Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pituitary Tumors: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1157189-overview

  Pituitary tumors represent 10%15% of all intracranial tumors. […] Whereas incidental pituitary tumors are found in approximately 10% of autopsies and neuroimaging studies of healthy subjects, clinically evident pituitary adenomas are present in 1 of 11,000 subjects in the general population. […] The relative frequency of clinically evident pituitary adenomas is approximately 41%62% in prolactinomas, 1548% in clinically nonfunctioning adenomas, 6%14% in somatotroph adenomas, 26% in corticotrophin adenomas, and approximately 1% in thyrotroph adenomas. […] The incidence of clinically evident pituitary adenomas has been estimated to be 40 per million individuals per year. […] The annual incidence of pituitary adenomas per 1 million individuals is estimated to be in the range of 16 to 26 for prolactinomas, approximately 10 for somatotroph adenomas, and 1.6 for corticotrophin adenomas.

• #2 Epidemiology of common and uncommon adult pituitary tumors in the U.S. according to the 2017 World Health Organization classification

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10200311/

  Pituitary tumors comprise approximately 10-15% of all intracranial tumors in the adult population. […] Although sellar tumors are predominated by pituitary adenomas, there are many diverse tumor types that are also encountered in the pituitary region, including craniopharyngiomas, tumors of the posterior pituitary, chordomas, and meningiomas among several others which can have a wide range of presentation and morbidity. […] Here, we leverage a national cancer database to comprehensively analyze the epidemiology of all pituitary tumor types with a particular focus on uncommon types using the contemporary framework of the WHO2017 classification schema. […] Overall, craniopharyngiomas represented less than 4% of pituitary tumors in adults. […] Together, pituitary adenomas and craniopharyngiomas represent 98% of newly-diagnosed pituitary region tumors (both in those with pathological confirmation and those without), whereas all other pituitary tumor types comprise just 1%.

• #3 Pituitary Adenomas: From Diagnosis to Therapeutics

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/9/5/494

  Pituitary adenomas are tumors that arise in the anterior pituitary gland. They are the third most common cause of central nervous system (CNS) tumors among adults. Most adenomas are benign and exert their effect via excess hormone secretion or mass effect. […] Central nervous system (CNS) tumors account for 1.4% of all newly diagnosed tumors. Among adults, PAs are the third most common CNS tumors accounting for 15% of all CNS tumors, with a vast majority of those being benign PAs. The overall community prevalence, globally, of PA is estimated to be between 68 to 115 per 100,000. […] A meta-analysis based on autopsy and radiographic studies estimated that PAs develop in approximately 16.7% of the population. A significant fraction of these incidences are believed to be incidentalomas, which lack clinical symptoms and remain undiagnosed until an autopsy examination.

• #4 Epidemiology of Functioning Pituitary Adenomas

  https://www.e-enm.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.3803/EnM.2020.35.2.237

  This review summarizes previously reported epidemiologic data on functioning PAs in Korea and other countries. […] PAs were previously considered to be very rare, but recent data have revealed that their prevalence is higher than previously reported, potentially due to developments in imaging techniques and the increased detection of incidentalomas found during radiological work-ups for other diseases. […] Epidemiologic data on PAs based on a national-level cancer registry have been reported, but it has also limitation of underestimating the actual prevalence of PAs due to the lack of mandatory reporting. […] Recently, population studies on the basis of big data analysis using national insurance claims data in Korea have been published. […] Despite the issue on the accuracy of their operational definitions, used in these studies, they have the advantage of enabling investigators to obtain epidemiologic data from the general population, and this method has therefore been applied in various studies for other diseases.

• #5 Epidemiology of Functioning Pituitary Adenomas

  https://www.e-enm.org/journal/view.php?number=2036

  This review summarizes previously reported epidemiologic data on functioning PAs in Korea and other countries. […] PAs were previously considered to be very rare, but recent data have revealed that their prevalence is higher than previously reported, potentially due to developments in imaging techniques and the increased detection of incidentalomas found during radiological work-ups for other diseases. […] Epidemiologic data on PAs based on a national-level cancer registry have been reported, but it has also limitation of underestimating the actual prevalence of PAs due to the lack of mandatory reporting. […] Recently, population studies on the basis of big data analysis using national insurance claims data in Korea have been published. […] Despite the issue on the accuracy of their operational definitions, used in these studies, they have the advantage of enabling investigators to obtain epidemiologic data from the general population, and this method has therefore been applied in various studies for other diseases.

• #6 The Epidemiology of Pituitary Adenomas – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32741475/

  Pituitary adenomas are usually nonmalignant, but have a heavy burden on patients and health care systems. Increased availability of MRI has led to an increase in incidentally found pituitary lesions and clinically relevant pituitary adenomas. Epidemiologic studies show that pituitary adenomas are increasing in incidence (between 3.9 and 7.4 cases per 100,000 per year) and prevalence (76 to 116 cases per 100,000 population) in the general population (approximately 1 case per 1000 of the general population). […] Most new cases diagnosed are prolactinomas and nonsecreting pituitary adenomas. Most clinically relevant pituitary adenomas occur in females, but pituitary adenomas are clinically heterogeneous.

• #7 Pituitary Tumors – Epidemiology and the Diagnostic Value of 68Ga-DOTATOC PET

  https://gupea.ub.gu.se/handle/2077/65130?show=full

  Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) are considered common in the general population. However benign in most cases, these tumors can evoke dramatic morbidity in patients with aggressive tumor growth and/or excess hormone secretion. […] The overall aim of this thesis was to study regional PitNET incidence and epidemiological data, and to describe the pre- and post-operative diagnostic properties of 68Ga-DOTATOC-PET. […] In Paper I, we found the standardized incidence rate (SIR) of PitNETs during the study period was 3.9 cases/100,000/year, which was higher than previously reported from the same region. […] In conclusion, PitNET SIR was higher compared to previously reported data from the same region before MRI became clinical routine.

• #8

  https://scholars.duke.edu/publication/1470377

  Descriptive epidemiology of pituitary tumors in the United States, 2004-2009. […] OBJECT: Pituitary tumors are abnormal growths that develop in the pituitary gland. […] These data were used to determine the incidence of tumors of the pituitary and associated trends between 2004 and 2009. […] The overall annual incidence rate increased from 2.52 (95% CI 2.46-2.58) in 2004 to 3.13 (95% CI 3.07-3.20) in 2009. […] Associated time trend yielded an APC of 4.25% (95% CI 2.91%-5.61%). […] When stratifying by patient sex, the annual incidence rate increased from 2.42 (95% CI 2.33-2.50) to 2.94 (95% CI 2.85-3.03) in men and 2.70 (95% CI 2.62-2.79) to 3.40 (95% CI 3.31-3.49) in women, with APCs of 4.35% (95% CI 3.21%-5.51%) and 4.34% (95% CI 2.23%-6.49%), respectively. […] When stratifying by race, the annual incidence rate increased from 2.31 (95% CI 2.25-2.37) to 2.81 (95% CI 2.74-2.88) in whites, 3.99 (95% CI 3.77-4.23) to 5.31 (95% CI 5.06-5.56) in blacks, 1.77 (95% CI 1.26-2.42) to 2.52 (95% CI 1.96-3.19) in American Indians or Alaska Natives, and 1.86 (95% CI 1.62-2.13) to 2.03 (95% CI 1.80-2.28) in Asians or Pacific Islanders, with APCs of 3.91% (95% CI 2.88%-4.95%), 5.25% (95% CI 3.19%-7.36%), 5.31% (95% CI -0.11% to 11.03%), and 2.40% (95% CI -3.20% to 8.31%), respectively.

