Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Adnexal Mass: Tumor, Cyst, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22015-adnexal-mass-tumors

  An adnexal mass forms near your ovaries, fallopian tubes or surrounding connective tissues. Most adnexal tumors are benign (noncancerous), but they can be malignant (cancerous). Many adnexal masses go away on their own, but some require treatment, which may include surgery. […] Not everyone with an adnexal tumor will have symptoms, and your symptoms may vary depending on where the mass is and whats causing it. Possible symptoms include: Pelvic pain, Difficulty urinating, Frequent urination, Irregular menstrual periods, Bloating, Constipation, Pain during sex. […] Most adnexal masses arent serious. Only a healthcare provider can determine if a mass is something to worry about. Adnexal masses arent typically cancerous and dont usually long-term or life-threatening complications. […] If you have an adnexal mass, symptoms like severe pelvic pain, nausea or vomiting and fever can be signs that you need to contact a healthcare provider right away.

• #1 Adnexal tumors and masses – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adnexal-tumors/symptoms-causes/syc-20355053

  Adnexal tumors and masses are growths of cells that form on the organs and connective tissue around the uterus. Adnexal tumors and masses most often aren’t cancer, but they can be cancer. […] Many adnexal tumors and masses don’t cause symptoms. They’re often found during a medical exam that’s done for another reason. […] When adnexal tumors and masses cause symptoms, the symptoms may include: Pain, including pain in the pelvis or belly, painful period cramps that are worse than usual, and painful sex. A feeling of fullness or pressure in the pelvis or belly, or feeling full quickly when eating. Nausea and vomiting. Constipation or bloating. Urinating a lot or having trouble urinating. Bleeding from the vagina that is out of the ordinary. Fever. […] Diagnosis of adnexal tumors and masses involves a careful physical exam, imaging tests and blood tests. Treatment depends on the size of the tumor or mass and its cause.

• #1 Adnexal mass: diagnosis and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10316833/

  Adnexal masses occurred in women of all age groups, and their etiology and frequency vary age accordingly. […] Most of the adnexal masses are benign, without symptoms diagnosed incidentally, and can have expectant management. […] Otherwise, ovarian cancer is an adnexal mass with poor prognosis and must be managed quickly in an appropriate setting. […] The actual incidence of adnexal masses in the general population is unknown since most of these are asymptomatic and undiagnosed. Usually are detected on physical examination or pelvic imaging screening. Less commonly, an adnexal mass may present with symptoms of acute or intermittent pain. […] Patients with symptomatic adnexal masses, especially climacteric, have a higher risk of malignancy. Ovarian cancer presents nonspecific symptoms within the last 12 months mimicking irritable bowel syndrome, unspecified gastric symptoms, fatigue, and unexplained weight loss. More specifically, infiltrative or compressive signs observed when increasing abdominal volume leading to pelvic pain, bowel habits modification, abnormal uterine bleeding, and a feeling of bladder fullness are noted. These symptoms appear quickly, are recent and persistent.

• #1 Adnexal tumors and masses – Hancock Health

  https://www.hancockhealth.org/mayo-health-library/adnexal-tumors-and-masses/

  Adnexal tumors and masses are growths of cells that form on the organs and connective tissue around the uterus. Adnexal tumors and masses most often aren’t cancer, but they can be cancer. […] Many adnexal tumors and masses don’t cause symptoms. They’re often found during a medical exam that’s done for another reason. […] When adnexal tumors and masses cause symptoms, the symptoms may include: Pain, including pain in the pelvis or belly, painful period cramps that are worse than usual, and painful sex. A feeling of fullness or pressure in the pelvis or belly, or feeling full quickly when eating. Nausea and vomiting. Constipation or bloating. Urinating a lot or having trouble urinating. Bleeding from the vagina that is out of the ordinary. Fever. […] If you have any of the following symptoms, get emergency medical care right away: Terrible pelvic or belly pain. Pelvic or belly pain that starts quickly. Bleeding from the vagina during the first three months of pregnancy.

• #1 Adnexal Mass: Symptoms, Treatments, and How It Affects Pregnancy

  https://www.healthline.com/health/adnexal-mass

  There are often no symptoms present with an adnexal mass. Theyre usually discovered during a routine pelvic exam. However, an adnexal mass can cause symptoms in a few cases. These symptoms can include: pain in the pelvic region, irregular periods in women who are experiencing premenopause, bleeding at the site of the mass, difficulty with urination, frequent urination, constipation, gastrointestinal disorders. […] Whether or not symptoms are present often largely depends on the size of the mass. Since these symptoms can be present in many different conditions, its important that you seek advice from your doctor if you experience them. Your symptoms will require further investigation. […] Symptoms are usually present in ovarian cancer and can include: fatigue, indigestion, heartburn, constipation, back pain, irregular periods, painful intercourse.

