that have been exposed. […] One proposal to explain this phenomenon is that patients have an IgE autoantibody to a cold-induced skin antigen. […] Localized cold urticaria, in which only certain areas of the body urticate with cold contact, has been reported after predisposing conditions such as cold injury; it has also been reported at sites of intracutaneous allergen injections, ragweed immunotherapy, or insect bites. […] Systemic cold urticaria yields severe generalized hive formation resulting from systemic cold challenge occurring over covered or uncovered parts of the body. […] Cold-dependent dermatographism demonstrates prominent hive formation if the skin is scratched and then chilled.

• #35 Review of cold-induced urticaria characteristics, diagnosis and management in a Western Canadian allergy practice | Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology | Full Text

  https://aacijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13223-018-0310-5

  Cold-induced urticaria is a significant condition, especially among young females. […] Cold-induced urticaria is the second most common type of chronic inducible urticaria and has been reported as early as 1866. It results in pruritic wheals with or without angioedema secondary to the release of leukotrienes, histamine and pro-inflammatory mast cell mediators after exposure of the skin to cold air, liquid or cold objects. […] Cold-induced urticaria is divided into primary and secondary forms and there have been many associations reported in the literature. Primary forms are defined when a secondary, or triggering, etiology cannot be determined. Secondary cold-induced urticaria has been reported to be associated with both bacterial and viral infections, medications, Hymenoptera stings, hematological malignancies and immunotherapy, largely based on various case reports.

• #36 Review of cold-induced urticaria characteristics, diagnosis and management in a Western Canadian allergy practice | Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology | Full Text

  https://aacijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13223-018-0310-5

  Cold-induced urticaria is a significant condition, especially among young females. […] Cold-induced urticaria is the second most common type of chronic inducible urticaria and has been reported as early as 1866. It results in pruritic wheals with or without angioedema secondary to the release of leukotrienes, histamine and pro-inflammatory mast cell mediators after exposure of the skin to cold air, liquid or cold objects. […] Cold-induced urticaria is divided into primary and secondary forms and there have been many associations reported in the literature. Primary forms are defined when a secondary, or triggering, etiology cannot be determined. Secondary cold-induced urticaria has been reported to be associated with both bacterial and viral infections, medications, Hymenoptera stings, hematological malignancies and immunotherapy, largely based on various case reports.

• #37 Cold-induced urticaria: challenges in diagnosis and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3736478/

  Cold-induced urticaria (CU) is a chronic physical urticaria that can be hard to diagnose and manage. Symptoms of CU can vary from mild localised urticaria, angio-oedema to anaphylaxis. CU may be induced by a wide range of cold triggers from aquatic activities to ingestions of cold substances. […] Cold-induced urticaria (CU) is a subtype of physical urticaria initially described by Boudron in 1866. Physical urticaria account for 25% of all cases of chronic urticaria (ie, urticaria that lasts at least 6 weeks). Six to 34% of individuals with physical urticaria have CU. […] CU consists of the development of localised or diffuse urticaria, angio-oedema and occasionally systemic symptoms secondary to exposure to a cold stimulus. […] The frequency is approximately the same in men and women; and while it occurs more commonly in young adults (20-30 years), the age range is quite broad (3 months to 74 years).

• #38 Physical Urticaria – Global Allergy & Airways Patient PlatformExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandToggle MenuScroll to topScroll to topExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandExpand

  https://gaapp.org/physical-urticaria/

  Cold urticaria, at about 15%, is not uncommon. In cold countries (Scandinavia) it is more common. Women are affected twice as often as men. Cold urticaria, however, is almost always chronic and lasts an average of five to seven years. In cases of cold urticaria, contact with cold objects or cold water or wind triggers the release of histamine at the location where the cold affects the skin. Within minutes, redness, swelling, and intense itching result. […] Cold urticaria is often caused by infectious diseases. Sometimes other allergens or stimuli can cause the same symptoms, inter alia, food additives (e.g. colorant), drugs, plants, animal hair, sprayed fruits and vegetables, insect bites, pressure on the skin, physical exertion. These stimuli can, as you see, be very diverse, so the search for a triggering stimulus can be very difficult.

• #39 Physical Urticaria – Global Allergy & Airways Patient PlatformExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandToggle MenuScroll to topScroll to topExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandExpand

  https://gaapp.org/physical-urticaria/

  Cold urticaria, at about 15%, is not uncommon. In cold countries (Scandinavia) it is more common. Women are affected twice as often as men. Cold urticaria, however, is almost always chronic and lasts an average of five to seven years. In cases of cold urticaria, contact with cold objects or cold water or wind triggers the release of histamine at the location where the cold affects the skin. Within minutes, redness, swelling, and intense itching result. […] Cold urticaria is often caused by infectious diseases. Sometimes other allergens or stimuli can cause the same symptoms, inter alia, food additives (e.g. colorant), drugs, plants, animal hair, sprayed fruits and vegetables, insect bites, pressure on the skin, physical exertion. These stimuli can, as you see, be very diverse, so the search for a triggering stimulus can be very difficult.