• #9 Pituitary Tumors: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1157189-overview

  Pituitary tumors represent 10%15% of all intracranial tumors. […] Whereas incidental pituitary tumors are found in approximately 10% of autopsies and neuroimaging studies of healthy subjects, clinically evident pituitary adenomas are present in 1 of 11,000 subjects in the general population. […] The relative frequency of clinically evident pituitary adenomas is approximately 41%62% in prolactinomas, 1548% in clinically nonfunctioning adenomas, 6%14% in somatotroph adenomas, 26% in corticotrophin adenomas, and approximately 1% in thyrotroph adenomas. […] The incidence of clinically evident pituitary adenomas has been estimated to be 40 per million individuals per year. […] The annual incidence of pituitary adenomas per 1 million individuals is estimated to be in the range of 16 to 26 for prolactinomas, approximately 10 for somatotroph adenomas, and 1.6 for corticotrophin adenomas.

• #10 How Common Are Pituitary Tumors? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/pituitary-tumors/about/key-statistics.html

  More than 10,000 pituitary tumors are diagnosed each year in the United States. Almost all of these tumors are benign (pituitary adenomas). Very few pituitary tumors are cancers (pituitary carcinomas). […] The actual number of pituitary tumors may be much higher than the number of tumors that are found each year. When examining people who have died or who have had imaging tests (like MRI scans) of their head for other health problems, doctors have found that as many as 1 in 4 people may have a pituitary adenoma without knowing it. These tumors are often small and never cause any symptoms or health problems, so very few of them would normally be diagnosed at all. […] Pituitary tumors can occur in people of any age (including in children), but they are most often found in older adults.

• #11 Pituitary Adenoma – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Pituitary_Adenoma

  Pituitary adenomas are reported to account for 12-15% of symptomatic intracranial neoplasms and are the most common tumor of the sella turcica region. […] Overall, it is estimated that in upwards of 25% of the population have pituitary adenomas although most of these are incidentally found. […] One review found an average incidence of 16.7% (14.4% in autopsy studies and 22.5% in radiologic studies). […] Pituitary adenomas usually occur in adults; they rarely occur in childhood. […] Various articles have reported both male and female predilections. […] While most pituitary adenomas occur in isolation, 3% of cases are associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 1.

• #12 Pituitary Adenomas: From Diagnosis to Therapeutics

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/9/5/494

  Pituitary adenomas are tumors that arise in the anterior pituitary gland. They are the third most common cause of central nervous system (CNS) tumors among adults. Most adenomas are benign and exert their effect via excess hormone secretion or mass effect. […] Central nervous system (CNS) tumors account for 1.4% of all newly diagnosed tumors. Among adults, PAs are the third most common CNS tumors accounting for 15% of all CNS tumors, with a vast majority of those being benign PAs. The overall community prevalence, globally, of PA is estimated to be between 68 to 115 per 100,000. […] A meta-analysis based on autopsy and radiographic studies estimated that PAs develop in approximately 16.7% of the population. A significant fraction of these incidences are believed to be incidentalomas, which lack clinical symptoms and remain undiagnosed until an autopsy examination.

• #13 Pituitary Tumors: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1157189-overview

  However, it is important to note that these rates can vary based on population demographics and geographic location. […] Among patients with a clinically evident pituitary adenoma, 62%77% are women. […] However, sex distribution is influenced by the type of pituitary adenoma and age. […] Microprolactinomas have a female to male ratio of 20:1. […] Likewise, annual incidence of prolactinomas is higher in women than in men: 2437 vs 7.69 per million, respectively. […] Nevertheless, after menopause, prolactinoma incidence is similar in both sexes. […] Cushing disease is also more frequent in women with a female-to-male ratio of 3:1. […] On the contrary, nonfunctioning adenoma and acromegaly have similar frequency among males and females. […] Pituitary adenoma diagnosis predominates in middle-aged and elderly adults.

• #14 Pituitary Tumors: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1157189-overview

  However, it is important to note that these rates can vary based on population demographics and geographic location. […] Among patients with a clinically evident pituitary adenoma, 62%77% are women. […] However, sex distribution is influenced by the type of pituitary adenoma and age. […] Microprolactinomas have a female to male ratio of 20:1. […] Likewise, annual incidence of prolactinomas is higher in women than in men: 2437 vs 7.69 per million, respectively. […] Nevertheless, after menopause, prolactinoma incidence is similar in both sexes. […] Cushing disease is also more frequent in women with a female-to-male ratio of 3:1. […] On the contrary, nonfunctioning adenoma and acromegaly have similar frequency among males and females. […] Pituitary adenoma diagnosis predominates in middle-aged and elderly adults.

• #15 Pituitary Tumors: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1157189-overview

  However, it is important to note that these rates can vary based on population demographics and geographic location. […] Among patients with a clinically evident pituitary adenoma, 62%77% are women. […] However, sex distribution is influenced by the type of pituitary adenoma and age. […] Microprolactinomas have a female to male ratio of 20:1. […] Likewise, annual incidence of prolactinomas is higher in women than in men: 2437 vs 7.69 per million, respectively. […] Nevertheless, after menopause, prolactinoma incidence is similar in both sexes. […] Cushing disease is also more frequent in women with a female-to-male ratio of 3:1. […] On the contrary, nonfunctioning adenoma and acromegaly have similar frequency among males and females. […] Pituitary adenoma diagnosis predominates in middle-aged and elderly adults.

• #16 Pituitary Tumors: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1157189-overview

  However, it is important to note that these rates can vary based on population demographics and geographic location. […] Among patients with a clinically evident pituitary adenoma, 62%77% are women. […] However, sex distribution is influenced by the type of pituitary adenoma and age. […] Microprolactinomas have a female to male ratio of 20:1. […] Likewise, annual incidence of prolactinomas is higher in women than in men: 2437 vs 7.69 per million, respectively. […] Nevertheless, after menopause, prolactinoma incidence is similar in both sexes. […] Cushing disease is also more frequent in women with a female-to-male ratio of 3:1. […] On the contrary, nonfunctioning adenoma and acromegaly have similar frequency among males and females. […] Pituitary adenoma diagnosis predominates in middle-aged and elderly adults.

• #17 Pituitary Tumors: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1157189-overview

  However, it is important to note that these rates can vary based on population demographics and geographic location. […] Among patients with a clinically evident pituitary adenoma, 62%77% are women. […] However, sex distribution is influenced by the type of pituitary adenoma and age. […] Microprolactinomas have a female to male ratio of 20:1. […] Likewise, annual incidence of prolactinomas is higher in women than in men: 2437 vs 7.69 per million, respectively. […] Nevertheless, after menopause, prolactinoma incidence is similar in both sexes. […] Cushing disease is also more frequent in women with a female-to-male ratio of 3:1. […] On the contrary, nonfunctioning adenoma and acromegaly have similar frequency among males and females. […] Pituitary adenoma diagnosis predominates in middle-aged and elderly adults.

• #18 Pituitary Tumors: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1157189-overview

  However, it is important to note that these rates can vary based on population demographics and geographic location. […] Among patients with a clinically evident pituitary adenoma, 62%77% are women. […] However, sex distribution is influenced by the type of pituitary adenoma and age. […] Microprolactinomas have a female to male ratio of 20:1. […] Likewise, annual incidence of prolactinomas is higher in women than in men: 2437 vs 7.69 per million, respectively. […] Nevertheless, after menopause, prolactinoma incidence is similar in both sexes. […] Cushing disease is also more frequent in women with a female-to-male ratio of 3:1. […] On the contrary, nonfunctioning adenoma and acromegaly have similar frequency among males and females. […] Pituitary adenoma diagnosis predominates in middle-aged and elderly adults.

• #19

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11102-021-01189-6

  To examine the contemporary epidemiology of adult pituitary tumors with a particular focus on uncommon tumor types, using the 2017 WHO Classification of pituitary tumors. […] Adult patients presenting with a pituitary or sellar tumor between 2004 and 2017 were identified from the U.S. National Cancer Database, with tumor type categorized according to the 2017 WHO classification. Descriptive epidemiological statistics were evaluated and reported for all pituitary tumor types and subtypes. […] 113,349 adults with pituitary tumors were identified, 53.0% of whom were female. The majority of pituitary tumors were pituitary adenomas (94.0%), followed by craniopharyngiomas (3.8%). […] Among pituitary adenomas, whereas 71.6% of microadenomas presented in females, only 46.7% of macroadenomas and 41.3% of giant adenomas did (p0.001).

