Jąkanie
Rokowania, prognozy i postęp choroby

Prognozowanie wyników leczenia jąkania opiera się na analizie czynników prognostycznych takich jak wiek początku zaburzenia, płeć, wywiad rodzinny oraz czas trwania jąkania. U dzieci z początkiem jąkania w wieku 3-5 lat prawdopodobieństwo samoistnego ustąpienia wynosi 65-87,5%, z poprawą u około 74% do wczesnego okresu nastoletniego, szczególnie u dziewczynek. W przypadku utrwalonego jąkania trwającego ponad 6-12 miesięcy, spontaniczna poprawa po 5 latach wynosi jedynie około 18%. Jąkanie utrzymujące się dłużej niż 18 miesięcy lub po 7 roku życia zwiększa ryzyko przewlekłości. Model prognostyczny oparty na skali SSI-3 pozwala przewidzieć przezwyciężenie jąkania z 80% dokładnością, co umożliwia dostosowanie strategii terapeutycznych, od aktywnego leczenia po czujne oczekiwanie.

Prognoza jąkania

Prognozowanie wyników leczenia jąkania stanowi istotny element praktyki klinicznej, pozwalający na określenie prawdopodobieństwa samoistnego ustąpienia zaburzenia lub przewidywanie efektywności podjętych interwencji terapeutycznych. Znajomość czynników prognostycznych ma kluczowe znaczenie dla optymalizacji wyników leczenia pacjentów oraz minimalizacji negatywnych konsekwencji życiowych związanych z jąkaniem.1

Samoistne ustąpienie jąkania

Prognoza dotycząca samoistnego ustąpienia jąkania jest ściśle związana z wiekiem, w którym zaburzenie się pojawiło. W przypadku dzieci, u których jąkanie rozpoczęło się w wieku 3-5 lat, prawdopodobieństwo samoistnego ustąpienia objawów wynosi około 65-87,5%. Około 74% dzieci doświadcza poprawy do wczesnego okresu nastoletniego. Szczególnie u dziewczynek obserwuje się częstsze samoistne ustępowanie objawów.2

Prognoza staje się mniej korzystna wraz z późniejszym wiekiem wystąpienia jąkania. U dzieci, które zaczęły się jąkać w wieku 3 lat lub później, oraz gdy zaburzenie utrzymuje się przez ponad 6-12 miesięcy (czyli gdy jąkanie stało się już utrwalone), tylko około 18% spontanicznie odzyskuje płynność mowy po pięciu latach.3

Czynniki prognostyczne jąkania

Badania naukowe pozwoliły zidentyfikować kluczowe czynniki prognostyczne związane zarówno z początkiem jąkania, jak i jego utrzymywaniem się:4

  • Czynniki prognostyczne początku jąkania: pozytywny wywiad rodzinny, wiek oraz płeć
  • Czynniki prognostyczne utrzymywania się jąkania: płeć, wiek początku, czas od początku oraz rodzinna historia utrzymywania się jąkania

5

Jąkanie, które utrzymuje się dłużej niż 18 miesięcy od wystąpienia pierwszych objawów lub utrzymuje się po ukończeniu 7 roku życia, znacznie zwiększa prawdopodobieństwo, że zaburzenie będzie miało charakter przewlekły.67

Model prognostyczny dla jąkania

Badacze z Wellcome Trust opracowali model prognostyczny, który pozwala przewidzieć, czy dziecko przezwycięży jąkanie, z dokładnością sięgającą 80%. Wykazali, że jedynym czynnikiem ryzyka, który wiarygodnie przewidział wynik w późniejszych latach, był wynik skali SSI-3 (Stuttering Severity Instrument). Dokładne prognozowanie ma istotne znaczenie kliniczne, pozwalając specjalistom oferować najbardziej odpowiednie zalecenia – czy to w formie aktywnego leczenia, czy też podejścia określanego jako „czujne oczekiwanie”.8