• #40 Cold Urticaria: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24629-cold-urticaria

  Cold urticaria is a rare condition that causes an allergic reaction to cold temperatures. […] The condition is sometimes associated with an underlying blood cancer or infectious disease. […] Cold urticaria occurs when the body releases histamines in reaction to cold. Histamines are chemicals made by your immune system in response to an allergen. But the reason for the histamine release is unknown. […] Some cases of cold urticaria may be a symptom of autoimmune disorders. Autoimmune disorders involve your body’s immune system attacking healthy cells or tissue for unknown reasons. […] Cold urticaria can affect anyone. Although the disorder is sometimes inherited, most cases occur in people with no family history of the disease. […] Its sometimes associated with other health conditions, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia, a type of blood cancer. […] Cold urticaria is a rare disorder. The familial form is especially rare.

• #41 Cold Urticaria: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24629-cold-urticaria

  Cold urticaria is a rare condition that causes an allergic reaction to cold temperatures. […] The condition is sometimes associated with an underlying blood cancer or infectious disease. […] Cold urticaria occurs when the body releases histamines in reaction to cold. Histamines are chemicals made by your immune system in response to an allergen. But the reason for the histamine release is unknown. […] Some cases of cold urticaria may be a symptom of autoimmune disorders. Autoimmune disorders involve your body’s immune system attacking healthy cells or tissue for unknown reasons. […] Cold urticaria can affect anyone. Although the disorder is sometimes inherited, most cases occur in people with no family history of the disease. […] Its sometimes associated with other health conditions, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia, a type of blood cancer. […] Cold urticaria is a rare disorder. The familial form is especially rare.

• #42 Welts on skin due to cold temperature could be hives

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/hives-cold-urticaria

  If you answered yes to any of these questions, you may have a medical condition known as cold urticaria. People who have this medical condition develop hives (welts on their skin that often itch) when exposed to the cold. […] Most people who have cold urticaria develop a welt on their skin after the bag is removed and their skin starts to warm up. […] If you get hives from cold temperatures, treatment can help reduce flare-ups. […] If you cannot avoid what causes your hives, medication can help. […] One medication that helps many people who have cold urticaria is an oral antihistamine. It can prevent hives from developing. […] Some people who have cold urticaria see it go away on its own within a few weeks or months. About half the people who get cold urticaria will see it disappear within five years.

• #43 Physical Urticaria – Global Allergy & Airways Patient PlatformExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandToggle MenuScroll to topScroll to topExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandExpand

  https://gaapp.org/physical-urticaria/

  Cold urticaria, at about 15%, is not uncommon. In cold countries (Scandinavia) it is more common. Women are affected twice as often as men. Cold urticaria, however, is almost always chronic and lasts an average of five to seven years. In cases of cold urticaria, contact with cold objects or cold water or wind triggers the release of histamine at the location where the cold affects the skin. Within minutes, redness, swelling, and intense itching result. […] Cold urticaria is often caused by infectious diseases. Sometimes other allergens or stimuli can cause the same symptoms, inter alia, food additives (e.g. colorant), drugs, plants, animal hair, sprayed fruits and vegetables, insect bites, pressure on the skin, physical exertion. These stimuli can, as you see, be very diverse, so the search for a triggering stimulus can be very difficult.

• #44 Review of cold-induced urticaria characteristics, diagnosis and management in a Western Canadian allergy practice | Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology | Full Text

  https://aacijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13223-018-0310-5

  Cold-induced urticaria is a significant condition, especially among young females. […] Cold-induced urticaria is the second most common type of chronic inducible urticaria and has been reported as early as 1866. It results in pruritic wheals with or without angioedema secondary to the release of leukotrienes, histamine and pro-inflammatory mast cell mediators after exposure of the skin to cold air, liquid or cold objects. […] Cold-induced urticaria is divided into primary and secondary forms and there have been many associations reported in the literature. Primary forms are defined when a secondary, or triggering, etiology cannot be determined. Secondary cold-induced urticaria has been reported to be associated with both bacterial and viral infections, medications, Hymenoptera stings, hematological malignancies and immunotherapy, largely based on various case reports.

• #45 Review of cold-induced urticaria characteristics, diagnosis and management in a Western Canadian allergy practice | Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology | Full Text

  https://aacijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13223-018-0310-5

  Cold-induced urticaria is a significant condition, especially among young females. […] Cold-induced urticaria is the second most common type of chronic inducible urticaria and has been reported as early as 1866. It results in pruritic wheals with or without angioedema secondary to the release of leukotrienes, histamine and pro-inflammatory mast cell mediators after exposure of the skin to cold air, liquid or cold objects. […] Cold-induced urticaria is divided into primary and secondary forms and there have been many associations reported in the literature. Primary forms are defined when a secondary, or triggering, etiology cannot be determined. Secondary cold-induced urticaria has been reported to be associated with both bacterial and viral infections, medications, Hymenoptera stings, hematological malignancies and immunotherapy, largely based on various case reports.

• #46 Cold Urticaria: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24629-cold-urticaria

  Cold urticaria is a rare condition that causes an allergic reaction to cold temperatures. […] The condition is sometimes associated with an underlying blood cancer or infectious disease. […] Cold urticaria occurs when the body releases histamines in reaction to cold. Histamines are chemicals made by your immune system in response to an allergen. But the reason for the histamine release is unknown. […] Some cases of cold urticaria may be a symptom of autoimmune disorders. Autoimmune disorders involve your body’s immune system attacking healthy cells or tissue for unknown reasons. […] Cold urticaria can affect anyone. Although the disorder is sometimes inherited, most cases occur in people with no family history of the disease. […] Its sometimes associated with other health conditions, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia, a type of blood cancer. […] Cold urticaria is a rare disorder. The familial form is especially rare.