• #1 Diagnosis and Management of Adnexal Masses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0415/p676.html

  Adnexal masses can have gynecologic or nongynecologic etiologies, ranging from normal luteal cysts to ovarian cancer to bowel abscesses. Women who report abdominal or pelvic pain, increased abdominal size or bloating, difficulty eating, or rapid satiety that occurs more than 12 times per month in less than a year should be evaluated for ovarian cancer. […] Common symptoms associated with adnexal masses include irregular vaginal bleeding, bloating, increased abdominal girth, dyspareunia, urinary symptoms, pelvic pain, and abdominal pain. Ovarian cancer can occur in a premenarchal patient, and symptoms suggestive of an adnexal mass should not be ignored in that population. Pain, increased abdominal size, bloating, and urinary symptoms may be more indicative of malignant rather than benign causes.

• #1 Diagnosis and Management of Adnexal Masses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/1015/p815.html

  Adnexal masses represent a spectrum of conditions from gynecologic and nongynecologic sources. They may be benign or malignant. The most common symptoms reported by women with ovarian cancer are pelvic or abdominal pain; increased abdominal size; bloating; urinary urgency, frequency, or incontinence; early satiety; difficulty eating; and weight loss. These vague symptoms are present for months in up to 93 percent of patients with ovarian cancer. Any of these symptoms occurring daily for more than two weeks, or with failure to respond to appropriate therapy warrant further evaluation. […] The most common symptoms reported by women with ovarian cancer are pelvic or abdominal pain; increased abdominal size; bloating; urinary urgency, frequency, or incontinence; difficulty eating; and weight loss. Abdominal fullness and pressure; back pain; and lack of energy may also be prominent symptoms. These vague symptoms are present for months in up to 93 percent of persons with ovarian cancer. Further evaluation is warranted if any of these symptoms occur daily for more than two weeks or if they fail to respond to appropriate therapy.

• #1 Adnexal mass: Symptoms, treatment, and diagnosis

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/327525

  a person with an adnexal mass may experience lower abdominal pain. […] People with an adnexal mass may report: severe lower abdominal or pelvic pain that is usually on one side, abnormal bleeding from the uterus, pain during sexual intercourse, worsening pain during a period, painful periods, abnormally heavy bleeding during periods, abdominal symptoms, including a feeling of fullness, bloating, constipation, difficulty eating, increased abdominal size, indigestion, nausea, and vomiting, urinary urgency, frequency, or incontinence, weight loss, lack of energy, fatigue, fever, vaginal discharge. […] Different causes of adnexal masses may have similar symptoms, so doctors usually conduct further investigations to determine the exact cause. […] Early ovarian cancer may sometimes present with nonspecific symptoms. Sometimes, doctors may only detect cancer when the tumor has become malignant.

• #1 Adnexal masses: Evaluation in infants, children, and adolescents – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/adnexal-masses-evaluation-in-infants-children-and-adolescents/print

  Abdominal pain – Abdominal pain is the most common presenting symptom of ovarian/adnexal masses, occurring in 45 to 80 percent of patients in case series. […] Acute severe abdominal pain with or without nausea and vomiting may indicate ovarian torsion or rupture with hemorrhage, complications of ovarian masses that may be the presenting manifestation. Intermittent severe abdominal pain that resolves spontaneously is suggestive of torsion without complete compromise of the blood supply or intermittent, partial, or impending ovarian torsion.

• #1 Adnexal mass: Symptoms, treatment, and diagnosis

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/327525

  Malignant tumors may have one or several of the following characteristics: a solid component of the tumor, parts of the tumor have thick divisions larger than 23 centimeters separating them, they are present on both sides of the reproductive tract, the presence of fluid filled lumps. […] Ovarian torsion is a gynecological emergency. The only treatment is surgery to prevent severe damage to the ovaries and fallopian tubes.

• #1 Adnexal Mass: Tumor, Cyst, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22015-adnexal-mass-tumors

  Most adnexal tumors arent dangerous, and they may even go away on their own over time. In rare instances, the tumor may be cancerous. Only a healthcare provider can determine if the mass is serious or life-threatening (like with an ectopic pregnancy or cancer). Try not to panic until you know what kind of adnexal mass you have.