Czynniki predykcyjne efektów leczenia

Identyfikacja czynników pozwalających przewidzieć skuteczność terapii jąkania jest niezbędna dla optymalizacji wyników leczenia. Dotychczasowe badania wskazują, że najbardziej spójnym czynnikiem predykcyjnym efektów terapii jest nasilenie jąkania przed rozpoczęciem leczenia.9

Kluczowe predyktory efektów leczenia

Badania prowadzone wśród osób jąkających się, które z powodzeniem zakończyły terapię behawioralną lub psychoterapię dynamiczną, wykazały, że najsilniejszymi predyktorami utrzymania pozytywnych efektów terapii jest osiągnięcie trzech celów do ostatniego dnia leczenia:10

11

Wśród pacjentów, którzy osiągnęli wszystkie trzy cele, aż 97% utrzymało poprawę mowy w perspektywie długoterminowej. Natomiast żaden z pacjentów, którzy nie osiągnęli żadnego z tych celów, nie zachował płynności mowy. Pacjenci, którzy osiągnęli jeden lub dwa cele, uzyskali pośrednie wyniki. Co istotne, badania wykazały, że żaden pojedynczy cel nie był ani konieczny, ani wystarczający do utrzymania poprawy. Zarówno rzeczywiste, jak i postrzegane opanowanie jąkania wydają się być ważne dla uzyskania satysfakcjonującego wyniku długoterminowego.12

Znaczenie wczesnej interwencji

W kontekście prognozy istotne znaczenie ma wczesna i odpowiednia interwencja terapeutyczna. Gdy jąkanie utrzymuje się przez dłuższy czas i przechodzi w okres szkolny oraz adolescencję, postawy wobec mowy i komunikacji stają się coraz bardziej negatywne, a zdolność funkcjonowania w codziennych sytuacjach komunikacyjnych ulega pogorszeniu.1314

Aby poprawić jakość życia, dobrostan emocjonalny, integrację społeczną, osiągnięcia edukacyjne i potencjał zawodowy osoby jąkającej się, kluczowe jest zapewnienie skutecznej i terminowej interwencji.15

Wpływ jąkania na dziecko i rodzinę

Jąkanie ma istotny wpływ nie tylko na dziecko, ale również na jego rodzinę. Rodzice dzieci jąkających się często wyrażają uczucia zmartwienia, niepokoju, niepewności, frustracji, zdenerwowania i obwiniania się.1617

Długotrwałe jąkanie może znacząco wpłynąć na rozwój społeczny, emocjonalny i edukacyjny dziecka. W miarę jak jąkanie utrzymuje się w wieku szkolnym i w okresie dojrzewania, postawy wobec mowy i komunikacji stają się coraz bardziej negatywne, co bezpośrednio przekłada się na pogorszenie funkcjonowania w codziennych sytuacjach wymagających komunikacji werbalnej.1819

Potrzeba terapii opartych na dowodach

Istnieje silna potrzeba interwencji opartych na dowodach naukowych, skierowanych do dzieci w wieku szkolnym, które się jąkają. Przykładem takiej terapii jest program Palin STSC (8-14), który według wstępnych danych z Michael Palin Centre jest skuteczny w zmniejszaniu częstotliwości jąkania i jego wpływu na dzieci, przynosząc również korzyści rodzicom.2021

Badania wskazują na skuteczność zintegrowanego podejścia terapeutycznego, gdy jest ono prowadzone w specjalistycznym kontekście przez terapeutów, którzy opracowali program i którzy pracują z nim często i intensywnie, z wysokim poziomem szkolenia i nadzoru.2223

Prowadzone są badania mające na celu ocenę możliwości przeprowadzenia randomizowanego badania klinicznego porównującego terapię jąkania Palin dla dzieci w wieku szkolnym (8-14) ze standardowym leczeniem. Jeśli wyniki badania pilotażowego wykażą, że logopedzi, rodzice i dzieci są chętni i zdolni do uczestnictwa, a bariery w rekrutacji i retencji można zidentyfikować i usunąć, a metody terapeutyczne i badawcze są akceptowalne dla uczestników, protokół ten zostanie zaadaptowany i rozwinięty w pełnowymiarowe badanie.2425

Ograniczenia badań nad prognozowaniem jąkania

Warto zaznaczyć, że wyniki badań dotyczących czynników prognostycznych i predykcyjnych jąkania wymagają replikacji, ale z ulepszonym projektem badania. Dotychczasowe badania często charakteryzują się ograniczeniami metodologicznymi, które mogą wpływać na wiarygodność i możliwość generalizacji wyników.26

Kolejne rozdziały

Zapraszamy do dalszego czytania naszego leksykonu.

Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Stuttering prognosis and predictive factors of treatment outcome: A review
    https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ecuworkspost2013/3406/
    There is value in understanding the prognostic indicators of stuttering onset and stuttering persistence due to the associated negative life consequences. […] Knowledge of the factors relevant to treatment success is required to enhance client outcomes. […] Prognostic indicators for stuttering onset include positive family history, age, and gender; whereas for persistent stuttering they are gender, age of onset, time since onset, and family history of persistence. […] The most consistent factor for predicting treatment outcomes is pre-treatment stuttering rate. […] Overall, the findings of studies of prognostic and predictive factors of stuttering need replication, but with improved study design.
  • #2 Stuttering – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttering
    Prognosis is guarded with later age of onset: children who start stuttering at age 3 years or later, and/or duration of greater than 612 months since onset, that is, once stuttering has become established, about 18% of children who stutter after five years recover spontaneously. […] Among ages 35, the prognosis for spontaneously recovery is about 65% to 87.5%. By 7 years of age or within the first two years of stuttering, and about 74% recover by their early teens. In particular, girls are shown to recover more often.
  • #3 Stuttering – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttering
    Prognosis is guarded with later age of onset: children who start stuttering at age 3 years or later, and/or duration of greater than 612 months since onset, that is, once stuttering has become established, about 18% of children who stutter after five years recover spontaneously. […] Among ages 35, the prognosis for spontaneously recovery is about 65% to 87.5%. By 7 years of age or within the first two years of stuttering, and about 74% recover by their early teens. In particular, girls are shown to recover more often.
  • #4 Stuttering prognosis and predictive factors of treatment outcome: A review
    https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ecuworkspost2013/3406/
    There is value in understanding the prognostic indicators of stuttering onset and stuttering persistence due to the associated negative life consequences. […] Knowledge of the factors relevant to treatment success is required to enhance client outcomes. […] Prognostic indicators for stuttering onset include positive family history, age, and gender; whereas for persistent stuttering they are gender, age of onset, time since onset, and family history of persistence. […] The most consistent factor for predicting treatment outcomes is pre-treatment stuttering rate. […] Overall, the findings of studies of prognostic and predictive factors of stuttering need replication, but with improved study design.
  • #5 Stuttering prognosis and predictive factors of treatment outcome: A review
    https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ecuworkspost2013/3406/
    There is value in understanding the prognostic indicators of stuttering onset and stuttering persistence due to the associated negative life consequences. […] Knowledge of the factors relevant to treatment success is required to enhance client outcomes. […] Prognostic indicators for stuttering onset include positive family history, age, and gender; whereas for persistent stuttering they are gender, age of onset, time since onset, and family history of persistence. […] The most consistent factor for predicting treatment outcomes is pre-treatment stuttering rate. […] Overall, the findings of studies of prognostic and predictive factors of stuttering need replication, but with improved study design.
  • #6 Evaluating Palin Stammering Therapy for School Children (Palin STSC 8–14): protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial comparing Palin STSC(8–14) with usual treatment
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9479243/
    Where the stammering persists beyond 18 months post onset or beyond 7 years of age, it becomes increasingly likely that the condition will be chronic. […] The current literature shows there is a clear need for evidence-based interventions targeting school-age children which can be delivered by speech and language therapists within local services. […] These studies indicate the efficacy of this integrated therapy approach when delivered in a specialist context, by therapists who developed the programme and who work with it frequently and intensively with high levels of training and supervision. […] There has been no study to investigate whether this approach can be taught to, and utilised by, speech and language therapists working outside this context, to improve the lives of children who stammer and their parents.
  • #7 Evaluating Palin Stammering Therapy for School Children (Palin STSC 8–14): protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial comparing Palin STSC(8–14) with usual treatment | Pilot and Feasibility Studies | Full Text
    https://pilotfeasibilitystudies.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40814-022-01158-1