• #20 How Common Are Pituitary Tumors? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/pituitary-tumors/about/key-statistics.html

  More than 10,000 pituitary tumors are diagnosed each year in the United States. Almost all of these tumors are benign (pituitary adenomas). Very few pituitary tumors are cancers (pituitary carcinomas). […] The actual number of pituitary tumors may be much higher than the number of tumors that are found each year. When examining people who have died or who have had imaging tests (like MRI scans) of their head for other health problems, doctors have found that as many as 1 in 4 people may have a pituitary adenoma without knowing it. These tumors are often small and never cause any symptoms or health problems, so very few of them would normally be diagnosed at all. […] Pituitary tumors can occur in people of any age (including in children), but they are most often found in older adults.

• #21 Pituitary Tumors: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1157189-overview

  However, it is important to note that these rates can vary based on population demographics and geographic location. […] Among patients with a clinically evident pituitary adenoma, 62%77% are women. […] However, sex distribution is influenced by the type of pituitary adenoma and age. […] Microprolactinomas have a female to male ratio of 20:1. […] Likewise, annual incidence of prolactinomas is higher in women than in men: 2437 vs 7.69 per million, respectively. […] Nevertheless, after menopause, prolactinoma incidence is similar in both sexes. […] Cushing disease is also more frequent in women with a female-to-male ratio of 3:1. […] On the contrary, nonfunctioning adenoma and acromegaly have similar frequency among males and females. […] Pituitary adenoma diagnosis predominates in middle-aged and elderly adults.

• #22 Pituitary Macroadenomas: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123223-overview

  Pituitary tumors are found on autopsy in as many as 25% of unselected cases. The annual incidence of pituitary neoplasms varies from 1-7 cases per 100,000 population based on neurosurgical series. […] Morbidity in pituitary macroadenomas varies from incidentally discovered nonfunctioning tumors to disabling macroadenomas. Morbidity results from mass effects (eg, bitemporal hemianopsia), hormonal imbalance (pituitary hormone deficiency due to compression of the normal pituicytes or hormonal excess from the tumor), and patient comorbidities. […] No racial predilection exists for pituitary macroadenomas. […] Autopsy series show an equal distribution of pituitary tumors between men and women. Corticotropinomas are an exception, occurring mainly in women, with a female-to-male ratio of 4:1. In general, women of childbearing age are diagnosed more frequently with pituitary adenomas than men. The reason for this higher rate of diagnosis is unclear but might be related to the clinical presentation of such patients. […] Tumors affect individuals of all ages, but incidence increases with age, peaking between the third and sixth decades of life.

• #23

  https://scholars.duke.edu/publication/1470377

  When stratifying by Hispanic ethnicity, the annual incidence rate increased from 2.46 (95% CI 2.40-2.52) to 3.03 (95% CI 2.97-3.10) in non-Hispanics and 3.12 (95% CI 2.91-3.34) to 4.01 (95% CI 3.80-4.24) in Hispanics, with APCs of 4.15% (95% CI 2.67%-5.65%) and 5.01% (95% CI 4.42%-5.60%), respectively. […] When stratifying by age at diagnosis, the incidence of pituitary tumor was highest for those 65-74 years old and lowest for those 15-24 years old, with corresponding overall age-adjusted incidence rates of 6.39 (95% CI 6.24-6.54) and 1.56 (95% CI 1.51-1.61), respectively. […] In this large patient cohort, the incidence of pituitary tumors reported between 2004 and 2009 was found to increase.

• #24 Pituitary Tumors: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1157189-overview

  However, its diagnosis can occur at any age. […] Peak acromegaly diagnosis occurs at age 40 to 60 years, prolactinoma in women usually predominates at age 25 to 40 years, and Cushing disease disproportionally affect young women. […] Mortality rate related to pituitary tumors is low. […] Advances in medical and surgical management of these lesions and the availability of hormonal replacement therapies have contributed to successful management. […] Nevertheless, pituitary apoplexy is a life-threatening complication. […] Because of cardiometabolic and respiratory comorbidities, acromegaly standardized mortality ranges from 1.41 to 1.45. […] Standardized mortality ratio in patients with active Cushing disease is 4 to 16 times higher compared to the general population, secondary to stroke and coronary disease.

• #25 Pituitary Tumors: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1157189-overview

  However, its diagnosis can occur at any age. […] Peak acromegaly diagnosis occurs at age 40 to 60 years, prolactinoma in women usually predominates at age 25 to 40 years, and Cushing disease disproportionally affect young women. […] Mortality rate related to pituitary tumors is low. […] Advances in medical and surgical management of these lesions and the availability of hormonal replacement therapies have contributed to successful management. […] Nevertheless, pituitary apoplexy is a life-threatening complication. […] Because of cardiometabolic and respiratory comorbidities, acromegaly standardized mortality ranges from 1.41 to 1.45. […] Standardized mortality ratio in patients with active Cushing disease is 4 to 16 times higher compared to the general population, secondary to stroke and coronary disease.

• #26 Pituitary Tumors: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1157189-overview

  However, its diagnosis can occur at any age. […] Peak acromegaly diagnosis occurs at age 40 to 60 years, prolactinoma in women usually predominates at age 25 to 40 years, and Cushing disease disproportionally affect young women. […] Mortality rate related to pituitary tumors is low. […] Advances in medical and surgical management of these lesions and the availability of hormonal replacement therapies have contributed to successful management. […] Nevertheless, pituitary apoplexy is a life-threatening complication. […] Because of cardiometabolic and respiratory comorbidities, acromegaly standardized mortality ranges from 1.41 to 1.45. […] Standardized mortality ratio in patients with active Cushing disease is 4 to 16 times higher compared to the general population, secondary to stroke and coronary disease.

• #27

  https://scholars.duke.edu/publication/1470377

  Descriptive epidemiology of pituitary tumors in the United States, 2004-2009. […] OBJECT: Pituitary tumors are abnormal growths that develop in the pituitary gland. […] These data were used to determine the incidence of tumors of the pituitary and associated trends between 2004 and 2009. […] The overall annual incidence rate increased from 2.52 (95% CI 2.46-2.58) in 2004 to 3.13 (95% CI 3.07-3.20) in 2009. […] Associated time trend yielded an APC of 4.25% (95% CI 2.91%-5.61%). […] When stratifying by patient sex, the annual incidence rate increased from 2.42 (95% CI 2.33-2.50) to 2.94 (95% CI 2.85-3.03) in men and 2.70 (95% CI 2.62-2.79) to 3.40 (95% CI 3.31-3.49) in women, with APCs of 4.35% (95% CI 3.21%-5.51%) and 4.34% (95% CI 2.23%-6.49%), respectively. […] When stratifying by race, the annual incidence rate increased from 2.31 (95% CI 2.25-2.37) to 2.81 (95% CI 2.74-2.88) in whites, 3.99 (95% CI 3.77-4.23) to 5.31 (95% CI 5.06-5.56) in blacks, 1.77 (95% CI 1.26-2.42) to 2.52 (95% CI 1.96-3.19) in American Indians or Alaska Natives, and 1.86 (95% CI 1.62-2.13) to 2.03 (95% CI 1.80-2.28) in Asians or Pacific Islanders, with APCs of 3.91% (95% CI 2.88%-4.95%), 5.25% (95% CI 3.19%-7.36%), 5.31% (95% CI -0.11% to 11.03%), and 2.40% (95% CI -3.20% to 8.31%), respectively.

• #28 (PDF) Descriptive epidemiology of pituitary tumors in the United States, 2004-2009

  https://www.academia.edu/83613687/Descriptive_epidemiology_of_pituitary_tumors_in_the_United_States_2004_2009?uc-sb-sw=30976545

  Incidence estimates for pituitary adenomas vary widely, suggesting the effects of numerous risk factors or varying levels of tumor surveillance. We studied the epidemiology of pituitary adenomas using 2004-2007 data collected by 17 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Programs in the United States (N = 8,276). […] We also observed that American Blacks have higher incidence rates for pituitary adenomas compared with other ethnic groups. There are several potential explanations for this finding with some evidence that at least part of the effect may be due to differential diagnosis between races.