• #47 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Cold urticaria | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20371028

  Cold causes this allergic skin response. […] No one knows what causes cold urticaria. You could have sensitive skin cells due to a virus or an illness or from a trait passed down in your genes. In the most common forms of this condition, cold causes the release of histamine and other chemicals into the blood. These chemicals cause itching, and they sometimes affect the whole body. […] The most common type primary acquired cold urticaria occurs most often in young adults. […] A less common type is secondary acquired cold urticaria. A condition such as hepatitis or cancer can cause it. […] Rarely, cold urticaria is passed down to you in your genes. This type causes painful welts and flu-like symptoms after being exposed to cold.

• #48 Cold urticaria – What we know and what we do not know – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33249577/

  Cold urticaria (ColdU) is a common form of chronic inducible urticaria characterized by the development of wheals, angioedema or both in response to cold exposure. […] Today, its pathophysiology is thought to involve the cold-induced formation of autoallergens and IgE to these autoallergens, which provoke a release of proinflammatory mediators from skin mast cells. […] The classification of ColdU includes typical and atypical subtypes. […] The diagnosis relies on the patient’s history and cold stimulation testing. […] The management of ColdU includes cold avoidance, the regular use of nonsedating antihistamines and the off-label use of omalizumab. […] However, many questions regarding ColdU remain unanswered.

• #49 Cold-induced urticaria: challenges in diagnosis and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3736478/

  Causes of secondary CU include cryoglobulinemia with or without malignancies, infections such as HIV, syphilis, hepatitis, parasites and bacterial infections. […] Atypical cold urticaria has similar presentation as the other types of cold urticaria, however, it usually involves more severe reactions including symptoms such as hypotension. […] Familial conditions with CU include familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome, delayed cold urticaria with autosomal dominant inheritance and Meckel-Wells syndrome. […] The pathogenesis of CU is unclear although it is has been suggested that IgE antibodies react against specific skin antigens at the appropriate temperature causing the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators.

• #50 Urticaria – Kaplan AP (Updated 2019)

  https://www.worldallergy.org/component/content/article/urticaria-kaplan-ap-updated-2019?catid=16&Itemid=101

  Idiopathic cold urticaria is characterized by the rapid onset of pruritus, erythema, and swelling after exposure to a cold stimulus. The location of the swelling is confined to those parts of the body that have been exposed. […] One proposal to explain this phenomenon is that patients have an IgE autoantibody to a cold-induced skin antigen. […] Localized cold urticaria, in which only certain areas of the body urticate with cold contact, has been reported after predisposing conditions such as cold injury; it has also been reported at sites of intracutaneous allergen injections, ragweed immunotherapy, or insect bites. […] Systemic cold urticaria yields severe generalized hive formation resulting from systemic cold challenge occurring over covered or uncovered parts of the body. […] Cold-dependent dermatographism demonstrates prominent hive formation if the skin is scratched and then chilled.

• #51 What Is Cold-Induced Urticaria?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/skin-care/cold-induced-urticaria

  It is an allergic reaction to a cold that appears within minutes of getting exposed to the cold. […] The FCAS form of cold-induced urticaria is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and the rest of the forms of cold-induced urticaria are caused due to autoallergy, autoimmunity, neurological pathways, and aberrant temperature sensing. […] In some acquired forms of cold-induced urticaria, exposure to cold will act as an antigen (foreign stimulant) and trigger immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated autoimmunity, this activates the mast cells (cells responsible for immediate allergic reaction) which then release histamine (the chemical responsible for symptoms of allergies) and other inflammatory mediators. […] Regardless, of the underlying cause, the symptoms of all types of cold-induced urticaria are instigated by exposure to cold; the temperature at which cold-induced urticaria patients start showing symptoms varies from four degrees to 27 degrees.

• #52 Orphanet: Familial cold urticaria

  https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/47045

  Familial cold urticaria (FCAS) is the mildest form of cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS) and is characterized by recurrent episodes of urticaria-like skin rash triggered by exposure to cold associated with low-grade fever, general malaise, eye redness and arthralgia/myalgia. […] FCAS is caused by gain-of-function point mutations in the NLRP3 gene (1q44), which encodes cryopyrin. Mutations in NLRP3 gene ultimately lead to the increased secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1 beta and dysregulated inflammation. Mutations in this gene may also cause two additional forms of CAPS which are Muckle-Wells syndrome (MWS) and CINCA syndrome, demonstrating that all three disorders are allelic. […] Some patients with a classical phenotype of FCAS, MWS or CINCA syndrome may not have mutations in NLRP3, suggesting involvement of additional genes. In addition, somatic NLRP3 mosaicism could explain 30-60% of patients with negative conventional genetic testing. Patients carrying identical amino acid substitution may present with distinctly different clinical subtypes, suggesting that additional genetic and/or environmental modifying factors are required to define the clinical phenotype.

• #53 Orphanet: Familial cold urticaria

  https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/47045

  Familial cold urticaria (FCAS) is the mildest form of cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS) and is characterized by recurrent episodes of urticaria-like skin rash triggered by exposure to cold associated with low-grade fever, general malaise, eye redness and arthralgia/myalgia. […] FCAS is caused by gain-of-function point mutations in the NLRP3 gene (1q44), which encodes cryopyrin. Mutations in NLRP3 gene ultimately lead to the increased secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1 beta and dysregulated inflammation. Mutations in this gene may also cause two additional forms of CAPS which are Muckle-Wells syndrome (MWS) and CINCA syndrome, demonstrating that all three disorders are allelic. […] Some patients with a classical phenotype of FCAS, MWS or CINCA syndrome may not have mutations in NLRP3, suggesting involvement of additional genes. In addition, somatic NLRP3 mosaicism could explain 30-60% of patients with negative conventional genetic testing. Patients carrying identical amino acid substitution may present with distinctly different clinical subtypes, suggesting that additional genetic and/or environmental modifying factors are required to define the clinical phenotype.

