Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Stuttering | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617696/3.3/Stuttering

  Stuttering (also referred to as stammering or dysfluency) is an involuntary disturbance in the normal fluency and timing of speech that is not appropriate for the age of the speaker. […] At least 1% of all studied populations affected. […] Males stutter 3 times more often than females. […] Stuttering is found in every culture and language. The language spoken in the home does not increase or decrease the amount of stuttering. […] Stuttering begins between 2 and 7 years of age, with 98% of cases presenting by age 10 years. […] Girls start stuttering several months earlier on average than boys; however, they also speak, in general, earlier than boys do.

• #2 What’s the difference between a stutter and a stammer?

  https://www.mabletherapy.com/speech-and-language/2021/06/21/whats-the-difference-between-a-stutter-and-a-stammer

  Stammering and stuttering are relatively common speech disorders, which are neurological in nature and create moments of dysfluency such as: repeating words, stretching sounds or not being able to produce some sounds or words at all. […] In fact, around 8% of children (thats 1 in 12!) will experience dysfluent speech at some point, according to research (Yairi E. Ambrose N. 2013. Epidemiology of stuttering: 21st century advances. Journal of Fluency Disorders 38 66-87). The research also noted that 1% of the adult population have dysfluent speech. However, interestingly a more recent YouGov poll suggested this could actually be as high as 3%! […] The long-term prognosis of a stammer can be difficult to identify. Although there are several factors which can increase a persons likelihood of having dysfluent speech, the severity and long term outcome can be difficult to predict.

• #3 The Significance of Seizures Related to Language and Speech in Ep

  https://www.iomcworld.org/open-access/the-significance-of-seizures-related-to-language-and-speech-in-epilepsy-and-diagnostic-conundrums-97711.html

  Stuttering is a chronic condition that can occasionally persist into adulthood, common in young children (expected as part of the process of speech development between ages 3 and 8), and a symptom of trauma, brain injury, strokes, or epileptic seizures. […] The literature on the subject has recently focused on the potential link between stuttering and other neurological issues caused by COVID-19, which further obscures the diagnostic criteria for stuttering. […] The study examines language-induced epilepsy because the aforementioned perspectives which see stuttering as a symptom, primarily in epilepsy have been the subject of much discussion in published studies from the 1960s to the present. […] Overall, a study of this kind might highlight the need for additional research into the diagnostic conundrum of whether stuttering, reflex epilepsy, and language-induced epilepsy are the proven effects or the unproven causes.

• #4 Epidemiology of Stuttering: 21st Century Advances

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3687212/

  Epidemiological advances in stuttering during the current century are reviewed within the perspectives of past knowledge. […] It is concluded that: (1) most of the risk for stuttering onset is over by age 5, earlier than has been previously thought, with a male-to-female ratio near onset smaller than what has been thought, (2) there are indications that the lifespan incidence in the general population may be higher than the 5% commonly cited in past work, (3) the average prevalence over the lifespan may be lower than the commonly held 1%, (4) the effects of race, ethnicity, culture, bilingualism, and socioeconomic status on the incidence/prevalence of stuttering remain uncertain, (5) longitudinal, as well as incidence and prevalence studies support high levels of natural recovery from stuttering, (6) advances in biological genetic research have brought within reach the identification of candidate genes that contribute to stuttering in the population at large, (7) subtype-differentiation has attracted growing interest, with most of the accumulated evidence supporting a distinction between persistent and recovered subtypes.

• #5 Stammering in the population | STAMMA

  https://stamma.org/news/stammering-population

  We have updated our estimates of the number of people who stammer, writes Rachel Everard. […] The commonly used statistic is that 1% of the adult population stammers and 5% of children stammer at some point. […] According to our research, 3% of the adult population believe they stammer and, working with Action for Stammering Children, the evidence indicates that 8% of children stammer at some point, albeit temporarily. […] In the 2018 poll, 1,975 adults responded to this question, and in the 2019 poll, 2,018 responded. On both occasions, 3% answered 'yes’ to this question, rather than the expected 1%. […] Much of the previous research which contributed to the 1% figure was actually carried out on school children rather than adults, and relied on asking teachers how many pupils in their current class stammer, rather than on close observation or self-report.

• #6 Epidemiology of Stuttering: 21st Century Advances

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3687212/

  In view of the above, we incline to infer that the conventionally accepted 5% lifetime incidence statistic is, perhaps, too conservative. […] The recent advances show younger age at onset, similar age for the two genders, smaller M/F ratio, many cases of sudden onset sudden, and narrower age range for onset risk (a younger upper end than previously). […] In evaluating the recent information, it is clear that prevalence under age 6 is considerably higher than in later periods in life. […] The concentration of stuttering cases in young ages also means that preparation of clinicians to work with this age group, including evaluation, risk prognosis, parent counselling, and therapy, should be upgraded. […] The smaller polarity of affected males versus females near the time of onset as compared with the polarity at more advanced ages suggests that recovery from stuttering is considerably more frequent in girls than in boys.

• #7 Stammering in the population | STAMMA

  https://stamma.org/news/stammering-population

  We have updated our estimates of the number of people who stammer, writes Rachel Everard. […] The commonly used statistic is that 1% of the adult population stammers and 5% of children stammer at some point. […] According to our research, 3% of the adult population believe they stammer and, working with Action for Stammering Children, the evidence indicates that 8% of children stammer at some point, albeit temporarily. […] In the 2018 poll, 1,975 adults responded to this question, and in the 2019 poll, 2,018 responded. On both occasions, 3% answered 'yes’ to this question, rather than the expected 1%. […] Much of the previous research which contributed to the 1% figure was actually carried out on school children rather than adults, and relied on asking teachers how many pupils in their current class stammer, rather than on close observation or self-report.

• #8 Stammering in the Population | STAMMA

  https://www.mynewsdesk.com/uk/stamma/blog_posts/stammering-in-the-population-90031

  The commonly used statistic is that 1% of the adult population stammers and 5% of children stammer at some point. […] We believe that up to 3% of the adult population stammer and, working with Action for Stammering Children, the evidence indicates that 8% of children stammer at some point, albeit temporarily. […] In the 2018 poll, 1,975 adults responded to this question, and in the 2019 poll, 2,018 responded. On both occasions, 3% answered 'yes’ to this question, rather than the expected 1%. […] Our 2019 YouGov poll showed that of 58 people who said they had a stammer, 41 tried to hide it. […] Again, we know from our members that it is not uncommon for people who stammered as children, and who to all intents and purposes no longer visibly stammer, to still experience moments of stammering and work hard to avoid it.

• #9 What’s the difference between a stutter and a stammer?

  https://www.mabletherapy.com/speech-and-language/2021/06/21/whats-the-difference-between-a-stutter-and-a-stammer

  Stammering and stuttering are relatively common speech disorders, which are neurological in nature and create moments of dysfluency such as: repeating words, stretching sounds or not being able to produce some sounds or words at all. […] In fact, around 8% of children (thats 1 in 12!) will experience dysfluent speech at some point, according to research (Yairi E. Ambrose N. 2013. Epidemiology of stuttering: 21st century advances. Journal of Fluency Disorders 38 66-87). The research also noted that 1% of the adult population have dysfluent speech. However, interestingly a more recent YouGov poll suggested this could actually be as high as 3%! […] The long-term prognosis of a stammer can be difficult to identify. Although there are several factors which can increase a persons likelihood of having dysfluent speech, the severity and long term outcome can be difficult to predict.

• #10 Stammering in the Population | STAMMA

  https://www.mynewsdesk.com/uk/stamma/blog_posts/stammering-in-the-population-90031

  The commonly used statistic is that 1% of the adult population stammers and 5% of children stammer at some point. […] We believe that up to 3% of the adult population stammer and, working with Action for Stammering Children, the evidence indicates that 8% of children stammer at some point, albeit temporarily. […] In the 2018 poll, 1,975 adults responded to this question, and in the 2019 poll, 2,018 responded. On both occasions, 3% answered 'yes’ to this question, rather than the expected 1%. […] Our 2019 YouGov poll showed that of 58 people who said they had a stammer, 41 tried to hide it. […] Again, we know from our members that it is not uncommon for people who stammered as children, and who to all intents and purposes no longer visibly stammer, to still experience moments of stammering and work hard to avoid it.

• #11 Subtypes of stuttering determined by latent class analysis in two Swiss epidemiological surveys | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0198450

  Stuttering is a common neurodevelopmental disorder which in most cases starts before four years of age and has a lifetime prevalence of up to 8.5%. […] Research into stuttering epidemiology has two important drawbacks: 1) Comprehensive information about risk / associated factors and comorbid conditions obtained from adults and from population studies is sparse. However, many potential vulnerabilities are only noticeable post childhood. 2) Epidemiological information has not been used in subtyping of stuttering, even though it has been used successfully to subtype other neurodevelopmental and early-onset neuropsychiatric disorders. […] The aim of the present study was to determine subtypes of stuttering in childhood based on risk / associated factors reported by participants in the two extensive and detailed epidemiological surveys. […] These are the first studies that identify stuttering subtypes based on a broad spectrum of risk / associated factors and comorbidities derived from LCA models. […] The results suggest the need for a synthesis of different theories in stuttering research.

• #12 Epidemiology of Stuttering: 21st Century Advances

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3687212/

  In view of the above, we incline to infer that the conventionally accepted 5% lifetime incidence statistic is, perhaps, too conservative. […] The recent advances show younger age at onset, similar age for the two genders, smaller M/F ratio, many cases of sudden onset sudden, and narrower age range for onset risk (a younger upper end than previously). […] In evaluating the recent information, it is clear that prevalence under age 6 is considerably higher than in later periods in life. […] The concentration of stuttering cases in young ages also means that preparation of clinicians to work with this age group, including evaluation, risk prognosis, parent counselling, and therapy, should be upgraded. […] The smaller polarity of affected males versus females near the time of onset as compared with the polarity at more advanced ages suggests that recovery from stuttering is considerably more frequent in girls than in boys.