• #1 eMedicine – Adnexal Tumors : Article by Nelson Teng, MD, PhD

  http://www.csh.org.tw/dr.tcj/educartion/f/web/Adnexal%20Tumors/index.htm

  During the course of her lifetime, every woman develops several adnexal masses. The normal functioning ovary will produce a follicular cyst 6-7 times each year. In most cases, these functional masses are self-limiting and resolve within the length of a normal menstrual cycle. In rare situations, they will persist longer or become greater than 7 cm in diameter. It is at this point that they become a pathological condition. […] While most of these masses develop in menstruating women, their presence must be considered in both prepubertal and postmenopausal women, particularly when associated with pain. […] Those women who have symptoms will note urinary frequency, pelvic or abdominal pressure, and bowel habit changes due to the mass effect on these organs. Females younger than 10 years frequently present with pain, as will older women who have infected masses or endometriosis. Women with twisted masses will also have acute pain.

• #1 Adnexal Mass: Types, Causes, and Symptoms to Watch For

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/adnexal-mass-2553380

  Adnexal masses don’t always cause symptoms. When they do, symptoms may include: […] The majority of adnexal masses resolve on their own within a few weeks. Others grow slowly, averaging less than 2 mm per year. In rare cases, an adnexal cyst may grow rapidly or reach a large size and need to be surgically removed. […] Masses larger than 6 cm are more likely to be cancerous than smaller masses. […] Cancer is only one of many possible causes. Red flags are typically raised if: […] The mass is painful. […] In most cases, an adnexal mass will not be a cause for alarm and may never create any health problems. […] Studies have shown that growths in the fallopian tubes often serve as precursors to a type of cancer called high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC). This cancer may not show up until years after the growth appears. HGSOC accounts for around 75% of all ovarian cancers.

• #1 Adnexal tumors and masses – Hancock Health

  https://www.hancockhealth.org/mayo-health-library/adnexal-tumors-and-masses/

  Most adnexal tumors and masses are not cancer. But some may be cancer that affects the ovaries, fallopian tubes or the tissue around them. […] Because so many conditions can cause adnexal tumors and masses, there are many things that can raise the risk of developing them. […] People who have gone through menopause are more likely to have an adnexal tumor or mass that is cancer than are people who haven’t gone through menopause. […] People who have used infertility medicines with hormones are at a higher risk of a cancerous adnexal tumor or mass. […] People with family members who have had breast cancer, ovarian cancer or fallopian tube cancer are at higher risk of developing a cancerous adnexal tumor or mass. […] Cigarette smoking raises the risk of developing an adnexal tumor or mass that is cancer.

• #1 eMedicine – Adnexal Tumors : Article by Nelson Teng, MD, PhD

  http://www.csh.org.tw/dr.tcj/educartion/f/web/Adnexal%20Tumors/index.htm

  When a woman presents with the symptoms of abdominal bloating, gastrointestinal upset, and pelvic pressure, she should be considered a likely candidate for a malignant adnexal mass. […] The following masses pose the greatest concern: Those that are greater than 7 cm in diameter, Those that persist beyond the length of a normal menstrual cycle, Those that have solid components, Those that have a complex internal structure, Those that are associated with pain. […] In females younger than 9 years, 80% of ovarian masses are malignant, generally germ cell tumors. […] During adolescence, 50% of the adnexal neoplasms are adult cystic teratomas. […] Women with gonads that contain a Y chromosome have a 25% chance of developing a malignant neoplasm. […] Endometriosis is uncommon in adolescent women but may be present in up to 50% of those who present with a painful mass.

• #1 Diagnosis and Management of Adnexal Masses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0415/p676.html

  Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for ovarian cancer in women with abdominal or pelvic symptoms, especially if the symptoms are new or progressive. Because the sensitivity of pelvic examination is low, further workup in symptomatic women should occur even with negative pelvic examination results. […] Risk of ovarian malignancy increases with ovarian mass size greater than 6 cm, bilaterality, septation, and presence of ascites. […] If an adnexal mass persists for longer than 12 weeks, referral to a gynecologist is indicated.