• #54 Cold urticaria – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_urticaria

  Cold urticaria is a disorder in which large red welts called hives (urticaria) form on the skin after exposure to a cold stimulus. […] This disorder, or perhaps two disorders with the same clinical manifestations, can be inherited (familial cold urticaria) or acquired (primary acquired cold urticaria). […] The hives are a histamine reaction in response to cold stimuli, including a drastic drop in temperature, cold air, and cold water. […] There are many causes for cold hives, most are idiopathic (meaning they have no known cause). […] Some rare conditions can cause cold hives, and it can be useful to test for these conditions if the cold hives are in any way unusual. […] Scientists from the USA National Institutes of Health have identified a genetic mutation in three unrelated families that causes a rare immune disorder characterized by excessive and impaired immune function: immune deficiency, autoimmunity, inflammatory skin disorders and cold-induced hives (cold urticaria). […] The mutation discovered occurs in a gene for phospholipase C-gamma2 (PLCG2), an enzyme involved in the activation of immune cells.

• #55 Cold Urticaria: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24629-cold-urticaria

  Cold urticaria is a rare condition that causes an allergic reaction to cold temperatures. […] The condition is sometimes associated with an underlying blood cancer or infectious disease. […] Cold urticaria occurs when the body releases histamines in reaction to cold. Histamines are chemicals made by your immune system in response to an allergen. But the reason for the histamine release is unknown. […] Some cases of cold urticaria may be a symptom of autoimmune disorders. Autoimmune disorders involve your body’s immune system attacking healthy cells or tissue for unknown reasons. […] Cold urticaria can affect anyone. Although the disorder is sometimes inherited, most cases occur in people with no family history of the disease. […] Its sometimes associated with other health conditions, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia, a type of blood cancer. […] Cold urticaria is a rare disorder. The familial form is especially rare.

• #56 What Is Cold-Induced Urticaria?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/skin-care/cold-induced-urticaria

  It is an allergic reaction to a cold that appears within minutes of getting exposed to the cold. […] The FCAS form of cold-induced urticaria is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and the rest of the forms of cold-induced urticaria are caused due to autoallergy, autoimmunity, neurological pathways, and aberrant temperature sensing. […] In some acquired forms of cold-induced urticaria, exposure to cold will act as an antigen (foreign stimulant) and trigger immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated autoimmunity, this activates the mast cells (cells responsible for immediate allergic reaction) which then release histamine (the chemical responsible for symptoms of allergies) and other inflammatory mediators. […] Regardless, of the underlying cause, the symptoms of all types of cold-induced urticaria are instigated by exposure to cold; the temperature at which cold-induced urticaria patients start showing symptoms varies from four degrees to 27 degrees.

• #57 Cold urticaria

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/cold-urticaria

  Cold urticaria is caused by exposure to cold. Why the cold stimulus causes the activation of mast cells and the subsequent release of histamine, and other inflammatory mediators remain unknown. […] Cold urticaria may be primary (idiopathic) or secondary to an underlying haematologic (blood condition) or infectious disease. Most cases are of the idiopathic (unknown cause) type. […] Underlying conditions that have been associated with secondary cold urticaria include: Cryoglobulinemia, Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, Lymphosarcoma, Chickenpox (varicella), Syphilis, Viral hepatitis, Infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever) and other respiratory viral infections, Immunisations.

• #58 Cold urticaria – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cold-urticaria/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371051

  In some cases, another condition, such as an infection or cancer, causes cold urticaria. […] If you have cold urticaria because of another condition, you may need medicines or treatments for that condition as well.

• #59 Cold Urticaria: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24629-cold-urticaria

  Cold urticaria is a rare condition that causes an allergic reaction to cold temperatures. […] The condition is sometimes associated with an underlying blood cancer or infectious disease. […] Cold urticaria occurs when the body releases histamines in reaction to cold. Histamines are chemicals made by your immune system in response to an allergen. But the reason for the histamine release is unknown. […] Some cases of cold urticaria may be a symptom of autoimmune disorders. Autoimmune disorders involve your body’s immune system attacking healthy cells or tissue for unknown reasons. […] Cold urticaria can affect anyone. Although the disorder is sometimes inherited, most cases occur in people with no family history of the disease. […] Its sometimes associated with other health conditions, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia, a type of blood cancer. […] Cold urticaria is a rare disorder. The familial form is especially rare.

• #60 Cold Urticaria: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24629-cold-urticaria

  Cold urticaria is a rare condition that causes an allergic reaction to cold temperatures. […] The condition is sometimes associated with an underlying blood cancer or infectious disease. […] Cold urticaria occurs when the body releases histamines in reaction to cold. Histamines are chemicals made by your immune system in response to an allergen. But the reason for the histamine release is unknown. […] Some cases of cold urticaria may be a symptom of autoimmune disorders. Autoimmune disorders involve your body’s immune system attacking healthy cells or tissue for unknown reasons. […] Cold urticaria can affect anyone. Although the disorder is sometimes inherited, most cases occur in people with no family history of the disease. […] Its sometimes associated with other health conditions, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia, a type of blood cancer. […] Cold urticaria is a rare disorder. The familial form is especially rare.