• #29

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11102-021-01189-6

  For craniopharyngiomas, 71.2% were adamantinomatous and 28.8% were papillary, with adamantinomatous tumors associated with Black non-Hispanic race/ethnicity (ORadj = 2.44 vs. White non-Hispanic, 99.9 %CI=1.254.75, p0.001) in multivariable analysis. […] The remaining 0.7% (n=676) of pathology-confirmed pituitary tumor types were composed of: 21% tumors of the posterior pituitary, 16% chordomas, 11% pituitary carcinomas (i.e. adenohypophyseal histology with metastasis; herein most frequently to bone), 10% meningiomas, 8% germ cell tumors, 7% hematolymphoid (largely DLBCLs), and 4% neuronal/paraneuronal (largely gangliogliomas). […] Pituitary carcinomas and posterior pituitary tumors demonstrated a male predilection (62.2% and 56.0%, respectively), whereas sellar meningiomas predominated in females (84.1%). […] Age, race/ethnicity, tumor size, and overall survival further varied across uncommon pituitary tumor types. […] Our findings provide a detailed contemporary dissection of the epidemiology of common and uncommon adult pituitary tumors in the context of WHO2017.

• #30 Epidemiology of common and uncommon adult pituitary tumors in the U.S. according to the 2017 World Health Organization classification

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10200311/

  To examine the contemporary epidemiology of adult pituitary tumors with a particular focus on uncommon tumor types, using the 2017 WHO Classification of pituitary tumors. […] Adult patients presenting with a pituitary or sellar tumor between 2004 and 2017 were identified from the U.S. National Cancer Database, with tumor type categorized according to the 2017 WHO classification. Descriptive epidemiological statistics were evaluated and reported for all pituitary tumor types and subtypes. […] 113,349 adults with pituitary tumors were identified, 53.0% of whom were female. The majority of pituitary tumors were pituitary adenomas (94.0%), followed by craniopharyngiomas (3.8%). […] Our findings provide a detailed contemporary dissection of the epidemiology of common and uncommon adult pituitary tumors in the context of WHO2017.

• #31

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11102-021-01189-6

  To examine the contemporary epidemiology of adult pituitary tumors with a particular focus on uncommon tumor types, using the 2017 WHO Classification of pituitary tumors. […] Adult patients presenting with a pituitary or sellar tumor between 2004 and 2017 were identified from the U.S. National Cancer Database, with tumor type categorized according to the 2017 WHO classification. Descriptive epidemiological statistics were evaluated and reported for all pituitary tumor types and subtypes. […] 113,349 adults with pituitary tumors were identified, 53.0% of whom were female. The majority of pituitary tumors were pituitary adenomas (94.0%), followed by craniopharyngiomas (3.8%). […] Among pituitary adenomas, whereas 71.6% of microadenomas presented in females, only 46.7% of macroadenomas and 41.3% of giant adenomas did (p0.001).

• #32

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11102-021-01189-6

  For craniopharyngiomas, 71.2% were adamantinomatous and 28.8% were papillary, with adamantinomatous tumors associated with Black non-Hispanic race/ethnicity (ORadj = 2.44 vs. White non-Hispanic, 99.9 %CI=1.254.75, p0.001) in multivariable analysis. […] The remaining 0.7% (n=676) of pathology-confirmed pituitary tumor types were composed of: 21% tumors of the posterior pituitary, 16% chordomas, 11% pituitary carcinomas (i.e. adenohypophyseal histology with metastasis; herein most frequently to bone), 10% meningiomas, 8% germ cell tumors, 7% hematolymphoid (largely DLBCLs), and 4% neuronal/paraneuronal (largely gangliogliomas). […] Pituitary carcinomas and posterior pituitary tumors demonstrated a male predilection (62.2% and 56.0%, respectively), whereas sellar meningiomas predominated in females (84.1%). […] Age, race/ethnicity, tumor size, and overall survival further varied across uncommon pituitary tumor types. […] Our findings provide a detailed contemporary dissection of the epidemiology of common and uncommon adult pituitary tumors in the context of WHO2017.

• #33 Epidemiology of common and uncommon adult pituitary tumors in the U.S. according to the 2017 World Health Organization classification

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10200311/

  To examine the contemporary epidemiology of adult pituitary tumors with a particular focus on uncommon tumor types, using the 2017 WHO Classification of pituitary tumors. […] Adult patients presenting with a pituitary or sellar tumor between 2004 and 2017 were identified from the U.S. National Cancer Database, with tumor type categorized according to the 2017 WHO classification. Descriptive epidemiological statistics were evaluated and reported for all pituitary tumor types and subtypes. […] 113,349 adults with pituitary tumors were identified, 53.0% of whom were female. The majority of pituitary tumors were pituitary adenomas (94.0%), followed by craniopharyngiomas (3.8%). […] Our findings provide a detailed contemporary dissection of the epidemiology of common and uncommon adult pituitary tumors in the context of WHO2017.

• #34 Observation for Pituitary Tumor | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/pituitary-tumor/treatment/observation

  Most pituitary tumors are benign, slow growing, and non-cancerous. […] A fraction of pituitary tumors are non-functioning, meaning they do not disturb hormones of the pituitary gland. […] In certain cases, your surgeon may elect to monitor your tumor over time and choose to pursue surgical avenues when tumor growth is evident on follow-up imaging. […] It is possible to observe asymptomatic non-functioning pituitary tumors in certain cases. […] Your neurosurgeon or endocrinologist will likely establish a regular testing schedule to monitor your tumor and condition over time, usually via MRI scans every year. […] If your tumor remains small, not growing, and not producing any hormones, you may not need surgery. […] Pituitary tumors with a diameter of approximately one centimeter or less are generally the most likely to be observed without immediate intervention, but the size of your tumor is only one of several factors that will help your doctor determine whether surveillance is an appropriate option instead of medication or another form of treatment.

• #35 Observation for Pituitary Tumor | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/pituitary-tumor/treatment/observation

  Most pituitary tumors are benign, slow growing, and non-cancerous. […] A fraction of pituitary tumors are non-functioning, meaning they do not disturb hormones of the pituitary gland. […] In certain cases, your surgeon may elect to monitor your tumor over time and choose to pursue surgical avenues when tumor growth is evident on follow-up imaging. […] It is possible to observe asymptomatic non-functioning pituitary tumors in certain cases. […] Your neurosurgeon or endocrinologist will likely establish a regular testing schedule to monitor your tumor and condition over time, usually via MRI scans every year. […] If your tumor remains small, not growing, and not producing any hormones, you may not need surgery. […] Pituitary tumors with a diameter of approximately one centimeter or less are generally the most likely to be observed without immediate intervention, but the size of your tumor is only one of several factors that will help your doctor determine whether surveillance is an appropriate option instead of medication or another form of treatment.

• #36 Observation for Pituitary Tumor | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/pituitary-tumor/treatment/observation

  Most pituitary tumors are benign, slow growing, and non-cancerous. […] A fraction of pituitary tumors are non-functioning, meaning they do not disturb hormones of the pituitary gland. […] In certain cases, your surgeon may elect to monitor your tumor over time and choose to pursue surgical avenues when tumor growth is evident on follow-up imaging. […] It is possible to observe asymptomatic non-functioning pituitary tumors in certain cases. […] Your neurosurgeon or endocrinologist will likely establish a regular testing schedule to monitor your tumor and condition over time, usually via MRI scans every year. […] If your tumor remains small, not growing, and not producing any hormones, you may not need surgery. […] Pituitary tumors with a diameter of approximately one centimeter or less are generally the most likely to be observed without immediate intervention, but the size of your tumor is only one of several factors that will help your doctor determine whether surveillance is an appropriate option instead of medication or another form of treatment.