    Where the stammering persists beyond 18 months post onset or beyond 7 years of age, it becomes increasingly likely that the condition will be chronic. […] In order to improve a persons quality of life, emotional well-being, social integration, educational attainment and occupational potential, it is critical to provide effective and timely intervention. […] There has been no study to investigate whether this approach can be taught to, and utilised by, speech and language therapists working outside this context, to improve the lives of children who stammer and their parents. […] These studies indicate the efficacy of this integrated therapy approach when delivered in a specialist context, by therapists who developed the programme and who work with it frequently and intensively with high levels of training and supervision.
  • #8 Persistence of stuttering into teenage years predicted by simple model
    https://medicalxpress.com/news/2011-04-persistence-stuttering-teenage-years-simple.html
    Wellcome Trust researchers have developed a model that can correctly predict whether a child will recover from a stutter in four out of five cases. The researchers found that the only risk factor that reliably predicted the outcome in later years was the SSI-3 score. This predicted outcome in around four out of five cases. […] By improving our ability to predict whether a child’s stutter will persist, we can offer the most appropriate advice, whether it is to recommend treatment or 'watchful waiting’.
  • #9 Stuttering prognosis and predictive factors of treatment outcome: A review
    https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ecuworkspost2013/3406/
    There is value in understanding the prognostic indicators of stuttering onset and stuttering persistence due to the associated negative life consequences. […] Knowledge of the factors relevant to treatment success is required to enhance client outcomes. […] Prognostic indicators for stuttering onset include positive family history, age, and gender; whereas for persistent stuttering they are gender, age of onset, time since onset, and family history of persistence. […] The most consistent factor for predicting treatment outcomes is pre-treatment stuttering rate. […] Overall, the findings of studies of prognostic and predictive factors of stuttering need replication, but with improved study design.
  • #10 Prediction of Outcome After Treatment for Stuttering | The British Journal of Psychiatry | Cambridge Core
    https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/prediction-of-outcome-after-treatment-for-stuttering/32A78DE97DB13EFB122019BC31D0526C
    Predicting who will relapse after behavioural or dynamic psychotherapy is important. A search for variables likely to predict individuals at risk of relapse was conducted in two groups of successfully treated stutterers. The most powerful predictors were the attainment of three goals by the last day of treatment; namely, skill mastery as evidenced by no stuttering, normal attitudes to communication, and an internalisation of the locus of control. Of the subjects who achieved these three goals, 97% maintained their improved speech in the long term. No subject who failed to achieve any of these goals remained fluent, while those who achieved one or two goals had intermediate outcomes. No single goal was necessary and none alone was sufficient to maintain improvement. Both actual and perceived mastery over stuttering appear to be important if the long-term outcome is to be satisfactory.
  • #11 Prediction of Outcome After Treatment for Stuttering | The British Journal of Psychiatry | Cambridge Core
    https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/prediction-of-outcome-after-treatment-for-stuttering/32A78DE97DB13EFB122019BC31D0526C
    Predicting who will relapse after behavioural or dynamic psychotherapy is important. A search for variables likely to predict individuals at risk of relapse was conducted in two groups of successfully treated stutterers. The most powerful predictors were the attainment of three goals by the last day of treatment; namely, skill mastery as evidenced by no stuttering, normal attitudes to communication, and an internalisation of the locus of control. Of the subjects who achieved these three goals, 97% maintained their improved speech in the long term. No subject who failed to achieve any of these goals remained fluent, while those who achieved one or two goals had intermediate outcomes. No single goal was necessary and none alone was sufficient to maintain improvement. Both actual and perceived mastery over stuttering appear to be important if the long-term outcome is to be satisfactory.
  • #12 Prediction of Outcome After Treatment for Stuttering | The British Journal of Psychiatry | Cambridge Core
    https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/prediction-of-outcome-after-treatment-for-stuttering/32A78DE97DB13EFB122019BC31D0526C