• #61 Review of cold-induced urticaria characteristics, diagnosis and management in a Western Canadian allergy practice | Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology | Full Text

  https://aacijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13223-018-0310-5

  In this study, three (6%) of the patients with cold-induced urticaria were felt to have a provoking factor (including infections or insect stings) for their cold-induced urticaria based on clinical history. This would be suggestive of secondary acquired cold-induced urticaria. However, these suspicions were not confirmed on laboratory testing. The remainder of patients were believed to have primary acquired cold-induced urticaria. […] The most common cause of secondary acquired cold-induced urticaria is primary and secondary cryoglobulinemia (e.g. chronic lymphocytic leukemia, lymphosarcoma, leukocytoclastic vasculitis, hepatitis C virus infection, and angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy) based on case reports. Infectious diseases are the second most common type of secondary acquired cold-induced urticaria.

• #62 Cold urticaria

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/cold-urticaria

  Cold urticaria is caused by exposure to cold. Why the cold stimulus causes the activation of mast cells and the subsequent release of histamine, and other inflammatory mediators remain unknown. […] Cold urticaria may be primary (idiopathic) or secondary to an underlying haematologic (blood condition) or infectious disease. Most cases are of the idiopathic (unknown cause) type. […] Underlying conditions that have been associated with secondary cold urticaria include: Cryoglobulinemia, Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, Lymphosarcoma, Chickenpox (varicella), Syphilis, Viral hepatitis, Infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever) and other respiratory viral infections, Immunisations.

• #63 Review of cold-induced urticaria characteristics, diagnosis and management in a Western Canadian allergy practice | Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology | Full Text

  https://aacijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13223-018-0310-5

  In this study, three (6%) of the patients with cold-induced urticaria were felt to have a provoking factor (including infections or insect stings) for their cold-induced urticaria based on clinical history. This would be suggestive of secondary acquired cold-induced urticaria. However, these suspicions were not confirmed on laboratory testing. The remainder of patients were believed to have primary acquired cold-induced urticaria. […] The most common cause of secondary acquired cold-induced urticaria is primary and secondary cryoglobulinemia (e.g. chronic lymphocytic leukemia, lymphosarcoma, leukocytoclastic vasculitis, hepatitis C virus infection, and angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy) based on case reports. Infectious diseases are the second most common type of secondary acquired cold-induced urticaria.

• #64 Cold Urticaria: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/skin-hair-and-nails/cold-urticaria

  Sometimes, cold urticaria appears to be primary. This means it develops on its own and not as a result of an underlying condition. By contrast, some clinicians have reported cases of cold urticaria that appear to be secondary. This means they may have occurred as a result of an underlying condition. […] Conditions and factors that may be linked to secondary cold urticaria include: infections with viruses, bacteria, or parasites; excessive growth of the lymphocytes (lymphoproliferative diseases), such as myeloma; insect stings; high protein foods or meals, such as beef; certain medications, such as penicillin, combined oral contraceptives, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and Sjögren’s disease. […] However, researchers note that further evidence is needed to understand how these factors contribute to cold urticaria.

• #65 Cold Urticaria: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/diseases/cold-urticaria/

  Cold urticaria, also known as cold-induced urticaria, is a type of physical allergy where exposure to cold temperatures triggers the release of histamines, leading to hives and other allergic symptoms. […] Understanding the underlying causes and triggers of cold urticaria is essential for effective management and prevention. […] Some individuals may have a genetic predisposition to cold urticaria. Familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome (FCAS) is a rare genetic disorder that manifests similar symptoms and can be linked to mutations in the NLRP3 gene. […] In some cases, cold urticaria may develop secondary to other health conditions, including infections, certain cancers, or autoimmune disorders. This secondary type of cold urticaria, known as acquired cold urticaria, can present additional diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. […] While cold urticaria is primarily an allergic condition, there have been instances where it is associated with underlying cancers. This is particularly true for acquired cold urticaria, where symptoms may develop secondary to malignancies such as lymphomas or leukaemias.

• #66 Physical Urticaria – Global Allergy & Airways Patient PlatformExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandToggle MenuScroll to topScroll to topExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandExpand

  https://gaapp.org/physical-urticaria/

  Cold urticaria, at about 15%, is not uncommon. In cold countries (Scandinavia) it is more common. Women are affected twice as often as men. Cold urticaria, however, is almost always chronic and lasts an average of five to seven years. In cases of cold urticaria, contact with cold objects or cold water or wind triggers the release of histamine at the location where the cold affects the skin. Within minutes, redness, swelling, and intense itching result. […] Cold urticaria is often caused by infectious diseases. Sometimes other allergens or stimuli can cause the same symptoms, inter alia, food additives (e.g. colorant), drugs, plants, animal hair, sprayed fruits and vegetables, insect bites, pressure on the skin, physical exertion. These stimuli can, as you see, be very diverse, so the search for a triggering stimulus can be very difficult.