• #13 Stuttering – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttering

  The lifetime prevalence, or the proportion of individuals expected to stutter at one time in their lives, is about 56%, and overall males are affected two to five times more often than females. […] The overall prevalence of stuttering is generally considered to be approximately 1%. […] Cross-cultural studies of stuttering prevalence were very active in early and mid-20th century, particularly under the influence of the works of Wendell Johnson, who claimed that the onset of stuttering was connected to the cultural expectations and the pressure put on young children by anxious parents, which has since been debunked. […] It is generally accepted by contemporary scholars that stuttering is present in every culture and in every race, although the attitude towards the actual prevalence differs.

• #14 Fear of speaking: chronic anxiety and stammering | Advances in Psychiatric Treatment | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/advances-in-psychiatric-treatment/article/fear-of-speaking-chronic-anxiety-and-stammering/3159744DE5296FF7A614C4C8267DEC90

  Stammering results in involuntary disruption of a person’s capacity to speak. […] Although the aetiological role of anxiety in stammering has not been determined, evidence is emerging that suggests people who stammer are more chronically and socially anxious than those who do not. […] In the latest research on the epidemiology of stammering we found that most children who stammer begin to do so before adolescence, most commonly between 2 and 5 years of age, with the highest peak at around 4 years old. […] We found the population prevalence of stammering over the entire lifespan (from 2 years to older age) to be 0.72%, with at least a 50% higher prevalence in males. […] Over the past 15 years there has been renewed interest in the relationship between stammering and its potential psychiatric consequences such as chronic and social anxiety.

• #15 Stuttering – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttering

  The lifetime prevalence, or the proportion of individuals expected to stutter at one time in their lives, is about 56%, and overall males are affected two to five times more often than females. […] The overall prevalence of stuttering is generally considered to be approximately 1%. […] Cross-cultural studies of stuttering prevalence were very active in early and mid-20th century, particularly under the influence of the works of Wendell Johnson, who claimed that the onset of stuttering was connected to the cultural expectations and the pressure put on young children by anxious parents, which has since been debunked. […] It is generally accepted by contemporary scholars that stuttering is present in every culture and in every race, although the attitude towards the actual prevalence differs.

• #16 Epidemiology of Stuttering: 21st Century Advances

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3687212/

  Epidemiological advances in stuttering during the current century are reviewed within the perspectives of past knowledge. […] It is concluded that: (1) most of the risk for stuttering onset is over by age 5, earlier than has been previously thought, with a male-to-female ratio near onset smaller than what has been thought, (2) there are indications that the lifespan incidence in the general population may be higher than the 5% commonly cited in past work, (3) the average prevalence over the lifespan may be lower than the commonly held 1%, (4) the effects of race, ethnicity, culture, bilingualism, and socioeconomic status on the incidence/prevalence of stuttering remain uncertain, (5) longitudinal, as well as incidence and prevalence studies support high levels of natural recovery from stuttering, (6) advances in biological genetic research have brought within reach the identification of candidate genes that contribute to stuttering in the population at large, (7) subtype-differentiation has attracted growing interest, with most of the accumulated evidence supporting a distinction between persistent and recovered subtypes.

• #17 Prevalence | Stuttering Foundation: A Nonprofit Organization Helping Those Who Stutter

  https://stutteringhelp.org/prevalence

  About 5% of all children go through a period of stuttering that lasts six months or more. […] Three-quarters of those who begin to stutter will recover by late childhood, leaving about 1% of the population with a long-term problem. […] The sex ratio for stuttering appears to be equal at the onset of the disorder, but studies indicate that among those children who continue to stutter, that is, school-age children, there are three to four times as many boys who stutter as there are girls. […] Risk factors that predict a chronic problem rather than spontaneous recovery include: Family history There is now strong evidence that almost half of all children who stutter have a family member who stutters. […] At present, none of these risk factors appears, by itself, sufficient to indicate a chronic problem; rather it is the cumulative or additive nature of such factors that appears to differentiate children for whom stuttering comes and goes versus those for whom stuttering comes and stays. […] Longitudinal research studies by Drs. Ehud Yairi and Nicoline G. Ambrose and colleagues at the University of Illinois provide excellent new information about the development of stuttering in early childhood.

• #18 Prevalence | Stuttering Foundation: A Nonprofit Organization Helping Those Who Stutter

  https://stutteringhelp.org/prevalence

  About 5% of all children go through a period of stuttering that lasts six months or more. […] Three-quarters of those who begin to stutter will recover by late childhood, leaving about 1% of the population with a long-term problem. […] The sex ratio for stuttering appears to be equal at the onset of the disorder, but studies indicate that among those children who continue to stutter, that is, school-age children, there are three to four times as many boys who stutter as there are girls. […] Risk factors that predict a chronic problem rather than spontaneous recovery include: Family history There is now strong evidence that almost half of all children who stutter have a family member who stutters. […] At present, none of these risk factors appears, by itself, sufficient to indicate a chronic problem; rather it is the cumulative or additive nature of such factors that appears to differentiate children for whom stuttering comes and goes versus those for whom stuttering comes and stays. […] Longitudinal research studies by Drs. Ehud Yairi and Nicoline G. Ambrose and colleagues at the University of Illinois provide excellent new information about the development of stuttering in early childhood.

• #19 Stuttering – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttering

  The lifetime prevalence, or the proportion of individuals expected to stutter at one time in their lives, is about 56%, and overall males are affected two to five times more often than females. […] The overall prevalence of stuttering is generally considered to be approximately 1%. […] Cross-cultural studies of stuttering prevalence were very active in early and mid-20th century, particularly under the influence of the works of Wendell Johnson, who claimed that the onset of stuttering was connected to the cultural expectations and the pressure put on young children by anxious parents, which has since been debunked. […] It is generally accepted by contemporary scholars that stuttering is present in every culture and in every race, although the attitude towards the actual prevalence differs.

• #20 Stuttering (Stammering) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603738/

  Stuttering is a relatively common condition with a global prevalence of around 80 million and poses a significant challenge for healthcare providers. […] Developmental stuttering predominantly affects children aged 2 to 6, with an estimated 5% to 10% of preschoolers affected. […] Epidemiological data on neurogenic stuttering remain incomplete, and the majority of published studies primarily consist of single case reports or small case series. […] General consensus was obtained that neurogenic stuttering is more frequently observed in adults and disproportionately affects men, with reported gender ratios ranging between 2:1 and 10:1. […] This form of stuttering is exceptionally rare. An analysis of the World Health Organization’s global individual case safety reports database (VigiBase) revealed a cumulative incidence of only 724 cases worldwide as of May 2020.

• #21 Epidemiology of Stuttering: 21st Century Advances

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3687212/

  In view of the above, we incline to infer that the conventionally accepted 5% lifetime incidence statistic is, perhaps, too conservative. […] The recent advances show younger age at onset, similar age for the two genders, smaller M/F ratio, many cases of sudden onset sudden, and narrower age range for onset risk (a younger upper end than previously). […] In evaluating the recent information, it is clear that prevalence under age 6 is considerably higher than in later periods in life. […] The concentration of stuttering cases in young ages also means that preparation of clinicians to work with this age group, including evaluation, risk prognosis, parent counselling, and therapy, should be upgraded. […] The smaller polarity of affected males versus females near the time of onset as compared with the polarity at more advanced ages suggests that recovery from stuttering is considerably more frequent in girls than in boys.

• #22 Stuttering | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617696/3.3/Stuttering

  Stuttering (also referred to as stammering or dysfluency) is an involuntary disturbance in the normal fluency and timing of speech that is not appropriate for the age of the speaker. […] At least 1% of all studied populations affected. […] Males stutter 3 times more often than females. […] Stuttering is found in every culture and language. The language spoken in the home does not increase or decrease the amount of stuttering. […] Stuttering begins between 2 and 7 years of age, with 98% of cases presenting by age 10 years. […] Girls start stuttering several months earlier on average than boys; however, they also speak, in general, earlier than boys do.

• #23 Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering) – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/child/communication/childhood-onset-fluency-disorder

  Childhood-onset fluency disorder develops by age 6 in 80% to 90% of individuals. The average age of onset is from 2 to 7 years. […] The risk of stuttering in 1st-degree biological relatives of individuals with childhood-onset fluency disorder is 3 times the risk of the general population.

• #24 Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering) – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/child/communication/childhood-onset-fluency-disorder

  Childhood-onset fluency disorder develops by age 6 in 80% to 90% of individuals. The average age of onset is from 2 to 7 years. […] The risk of stuttering in 1st-degree biological relatives of individuals with childhood-onset fluency disorder is 3 times the risk of the general population.

• #25 Stuttering | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617696/3.3/Stuttering

  Stuttering (also referred to as stammering or dysfluency) is an involuntary disturbance in the normal fluency and timing of speech that is not appropriate for the age of the speaker. […] At least 1% of all studied populations affected. […] Males stutter 3 times more often than females. […] Stuttering is found in every culture and language. The language spoken in the home does not increase or decrease the amount of stuttering. […] Stuttering begins between 2 and 7 years of age, with 98% of cases presenting by age 10 years. […] Girls start stuttering several months earlier on average than boys; however, they also speak, in general, earlier than boys do.

• #26 Fear of speaking: chronic anxiety and stammering | Advances in Psychiatric Treatment | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/advances-in-psychiatric-treatment/article/fear-of-speaking-chronic-anxiety-and-stammering/3159744DE5296FF7A614C4C8267DEC90

  Stammering results in involuntary disruption of a person’s capacity to speak. […] Although the aetiological role of anxiety in stammering has not been determined, evidence is emerging that suggests people who stammer are more chronically and socially anxious than those who do not. […] In the latest research on the epidemiology of stammering we found that most children who stammer begin to do so before adolescence, most commonly between 2 and 5 years of age, with the highest peak at around 4 years old. […] We found the population prevalence of stammering over the entire lifespan (from 2 years to older age) to be 0.72%, with at least a 50% higher prevalence in males. […] Over the past 15 years there has been renewed interest in the relationship between stammering and its potential psychiatric consequences such as chronic and social anxiety.