• #37 Observation for Pituitary Tumor | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/pituitary-tumor/treatment/observation

  Most pituitary tumors are benign, slow growing, and non-cancerous. […] A fraction of pituitary tumors are non-functioning, meaning they do not disturb hormones of the pituitary gland. […] In certain cases, your surgeon may elect to monitor your tumor over time and choose to pursue surgical avenues when tumor growth is evident on follow-up imaging. […] It is possible to observe asymptomatic non-functioning pituitary tumors in certain cases. […] Your neurosurgeon or endocrinologist will likely establish a regular testing schedule to monitor your tumor and condition over time, usually via MRI scans every year. […] If your tumor remains small, not growing, and not producing any hormones, you may not need surgery. […] Pituitary tumors with a diameter of approximately one centimeter or less are generally the most likely to be observed without immediate intervention, but the size of your tumor is only one of several factors that will help your doctor determine whether surveillance is an appropriate option instead of medication or another form of treatment.

• #38 Observation for Pituitary Tumor | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/pituitary-tumor/treatment/observation

  Most pituitary tumors are benign, slow growing, and non-cancerous. […] A fraction of pituitary tumors are non-functioning, meaning they do not disturb hormones of the pituitary gland. […] In certain cases, your surgeon may elect to monitor your tumor over time and choose to pursue surgical avenues when tumor growth is evident on follow-up imaging. […] It is possible to observe asymptomatic non-functioning pituitary tumors in certain cases. […] Your neurosurgeon or endocrinologist will likely establish a regular testing schedule to monitor your tumor and condition over time, usually via MRI scans every year. […] If your tumor remains small, not growing, and not producing any hormones, you may not need surgery. […] Pituitary tumors with a diameter of approximately one centimeter or less are generally the most likely to be observed without immediate intervention, but the size of your tumor is only one of several factors that will help your doctor determine whether surveillance is an appropriate option instead of medication or another form of treatment.

• #39 Observation for Pituitary Tumor | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/pituitary-tumor/treatment/observation

  Most pituitary tumors are benign, slow growing, and non-cancerous. […] A fraction of pituitary tumors are non-functioning, meaning they do not disturb hormones of the pituitary gland. […] In certain cases, your surgeon may elect to monitor your tumor over time and choose to pursue surgical avenues when tumor growth is evident on follow-up imaging. […] It is possible to observe asymptomatic non-functioning pituitary tumors in certain cases. […] Your neurosurgeon or endocrinologist will likely establish a regular testing schedule to monitor your tumor and condition over time, usually via MRI scans every year. […] If your tumor remains small, not growing, and not producing any hormones, you may not need surgery. […] Pituitary tumors with a diameter of approximately one centimeter or less are generally the most likely to be observed without immediate intervention, but the size of your tumor is only one of several factors that will help your doctor determine whether surveillance is an appropriate option instead of medication or another form of treatment.

• #40 Observation for Pituitary Tumor | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/pituitary-tumor/treatment/observation

  Monitoring that follows pituitary tumor treatment will generally consist of regular MRI scans and blood work, much like monitoring a benign pituitary tumor that is not causing any problems. […] Observing and monitoring pituitary tumors rather than treating them is a reasonable option for some patients with pituitary tumors that are small, not causing any pressure symptoms, and not producing any abnormal level of hormones. […] Regular monitoring of pituitary tumors is critical if immediate treatment is not necessary.

• #41 Observation for Pituitary Tumor | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/pituitary-tumor/treatment/observation

  Monitoring that follows pituitary tumor treatment will generally consist of regular MRI scans and blood work, much like monitoring a benign pituitary tumor that is not causing any problems. […] Observing and monitoring pituitary tumors rather than treating them is a reasonable option for some patients with pituitary tumors that are small, not causing any pressure symptoms, and not producing any abnormal level of hormones. […] Regular monitoring of pituitary tumors is critical if immediate treatment is not necessary.

• #42 Cost-effectiveness of postoperative imaging surveillance strategies for nonfunctional pituitary adenomas after resection with curative intent in: Journal of Neurosurgery Volume 139 Issue 5 (2023) Journals

  https://thejns.org/view/journals/j-neurosurg/139/5/article-p1207.xml

  Nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) are benign pituitary neoplasms that arise from adenohypophyseal cells and lack clinical evidence of hormonal hypersecretion. NFPAs account for 14%54% of pituitary adenomas. The estimated prevalence is 741.3 cases per 100,000 of the population based on data from Europe, North America, and South America. This prevalence, however, is likely an underestimate, as the absence of clinical manifestations of hormonal hypersecretion contributes to an estimated diagnostic delay of 1.9 2.9 years. Most NFPAs are identified incidentally or when the tumor is large enough to elicit mass effects on surrounding structures. […] Currently, there is no consensus on the appropriate frequency and duration of postoperative MRI surveillance. Multiple studies have been published recommending optimal postoperative surveillance strategies. While necessary, serial radiological assessment burdens both the healthcare system and the patient because of its frequency and costly nature.

• #43 Cost-effectiveness of postoperative imaging surveillance strategies for nonfunctional pituitary adenomas after resection with curative intent in: Journal of Neurosurgery Volume 139 Issue 5 (2023) Journals

  https://thejns.org/view/journals/j-neurosurg/139/5/article-p1207.xml

  Nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) are benign pituitary neoplasms that arise from adenohypophyseal cells and lack clinical evidence of hormonal hypersecretion. NFPAs account for 14%54% of pituitary adenomas. The estimated prevalence is 741.3 cases per 100,000 of the population based on data from Europe, North America, and South America. This prevalence, however, is likely an underestimate, as the absence of clinical manifestations of hormonal hypersecretion contributes to an estimated diagnostic delay of 1.9 2.9 years. Most NFPAs are identified incidentally or when the tumor is large enough to elicit mass effects on surrounding structures. […] Currently, there is no consensus on the appropriate frequency and duration of postoperative MRI surveillance. Multiple studies have been published recommending optimal postoperative surveillance strategies. While necessary, serial radiological assessment burdens both the healthcare system and the patient because of its frequency and costly nature.

• #44 Guidelines on the Management of Patients with Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenomas

  https://www.cns.org/guidelines/management-nonfunctioning-pituitary-adenomas/8-post-treatment-follow-up-evaluation

  Nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) are the most frequent pituitary tumors. Due to the lack of hormonal hypersecretion, posttreatment follow-up evaluation of NFPAs is challenging. Long-term radiologic, endocrinologic, and ophthalmologic surveillance monitoring after surgical and/or radiation therapy treatment of NFPAs to evaluate for tumor recurrence or regrowth, as well as pituitary and visual status is recommended. There is insufficient evidence to make a recommendation on the length of time of surveillance and its frequency. It is recommended that the first radiologic study to evaluate the extent of resection of the NFPA be performed 3 or more months after surgical intervention. […] The use of MRI with the addition of T2 and T1 Weighted Images with fat suppression sequences is recommended for radiologic follow-up of NFPAs after surgical or radiation treatment. Long-term radiologic surveillance monitoring after surgical or radiation therapy treatment of NFPAs to evaluate for tumor recurrence or regrowth is recommended. There is insufficient evidence to make a recommendation on the length of time of surveillance.

• #45 Guidelines on the Management of Patients with Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenomas

  https://www.cns.org/guidelines/management-nonfunctioning-pituitary-adenomas/8-post-treatment-follow-up-evaluation

  Nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) are the most frequent pituitary tumors. Due to the lack of hormonal hypersecretion, posttreatment follow-up evaluation of NFPAs is challenging. Long-term radiologic, endocrinologic, and ophthalmologic surveillance monitoring after surgical and/or radiation therapy treatment of NFPAs to evaluate for tumor recurrence or regrowth, as well as pituitary and visual status is recommended. There is insufficient evidence to make a recommendation on the length of time of surveillance and its frequency. It is recommended that the first radiologic study to evaluate the extent of resection of the NFPA be performed 3 or more months after surgical intervention. […] The use of MRI with the addition of T2 and T1 Weighted Images with fat suppression sequences is recommended for radiologic follow-up of NFPAs after surgical or radiation treatment. Long-term radiologic surveillance monitoring after surgical or radiation therapy treatment of NFPAs to evaluate for tumor recurrence or regrowth is recommended. There is insufficient evidence to make a recommendation on the length of time of surveillance.