• #67 Cold urticaria

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/cold-urticaria

  Cold urticaria is caused by exposure to cold. Why the cold stimulus causes the activation of mast cells and the subsequent release of histamine, and other inflammatory mediators remain unknown. […] Cold urticaria may be primary (idiopathic) or secondary to an underlying haematologic (blood condition) or infectious disease. Most cases are of the idiopathic (unknown cause) type. […] Underlying conditions that have been associated with secondary cold urticaria include: Cryoglobulinemia, Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, Lymphosarcoma, Chickenpox (varicella), Syphilis, Viral hepatitis, Infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever) and other respiratory viral infections, Immunisations.

• #68 Cold-induced urticaria: challenges in diagnosis and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3736478/

  Causes of secondary CU include cryoglobulinemia with or without malignancies, infections such as HIV, syphilis, hepatitis, parasites and bacterial infections. […] Atypical cold urticaria has similar presentation as the other types of cold urticaria, however, it usually involves more severe reactions including symptoms such as hypotension. […] Familial conditions with CU include familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome, delayed cold urticaria with autosomal dominant inheritance and Meckel-Wells syndrome. […] The pathogenesis of CU is unclear although it is has been suggested that IgE antibodies react against specific skin antigens at the appropriate temperature causing the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators.

• #69 Cold urticaria causes hives, is like allergy

  https://www.beaconjournal.com/story/lifestyle/2015/01/16/cold-urticaria-causes-hives-is/10679950007/

  This sounds like cold urticaria, which isnt an allergy, but is similar in some ways. […] Cold urticaria can be associated with some infections (Lyme disease, hepatitis and HIV, among others) and with celiac disease.

• #70 Review of cold-induced urticaria characteristics, diagnosis and management in a Western Canadian allergy practice | Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology | Full Text

  https://aacijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13223-018-0310-5

  In this study, three (6%) of the patients with cold-induced urticaria were felt to have a provoking factor (including infections or insect stings) for their cold-induced urticaria based on clinical history. This would be suggestive of secondary acquired cold-induced urticaria. However, these suspicions were not confirmed on laboratory testing. The remainder of patients were believed to have primary acquired cold-induced urticaria. […] The most common cause of secondary acquired cold-induced urticaria is primary and secondary cryoglobulinemia (e.g. chronic lymphocytic leukemia, lymphosarcoma, leukocytoclastic vasculitis, hepatitis C virus infection, and angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy) based on case reports. Infectious diseases are the second most common type of secondary acquired cold-induced urticaria.

• #71 Cold Urticaria: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/skin-hair-and-nails/cold-urticaria

  Sometimes, cold urticaria appears to be primary. This means it develops on its own and not as a result of an underlying condition. By contrast, some clinicians have reported cases of cold urticaria that appear to be secondary. This means they may have occurred as a result of an underlying condition. […] Conditions and factors that may be linked to secondary cold urticaria include: infections with viruses, bacteria, or parasites; excessive growth of the lymphocytes (lymphoproliferative diseases), such as myeloma; insect stings; high protein foods or meals, such as beef; certain medications, such as penicillin, combined oral contraceptives, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and Sjögren’s disease. […] However, researchers note that further evidence is needed to understand how these factors contribute to cold urticaria.

• #72 Review of cold-induced urticaria characteristics, diagnosis and management in a Western Canadian allergy practice | Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology | Full Text

  https://aacijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13223-018-0310-5

  In this study, three (6%) of the patients with cold-induced urticaria were felt to have a provoking factor (including infections or insect stings) for their cold-induced urticaria based on clinical history. This would be suggestive of secondary acquired cold-induced urticaria. However, these suspicions were not confirmed on laboratory testing. The remainder of patients were believed to have primary acquired cold-induced urticaria. […] The most common cause of secondary acquired cold-induced urticaria is primary and secondary cryoglobulinemia (e.g. chronic lymphocytic leukemia, lymphosarcoma, leukocytoclastic vasculitis, hepatitis C virus infection, and angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy) based on case reports. Infectious diseases are the second most common type of secondary acquired cold-induced urticaria.

• #73 What Is Cold-Induced Urticaria?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/skin-care/cold-induced-urticaria

  It is an allergic reaction to a cold that appears within minutes of getting exposed to the cold. […] The FCAS form of cold-induced urticaria is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and the rest of the forms of cold-induced urticaria are caused due to autoallergy, autoimmunity, neurological pathways, and aberrant temperature sensing. […] In some acquired forms of cold-induced urticaria, exposure to cold will act as an antigen (foreign stimulant) and trigger immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated autoimmunity, this activates the mast cells (cells responsible for immediate allergic reaction) which then release histamine (the chemical responsible for symptoms of allergies) and other inflammatory mediators. […] Regardless, of the underlying cause, the symptoms of all types of cold-induced urticaria are instigated by exposure to cold; the temperature at which cold-induced urticaria patients start showing symptoms varies from four degrees to 27 degrees.

• #74

  https://www.wyndly.com/blogs/learn/cold-urticaria?srsltid=AfmBOoq-gxmcAHazT6aD8E1bL83_e200IEUh4FrK82_Wn9q8BNBRHwX1

  Cold urticaria is primarily caused by exposure to cold temperatures. This could be through cold air, cold water, or direct contact with cold objects. The sudden drop in skin temperature triggers an allergic response, causing redness, itching, and hives on the exposed skin. […] The exact cause of cold urticaria is not fully understood. However, it is believed to occur when the immune system has an abnormal response to cold temperatures. This reaction leads to the release of histamine and other chemicals into the bloodstream, causing hives and other symptoms. […] Certain medical conditions have been associated with an increased risk. For instance, people with autoimmune diseases or certain types of infections might be more susceptible to cold urticaria. Some evidence also suggests links between cold urticaria and exposure to certain extreme climates, underscored by research around climate change and allergies. However, more studies are needed to confirm these connections. […] Cold urticaria is triggered by exposure to cold temperatures. This can occur through cold air, cold water, or direct contact with cold objects. Even consuming cold food or drink can cause a reaction. The skin’s response can vary from mild irritation to severe, systemic reactions.