• #27 Epidemiology of Stuttering: 21st Century Advances

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3687212/

  Epidemiological advances in stuttering during the current century are reviewed within the perspectives of past knowledge. […] It is concluded that: (1) most of the risk for stuttering onset is over by age 5, earlier than has been previously thought, with a male-to-female ratio near onset smaller than what has been thought, (2) there are indications that the lifespan incidence in the general population may be higher than the 5% commonly cited in past work, (3) the average prevalence over the lifespan may be lower than the commonly held 1%, (4) the effects of race, ethnicity, culture, bilingualism, and socioeconomic status on the incidence/prevalence of stuttering remain uncertain, (5) longitudinal, as well as incidence and prevalence studies support high levels of natural recovery from stuttering, (6) advances in biological genetic research have brought within reach the identification of candidate genes that contribute to stuttering in the population at large, (7) subtype-differentiation has attracted growing interest, with most of the accumulated evidence supporting a distinction between persistent and recovered subtypes.

• #28 Here’s What We Know about Stuttering | Scientific American

  https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/heres-what-we-know-about-stuttering/

  The exact cause of stuttering is still unknown. However, its widely agreed upon that stuttering is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder. […] About 1 in 100 people across the world stutter. About 5% to 8% of preschool age children develop stuttering. The majority of children who stutterabout 80%spontaneously recover from it with or without intervention before around 7 years of age, while the remaining 20% experience stuttering into adulthood. […] Researchers are still exploring the factors that predict stuttering persistence versus recovery.

• #29 Prevalence | Stuttering Foundation: A Nonprofit Organization Helping Those Who Stutter

  https://stutteringhelp.org/prevalence

  About 5% of all children go through a period of stuttering that lasts six months or more. […] Three-quarters of those who begin to stutter will recover by late childhood, leaving about 1% of the population with a long-term problem. […] The sex ratio for stuttering appears to be equal at the onset of the disorder, but studies indicate that among those children who continue to stutter, that is, school-age children, there are three to four times as many boys who stutter as there are girls. […] Risk factors that predict a chronic problem rather than spontaneous recovery include: Family history There is now strong evidence that almost half of all children who stutter have a family member who stutters. […] At present, none of these risk factors appears, by itself, sufficient to indicate a chronic problem; rather it is the cumulative or additive nature of such factors that appears to differentiate children for whom stuttering comes and goes versus those for whom stuttering comes and stays. […] Longitudinal research studies by Drs. Ehud Yairi and Nicoline G. Ambrose and colleagues at the University of Illinois provide excellent new information about the development of stuttering in early childhood.

• #30 Here’s What We Know about Stuttering | Scientific American

  https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/heres-what-we-know-about-stuttering/

  The exact cause of stuttering is still unknown. However, its widely agreed upon that stuttering is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder. […] About 1 in 100 people across the world stutter. About 5% to 8% of preschool age children develop stuttering. The majority of children who stutterabout 80%spontaneously recover from it with or without intervention before around 7 years of age, while the remaining 20% experience stuttering into adulthood. […] Researchers are still exploring the factors that predict stuttering persistence versus recovery.

• #31 Stuttering: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2008/0501/p1271.html

  Environmental influences, such as stressful social situations, talking on the telephone, and negative experiences associated with speaking, may also contribute to the persistence of stuttering. […] Stuttering can be challenging to treat because there is a lack of evidence-based consensus about therapy. […] Although several pharmacologic interventions to control or alleviate stuttering events have been studied, all have proved ineffective or have had adverse effects. […] Recently, treatment of stuttering has focused on nonpharmacologic approaches, such as self-monitoring of speech to manage stuttering events23 and symptom reduction instead of elimination. […] The treatment of early, mild stuttering (generally in children younger than six years) focuses on the prevention or elimination of stuttering behaviors. […] The likelihood of eliminating stuttering behaviors decreases if they persist beyond eight years of age.2 […] Although there is no cure for stuttering, successful elimination of mild stuttering is likely when treatment is initiated before four years of age.

• #32 Stuttering: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2008/0501/p1271.html

  Environmental influences, such as stressful social situations, talking on the telephone, and negative experiences associated with speaking, may also contribute to the persistence of stuttering. […] Stuttering can be challenging to treat because there is a lack of evidence-based consensus about therapy. […] Although several pharmacologic interventions to control or alleviate stuttering events have been studied, all have proved ineffective or have had adverse effects. […] Recently, treatment of stuttering has focused on nonpharmacologic approaches, such as self-monitoring of speech to manage stuttering events23 and symptom reduction instead of elimination. […] The treatment of early, mild stuttering (generally in children younger than six years) focuses on the prevention or elimination of stuttering behaviors. […] The likelihood of eliminating stuttering behaviors decreases if they persist beyond eight years of age.2 […] Although there is no cure for stuttering, successful elimination of mild stuttering is likely when treatment is initiated before four years of age.

• #33 Stuttering | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617696/3.3/Stuttering

  Stuttering (also referred to as stammering or dysfluency) is an involuntary disturbance in the normal fluency and timing of speech that is not appropriate for the age of the speaker. […] At least 1% of all studied populations affected. […] Males stutter 3 times more often than females. […] Stuttering is found in every culture and language. The language spoken in the home does not increase or decrease the amount of stuttering. […] Stuttering begins between 2 and 7 years of age, with 98% of cases presenting by age 10 years. […] Girls start stuttering several months earlier on average than boys; however, they also speak, in general, earlier than boys do.

• #34 Stuttering – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttering

  The lifetime prevalence, or the proportion of individuals expected to stutter at one time in their lives, is about 56%, and overall males are affected two to five times more often than females. […] The overall prevalence of stuttering is generally considered to be approximately 1%. […] Cross-cultural studies of stuttering prevalence were very active in early and mid-20th century, particularly under the influence of the works of Wendell Johnson, who claimed that the onset of stuttering was connected to the cultural expectations and the pressure put on young children by anxious parents, which has since been debunked. […] It is generally accepted by contemporary scholars that stuttering is present in every culture and in every race, although the attitude towards the actual prevalence differs.

• #35 Stuttering – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttering

  Different regions of the world are researched unevenly. The largest number of studies has been conducted in European countries and in North America, where the experts agree on the mean estimate to be about 1% of the general population. […] African populations, particularly from West Africa, might have the highest stuttering prevalence in the world reaching in some populations 5%, 6% and even over 9%.

• #36 Stuttering – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttering

  Different regions of the world are researched unevenly. The largest number of studies has been conducted in European countries and in North America, where the experts agree on the mean estimate to be about 1% of the general population. […] African populations, particularly from West Africa, might have the highest stuttering prevalence in the world reaching in some populations 5%, 6% and even over 9%.

• #37 Stuttering | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617696/3.3/Stuttering

  Stuttering (also referred to as stammering or dysfluency) is an involuntary disturbance in the normal fluency and timing of speech that is not appropriate for the age of the speaker. […] At least 1% of all studied populations affected. […] Males stutter 3 times more often than females. […] Stuttering is found in every culture and language. The language spoken in the home does not increase or decrease the amount of stuttering. […] Stuttering begins between 2 and 7 years of age, with 98% of cases presenting by age 10 years. […] Girls start stuttering several months earlier on average than boys; however, they also speak, in general, earlier than boys do.

• #38 Epidemiology of Stuttering: 21st Century Advances

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3687212/

  Epidemiological advances in stuttering during the current century are reviewed within the perspectives of past knowledge. […] It is concluded that: (1) most of the risk for stuttering onset is over by age 5, earlier than has been previously thought, with a male-to-female ratio near onset smaller than what has been thought, (2) there are indications that the lifespan incidence in the general population may be higher than the 5% commonly cited in past work, (3) the average prevalence over the lifespan may be lower than the commonly held 1%, (4) the effects of race, ethnicity, culture, bilingualism, and socioeconomic status on the incidence/prevalence of stuttering remain uncertain, (5) longitudinal, as well as incidence and prevalence studies support high levels of natural recovery from stuttering, (6) advances in biological genetic research have brought within reach the identification of candidate genes that contribute to stuttering in the population at large, (7) subtype-differentiation has attracted growing interest, with most of the accumulated evidence supporting a distinction between persistent and recovered subtypes.

• #39 WHO EMRO | Prevalence of stammering among internally displaced population in North Waziristan Agency | Volume 26 issue 8 | EMHJ volume 26 2020

  https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-26-2020/volume-26-issue-8/references-world-health-organization-tuberculosis-key-facts-geneva-world-health-organization-2020-httpswwwwhointnews-roomfact-sheetsdetailtuberculosis-world-healt.html

  Stammering is a dysfluency disorder that is common in children exposed to stressful conditions. Displacement from home is one such situation. There is a large internally displaced population in Pakistan. […] The prevalence of stammering was 11%, with moderate stammering being more prevalent. […] Stammering is highly prevalent among IDPs. […] There is a large internally displaced population in Pakistan because of terrorism and counter-terrorism activities, which may have resulted in an increase in emotional, psychological and communication disorders, such as speech disorders, especially stammering. […] In the present study the prevalence of stammering among children of IDPs was 11% (44 children) with a higher prevalence among boys of 12.5% (n = 39) compared with girls (5.6%; n = 5), with a male to female ratio of 7.8: 1.

• #40 WHO EMRO | Prevalence of stammering among internally displaced population in North Waziristan Agency | Volume 26 issue 8 | EMHJ volume 26 2020

  https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-26-2020/volume-26-issue-8/prevalence-of-stammering-among-internally-displaced-population-in-north-waziristan-agency.html

  Stammering is a dysfluency disorder that is common in children exposed to stressful conditions. […] To determine the prevalence of stammering among children of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in North Waziristan Agency, Pakistan. […] The prevalence of stammering was 11%, with moderate stammering being more prevalent. […] Stammering is highly prevalent among IDPs. […] There is a large internally displaced population in Pakistan because of terrorism and counter-terrorism activities, which may have resulted in an increase in emotional, psychological and communication disorders, such as speech disorders, especially stammering. […] In the present study the prevalence of stammering among children of IDPs was 11% (44 children) with a higher prevalence among boys of 12.5% (n = 39) compared with girls (5.6%; n = 5), with a male to female ratio of 7.8: 1.