• #1 Rapid rate of growth in adnexal masses, despite benign appearance on ultrasound, was associated with malignancy. A retrospective analysis of 48 consecutive cases from a single institution

  https://www.imrpress.com/journal/CEOG/48/5/10.31083/j.ceog4805174/htm

  Rapid rate of growth in adnexal masses, despite benign appearance on ultrasound, was associated with malignancy. […] Despite benign appearance on ultrasound and low RMI, adnexal masses with a rapid rate of growth were associated with a risk of malignancy of 9.3%. […] In these four patients, all were found to have borderline or early stage ovarian or tubal carcinomas. The rate of malignancy was 9.3%. […] A factor which we noted to be associated with malignancy in our consecutive series of patients operated for benign appearing adnexal masses was the rate of growth. Patients in whom the adnexal mass had grown by over 50% in 6–12 months prior to surgery or in whom the adnexal mass first appeared 6–12 months prior to surgery had a higher likelihood of malignant histology as compared to those in whom the adnexal mass had been growing at a slower pace. The rate of malignancy was 9.3%.

• #1 Adnexal mass: diagnosis and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10316833/

  Although the physical examination has low sensitivity for detecting adnexal masses, it can provide some criteria for distinguishing between benign and malignant lesions. […] The size and composition of the mass (cystic, solid, or mixed), its laterality, as well as the presence or absence of septations, mural nodules, papillary excrescences, or free fluid in the pelvis, should be assessed through TVUS. […] The morphological aspects present on TVUS that suggest malignancy are (1) irregular and thick walls and septa; (2) papillary projections; (3) solid injuries; (4) moderate echogenicity at the ultrasound. […] In postmenopausal women, asymptomatic, simple, unilateral, unilocular ovarian cysts, less than 5cm in diameter, have a low risk of malignancy. In the presence of normal serum CA125 levels, these cysts can be managed conservatively, with a repeat evaluation in 4-6 months. […] A woman with a suspicious or persistent complex adnexal mass needs surgical assessment.

• #1 Adnexal Masses in Adolescents

  https://exxcellence.org/list-of-pearls/adnexal-masses-in-adolescents/

  The prevalence of adnexal masses in adolescents is unknown. Of those adnexal masses requiring surgical intervention in specialty care centers, 7-25% are malignant in pediatric and adolescent ages combined, with germ cell tumors being the most common. […] Adolescents with adnexal masses can present with symptoms, although even large masses may be asymptomatic. Acute pain may suggest a ruptured or hemorrhagic ovarian cyst, ovarian torsion, ectopic pregnancy, or tubo-ovarian or appendiceal abscess. Nausea and vomiting with acute or intermittent pain may occur with torsion. Other symptoms of adnexal masses may include abdominal distention or endocrine manifestations such as precocious puberty, uterine bleeding, amenorrhea, or virilization. […] Management of asymptomatic functional cysts up to 10 cm may be expectant with serial ultrasound imaging. Oral contraceptives do not hasten resolution of existing cysts but may prevent new ones from forming. Patients with suspected hemorrhagic cysts should be followed expectantly if clinically stable and the pain can be managed medically. Torsion requires prompt surgical intervention for reduction of the torsion with concomitant ovarian cystectomy for identified pathology to preserve ovarian function. Additional adnexal pathology is found in over half of patients with the diagnosis of torsion. A gynecologic oncologist should be involved when imaging and laboratory testing suggests malignancy.

• #1 eMedicine – Adnexal Tumors : Article by Nelson Teng, MD, PhD

  https://www.csh.org.tw/dr.tcj/educartion/f/web/Adnexal%20Tumors/index.htm

  In sexually active adolescents, one must always consider a tubo-ovarian abscess as the cause of an adnexal mass. […] Women in the reproductive age group who have had adnexal masses removed surgically are found to have the following pathology: Ten percent are malignant masses; most are low malignant potential tumors in those younger than 30 years. […] Thirty-three percent are adult cystic teratomas. […] Twenty five percent are endometriomas. […] The rest are serous or mucinous cystadenomas or functional cysts. […] Historically, postmenopausal women with clinically detectable ovaries were felt to be at great risk of having a malignant neoplasm. […] With the introduction of radiological testing, many smaller masses have been identified, so the risk of malignancy may be only 10-20%.