• #46 Guidelines on the Management of Patients with Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenomas

  https://www.cns.org/guidelines/management-nonfunctioning-pituitary-adenomas/8-post-treatment-follow-up-evaluation

  Nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) are the most frequent pituitary tumors. Due to the lack of hormonal hypersecretion, posttreatment follow-up evaluation of NFPAs is challenging. Long-term radiologic, endocrinologic, and ophthalmologic surveillance monitoring after surgical and/or radiation therapy treatment of NFPAs to evaluate for tumor recurrence or regrowth, as well as pituitary and visual status is recommended. There is insufficient evidence to make a recommendation on the length of time of surveillance and its frequency. It is recommended that the first radiologic study to evaluate the extent of resection of the NFPA be performed 3 or more months after surgical intervention. […] The use of MRI with the addition of T2 and T1 Weighted Images with fat suppression sequences is recommended for radiologic follow-up of NFPAs after surgical or radiation treatment. Long-term radiologic surveillance monitoring after surgical or radiation therapy treatment of NFPAs to evaluate for tumor recurrence or regrowth is recommended. There is insufficient evidence to make a recommendation on the length of time of surveillance.

• #47 Guidelines on the Management of Patients with Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenomas

  https://www.cns.org/guidelines/management-nonfunctioning-pituitary-adenomas/8-post-treatment-follow-up-evaluation

  Endocrine evaluation for pituitary dysfunction is recommended after surgery and/or radiation therapy in patients with NFPAs. Indefinite endocrinologic follow-up is recommended in patients who undergo radiation therapy for NFPAs for serial surveillance of their pituitary function. […] Postoperative ophthalmologic follow-up in patients undergoing surgical and/or radiation therapy treatment for NFPAs is recommended to evaluate the change in visual field and visual acuity postoperatively. There is insufficient evidence to make a recommendation on the length of time for this surveillance and the frequency. […] Long-term radiologic surveillance monitoring after treatment of NFPAs is recommended for all patients, but the length of time for this surveillance is not defined.

• #48 Guidelines on the Management of Patients with Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenomas

  https://www.cns.org/guidelines/management-nonfunctioning-pituitary-adenomas/8-post-treatment-follow-up-evaluation

  Endocrine evaluation for pituitary dysfunction is recommended after surgery and/or radiation therapy in patients with NFPAs. Indefinite endocrinologic follow-up is recommended in patients who undergo radiation therapy for NFPAs for serial surveillance of their pituitary function. […] Postoperative ophthalmologic follow-up in patients undergoing surgical and/or radiation therapy treatment for NFPAs is recommended to evaluate the change in visual field and visual acuity postoperatively. There is insufficient evidence to make a recommendation on the length of time for this surveillance and the frequency. […] Long-term radiologic surveillance monitoring after treatment of NFPAs is recommended for all patients, but the length of time for this surveillance is not defined.

• #49

  https://www.trialx.com/clinical-trials/listings/279576/pituitary-tumor-surveillance-pathogenic-correlation/

  The purpose of this study is to observe predictors of pituitary tumor recurrence and markers of persistent disease activity in patients harboring pituitary mass lesions of all types. […] The purpose of this study is to observe predictors of pituitary tumor recurrence and markers of persistent disease activity through computerized collection of comprehensive demographic, therapeutic, pathologic and outcome information on patients harboring pituitary mass lesions of all types.

• #50 Pituitary Tumours | UKOSS | NPEU

  https://www.npeu.ox.ac.uk/ukoss/completed-surveillance/pt

  Pituitary Tumours are rare and complicate approximately 1 in 4500 pregnancies in the UK. […] Pituitary tumours that secrete excess hormones are associated with a higher incidence of mortality and morbidity. […] Following this study we will be able to provide comprehensive information on maternal/fetal outcome related to medications used to treat pituitary tumours and this will be used as the basis for the development of clinical management guidelines. […] To use the UK Obstetric Surveillance System to describe the maternal and fetal outcomes in women with pituitary tumours in pregnancy. […] What are the current monitoring and management strategies for women with pituitary tumours during pregnancy?

• #51 Epidemiology of Functioning Pituitary Adenomas

  https://www.e-enm.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.3803/EnM.2020.35.2.237

  As population studies based on big-data analyses have become more common and provided easier access to more dependable data; however, the prevalence and incidence of PAs have been found to increase over the past years. […] Considering their impacts upon public health and their associations with increased morbidity and mortality, as well as the economic burden that they place on the health care system, it is essential to understand the epidemiology of PAs. […] As mentioned repeatedly, not many studies have investigated the epidemiology of PAs in Korea, and updated and larger studies regarding the epidemiology of PAs are necessary.

• #52 Epidemiology of Functioning Pituitary Adenomas

  https://www.e-enm.org/journal/view.php?number=2036

  As population studies based on big-data analyses have become more common and provided easier access to more dependable data; however, the prevalence and incidence of PAs have been found to increase over the past years. […] Considering their impacts upon public health and their associations with increased morbidity and mortality, as well as the economic burden that they place on the health care system, it is essential to understand the epidemiology of PAs. […] Not many studies have investigated the epidemiology of PAs in Korea, and updated and larger studies regarding the epidemiology of PAs are necessary.

• #53

  https://scholars.duke.edu/publication/1470377

  Descriptive epidemiology of pituitary tumors in the United States, 2004-2009. […] OBJECT: Pituitary tumors are abnormal growths that develop in the pituitary gland. […] These data were used to determine the incidence of tumors of the pituitary and associated trends between 2004 and 2009. […] The overall annual incidence rate increased from 2.52 (95% CI 2.46-2.58) in 2004 to 3.13 (95% CI 3.07-3.20) in 2009. […] Associated time trend yielded an APC of 4.25% (95% CI 2.91%-5.61%). […] When stratifying by patient sex, the annual incidence rate increased from 2.42 (95% CI 2.33-2.50) to 2.94 (95% CI 2.85-3.03) in men and 2.70 (95% CI 2.62-2.79) to 3.40 (95% CI 3.31-3.49) in women, with APCs of 4.35% (95% CI 3.21%-5.51%) and 4.34% (95% CI 2.23%-6.49%), respectively. […] When stratifying by race, the annual incidence rate increased from 2.31 (95% CI 2.25-2.37) to 2.81 (95% CI 2.74-2.88) in whites, 3.99 (95% CI 3.77-4.23) to 5.31 (95% CI 5.06-5.56) in blacks, 1.77 (95% CI 1.26-2.42) to 2.52 (95% CI 1.96-3.19) in American Indians or Alaska Natives, and 1.86 (95% CI 1.62-2.13) to 2.03 (95% CI 1.80-2.28) in Asians or Pacific Islanders, with APCs of 3.91% (95% CI 2.88%-4.95%), 5.25% (95% CI 3.19%-7.36%), 5.31% (95% CI -0.11% to 11.03%), and 2.40% (95% CI -3.20% to 8.31%), respectively.

• #54 The Epidemiology of Pituitary Adenomas – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32741475/

  Pituitary adenomas are usually nonmalignant, but have a heavy burden on patients and health care systems. Increased availability of MRI has led to an increase in incidentally found pituitary lesions and clinically relevant pituitary adenomas. Epidemiologic studies show that pituitary adenomas are increasing in incidence (between 3.9 and 7.4 cases per 100,000 per year) and prevalence (76 to 116 cases per 100,000 population) in the general population (approximately 1 case per 1000 of the general population). […] Most new cases diagnosed are prolactinomas and nonsecreting pituitary adenomas. Most clinically relevant pituitary adenomas occur in females, but pituitary adenomas are clinically heterogeneous.