• #41 WHO EMRO | Prevalence of stammering among internally displaced population in North Waziristan Agency | Volume 26 issue 8 | EMHJ volume 26 2020

  https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-26-2020/volume-26-issue-8/references-world-health-organization-tuberculosis-key-facts-geneva-world-health-organization-2020-httpswwwwhointnews-roomfact-sheetsdetailtuberculosis-world-healt.html

  Stammering is a dysfluency disorder that is common in children exposed to stressful conditions. Displacement from home is one such situation. There is a large internally displaced population in Pakistan. […] The prevalence of stammering was 11%, with moderate stammering being more prevalent. […] Stammering is highly prevalent among IDPs. […] There is a large internally displaced population in Pakistan because of terrorism and counter-terrorism activities, which may have resulted in an increase in emotional, psychological and communication disorders, such as speech disorders, especially stammering. […] In the present study the prevalence of stammering among children of IDPs was 11% (44 children) with a higher prevalence among boys of 12.5% (n = 39) compared with girls (5.6%; n = 5), with a male to female ratio of 7.8: 1.

• #42 WHO EMRO | Prevalence of stammering among internally displaced population in North Waziristan Agency | Volume 26 issue 8 | EMHJ volume 26 2020

  https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-26-2020/volume-26-issue-8/references-world-health-organization-tuberculosis-key-facts-geneva-world-health-organization-2020-httpswwwwhointnews-roomfact-sheetsdetailtuberculosis-world-healt.html

  The high prevalence of stammering in the current study could be attributed to adverse social and emotional factors due to the displacement situation that this population faced. […] Stammering was highly prevalent in children of IDPs in North Waziristan Agency, Pakistan, who were traumatized and living under stressful conditions. Although both sexes were affected, the prevalence in boys was higher than in girls.

• #43 WHO EMRO | Prevalence of stammering among internally displaced population in North Waziristan Agency | Volume 26 issue 8 | EMHJ volume 26 2020

  https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-26-2020/volume-26-issue-8/prevalence-of-stammering-among-internally-displaced-population-in-north-waziristan-agency.html

  The high prevalence of stammering in the current study could be attributed to adverse social and emotional factors due to the displacement situation that this population faced. […] Stammering was highly prevalent in children of IDPs in North Waziristan Agency, Pakistan, who were traumatized and living under stressful conditions.

• #44 Here’s What We Know about Stuttering | Scientific American

  https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/heres-what-we-know-about-stuttering/

  The exact cause of stuttering is still unknown. However, its widely agreed upon that stuttering is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder. […] About 1 in 100 people across the world stutter. About 5% to 8% of preschool age children develop stuttering. The majority of children who stutterabout 80%spontaneously recover from it with or without intervention before around 7 years of age, while the remaining 20% experience stuttering into adulthood. […] Researchers are still exploring the factors that predict stuttering persistence versus recovery.

• #45 Stuttering Stems from Problems in Brain Wiring, Not Personalities | Scientific American

  https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/stuttering-stems-from-problems-in-brain-wiring-not-personalities/

  These myths and misconceptions have been debunked. Over the past 20 years, and especially in the past five to 10, a growing body of research has established that stuttering is biological in nature. Specifically, it looks like a neurodevelopmental disorder. In most of the more than 70 million people worldwide who stutter, the condition appears early in life, when children are learning to talk. Looking at the brains of people who stutter, scientists have uncovered subtle variations in both structure and function that affect the fluidity of speech. Compared with those who do not stutter, those who do have differences in neural connectivity, changes in how their speech and motor systems are integrated, and alterations in the activity of crucial neurotransmitters such as dopamine. […] There is also a genetic component: researchers have identified four genes that dramatically increase the likelihood of this speech problem. Just as a flickering lightbulb is sometimes the result not of a bad filament but of faulty wiring throughout a room, these differences add up to what neuroscientists call a system-level problem in the brain.

• #46 Epidemiology of Stuttering: 21st Century Advances

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3687212/

  The strong evidence for major genetic components to stuttering accumulated during the 20th century through statistical genetics, reinforced by studies conducted during the current century, paved the way for the next step, employing biological genetics methods to analyze DNA materials with the aim of locating and understanding candidate genes that underlie the disorder. […] The strong evidence for a genetic factor in stuttering has become unquestionable.

• #47 Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering) – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/child/communication/childhood-onset-fluency-disorder

  Childhood-onset fluency disorder develops by age 6 in 80% to 90% of individuals. The average age of onset is from 2 to 7 years. […] The risk of stuttering in 1st-degree biological relatives of individuals with childhood-onset fluency disorder is 3 times the risk of the general population.

• #48 Prevalence | Stuttering Foundation: A Nonprofit Organization Helping Those Who Stutter

  https://stutteringhelp.org/prevalence

  About 5% of all children go through a period of stuttering that lasts six months or more. […] Three-quarters of those who begin to stutter will recover by late childhood, leaving about 1% of the population with a long-term problem. […] The sex ratio for stuttering appears to be equal at the onset of the disorder, but studies indicate that among those children who continue to stutter, that is, school-age children, there are three to four times as many boys who stutter as there are girls. […] Risk factors that predict a chronic problem rather than spontaneous recovery include: Family history There is now strong evidence that almost half of all children who stutter have a family member who stutters. […] At present, none of these risk factors appears, by itself, sufficient to indicate a chronic problem; rather it is the cumulative or additive nature of such factors that appears to differentiate children for whom stuttering comes and goes versus those for whom stuttering comes and stays. […] Longitudinal research studies by Drs. Ehud Yairi and Nicoline G. Ambrose and colleagues at the University of Illinois provide excellent new information about the development of stuttering in early childhood.

• #49 Stuttering Stems from Problems in Brain Wiring, Not Personalities | Scientific American

  https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/stuttering-stems-from-problems-in-brain-wiring-not-personalities/

  Functionally, people who stutter appear to have deficits in a brain circuit called the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loop, which also underlies auditory, speech and motor integration. As the name implies, the circuit connects structures deep in the brainthe basal ganglia, which includes the striatum, and the thalamuswith areas in the cortex closer to the brains surface. […] Differences such as these could be at the root of stuttering. Or they could be compensatory changes, the effect of the brain trying to adapt to the experience of stuttering. […] Studies of twins and adopted children suggest genes explain anywhere between 42 and 85 percent of the risk of stuttering. […] The remaining risk may be caused by environmental factors (one indication of such nongenetic influence is that not every pair of identical twins both stutter), although some environmental factors can combine with genetic predisposition.

• #50 Stuttering Stems from Problems in Brain Wiring, Not Personalities | Scientific American

  https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/stuttering-stems-from-problems-in-brain-wiring-not-personalities/

  These myths and misconceptions have been debunked. Over the past 20 years, and especially in the past five to 10, a growing body of research has established that stuttering is biological in nature. Specifically, it looks like a neurodevelopmental disorder. In most of the more than 70 million people worldwide who stutter, the condition appears early in life, when children are learning to talk. Looking at the brains of people who stutter, scientists have uncovered subtle variations in both structure and function that affect the fluidity of speech. Compared with those who do not stutter, those who do have differences in neural connectivity, changes in how their speech and motor systems are integrated, and alterations in the activity of crucial neurotransmitters such as dopamine. […] There is also a genetic component: researchers have identified four genes that dramatically increase the likelihood of this speech problem. Just as a flickering lightbulb is sometimes the result not of a bad filament but of faulty wiring throughout a room, these differences add up to what neuroscientists call a system-level problem in the brain.

• #51 Stuttering Stems from Problems in Brain Wiring, Not Personalities | Scientific American

  https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/stuttering-stems-from-problems-in-brain-wiring-not-personalities/

  But some of the genes have been identified, thanks to work that geneticist Dennis Drayna of the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders began some 20 years ago. […] The high family prevalence of the problem indicates there are more genes to find, and to look for them, a consortium of 22 research groups led by Australian scientists is conducting a new genome-wide association study (GWAS) of people who stutter. […] The genetic origins of stuttering do not mean it cannot be treated. Already the newer research is informing therapy for stuttering. Pharmacological approaches are being fine-tuned. Maguire and his colleagues believe that medications that lower dopamine activity in certain brain circuits are the most promising approach to date.

• #52 Stuttering Stems from Problems in Brain Wiring, Not Personalities | Scientific American

  https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/stuttering-stems-from-problems-in-brain-wiring-not-personalities/

  These myths and misconceptions have been debunked. Over the past 20 years, and especially in the past five to 10, a growing body of research has established that stuttering is biological in nature. Specifically, it looks like a neurodevelopmental disorder. In most of the more than 70 million people worldwide who stutter, the condition appears early in life, when children are learning to talk. Looking at the brains of people who stutter, scientists have uncovered subtle variations in both structure and function that affect the fluidity of speech. Compared with those who do not stutter, those who do have differences in neural connectivity, changes in how their speech and motor systems are integrated, and alterations in the activity of crucial neurotransmitters such as dopamine. […] There is also a genetic component: researchers have identified four genes that dramatically increase the likelihood of this speech problem. Just as a flickering lightbulb is sometimes the result not of a bad filament but of faulty wiring throughout a room, these differences add up to what neuroscientists call a system-level problem in the brain.

• #53 Stuttering Stems from Problems in Brain Wiring, Not Personalities | Scientific American

  https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/stuttering-stems-from-problems-in-brain-wiring-not-personalities/

  These myths and misconceptions have been debunked. Over the past 20 years, and especially in the past five to 10, a growing body of research has established that stuttering is biological in nature. Specifically, it looks like a neurodevelopmental disorder. In most of the more than 70 million people worldwide who stutter, the condition appears early in life, when children are learning to talk. Looking at the brains of people who stutter, scientists have uncovered subtle variations in both structure and function that affect the fluidity of speech. Compared with those who do not stutter, those who do have differences in neural connectivity, changes in how their speech and motor systems are integrated, and alterations in the activity of crucial neurotransmitters such as dopamine. […] There is also a genetic component: researchers have identified four genes that dramatically increase the likelihood of this speech problem. Just as a flickering lightbulb is sometimes the result not of a bad filament but of faulty wiring throughout a room, these differences add up to what neuroscientists call a system-level problem in the brain.