    Predicting who will relapse after behavioural or dynamic psychotherapy is important. A search for variables likely to predict individuals at risk of relapse was conducted in two groups of successfully treated stutterers. The most powerful predictors were the attainment of three goals by the last day of treatment; namely, skill mastery as evidenced by no stuttering, normal attitudes to communication, and an internalisation of the locus of control. Of the subjects who achieved these three goals, 97% maintained their improved speech in the long term. No subject who failed to achieve any of these goals remained fluent, while those who achieved one or two goals had intermediate outcomes. No single goal was necessary and none alone was sufficient to maintain improvement. Both actual and perceived mastery over stuttering appear to be important if the long-term outcome is to be satisfactory.
  • #13 Evaluating Palin Stammering Therapy for School Children (Palin STSC 8–14): protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial comparing Palin STSC(8–14) with usual treatment
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9479243/
    Having a stammer can have a significant effect on a child’s social, emotional and educational development. […] Preliminary data from the Michael Palin Centre, where the programme was developed, indicate that Palin STSC(814) is effective in reducing stammering frequency and impact for children, with beneficial effects for parents too. […] There is a strong need for an evidence-based intervention for school age children who stammer. […] When persistent, as the stammering continues into school age and adolescence, attitudes towards speech and communication become increasingly negative and the ability to function in everyday speaking situations decreases. […] Stammering not only has an impact on the child who is stammering, but also affects the parents who express feelings of worry, anxiety, uncertainty, frustration, upset and self-blame.
  • #14 Evaluating Palin Stammering Therapy for School Children (Palin STSC 8–14): protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial comparing Palin STSC(8–14) with usual treatment | Pilot and Feasibility Studies | Full Text
    https://pilotfeasibilitystudies.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40814-022-01158-1
    Having a stammer can have a significant effect on a childs social, emotional and educational development. […] Preliminary data from the Michael Palin Centre, where the programme was developed, indicate that Palin STSC(814) is effective in reducing stammering frequency and impact for children, with beneficial effects for parents too. […] There is a strong need for an evidence-based intervention for school age children who stammer. […] When persistent, as the stammering continues into school age and adolescence, attitudes towards speech and communication become increasingly negative and the ability to function in everyday speaking situations decreases. […] Stammering not only has an impact on the child who is stammering, but also affects the parents who express feelings of worry, anxiety, uncertainty, frustration, upset and self-blame.
  • #15 Evaluating Palin Stammering Therapy for School Children (Palin STSC 8–14): protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial comparing Palin STSC(8–14) with usual treatment | Pilot and Feasibility Studies | Full Text
    https://pilotfeasibilitystudies.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40814-022-01158-1
    Where the stammering persists beyond 18 months post onset or beyond 7 years of age, it becomes increasingly likely that the condition will be chronic. […] In order to improve a persons quality of life, emotional well-being, social integration, educational attainment and occupational potential, it is critical to provide effective and timely intervention. […] There has been no study to investigate whether this approach can be taught to, and utilised by, speech and language therapists working outside this context, to improve the lives of children who stammer and their parents. […] These studies indicate the efficacy of this integrated therapy approach when delivered in a specialist context, by therapists who developed the programme and who work with it frequently and intensively with high levels of training and supervision.
  • #16 Evaluating Palin Stammering Therapy for School Children (Palin STSC 8–14): protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial comparing Palin STSC(8–14) with usual treatment
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9479243/
    Having a stammer can have a significant effect on a child’s social, emotional and educational development. […] Preliminary data from the Michael Palin Centre, where the programme was developed, indicate that Palin STSC(814) is effective in reducing stammering frequency and impact for children, with beneficial effects for parents too. […] There is a strong need for an evidence-based intervention for school age children who stammer. […] When persistent, as the stammering continues into school age and adolescence, attitudes towards speech and communication become increasingly negative and the ability to function in everyday speaking situations decreases. […] Stammering not only has an impact on the child who is stammering, but also affects the parents who express feelings of worry, anxiety, uncertainty, frustration, upset and self-blame.
  • #17 Evaluating Palin Stammering Therapy for School Children (Palin STSC 8–14): protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial comparing Palin STSC(8–14) with usual treatment | Pilot and Feasibility Studies | Full Text