• #55 Pituitary Tumors – Epidemiology and the Diagnostic Value of 68Ga-DOTATOC PET

  https://gupea.ub.gu.se/handle/2077/65130?show=full

  Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) are considered common in the general population. However benign in most cases, these tumors can evoke dramatic morbidity in patients with aggressive tumor growth and/or excess hormone secretion. […] The overall aim of this thesis was to study regional PitNET incidence and epidemiological data, and to describe the pre- and post-operative diagnostic properties of 68Ga-DOTATOC-PET. […] In Paper I, we found the standardized incidence rate (SIR) of PitNETs during the study period was 3.9 cases/100,000/year, which was higher than previously reported from the same region. […] In conclusion, PitNET SIR was higher compared to previously reported data from the same region before MRI became clinical routine.

• #56 How Common Are Pituitary Tumors? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/pituitary-tumors/about/key-statistics.html

  More than 10,000 pituitary tumors are diagnosed each year in the United States. Almost all of these tumors are benign (pituitary adenomas). Very few pituitary tumors are cancers (pituitary carcinomas). […] The actual number of pituitary tumors may be much higher than the number of tumors that are found each year. When examining people who have died or who have had imaging tests (like MRI scans) of their head for other health problems, doctors have found that as many as 1 in 4 people may have a pituitary adenoma without knowing it. These tumors are often small and never cause any symptoms or health problems, so very few of them would normally be diagnosed at all. […] Pituitary tumors can occur in people of any age (including in children), but they are most often found in older adults.

• #57 Epidemiology of Functioning Pituitary Adenomas

  https://www.e-enm.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.3803/EnM.2020.35.2.237

  This review summarizes previously reported epidemiologic data on functioning PAs in Korea and other countries. […] PAs were previously considered to be very rare, but recent data have revealed that their prevalence is higher than previously reported, potentially due to developments in imaging techniques and the increased detection of incidentalomas found during radiological work-ups for other diseases. […] Epidemiologic data on PAs based on a national-level cancer registry have been reported, but it has also limitation of underestimating the actual prevalence of PAs due to the lack of mandatory reporting. […] Recently, population studies on the basis of big data analysis using national insurance claims data in Korea have been published. […] Despite the issue on the accuracy of their operational definitions, used in these studies, they have the advantage of enabling investigators to obtain epidemiologic data from the general population, and this method has therefore been applied in various studies for other diseases.

• #58 Epidemiology of Functioning Pituitary Adenomas

  https://www.e-enm.org/journal/view.php?number=2036

  This review summarizes previously reported epidemiologic data on functioning PAs in Korea and other countries. […] PAs were previously considered to be very rare, but recent data have revealed that their prevalence is higher than previously reported, potentially due to developments in imaging techniques and the increased detection of incidentalomas found during radiological work-ups for other diseases. […] Epidemiologic data on PAs based on a national-level cancer registry have been reported, but it has also limitation of underestimating the actual prevalence of PAs due to the lack of mandatory reporting. […] Recently, population studies on the basis of big data analysis using national insurance claims data in Korea have been published. […] Despite the issue on the accuracy of their operational definitions, used in these studies, they have the advantage of enabling investigators to obtain epidemiologic data from the general population, and this method has therefore been applied in various studies for other diseases.

• #59 The World Health Organization classifications of pituitary neuroendocrine tumours: a clinico-pathological appraisal in: Endocrine-Related Cancer Volume 30 Issue 8 (2023)

  https://erc.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/erc/30/8/ERC-23-0021.xml

  The classification of tumours of the pituitary gland has recently been revised in the 2021 5th edition World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Central Nervous System Tumours (CNS5) and 2022 5th edition WHO Classification of Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Tumours (ENDO5). […] A new nomenclature has been introduced in CNS5 and ENDO5 to align adenohypophyseal tumours with the classification framework of neuroendocrine neoplasia. The term pituitary neuroendocrine tumour (PitNET) with subtype information has therefore been adopted and preferred to adenoma. […] The ICD-O coding has been changed from benign to malignant in line with NETs from other organs. […] ENDO5 does not support a grading and/or staging system and argues that histological typing and subtyping are more robust than proliferation rate and invasiveness to stratify tumours with low or high risk of recurrence.

• #60 Epidemiology of Functioning Pituitary Adenomas

  https://www.e-enm.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.3803/EnM.2020.35.2.237

  This review summarizes previously reported epidemiologic data on functioning PAs in Korea and other countries. […] PAs were previously considered to be very rare, but recent data have revealed that their prevalence is higher than previously reported, potentially due to developments in imaging techniques and the increased detection of incidentalomas found during radiological work-ups for other diseases. […] Epidemiologic data on PAs based on a national-level cancer registry have been reported, but it has also limitation of underestimating the actual prevalence of PAs due to the lack of mandatory reporting. […] Recently, population studies on the basis of big data analysis using national insurance claims data in Korea have been published. […] Despite the issue on the accuracy of their operational definitions, used in these studies, they have the advantage of enabling investigators to obtain epidemiologic data from the general population, and this method has therefore been applied in various studies for other diseases.

• #61 Epidemiology of Functioning Pituitary Adenomas

  https://www.e-enm.org/journal/view.php?number=2036

  This review summarizes previously reported epidemiologic data on functioning PAs in Korea and other countries. […] PAs were previously considered to be very rare, but recent data have revealed that their prevalence is higher than previously reported, potentially due to developments in imaging techniques and the increased detection of incidentalomas found during radiological work-ups for other diseases. […] Epidemiologic data on PAs based on a national-level cancer registry have been reported, but it has also limitation of underestimating the actual prevalence of PAs due to the lack of mandatory reporting. […] Recently, population studies on the basis of big data analysis using national insurance claims data in Korea have been published. […] Despite the issue on the accuracy of their operational definitions, used in these studies, they have the advantage of enabling investigators to obtain epidemiologic data from the general population, and this method has therefore been applied in various studies for other diseases.

• #62 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Risk-Factors-for-Pituitary-Tumors.aspx

  Pituitary tumors contribute 10-15% of all brain tumors known to exist. […] It is difficult to assess the true relationship between an apparent risk factor and the incidence of pituitary tumors, primarily due to the long incubation period of such tumors. […] A family history of pituitary tumor is rarely known to occur, mostly associated with the MEN 1 syndromes (caused by MEN1 gene mutations) which has a 50% chance of being transmitted to the offspring of affected parents. […] Some other risk factors have been identified, but their presence has not been confirmed in all cases. […] Post-menopausal periods that occur at least one year after menopause have been found to be a significant risk factor, especially if the ovaries had been surgically removed. […] The use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for less than a year is also linked to a three times higher risk compared to controls possibly because HRT may be started following the diagnosis or surgical removal of a pituitary tumor.

• #63 Pituitary microadenomas exhibit slow growth and may require less frequent MRI surveillance | 2 Minute Medicine

  https://www.2minutemedicine.com/pituitary-microadenomas-exhibit-slow-growth-and-may-require-less-frequent-mri-surveillance/

  Pituitary microadenomas exhibit slow growth and may require less frequent MRI surveillance. […] In this retrospective cohort study, two-thirds of incidental pituitary microadenomas remained unchanged or decreased in size over a median follow-up of 4.91 years. […] Current guidelines, published in 2011, recommend pituitary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after initial pituitary microadenoma diagnosis. Further, it is recommended this be followed by annual or biannual imaging for the next three years. […] Microadenoma size resulted in minimal change, with two-thirds of cases having stable or decreased size over time. […] Less than 2% of the total microadenomas progressed to macroadenomas. […] This study supports revised guidelines recommending increasing the time interval between pituitary MRIs in patients with pituitary microadenomas of limited size.

• #64 Pituitary microadenomas exhibit slow growth and may require less frequent MRI surveillance | 2 Minute Medicine

  https://www.2minutemedicine.com/pituitary-microadenomas-exhibit-slow-growth-and-may-require-less-frequent-mri-surveillance/

  Pituitary microadenomas exhibit slow growth and may require less frequent MRI surveillance. […] In this retrospective cohort study, two-thirds of incidental pituitary microadenomas remained unchanged or decreased in size over a median follow-up of 4.91 years. […] Current guidelines, published in 2011, recommend pituitary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after initial pituitary microadenoma diagnosis. Further, it is recommended this be followed by annual or biannual imaging for the next three years. […] Microadenoma size resulted in minimal change, with two-thirds of cases having stable or decreased size over time. […] Less than 2% of the total microadenomas progressed to macroadenomas. […] This study supports revised guidelines recommending increasing the time interval between pituitary MRIs in patients with pituitary microadenomas of limited size.