• #54 Stuttering Stems from Problems in Brain Wiring, Not Personalities | Scientific American

  https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/stuttering-stems-from-problems-in-brain-wiring-not-personalities/

  Functionally, people who stutter appear to have deficits in a brain circuit called the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loop, which also underlies auditory, speech and motor integration. As the name implies, the circuit connects structures deep in the brainthe basal ganglia, which includes the striatum, and the thalamuswith areas in the cortex closer to the brains surface. […] Differences such as these could be at the root of stuttering. Or they could be compensatory changes, the effect of the brain trying to adapt to the experience of stuttering. […] Studies of twins and adopted children suggest genes explain anywhere between 42 and 85 percent of the risk of stuttering. […] The remaining risk may be caused by environmental factors (one indication of such nongenetic influence is that not every pair of identical twins both stutter), although some environmental factors can combine with genetic predisposition.

• #55 Stuttering: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2008/0501/p1271.html

  Environmental influences, such as stressful social situations, talking on the telephone, and negative experiences associated with speaking, may also contribute to the persistence of stuttering. […] Stuttering can be challenging to treat because there is a lack of evidence-based consensus about therapy. […] Although several pharmacologic interventions to control or alleviate stuttering events have been studied, all have proved ineffective or have had adverse effects. […] Recently, treatment of stuttering has focused on nonpharmacologic approaches, such as self-monitoring of speech to manage stuttering events23 and symptom reduction instead of elimination. […] The treatment of early, mild stuttering (generally in children younger than six years) focuses on the prevention or elimination of stuttering behaviors. […] The likelihood of eliminating stuttering behaviors decreases if they persist beyond eight years of age.2 […] Although there is no cure for stuttering, successful elimination of mild stuttering is likely when treatment is initiated before four years of age.

• #56 Stuttering: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2008/0501/p1271.html

  Environmental influences, such as stressful social situations, talking on the telephone, and negative experiences associated with speaking, may also contribute to the persistence of stuttering. […] Stuttering can be challenging to treat because there is a lack of evidence-based consensus about therapy. […] Although several pharmacologic interventions to control or alleviate stuttering events have been studied, all have proved ineffective or have had adverse effects. […] Recently, treatment of stuttering has focused on nonpharmacologic approaches, such as self-monitoring of speech to manage stuttering events23 and symptom reduction instead of elimination. […] The treatment of early, mild stuttering (generally in children younger than six years) focuses on the prevention or elimination of stuttering behaviors. […] The likelihood of eliminating stuttering behaviors decreases if they persist beyond eight years of age.2 […] Although there is no cure for stuttering, successful elimination of mild stuttering is likely when treatment is initiated before four years of age.

• #57 Stuttering Stems from Problems in Brain Wiring, Not Personalities | Scientific American

  https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/stuttering-stems-from-problems-in-brain-wiring-not-personalities/

  Functionally, people who stutter appear to have deficits in a brain circuit called the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loop, which also underlies auditory, speech and motor integration. As the name implies, the circuit connects structures deep in the brainthe basal ganglia, which includes the striatum, and the thalamuswith areas in the cortex closer to the brains surface. […] Differences such as these could be at the root of stuttering. Or they could be compensatory changes, the effect of the brain trying to adapt to the experience of stuttering. […] Studies of twins and adopted children suggest genes explain anywhere between 42 and 85 percent of the risk of stuttering. […] The remaining risk may be caused by environmental factors (one indication of such nongenetic influence is that not every pair of identical twins both stutter), although some environmental factors can combine with genetic predisposition.

• #58 Identifying Stammering & ADHD: Study Findings | STAMMA

  https://stamma.org/features/identifying-stammering-adhd-study-findings

  Studies have found that people who stammer are three times more likely to have a diagnosis of Attention-Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) than people who don’t stammer. […] Roughly half of the people who stammer experience some features of ADHD. […] Children who start stammering who also have features of ADHD experience more difficulties and respond less well to speech therapy. […] Our survey accurately identified those with both stammering and ADHD from all other participants. This could help people who stammer find out if they have features of ADHD so they can access support to manage those features. […] We want to make sure these children can manage ADHD so they can respond better to therapy.

• #59 Identifying Stammering & ADHD: Study Findings | STAMMA

  https://stamma.org/features/identifying-stammering-adhd-study-findings

  Studies have found that people who stammer are three times more likely to have a diagnosis of Attention-Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) than people who don’t stammer. […] Roughly half of the people who stammer experience some features of ADHD. […] Children who start stammering who also have features of ADHD experience more difficulties and respond less well to speech therapy. […] Our survey accurately identified those with both stammering and ADHD from all other participants. This could help people who stammer find out if they have features of ADHD so they can access support to manage those features. […] We want to make sure these children can manage ADHD so they can respond better to therapy.

• #60 Identifying Stammering & ADHD: Study Findings | STAMMA

  https://stamma.org/features/identifying-stammering-adhd-study-findings

  Studies have found that people who stammer are three times more likely to have a diagnosis of Attention-Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) than people who don’t stammer. […] Roughly half of the people who stammer experience some features of ADHD. […] Children who start stammering who also have features of ADHD experience more difficulties and respond less well to speech therapy. […] Our survey accurately identified those with both stammering and ADHD from all other participants. This could help people who stammer find out if they have features of ADHD so they can access support to manage those features. […] We want to make sure these children can manage ADHD so they can respond better to therapy.

• #61 Identifying Stammering & ADHD: Study Findings | STAMMA

  https://stamma.org/features/identifying-stammering-adhd-study-findings

  Studies have found that people who stammer are three times more likely to have a diagnosis of Attention-Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) than people who don’t stammer. […] Roughly half of the people who stammer experience some features of ADHD. […] Children who start stammering who also have features of ADHD experience more difficulties and respond less well to speech therapy. […] Our survey accurately identified those with both stammering and ADHD from all other participants. This could help people who stammer find out if they have features of ADHD so they can access support to manage those features. […] We want to make sure these children can manage ADHD so they can respond better to therapy.

• #62 Identifying Stammering & ADHD: Study Findings | STAMMA

  https://stamma.org/features/identifying-stammering-adhd-study-findings

  Studies have found that people who stammer are three times more likely to have a diagnosis of Attention-Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) than people who don’t stammer. […] Roughly half of the people who stammer experience some features of ADHD. […] Children who start stammering who also have features of ADHD experience more difficulties and respond less well to speech therapy. […] Our survey accurately identified those with both stammering and ADHD from all other participants. This could help people who stammer find out if they have features of ADHD so they can access support to manage those features. […] We want to make sure these children can manage ADHD so they can respond better to therapy.

• #63 Anxiety Social Phobia Depression and Suicide among People Who Stutter; A Review Study – Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology

  https://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-385-en.html

  Anxiety, Social Phobia, Depression, and Suicide among People Who Stutter; A Review Study. J Occup Health Epidemiol 2020; 9 (2) :98-109URL: http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-385-en.html […] This review study aims to probe four common mental disorders, including anxiety, social phobia, depression, and suicide in people who stutter (PWS) as well as in people who do not stutter (PWNS). […] According to the results, anxiety and social anxiety were the most common mental disorders in the stuttering population. […] The rate of anxiety and social anxiety was higher in PWS than in PWNS. […] We need more research on mental disorders in PWS because various psychological aspects, especially depression, have not yet been fully studied in people who stutter.

• #64 Fear of speaking: chronic anxiety and stammering | Advances in Psychiatric Treatment | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/advances-in-psychiatric-treatment/article/fear-of-speaking-chronic-anxiety-and-stammering/3159744DE5296FF7A614C4C8267DEC90

  The negative social consequences begin early for children who stammer. […] Communication fears have been shown to be significantly higher in children who stammer than in children who do not, and these fears increase with age. […] If stammering is left untreated, the risk of developing an anxiety disorder in later life may be greater. […] Longitudinal research following children with speech or language disorders (including stammering) from 5 years of age has consistently found that in early adulthood they have increased rates of anxiety disorders (mostly social phobia) compared with other psychiatric illnesses such as schizophrenia or eating disorder. […] The above research suggests that as one grows older the continued negative effect of a chronic speech disorder such as stammering can be debilitating socially and psychologically.

• #65 Anxiety Social Phobia Depression and Suicide among People Who Stutter; A Review Study – Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology

  https://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-385-en.html

  Anxiety, Social Phobia, Depression, and Suicide among People Who Stutter; A Review Study. J Occup Health Epidemiol 2020; 9 (2) :98-109URL: http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-385-en.html […] This review study aims to probe four common mental disorders, including anxiety, social phobia, depression, and suicide in people who stutter (PWS) as well as in people who do not stutter (PWNS). […] According to the results, anxiety and social anxiety were the most common mental disorders in the stuttering population. […] The rate of anxiety and social anxiety was higher in PWS than in PWNS. […] We need more research on mental disorders in PWS because various psychological aspects, especially depression, have not yet been fully studied in people who stutter.

• #66 Fear of speaking: chronic anxiety and stammering | Advances in Psychiatric Treatment | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/advances-in-psychiatric-treatment/article/fear-of-speaking-chronic-anxiety-and-stammering/3159744DE5296FF7A614C4C8267DEC90

  The negative social consequences begin early for children who stammer. […] Communication fears have been shown to be significantly higher in children who stammer than in children who do not, and these fears increase with age. […] If stammering is left untreated, the risk of developing an anxiety disorder in later life may be greater. […] Longitudinal research following children with speech or language disorders (including stammering) from 5 years of age has consistently found that in early adulthood they have increased rates of anxiety disorders (mostly social phobia) compared with other psychiatric illnesses such as schizophrenia or eating disorder. […] The above research suggests that as one grows older the continued negative effect of a chronic speech disorder such as stammering can be debilitating socially and psychologically.