• #75 Cold Allergy (Cold Urticaria) – Istanbul Allergy

  https://www.istanbulallergy.com/en/cold-allergy-cold-urticaria/

  You can be allergic to many different things, including cold weather. The medical name for hives that occur on the skin when exposed to cold is cold urticaria. […] Cold urticaria can occur for many reasons, including: Going out in the cold, Swimming or bathing in cold water, Entering an area that is air-conditioned or kept at cold temperatures, such as a freezer. […] If you have cold urticaria, exposure to this cold causes your body to release histamine, which triggers symptoms. […] Cold urticaria can be inherited from a family member. Cold urticaria can also occur in people without a family history. Symptoms may also be triggered by a particular illness such as: An autoimmune condition, A viral infection that causes mononucleosis, Varicella, Viral hepatitis, Other blood diseases.

• #76 Cold Urticaria Symptoms and Causes | Valley Skin Institute

  https://www.valleyskininstitute.com/cold-urticaria-symptoms-and-causes/?srsltid=AfmBOootLrspXKSXcgKcCHfm8_V5197ayvULfKbG9n1K8570Xj7hoCkv

  Cold urticaria can develop for unknown reasons, but it can also be passed down through your family. […] Some forms of cold urticaria develop as the result of an autoimmune disease, which is a condition that causes the body’s immune system to attack healthy tissue. […] Swimming in cold water is the most common cause of a cold urticaria reaction. Exposure to cold air can cause urticaria reactions, as can being under general anesthesia for surgery.

• #77 Cold Urticaria: What is it, Causes, Symptoms, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/what-is-cold-urticaria

  Cold urticaria (hives) is an allergic condition that causes red, itchy rashes on the skin after exposure to the cold. […] The exact cause of cold urticaria in most people is idiopathic, or of unknown origin. There are some known triggers. You may get cold urticaria triggered by insect bites, medications, infections, or cancer of the blood. […] Other cold urticaria triggers include: Physical exercise, Stress and anxiety, Exposure to direct sunlight, Cold, Skin scratching, Exposure to some chemicals, Exposure to allergens like pollen, animal fur, and some foods, Doing things that put a lot of pressure on your skin (i.e. sitting for long).

• #78 Cold Urticaria: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/skin-hair-and-nails/cold-urticaria

  Sometimes, cold urticaria appears to be primary. This means it develops on its own and not as a result of an underlying condition. By contrast, some clinicians have reported cases of cold urticaria that appear to be secondary. This means they may have occurred as a result of an underlying condition. […] Conditions and factors that may be linked to secondary cold urticaria include: infections with viruses, bacteria, or parasites; excessive growth of the lymphocytes (lymphoproliferative diseases), such as myeloma; insect stings; high protein foods or meals, such as beef; certain medications, such as penicillin, combined oral contraceptives, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and Sjögren’s disease. […] However, researchers note that further evidence is needed to understand how these factors contribute to cold urticaria.

• #79 Physical Urticaria – Global Allergy & Airways Patient PlatformExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandToggle MenuScroll to topScroll to topExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandExpand

  https://gaapp.org/physical-urticaria/

  Cold urticaria, at about 15%, is not uncommon. In cold countries (Scandinavia) it is more common. Women are affected twice as often as men. Cold urticaria, however, is almost always chronic and lasts an average of five to seven years. In cases of cold urticaria, contact with cold objects or cold water or wind triggers the release of histamine at the location where the cold affects the skin. Within minutes, redness, swelling, and intense itching result. […] Cold urticaria is often caused by infectious diseases. Sometimes other allergens or stimuli can cause the same symptoms, inter alia, food additives (e.g. colorant), drugs, plants, animal hair, sprayed fruits and vegetables, insect bites, pressure on the skin, physical exertion. These stimuli can, as you see, be very diverse, so the search for a triggering stimulus can be very difficult.

• #80

  https://www.wyndly.com/blogs/learn/cold-urticaria?srsltid=AfmBOoq-gxmcAHazT6aD8E1bL83_e200IEUh4FrK82_Wn9q8BNBRHwX1

  Cold urticaria is primarily caused by exposure to cold temperatures. This could be through cold air, cold water, or direct contact with cold objects. The sudden drop in skin temperature triggers an allergic response, causing redness, itching, and hives on the exposed skin. […] The exact cause of cold urticaria is not fully understood. However, it is believed to occur when the immune system has an abnormal response to cold temperatures. This reaction leads to the release of histamine and other chemicals into the bloodstream, causing hives and other symptoms. […] Certain medical conditions have been associated with an increased risk. For instance, people with autoimmune diseases or certain types of infections might be more susceptible to cold urticaria. Some evidence also suggests links between cold urticaria and exposure to certain extreme climates, underscored by research around climate change and allergies. However, more studies are needed to confirm these connections. […] Cold urticaria is triggered by exposure to cold temperatures. This can occur through cold air, cold water, or direct contact with cold objects. Even consuming cold food or drink can cause a reaction. The skin’s response can vary from mild irritation to severe, systemic reactions.