• #65 Pituitary microadenomas exhibit slow growth and may require less frequent MRI surveillance | 2 Minute Medicine

  https://www.2minutemedicine.com/pituitary-microadenomas-exhibit-slow-growth-and-may-require-less-frequent-mri-surveillance/

  Pituitary microadenomas exhibit slow growth and may require less frequent MRI surveillance. […] In this retrospective cohort study, two-thirds of incidental pituitary microadenomas remained unchanged or decreased in size over a median follow-up of 4.91 years. […] Current guidelines, published in 2011, recommend pituitary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after initial pituitary microadenoma diagnosis. Further, it is recommended this be followed by annual or biannual imaging for the next three years. […] Microadenoma size resulted in minimal change, with two-thirds of cases having stable or decreased size over time. […] Less than 2% of the total microadenomas progressed to macroadenomas. […] This study supports revised guidelines recommending increasing the time interval between pituitary MRIs in patients with pituitary microadenomas of limited size.

• #66 Pituitary microadenomas exhibit slow growth and may require less frequent MRI surveillance | 2 Minute Medicine

  https://www.2minutemedicine.com/pituitary-microadenomas-exhibit-slow-growth-and-may-require-less-frequent-mri-surveillance/

  Pituitary microadenomas exhibit slow growth and may require less frequent MRI surveillance. […] In this retrospective cohort study, two-thirds of incidental pituitary microadenomas remained unchanged or decreased in size over a median follow-up of 4.91 years. […] Current guidelines, published in 2011, recommend pituitary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after initial pituitary microadenoma diagnosis. Further, it is recommended this be followed by annual or biannual imaging for the next three years. […] Microadenoma size resulted in minimal change, with two-thirds of cases having stable or decreased size over time. […] Less than 2% of the total microadenomas progressed to macroadenomas. […] This study supports revised guidelines recommending increasing the time interval between pituitary MRIs in patients with pituitary microadenomas of limited size.

• #67 Cost-effectiveness of postoperative imaging surveillance strategies for nonfunctional pituitary adenomas after resection with curative intent in: Journal of Neurosurgery Volume 139 Issue 5 (2023) Journals

  https://thejns.org/view/journals/j-neurosurg/139/5/article-p1207.xml

  This cost utility analysis compares costs with health outcomes, including quantity and quality of life associated with 3 surveillance strategies. We aimed to identify the frequency and duration at which surveillance is most efficient and cost-effective for NFPAs following primary curative resection. […] The optimal decision was most sensitive to the probability of postoperative changes on MRI after surgery and MRI cost. Accounting for parameter uncertainty, personalized surveillance had a higher probability of being a cost-effective surveillance option compared with the alternative strategies at 79%. […] Using standard cost-effectiveness thresholds in the US ($100,000/QALY), personalized surveillance that accounted for remnant disease or postoperative changes on MRI was cost-effective compared with alternative surveillance strategies.

• #68 Cost-effectiveness of postoperative imaging surveillance strategies for nonfunctional pituitary adenomas after resection with curative intent in: Journal of Neurosurgery Volume 139 Issue 5 (2023) Journals

  https://thejns.org/view/journals/j-neurosurg/139/5/article-p1207.xml

  This cost utility analysis compares costs with health outcomes, including quantity and quality of life associated with 3 surveillance strategies. We aimed to identify the frequency and duration at which surveillance is most efficient and cost-effective for NFPAs following primary curative resection. […] The optimal decision was most sensitive to the probability of postoperative changes on MRI after surgery and MRI cost. Accounting for parameter uncertainty, personalized surveillance had a higher probability of being a cost-effective surveillance option compared with the alternative strategies at 79%. […] Using standard cost-effectiveness thresholds in the US ($100,000/QALY), personalized surveillance that accounted for remnant disease or postoperative changes on MRI was cost-effective compared with alternative surveillance strategies.

• #69 Epidemiology of Functioning Pituitary Adenomas

  https://www.e-enm.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.3803/EnM.2020.35.2.237

  As population studies based on big-data analyses have become more common and provided easier access to more dependable data; however, the prevalence and incidence of PAs have been found to increase over the past years. […] Considering their impacts upon public health and their associations with increased morbidity and mortality, as well as the economic burden that they place on the health care system, it is essential to understand the epidemiology of PAs. […] As mentioned repeatedly, not many studies have investigated the epidemiology of PAs in Korea, and updated and larger studies regarding the epidemiology of PAs are necessary.

• #70 Epidemiology of Functioning Pituitary Adenomas

  https://www.e-enm.org/journal/view.php?number=2036

  As population studies based on big-data analyses have become more common and provided easier access to more dependable data; however, the prevalence and incidence of PAs have been found to increase over the past years. […] Considering their impacts upon public health and their associations with increased morbidity and mortality, as well as the economic burden that they place on the health care system, it is essential to understand the epidemiology of PAs. […] Not many studies have investigated the epidemiology of PAs in Korea, and updated and larger studies regarding the epidemiology of PAs are necessary.

• #71 Epidemiology of Functioning Pituitary Adenomas

  https://www.e-enm.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.3803/EnM.2020.35.2.237

  Pituitary adenomas (PAs) are defined as benign monoclonal tumors in the pituitary gland that cause symptoms due to either hormonal hypersecretion or a space-occupying effect, and are classified as functioning or non-functioning. […] Because of their rarity and slow-growing with symptomless nature in most cases, it has been challenging to investigate the epidemiology of PAs. […] Considering their public health impact and association with increased morbidity and mortality, however, it is essential to understand the prevalence and incidence of PAs in order to improve patient outcomes and to minimize the resultant burden on the health care system. […] Fortunately, developments in imaging modalities and easier access to large-scale population data have enabled investigators to analyze the epidemiology of PAs more accurately.

• #72 Epidemiology of Functioning Pituitary Adenomas

  https://www.e-enm.org/journal/view.php?number=2036

  Pituitary adenomas (PAs) are defined as benign monoclonal tumors in the pituitary gland that cause symptoms due to either hormonal hypersecretion or a space-occupying effect, and are classified as functioning or non-functioning. […] Because of their rarity and slow-growing with symptomless nature in most cases, it has been challenging to investigate the epidemiology of PAs. […] Considering their public health impact and association with increased morbidity and mortality, however, it is essential to understand the prevalence and incidence of PAs in order to improve patient outcomes and to minimize the resultant burden on the health care system. […] Fortunately, developments in imaging modalities and easier access to large-scale population data have enabled investigators to analyze the epidemiology of PAs more accurately.

• #73 Epidemiology of Functioning Pituitary Adenomas

  https://www.e-enm.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.3803/EnM.2020.35.2.237

  As population studies based on big-data analyses have become more common and provided easier access to more dependable data; however, the prevalence and incidence of PAs have been found to increase over the past years. […] Considering their impacts upon public health and their associations with increased morbidity and mortality, as well as the economic burden that they place on the health care system, it is essential to understand the epidemiology of PAs. […] As mentioned repeatedly, not many studies have investigated the epidemiology of PAs in Korea, and updated and larger studies regarding the epidemiology of PAs are necessary.

• #74 Epidemiology of Functioning Pituitary Adenomas

  https://www.e-enm.org/journal/view.php?number=2036

  As population studies based on big-data analyses have become more common and provided easier access to more dependable data; however, the prevalence and incidence of PAs have been found to increase over the past years. […] Considering their impacts upon public health and their associations with increased morbidity and mortality, as well as the economic burden that they place on the health care system, it is essential to understand the epidemiology of PAs. […] Not many studies have investigated the epidemiology of PAs in Korea, and updated and larger studies regarding the epidemiology of PAs are necessary.

Zobacz więcej