• #67 Fear of speaking: chronic anxiety and stammering | Advances in Psychiatric Treatment | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/advances-in-psychiatric-treatment/article/fear-of-speaking-chronic-anxiety-and-stammering/3159744DE5296FF7A614C4C8267DEC90

  The negative social consequences begin early for children who stammer. […] Communication fears have been shown to be significantly higher in children who stammer than in children who do not, and these fears increase with age. […] If stammering is left untreated, the risk of developing an anxiety disorder in later life may be greater. […] Longitudinal research following children with speech or language disorders (including stammering) from 5 years of age has consistently found that in early adulthood they have increased rates of anxiety disorders (mostly social phobia) compared with other psychiatric illnesses such as schizophrenia or eating disorder. […] The above research suggests that as one grows older the continued negative effect of a chronic speech disorder such as stammering can be debilitating socially and psychologically.

• #68 Fear of speaking: chronic anxiety and stammering | Advances in Psychiatric Treatment | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/advances-in-psychiatric-treatment/article/fear-of-speaking-chronic-anxiety-and-stammering/3159744DE5296FF7A614C4C8267DEC90

  The risk of stammering increases when an individual with a stammer engages in an anxiety-provoking social interaction, and that the moment of stammering is more likely than not associated with increased levels of physiological arousal and anxiety. […] Recent research suggests that many people who stammer do present with higher than normal levels of chronic anxiety. […] The majority of studies suggest that adults who stammer are at greater risk of developing chronic anxiety. […] The best available evidence on the relationship between stammering and anxiety strongly suggests that a rethink of the DSMIV diagnostic features for stammering is needed. […] It seems appropriate to state in the diagnostic features that a proportion of people who stammer present with severe social anxiety. […] We believe that a more strategic approach to the treatment of stammering is now needed. […] It is important for the long-term fluency and quality of life of these people that both stammering treatments and anti-anxiety therapies be employed in the management of their dysfluency.

• #69 Fear of speaking: chronic anxiety and stammering | Advances in Psychiatric Treatment | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/advances-in-psychiatric-treatment/article/fear-of-speaking-chronic-anxiety-and-stammering/3159744DE5296FF7A614C4C8267DEC90

  The risk of stammering increases when an individual with a stammer engages in an anxiety-provoking social interaction, and that the moment of stammering is more likely than not associated with increased levels of physiological arousal and anxiety. […] Recent research suggests that many people who stammer do present with higher than normal levels of chronic anxiety. […] The majority of studies suggest that adults who stammer are at greater risk of developing chronic anxiety. […] The best available evidence on the relationship between stammering and anxiety strongly suggests that a rethink of the DSMIV diagnostic features for stammering is needed. […] It seems appropriate to state in the diagnostic features that a proportion of people who stammer present with severe social anxiety. […] We believe that a more strategic approach to the treatment of stammering is now needed. […] It is important for the long-term fluency and quality of life of these people that both stammering treatments and anti-anxiety therapies be employed in the management of their dysfluency.

• #70 Epidemiology of Stuttering: 21st Century Advances

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3687212/

  Epidemiological advances in stuttering during the current century are reviewed within the perspectives of past knowledge. […] It is concluded that: (1) most of the risk for stuttering onset is over by age 5, earlier than has been previously thought, with a male-to-female ratio near onset smaller than what has been thought, (2) there are indications that the lifespan incidence in the general population may be higher than the 5% commonly cited in past work, (3) the average prevalence over the lifespan may be lower than the commonly held 1%, (4) the effects of race, ethnicity, culture, bilingualism, and socioeconomic status on the incidence/prevalence of stuttering remain uncertain, (5) longitudinal, as well as incidence and prevalence studies support high levels of natural recovery from stuttering, (6) advances in biological genetic research have brought within reach the identification of candidate genes that contribute to stuttering in the population at large, (7) subtype-differentiation has attracted growing interest, with most of the accumulated evidence supporting a distinction between persistent and recovered subtypes.

• #71 Stuttering (Stammering) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603738/

  Stuttering is a relatively common condition with a global prevalence of around 80 million and poses a significant challenge for healthcare providers. […] Developmental stuttering predominantly affects children aged 2 to 6, with an estimated 5% to 10% of preschoolers affected. […] Epidemiological data on neurogenic stuttering remain incomplete, and the majority of published studies primarily consist of single case reports or small case series. […] General consensus was obtained that neurogenic stuttering is more frequently observed in adults and disproportionately affects men, with reported gender ratios ranging between 2:1 and 10:1. […] This form of stuttering is exceptionally rare. An analysis of the World Health Organization’s global individual case safety reports database (VigiBase) revealed a cumulative incidence of only 724 cases worldwide as of May 2020.

• #72 Stuttering (Stammering) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603738/

  Stuttering is a relatively common condition with a global prevalence of around 80 million and poses a significant challenge for healthcare providers. […] Developmental stuttering predominantly affects children aged 2 to 6, with an estimated 5% to 10% of preschoolers affected. […] Epidemiological data on neurogenic stuttering remain incomplete, and the majority of published studies primarily consist of single case reports or small case series. […] General consensus was obtained that neurogenic stuttering is more frequently observed in adults and disproportionately affects men, with reported gender ratios ranging between 2:1 and 10:1. […] This form of stuttering is exceptionally rare. An analysis of the World Health Organization’s global individual case safety reports database (VigiBase) revealed a cumulative incidence of only 724 cases worldwide as of May 2020.

• #73 Stuttering Stems from Problems in Brain Wiring, Not Personalities | Scientific American

  https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/stuttering-stems-from-problems-in-brain-wiring-not-personalities/

  These myths and misconceptions have been debunked. Over the past 20 years, and especially in the past five to 10, a growing body of research has established that stuttering is biological in nature. Specifically, it looks like a neurodevelopmental disorder. In most of the more than 70 million people worldwide who stutter, the condition appears early in life, when children are learning to talk. Looking at the brains of people who stutter, scientists have uncovered subtle variations in both structure and function that affect the fluidity of speech. Compared with those who do not stutter, those who do have differences in neural connectivity, changes in how their speech and motor systems are integrated, and alterations in the activity of crucial neurotransmitters such as dopamine. […] There is also a genetic component: researchers have identified four genes that dramatically increase the likelihood of this speech problem. Just as a flickering lightbulb is sometimes the result not of a bad filament but of faulty wiring throughout a room, these differences add up to what neuroscientists call a system-level problem in the brain.

• #74 Stuttering (Stammering) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603738/

  Stuttering is a relatively common condition with a global prevalence of around 80 million and poses a significant challenge for healthcare providers. […] Developmental stuttering predominantly affects children aged 2 to 6, with an estimated 5% to 10% of preschoolers affected. […] Epidemiological data on neurogenic stuttering remain incomplete, and the majority of published studies primarily consist of single case reports or small case series. […] General consensus was obtained that neurogenic stuttering is more frequently observed in adults and disproportionately affects men, with reported gender ratios ranging between 2:1 and 10:1. […] This form of stuttering is exceptionally rare. An analysis of the World Health Organization’s global individual case safety reports database (VigiBase) revealed a cumulative incidence of only 724 cases worldwide as of May 2020.

• #75 Stuttering (Stammering) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603738/

  Stuttering is a relatively common condition with a global prevalence of around 80 million and poses a significant challenge for healthcare providers. […] Developmental stuttering predominantly affects children aged 2 to 6, with an estimated 5% to 10% of preschoolers affected. […] Epidemiological data on neurogenic stuttering remain incomplete, and the majority of published studies primarily consist of single case reports or small case series. […] General consensus was obtained that neurogenic stuttering is more frequently observed in adults and disproportionately affects men, with reported gender ratios ranging between 2:1 and 10:1. […] This form of stuttering is exceptionally rare. An analysis of the World Health Organization’s global individual case safety reports database (VigiBase) revealed a cumulative incidence of only 724 cases worldwide as of May 2020.

• #76 The Significance of Seizures Related to Language and Speech in Ep

  https://www.iomcworld.org/open-access/the-significance-of-seizures-related-to-language-and-speech-in-epilepsy-and-diagnostic-conundrums-97711.html

  Stuttering is a chronic condition that can occasionally persist into adulthood, common in young children (expected as part of the process of speech development between ages 3 and 8), and a symptom of trauma, brain injury, strokes, or epileptic seizures. […] The literature on the subject has recently focused on the potential link between stuttering and other neurological issues caused by COVID-19, which further obscures the diagnostic criteria for stuttering. […] The study examines language-induced epilepsy because the aforementioned perspectives which see stuttering as a symptom, primarily in epilepsy have been the subject of much discussion in published studies from the 1960s to the present. […] Overall, a study of this kind might highlight the need for additional research into the diagnostic conundrum of whether stuttering, reflex epilepsy, and language-induced epilepsy are the proven effects or the unproven causes.

• #77 Stuttering (Stammering) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603738/

  Stuttering is a relatively common condition with a global prevalence of around 80 million and poses a significant challenge for healthcare providers. […] Developmental stuttering predominantly affects children aged 2 to 6, with an estimated 5% to 10% of preschoolers affected. […] Epidemiological data on neurogenic stuttering remain incomplete, and the majority of published studies primarily consist of single case reports or small case series. […] General consensus was obtained that neurogenic stuttering is more frequently observed in adults and disproportionately affects men, with reported gender ratios ranging between 2:1 and 10:1. […] This form of stuttering is exceptionally rare. An analysis of the World Health Organization’s global individual case safety reports database (VigiBase) revealed a cumulative incidence of only 724 cases worldwide as of May 2020.

• #78 Practice tip: medication-induced stuttering in psychiatric patients | This Changed My Practice (TCMP) by UBC CPD

  https://thischangedmypractice.com/medication-induced-stuttering/

  Patients with schizophrenia can, in fact, age prematurely, but many of the outward signs of aging can be prevented or buffered. […] When stuttering emerges de novo in adulthood, the cause can be psychogenic, a reaction to a significantly stressful event. […] Drug-induced stutter is considered a subcategory of neurogenic stutter. While its prevalence has not been established, a retrospective study in Ireland estimated clozapine-induced stuttering at 0.92%, 6 out of 654 patients, with no significant sex difference. […] Risk factors for developing drug-induced stuttering in psychiatric patients include: a history of disfluency problems in the family or a personal history of childhood stuttering, as has frequently been reported in the case of Parkinson’s disease-induced stuttering. […] The type of drug is an important risk factor, as is the dose of the drug, and, finally, the prior presence of EPS/TD.