• #1 SciELO Brazil – Adnexal mass: diagnosis and management Adnexal mass: diagnosis and management

  https://www.scielo.br/j/rbgo/a/YWRftRYFPKQ3rtjjHWGHFYB/

  The diagnosis of adnexal mass in women with pelvic symptoms or incidentally represents a routine in gynecological practice and often presents diagnostic and management dilemmas. […] The characterization of malignancy findings on the image (TVUS or MRI) is the key since women with ovarian cancer should preferably be treated in oncological referral centers as soon as possible. […] The incidence of adnexal masses in childhood and adolescence is very low, higher in the first year of life due to hormonal phenomena in utero, and rises again close to menarche. […] Most ovarian carcinomas occur in women over 50 years of age. It is recommended that ovarian cysts in postmenopausal women should be initially assessed by measuring serum CA125 level and transvaginal ultrasound scan. […] Ovarian cancer, while typically cystic, does not arise from these benign-appearing cysts.

• #1 Adnexal Tumors and Masses:  Symptoms, Types, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment – MANO FOR HEALTH

  https://manoforhealth.com/adnexal-tumors-and-masses-symptoms-types-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Many adnexal tumors do not cause symptoms in the early stages. When they do appear, they may include: Pelvic or abdominal pain, Bloating or a feeling of fullness, Changes in menstrual cycle, Pain during intercourse, Frequent or urgent urination, Unexplained weight gain or loss, Gastrointestinal symptoms (like constipation or nausea). In some cases, sudden, sharp pelvic pain may signal ovarian torsion or rupture of a cyst both are medical emergencies. […] Untreated or mismanaged adnexal masses can lead to serious complications: Ovarian torsion: Twisting of the ovary, cutting off blood supply, Rupture: Causing internal bleeding and acute pain, Infertility: Especially with severe endometriosis or surgical removal of reproductive organ, Malignancy: Progression to cancer or metastasis, Infection: Especially in tubo-ovarian abscesses.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13669-011-0001-4

  Adnexal masses are uncommon in the pediatric and adolescent population. The differential diagnosis includes ovarian lesions, tubal or paratubal lesions, nongynecologic lesions, and lesions related to infection or pregnancy. Presenting symptoms vary and may include acute abdominal pain, mass effect, and less commonly, precocious puberty and vaginal bleeding. […] The presenting symptoms associated with an adnexal mass in pediatric patients vary; they include acute abdominal pain, mass effect, nausea, vomiting, and (less commonly) precocious puberty and vaginal bleeding. […] The universal presenting symptom of adnexal torsion is abdominal pain, which may be episodic. Unfortunately, presenting symptoms of pain, nausea, and emesis are nonspecific and can delay diagnosis, with acute appendicitis being the most common differential diagnosis. Commonly, transvaginal ultrasound is used to evaluate blood flow to the ovary. However, blood flow on Doppler ultrasound scan does not rule out ovarian torsion; up to 64% of patients have arterial or venous flow. Rather, ovarian enlargement has been reported as the most consistent ultrasound finding in patients with ovarian torsion. Despite advances in medical imaging, preoperative diagnosis remains uncertain. Clinical judgment (with a high index of suspicion) must be relied upon, as torsion is a surgical emergency.

• #1 eMedicine – Adnexal Tumors : Article by Nelson Teng, MD, PhD

  http://www.csh.org.tw/dr.tcj/educartion/f/web/Adnexal%20Tumors/index.htm

• #1 Evaluation of a symptom-based score in combination with CA125 to predict ovarian malignancy in women with adnexal mass | Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute | Full Text

  https://jenci.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43046-022-00111-w

  Adnexal masses are a common problem seen in women. The aim of this study was to determine the appropriate cut-off for symptom-based score to predict ovarian malignancy in women with adnexal mass and to evaluate it in combination with CA125. […] Out of the 341 women with adnexal mass, 112 were diagnosed to have ovarian malignancy. […] Symptom score in combination with CA125 has good ability to predict ovarian malignancy in women with adnexal masses. […] The overall survival is less than 50% in women diagnosed to have ovarian cancer. […] Several biomarkers and imaging tools have been evaluated in patients presenting with adnexal mass to rule out malignancy. […] This symptom-based scoring system in combination with CA125 can be used as a triaging tool to decide appropriate surgical care or referral for women with adnexal mass.