• #81 Cold allergy – causes & symptoms | Future for Patients

  https://futureforpatients.com/en-us/disease-patterns/cold-allergy/

  Cold allergy, also known as cold urticaria, is a rare form of physical urticaria. This is an allergic reaction of the skin to exposure to cold. […] Triggers can be cold air in cold environments, contact with cold water, e.g. when washing your hands or showering, or cold objects. The consumption of cool drinks or food can also lead to allergic reactions if they come into contact with the mouth, lips or throat. […] With sudden and very strong cold exposures, such as a jump into cold water, the reaction can occur on the entire body surface, leading to a systemic reaction. In severe cases, this can trigger an anaphylactic reaction, which can lead to breathing difficulties, cardiovascular problems, a drop in blood pressure and loss of consciousness and thus represents a life-threatening emergency situation.

• #82 Cold urticaria – What we know and what we do not know – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33249577/

  Cold urticaria (ColdU) is a common form of chronic inducible urticaria characterized by the development of wheals, angioedema or both in response to cold exposure. […] Today, its pathophysiology is thought to involve the cold-induced formation of autoallergens and IgE to these autoallergens, which provoke a release of proinflammatory mediators from skin mast cells. […] The classification of ColdU includes typical and atypical subtypes. […] The diagnosis relies on the patient’s history and cold stimulation testing. […] The management of ColdU includes cold avoidance, the regular use of nonsedating antihistamines and the off-label use of omalizumab. […] However, many questions regarding ColdU remain unanswered.

• #83 Cold Urticaria: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24629-cold-urticaria

  Cold urticaria is a rare condition that causes an allergic reaction to cold temperatures. […] The condition is sometimes associated with an underlying blood cancer or infectious disease. […] Cold urticaria occurs when the body releases histamines in reaction to cold. Histamines are chemicals made by your immune system in response to an allergen. But the reason for the histamine release is unknown. […] Some cases of cold urticaria may be a symptom of autoimmune disorders. Autoimmune disorders involve your body’s immune system attacking healthy cells or tissue for unknown reasons. […] Cold urticaria can affect anyone. Although the disorder is sometimes inherited, most cases occur in people with no family history of the disease. […] Its sometimes associated with other health conditions, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia, a type of blood cancer. […] Cold urticaria is a rare disorder. The familial form is especially rare.

• #84 Cold Urticaria – Global Allergy & Airways Patient PlatformExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandToggle MenuScroll to topScroll to topExpandExpandExpandExpandExpandExpand

  https://gaapp.org/diseases/urticaria/forms-of-urticaria/cold-urticaria

  Cold urticaria, or cold-induced urticaria, is an allergic reaction that affects the skin when it is exposed to something cold, such as cold water, weather, or ice. The cold temperature triggers immune system cells in the skin – called mast cells – to react and release histamine and other chemicals. […] For most people the cause is unknown – this is referred to as idiopathic. Occasionally it might be triggered by an infection, insect bite, some drugs, or blood cancers.

• #85 Cold urticaria | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/cold-urticaria

  Cold urticaria occurs most often in young adults. […] No one knows what causes cold urticaria. You could have sensitive skin cells due to a virus or an illness or from a trait passed down in your genes. In the most common forms of this condition, cold causes the release of histamine and other chemicals into the blood. These chemicals cause itching, and they sometimes affect the whole body. […] A less common type is secondary acquired cold urticaria. A condition such as hepatitis or cancer can cause it. […] Rarely, cold urticaria is passed down to you in your genes. This type causes painful welts and flu-like symptoms after being exposed to cold.

• #86 Review of cold-induced urticaria characteristics, diagnosis and management in a Western Canadian allergy practice | Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology | Full Text

  https://aacijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13223-018-0310-5

  In addition to acquired cold-induced urticaria, there are types of cold-induced urticaria that are felt to have a genetic component with familial transmission. This includes the cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS) which is a rare inherited autoimmune disorder with a mutation in NLRP3 (CIAS1) gene that leads to overproduction of interleukin-1-beta (IL-1).

• #87 Cold-induced urticaria: challenges in diagnosis and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3736478/

  Given the different possible cold triggers of CU, a detailed history and the use of confirmatory tests are required to appropriately establish the diagnosis. […] The cold stimulation test (CST) is the main test used to diagnose CU, also known as the ice cube test. […] A negative test is defined when no weal develops after 5-10 min and this has been described in atypical forms of CU. […] Given that history, physical signs and ice cube test are consistent with CU, no further investigations are needed in the cases described. However, in the absence of a clear physical trigger, further testing may be required to establish the diagnosis. […] When diagnosing CU, it is important to rule out other possible causes of urticaria. […] Secondary cold urticaria is less common and develops secondary to a systemic infectious or autoimmune disease.

• #88 Cold urticaria – What we know and what we do not know – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33249577/

  Cold urticaria (ColdU) is a common form of chronic inducible urticaria characterized by the development of wheals, angioedema or both in response to cold exposure. […] Today, its pathophysiology is thought to involve the cold-induced formation of autoallergens and IgE to these autoallergens, which provoke a release of proinflammatory mediators from skin mast cells. […] The classification of ColdU includes typical and atypical subtypes. […] The diagnosis relies on the patient’s history and cold stimulation testing. […] The management of ColdU includes cold avoidance, the regular use of nonsedating antihistamines and the off-label use of omalizumab. […] However, many questions regarding ColdU remain unanswered.

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