• #79 Stuttering (Stammering) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603738/

  Stuttering is a relatively common condition with a global prevalence of around 80 million and poses a significant challenge for healthcare providers. […] Developmental stuttering predominantly affects children aged 2 to 6, with an estimated 5% to 10% of preschoolers affected. […] Epidemiological data on neurogenic stuttering remain incomplete, and the majority of published studies primarily consist of single case reports or small case series. […] General consensus was obtained that neurogenic stuttering is more frequently observed in adults and disproportionately affects men, with reported gender ratios ranging between 2:1 and 10:1. […] This form of stuttering is exceptionally rare. An analysis of the World Health Organization’s global individual case safety reports database (VigiBase) revealed a cumulative incidence of only 724 cases worldwide as of May 2020.

• #80 Practice tip: medication-induced stuttering in psychiatric patients | This Changed My Practice (TCMP) by UBC CPD

  https://thischangedmypractice.com/medication-induced-stuttering/

  Patients with schizophrenia can, in fact, age prematurely, but many of the outward signs of aging can be prevented or buffered. […] When stuttering emerges de novo in adulthood, the cause can be psychogenic, a reaction to a significantly stressful event. […] Drug-induced stutter is considered a subcategory of neurogenic stutter. While its prevalence has not been established, a retrospective study in Ireland estimated clozapine-induced stuttering at 0.92%, 6 out of 654 patients, with no significant sex difference. […] Risk factors for developing drug-induced stuttering in psychiatric patients include: a history of disfluency problems in the family or a personal history of childhood stuttering, as has frequently been reported in the case of Parkinson’s disease-induced stuttering. […] The type of drug is an important risk factor, as is the dose of the drug, and, finally, the prior presence of EPS/TD.

• #81 Stuttering Market to Register Stunning Growth at a CAGR of 13.4% by 2034 | DelveInsight

  https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/stuttering-market-to-register-stunning-growth-at-a-cagr-of-13-4-by-2034–delveinsight-302158906.html

  The stuttering epidemiology section provides insights into the historical and current stuttering patient pool and forecasted trends for the 7MM. […] The stuttering market report proffers epidemiological analysis for the study period 20202034 in the 7MM segmented into: Total Prevalent Cases of Stuttering, Total Diagnosed Prevalent Cases of Stuttering, Gender-Specific Diagnosed Prevalent Cases of Stuttering. […] According to estimations by DelveInsight, the total prevalent cases of stuttering across the 7MM stood at roughly 4 million, with nearly 885K diagnosed prevalent cases reported in 2023. […] Among the 7MM, the US accounted for approximately 47%, EU4 and the UK for nearly 38%, and Japan for around 15% of the total diagnosed prevalent cases of stuttering in 2023; these cases are expected to increase by 2034 due to improved diagnostic methods, leading to more accurate identification and reporting of stuttering cases globally.

• #82 Stuttering Market to Register Stunning Growth at a CAGR of 13.4% by 2034 | DelveInsight

  https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/stuttering-market-to-register-stunning-growth-at-a-cagr-of-13-4-by-2034–delveinsight-302158906.html

  The stuttering epidemiology section provides insights into the historical and current stuttering patient pool and forecasted trends for the 7MM. […] The stuttering market report proffers epidemiological analysis for the study period 20202034 in the 7MM segmented into: Total Prevalent Cases of Stuttering, Total Diagnosed Prevalent Cases of Stuttering, Gender-Specific Diagnosed Prevalent Cases of Stuttering. […] According to estimations by DelveInsight, the total prevalent cases of stuttering across the 7MM stood at roughly 4 million, with nearly 885K diagnosed prevalent cases reported in 2023. […] Among the 7MM, the US accounted for approximately 47%, EU4 and the UK for nearly 38%, and Japan for around 15% of the total diagnosed prevalent cases of stuttering in 2023; these cases are expected to increase by 2034 due to improved diagnostic methods, leading to more accurate identification and reporting of stuttering cases globally.

• #83 Stuttering Market to Register Stunning Growth at a CAGR of 13.4% by 2034 | DelveInsight

  https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/stuttering-market-to-register-stunning-growth-at-a-cagr-of-13-4-by-2034–delveinsight-302158906.html

  The stuttering epidemiology section provides insights into the historical and current stuttering patient pool and forecasted trends for the 7MM. […] The stuttering market report proffers epidemiological analysis for the study period 20202034 in the 7MM segmented into: Total Prevalent Cases of Stuttering, Total Diagnosed Prevalent Cases of Stuttering, Gender-Specific Diagnosed Prevalent Cases of Stuttering. […] According to estimations by DelveInsight, the total prevalent cases of stuttering across the 7MM stood at roughly 4 million, with nearly 885K diagnosed prevalent cases reported in 2023. […] Among the 7MM, the US accounted for approximately 47%, EU4 and the UK for nearly 38%, and Japan for around 15% of the total diagnosed prevalent cases of stuttering in 2023; these cases are expected to increase by 2034 due to improved diagnostic methods, leading to more accurate identification and reporting of stuttering cases globally.

• #84 Stuttering Market to Register Stunning Growth at a CAGR of 13.4% by 2034 | DelveInsight

  https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/stuttering-market-to-register-stunning-growth-at-a-cagr-of-13-4-by-2034–delveinsight-302158906.html

  The stuttering epidemiology section provides insights into the historical and current stuttering patient pool and forecasted trends for the 7MM. […] The stuttering market report proffers epidemiological analysis for the study period 20202034 in the 7MM segmented into: Total Prevalent Cases of Stuttering, Total Diagnosed Prevalent Cases of Stuttering, Gender-Specific Diagnosed Prevalent Cases of Stuttering. […] According to estimations by DelveInsight, the total prevalent cases of stuttering across the 7MM stood at roughly 4 million, with nearly 885K diagnosed prevalent cases reported in 2023. […] Among the 7MM, the US accounted for approximately 47%, EU4 and the UK for nearly 38%, and Japan for around 15% of the total diagnosed prevalent cases of stuttering in 2023; these cases are expected to increase by 2034 due to improved diagnostic methods, leading to more accurate identification and reporting of stuttering cases globally.

• #85 Top Published Expert Doctors for Stuttering

  https://findexpertmd.com/d/Stuttering

  309 top medical experts on Stuttering across 39 countries and 37 U.S. states, including 128 MDs (Physicians). This is based on an objective analysis of their Scientific Publications, Clinical Trials, Medicare, and NIH Grants. […] Clinical Trials ClinicalTrials.gov : at least 46 including 1 Active, 20 Completed, 8 Recruiting. […] Synonyms: Stammering.

• #86 Epidemiology of Stuttering: 21st Century Advances

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3687212/

  In view of the above, we incline to infer that the conventionally accepted 5% lifetime incidence statistic is, perhaps, too conservative. […] The recent advances show younger age at onset, similar age for the two genders, smaller M/F ratio, many cases of sudden onset sudden, and narrower age range for onset risk (a younger upper end than previously). […] In evaluating the recent information, it is clear that prevalence under age 6 is considerably higher than in later periods in life. […] The concentration of stuttering cases in young ages also means that preparation of clinicians to work with this age group, including evaluation, risk prognosis, parent counselling, and therapy, should be upgraded. […] The smaller polarity of affected males versus females near the time of onset as compared with the polarity at more advanced ages suggests that recovery from stuttering is considerably more frequent in girls than in boys.

• #87 Epidemiology of Stuttering: 21st Century Advances

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3687212/

  In view of the above, we incline to infer that the conventionally accepted 5% lifetime incidence statistic is, perhaps, too conservative. […] The recent advances show younger age at onset, similar age for the two genders, smaller M/F ratio, many cases of sudden onset sudden, and narrower age range for onset risk (a younger upper end than previously). […] In evaluating the recent information, it is clear that prevalence under age 6 is considerably higher than in later periods in life. […] The concentration of stuttering cases in young ages also means that preparation of clinicians to work with this age group, including evaluation, risk prognosis, parent counselling, and therapy, should be upgraded. […] The smaller polarity of affected males versus females near the time of onset as compared with the polarity at more advanced ages suggests that recovery from stuttering is considerably more frequent in girls than in boys.

• #88 Evaluating Palin Stammering Therapy for School Children (Palin STSC 8–14): protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial comparing Palin STSC(8–14) with usual treatment | Pilot and Feasibility Studies | Full Text

  https://pilotfeasibilitystudies.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40814-022-01158-1

  Having a stammer can have a significant effect on a childs social, emotional and educational development. With approximately 66,000 children in the UK having a stammer, there is a need to establish an adequate evidence base to inform clinical practice. […] There is a strong need for an evidence-based intervention for school age children who stammer. […] According to the Department for Education (2012), there are 6,614,230 children in state-funded primary and secondary schools in England. Based on a prevalence figure of 1%, this means that there are estimated to be over 66,000 school aged children in the UK with a chronic stammer. […] The current literature shows there is a clear need for evidence-based interventions targeting school-age children which can be delivered by speech and language therapists within local services.

• #89 Evaluating Palin Stammering Therapy for School Children (Palin STSC 8–14): protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial comparing Palin STSC(8–14) with usual treatment | Pilot and Feasibility Studies | Full Text

  https://pilotfeasibilitystudies.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40814-022-01158-1

  Having a stammer can have a significant effect on a childs social, emotional and educational development. With approximately 66,000 children in the UK having a stammer, there is a need to establish an adequate evidence base to inform clinical practice. […] There is a strong need for an evidence-based intervention for school age children who stammer. […] According to the Department for Education (2012), there are 6,614,230 children in state-funded primary and secondary schools in England. Based on a prevalence figure of 1%, this means that there are estimated to be over 66,000 school aged children in the UK with a chronic stammer. […] The current literature shows there is a clear need for evidence-based interventions targeting school-age children which can be delivered by speech and language therapists within local services.