    https://pilotfeasibilitystudies.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40814-022-01158-1
    Having a stammer can have a significant effect on a childs social, emotional and educational development. […] Preliminary data from the Michael Palin Centre, where the programme was developed, indicate that Palin STSC(814) is effective in reducing stammering frequency and impact for children, with beneficial effects for parents too. […] There is a strong need for an evidence-based intervention for school age children who stammer. […] When persistent, as the stammering continues into school age and adolescence, attitudes towards speech and communication become increasingly negative and the ability to function in everyday speaking situations decreases. […] Stammering not only has an impact on the child who is stammering, but also affects the parents who express feelings of worry, anxiety, uncertainty, frustration, upset and self-blame.
  • #18 Evaluating Palin Stammering Therapy for School Children (Palin STSC 8–14): protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial comparing Palin STSC(8–14) with usual treatment
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9479243/
    Having a stammer can have a significant effect on a child’s social, emotional and educational development. […] Preliminary data from the Michael Palin Centre, where the programme was developed, indicate that Palin STSC(814) is effective in reducing stammering frequency and impact for children, with beneficial effects for parents too. […] There is a strong need for an evidence-based intervention for school age children who stammer. […] When persistent, as the stammering continues into school age and adolescence, attitudes towards speech and communication become increasingly negative and the ability to function in everyday speaking situations decreases. […] Stammering not only has an impact on the child who is stammering, but also affects the parents who express feelings of worry, anxiety, uncertainty, frustration, upset and self-blame.
  • #19 Evaluating Palin Stammering Therapy for School Children (Palin STSC 8–14): protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial comparing Palin STSC(8–14) with usual treatment | Pilot and Feasibility Studies | Full Text
    https://pilotfeasibilitystudies.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40814-022-01158-1
    Having a stammer can have a significant effect on a childs social, emotional and educational development. […] Preliminary data from the Michael Palin Centre, where the programme was developed, indicate that Palin STSC(814) is effective in reducing stammering frequency and impact for children, with beneficial effects for parents too. […] There is a strong need for an evidence-based intervention for school age children who stammer. […] When persistent, as the stammering continues into school age and adolescence, attitudes towards speech and communication become increasingly negative and the ability to function in everyday speaking situations decreases. […] Stammering not only has an impact on the child who is stammering, but also affects the parents who express feelings of worry, anxiety, uncertainty, frustration, upset and self-blame.
  • #20 Evaluating Palin Stammering Therapy for School Children (Palin STSC 8–14): protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial comparing Palin STSC(8–14) with usual treatment
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9479243/
    Having a stammer can have a significant effect on a child’s social, emotional and educational development. […] Preliminary data from the Michael Palin Centre, where the programme was developed, indicate that Palin STSC(814) is effective in reducing stammering frequency and impact for children, with beneficial effects for parents too. […] There is a strong need for an evidence-based intervention for school age children who stammer. […] When persistent, as the stammering continues into school age and adolescence, attitudes towards speech and communication become increasingly negative and the ability to function in everyday speaking situations decreases. […] Stammering not only has an impact on the child who is stammering, but also affects the parents who express feelings of worry, anxiety, uncertainty, frustration, upset and self-blame.
  • #21 Evaluating Palin Stammering Therapy for School Children (Palin STSC 8–14): protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial comparing Palin STSC(8–14) with usual treatment | Pilot and Feasibility Studies | Full Text
    https://pilotfeasibilitystudies.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40814-022-01158-1
    Having a stammer can have a significant effect on a childs social, emotional and educational development. […] Preliminary data from the Michael Palin Centre, where the programme was developed, indicate that Palin STSC(814) is effective in reducing stammering frequency and impact for children, with beneficial effects for parents too. […] There is a strong need for an evidence-based intervention for school age children who stammer. […] When persistent, as the stammering continues into school age and adolescence, attitudes towards speech and communication become increasingly negative and the ability to function in everyday speaking situations decreases. […] Stammering not only has an impact on the child who is stammering, but also affects the parents who express feelings of worry, anxiety, uncertainty, frustration, upset and self-blame.