• #90 Evaluating Palin Stammering Therapy for School Children (Palin STSC 8–14): protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial comparing Palin STSC(8–14) with usual treatment | Pilot and Feasibility Studies | Full Text

  https://pilotfeasibilitystudies.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40814-022-01158-1

  Having a stammer can have a significant effect on a childs social, emotional and educational development. With approximately 66,000 children in the UK having a stammer, there is a need to establish an adequate evidence base to inform clinical practice. […] There is a strong need for an evidence-based intervention for school age children who stammer. […] According to the Department for Education (2012), there are 6,614,230 children in state-funded primary and secondary schools in England. Based on a prevalence figure of 1%, this means that there are estimated to be over 66,000 school aged children in the UK with a chronic stammer. […] The current literature shows there is a clear need for evidence-based interventions targeting school-age children which can be delivered by speech and language therapists within local services.

• #91 Fear of speaking: chronic anxiety and stammering | Advances in Psychiatric Treatment | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/advances-in-psychiatric-treatment/article/fear-of-speaking-chronic-anxiety-and-stammering/3159744DE5296FF7A614C4C8267DEC90

  The risk of stammering increases when an individual with a stammer engages in an anxiety-provoking social interaction, and that the moment of stammering is more likely than not associated with increased levels of physiological arousal and anxiety. […] Recent research suggests that many people who stammer do present with higher than normal levels of chronic anxiety. […] The majority of studies suggest that adults who stammer are at greater risk of developing chronic anxiety. […] The best available evidence on the relationship between stammering and anxiety strongly suggests that a rethink of the DSMIV diagnostic features for stammering is needed. […] It seems appropriate to state in the diagnostic features that a proportion of people who stammer present with severe social anxiety. […] We believe that a more strategic approach to the treatment of stammering is now needed. […] It is important for the long-term fluency and quality of life of these people that both stammering treatments and anti-anxiety therapies be employed in the management of their dysfluency.

• #92 Epidemiology of Stuttering: 21st Century Advances

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3687212/

  Epidemiological advances in stuttering during the current century are reviewed within the perspectives of past knowledge. […] It is concluded that: (1) most of the risk for stuttering onset is over by age 5, earlier than has been previously thought, with a male-to-female ratio near onset smaller than what has been thought, (2) there are indications that the lifespan incidence in the general population may be higher than the 5% commonly cited in past work, (3) the average prevalence over the lifespan may be lower than the commonly held 1%, (4) the effects of race, ethnicity, culture, bilingualism, and socioeconomic status on the incidence/prevalence of stuttering remain uncertain, (5) longitudinal, as well as incidence and prevalence studies support high levels of natural recovery from stuttering, (6) advances in biological genetic research have brought within reach the identification of candidate genes that contribute to stuttering in the population at large, (7) subtype-differentiation has attracted growing interest, with most of the accumulated evidence supporting a distinction between persistent and recovered subtypes.

• #93 Epidemiology of Stuttering: 21st Century Advances

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3687212/

  Epidemiological advances in stuttering during the current century are reviewed within the perspectives of past knowledge. […] It is concluded that: (1) most of the risk for stuttering onset is over by age 5, earlier than has been previously thought, with a male-to-female ratio near onset smaller than what has been thought, (2) there are indications that the lifespan incidence in the general population may be higher than the 5% commonly cited in past work, (3) the average prevalence over the lifespan may be lower than the commonly held 1%, (4) the effects of race, ethnicity, culture, bilingualism, and socioeconomic status on the incidence/prevalence of stuttering remain uncertain, (5) longitudinal, as well as incidence and prevalence studies support high levels of natural recovery from stuttering, (6) advances in biological genetic research have brought within reach the identification of candidate genes that contribute to stuttering in the population at large, (7) subtype-differentiation has attracted growing interest, with most of the accumulated evidence supporting a distinction between persistent and recovered subtypes.

• #94 Epidemiology of Stuttering: 21st Century Advances

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3687212/

  Epidemiological advances in stuttering during the current century are reviewed within the perspectives of past knowledge. […] It is concluded that: (1) most of the risk for stuttering onset is over by age 5, earlier than has been previously thought, with a male-to-female ratio near onset smaller than what has been thought, (2) there are indications that the lifespan incidence in the general population may be higher than the 5% commonly cited in past work, (3) the average prevalence over the lifespan may be lower than the commonly held 1%, (4) the effects of race, ethnicity, culture, bilingualism, and socioeconomic status on the incidence/prevalence of stuttering remain uncertain, (5) longitudinal, as well as incidence and prevalence studies support high levels of natural recovery from stuttering, (6) advances in biological genetic research have brought within reach the identification of candidate genes that contribute to stuttering in the population at large, (7) subtype-differentiation has attracted growing interest, with most of the accumulated evidence supporting a distinction between persistent and recovered subtypes.

• #95 Epidemiology of Stuttering: 21st Century Advances

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3687212/

  Epidemiological advances in stuttering during the current century are reviewed within the perspectives of past knowledge. […] It is concluded that: (1) most of the risk for stuttering onset is over by age 5, earlier than has been previously thought, with a male-to-female ratio near onset smaller than what has been thought, (2) there are indications that the lifespan incidence in the general population may be higher than the 5% commonly cited in past work, (3) the average prevalence over the lifespan may be lower than the commonly held 1%, (4) the effects of race, ethnicity, culture, bilingualism, and socioeconomic status on the incidence/prevalence of stuttering remain uncertain, (5) longitudinal, as well as incidence and prevalence studies support high levels of natural recovery from stuttering, (6) advances in biological genetic research have brought within reach the identification of candidate genes that contribute to stuttering in the population at large, (7) subtype-differentiation has attracted growing interest, with most of the accumulated evidence supporting a distinction between persistent and recovered subtypes.

• #96 Epidemiology of Stuttering: 21st Century Advances

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3687212/

  Epidemiological advances in stuttering during the current century are reviewed within the perspectives of past knowledge. […] It is concluded that: (1) most of the risk for stuttering onset is over by age 5, earlier than has been previously thought, with a male-to-female ratio near onset smaller than what has been thought, (2) there are indications that the lifespan incidence in the general population may be higher than the 5% commonly cited in past work, (3) the average prevalence over the lifespan may be lower than the commonly held 1%, (4) the effects of race, ethnicity, culture, bilingualism, and socioeconomic status on the incidence/prevalence of stuttering remain uncertain, (5) longitudinal, as well as incidence and prevalence studies support high levels of natural recovery from stuttering, (6) advances in biological genetic research have brought within reach the identification of candidate genes that contribute to stuttering in the population at large, (7) subtype-differentiation has attracted growing interest, with most of the accumulated evidence supporting a distinction between persistent and recovered subtypes.

• #97 Epidemiology of Stuttering: 21st Century Advances

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3687212/

  Epidemiological advances in stuttering during the current century are reviewed within the perspectives of past knowledge. […] It is concluded that: (1) most of the risk for stuttering onset is over by age 5, earlier than has been previously thought, with a male-to-female ratio near onset smaller than what has been thought, (2) there are indications that the lifespan incidence in the general population may be higher than the 5% commonly cited in past work, (3) the average prevalence over the lifespan may be lower than the commonly held 1%, (4) the effects of race, ethnicity, culture, bilingualism, and socioeconomic status on the incidence/prevalence of stuttering remain uncertain, (5) longitudinal, as well as incidence and prevalence studies support high levels of natural recovery from stuttering, (6) advances in biological genetic research have brought within reach the identification of candidate genes that contribute to stuttering in the population at large, (7) subtype-differentiation has attracted growing interest, with most of the accumulated evidence supporting a distinction between persistent and recovered subtypes.

• #98 Epidemiology of Stuttering: 21st Century Advances

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3687212/

  Epidemiological advances in stuttering during the current century are reviewed within the perspectives of past knowledge. […] It is concluded that: (1) most of the risk for stuttering onset is over by age 5, earlier than has been previously thought, with a male-to-female ratio near onset smaller than what has been thought, (2) there are indications that the lifespan incidence in the general population may be higher than the 5% commonly cited in past work, (3) the average prevalence over the lifespan may be lower than the commonly held 1%, (4) the effects of race, ethnicity, culture, bilingualism, and socioeconomic status on the incidence/prevalence of stuttering remain uncertain, (5) longitudinal, as well as incidence and prevalence studies support high levels of natural recovery from stuttering, (6) advances in biological genetic research have brought within reach the identification of candidate genes that contribute to stuttering in the population at large, (7) subtype-differentiation has attracted growing interest, with most of the accumulated evidence supporting a distinction between persistent and recovered subtypes.

• #99 Epidemiology of Stuttering: 21st Century Advances

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3687212/

  Epidemiological advances in stuttering during the current century are reviewed within the perspectives of past knowledge. […] It is concluded that: (1) most of the risk for stuttering onset is over by age 5, earlier than has been previously thought, with a male-to-female ratio near onset smaller than what has been thought, (2) there are indications that the lifespan incidence in the general population may be higher than the 5% commonly cited in past work, (3) the average prevalence over the lifespan may be lower than the commonly held 1%, (4) the effects of race, ethnicity, culture, bilingualism, and socioeconomic status on the incidence/prevalence of stuttering remain uncertain, (5) longitudinal, as well as incidence and prevalence studies support high levels of natural recovery from stuttering, (6) advances in biological genetic research have brought within reach the identification of candidate genes that contribute to stuttering in the population at large, (7) subtype-differentiation has attracted growing interest, with most of the accumulated evidence supporting a distinction between persistent and recovered subtypes.

• #100 Anxiety Social Phobia Depression and Suicide among People Who Stutter; A Review Study – Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology

  https://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-385-en.html

  Anxiety, Social Phobia, Depression, and Suicide among People Who Stutter; A Review Study. J Occup Health Epidemiol 2020; 9 (2) :98-109URL: http://johe.rums.ac.ir/article-1-385-en.html […] This review study aims to probe four common mental disorders, including anxiety, social phobia, depression, and suicide in people who stutter (PWS) as well as in people who do not stutter (PWNS). […] According to the results, anxiety and social anxiety were the most common mental disorders in the stuttering population. […] The rate of anxiety and social anxiety was higher in PWS than in PWNS. […] We need more research on mental disorders in PWS because various psychological aspects, especially depression, have not yet been fully studied in people who stutter.

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