  • #22 Evaluating Palin Stammering Therapy for School Children (Palin STSC 8–14): protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial comparing Palin STSC(8–14) with usual treatment
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9479243/
    Where the stammering persists beyond 18 months post onset or beyond 7 years of age, it becomes increasingly likely that the condition will be chronic. […] The current literature shows there is a clear need for evidence-based interventions targeting school-age children which can be delivered by speech and language therapists within local services. […] These studies indicate the efficacy of this integrated therapy approach when delivered in a specialist context, by therapists who developed the programme and who work with it frequently and intensively with high levels of training and supervision. […] There has been no study to investigate whether this approach can be taught to, and utilised by, speech and language therapists working outside this context, to improve the lives of children who stammer and their parents.
  • #23 Evaluating Palin Stammering Therapy for School Children (Palin STSC 8–14): protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial comparing Palin STSC(8–14) with usual treatment | Pilot and Feasibility Studies | Full Text
    https://pilotfeasibilitystudies.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40814-022-01158-1
    Where the stammering persists beyond 18 months post onset or beyond 7 years of age, it becomes increasingly likely that the condition will be chronic. […] In order to improve a persons quality of life, emotional well-being, social integration, educational attainment and occupational potential, it is critical to provide effective and timely intervention. […] There has been no study to investigate whether this approach can be taught to, and utilised by, speech and language therapists working outside this context, to improve the lives of children who stammer and their parents. […] These studies indicate the efficacy of this integrated therapy approach when delivered in a specialist context, by therapists who developed the programme and who work with it frequently and intensively with high levels of training and supervision.
  • #24 Evaluating Palin Stammering Therapy for School Children (Palin STSC 8–14): protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial comparing Palin STSC(8–14) with usual treatment
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9479243/
    The aim of this study is to examine the feasibility of a definitive randomised controlled trial comparing Palin Stammering Therapy for School Children (814) with treatment as usual. […] If there is evidence from this feasibility trial that SLTs, parents and children are willing and able to participate; if the barriers to recruitment and retention can be identified and addressed; the outcome measures are deemed appropriate and sensitive to change; and, the therapy and research methods are acceptable to participants, then this protocol will be adapted and developed into a full scale definitive trial.
  • #25 Evaluating Palin Stammering Therapy for School Children (Palin STSC 8–14): protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial comparing Palin STSC(8–14) with usual treatment | Pilot and Feasibility Studies | Full Text
    https://pilotfeasibilitystudies.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40814-022-01158-1
    The aim of this study is to examine the feasibility of a definitive randomised controlled trial comparing Palin Stammering Therapy for School Children (814) with treatment as usual. […] If there is evidence from this feasibility trial that SLTs, parents and children are willing and able to participate; if the barriers to recruitment and retention can be identified and addressed; the outcome measures are deemed appropriate and sensitive to change; and, the therapy and research methods are acceptable to participants, then this protocol will be adapted and developed into a full scale definitive trial.
  • #26 Stuttering prognosis and predictive factors of treatment outcome: A review
    https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ecuworkspost2013/3406/
    There is value in understanding the prognostic indicators of stuttering onset and stuttering persistence due to the associated negative life consequences. […] Knowledge of the factors relevant to treatment success is required to enhance client outcomes. […] Prognostic indicators for stuttering onset include positive family history, age, and gender; whereas for persistent stuttering they are gender, age of onset, time since onset, and family history of persistence. […] The most consistent factor for predicting treatment outcomes is pre-treatment stuttering rate. […] Overall, the findings of studies of prognostic and predictive factors of stuttering need replication, but with improved study design.