• #1 Serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11) associated adnexal tumors: from biology to therapeutic impact | Human Genomics | Full Text

  https://humgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40246-025-00741-w

  More than 70% of OC cases are not diagnosed until the cancer has progressed to stage III or IV, thus leading to a 5-year overall survival (OS) of 47.4%. Actually, it is well-established that the prognosis of OC is strongly associated with the stages of cancer. The 5-year OS for early and middle-stage ovarian cancer can reach approximately 80-90%, whereas the 5-year OS for advanced ovarian cancer with metastasis is only about 25%. […] Despite active treatments including primary/interval debulking surgeries, chemotherapy (mostly a combination of paclitaxel and platinum), targeted therapy, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors, the OS or progression-free survival (PFS) of female adnexal tumors have not been significantly prolonged. Therefore, more advanced and earlier screening targeting genetic susceptibility and stepped prevention for patients may be more clinically significant.

• #1 Adnexal Mass: Symptoms, Treatments, and How It Affects Pregnancy

  https://www.healthline.com/health/adnexal-mass

  The majority of adnexal masses arent harmful. They wont require treatment unless a woman is experiencing uncomfortable symptoms. Many adnexal masses will resolve themselves without any intervention. […] In a very small number of cases, the cause of the adnexal mass will be ovarian cancer. If the cancer is found and treated before its spread outside of the ovary, the five-year survival rate for ovarian cancer is 92 percent, according to the American Cancer Society.

• #1 Adnexal Tumors and Masses:  Symptoms, Types, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment – MANO FOR HEALTH

  https://manoforhealth.com/adnexal-tumors-and-masses-symptoms-types-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Early detection, accurate diagnosis, and appropriate treatment are key to ensuring positive outcomes. Regular gynecological care, awareness of symptoms, and proactive risk management can make a significant difference in the prognosis and quality of life for those affected. If you’re experiencing persistent pelvic pain or abnormal symptoms, consult your healthcare provider promptly. Vigilance and timely care can help manage or prevent serious complications associated with adnexal masses.

• #1

  https://umiamihealth.org/en/bascom-palmer-eye-institute/specialties/ophthalmic-plastic-and-reconstructive-surgery/orbital-and-adnexal-tumors

  Tumors are abnormal growths that occur when cells begin to expand out of control. They can be either benign (harmless) or malignant (cancerous). Orbital and adnexal tumors develop from tissue, such as from muscle, nerve, or skin around the eyeball. The orbit also known as the eye socket consists of the tissues surrounding the eyeball. The adnexal structures of the eye include the eyelids and tear glands. […] Symptoms of orbital and adnexal tumors include: […] Bulging eyeball […] Change in vision or double vision […] Lump on your eyelid or eye that increases in size over time […] Partial or total loss of vision […] Shadows or flashes of light in your vision […] Sinus pain, pressure, and infections. […] Orbital tumors often push the eye forward, causing a bulging of the eye (proptosis). The most common causes are thyroid eye disease and inflammatory pseudotumor; both are benign. Other benign orbital tumors include cavernous hemangioma, inflammatory pseudotumor, lymphangioma, mucocele, Schwannoma, lacrimal gland pleomorphic adenoma, and arterio-venous malformations. The most common orbital malignancy is lymphoma. In children, most orbital tumors are benign, such as dermoid cyst, capillary hemangioma, lymphangioma, and optic nerve glioma. Common orbital malignancies in children include rhabdomyosarcoma and metastatic neuroblastoma. […] The most common type of eyelid cancer is basal cell carcinoma. Other types of eyelid cancer include squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, sebaceous cell carcinoma, and Lymphoma. Adenoid cystic carcinoma is a rare malignant tumor that is known to be an aggressive cancer of the lacrimal gland.

• #1 Management of Adnexal Masses in Adolescents | Article | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/article/heading/vol-2–adolescent-gynecology–management-of-adnexal-masses-in-adolescents/id/418463

  Patients with GCTs most commonly present with abdominal pain and can also describe bulk-related symptoms, or hormone-related symptoms. […] Some SCST produce hormones, including estrogen or androgens, and patients may present with symptoms of hormone excess or virilization. Examples of hormonal-related symptoms include precocious puberty (or rapid pubertal tempo), irregular vaginal bleeding, acne, hirsutism, or voice deepening. […] It is important to take a thorough history of pelvic pain symptoms, including associated symptoms of dysmenorrhea, non-menstrual (non-cyclic) pain, dysuria, and dyschezia, to help identify at-risk patients.

• #1 Adnexal Tumors: What Causes Them, and How They Are Treated

  https://www.webmd.com/women/what-are-adnexal-tumors

  Adnexal tumors are growths near the uterus. They’re also known as adnexal masses. They usually form in the ovaries, which make eggs and hormones, or the fallopian tubes, which connect your uterus and ovaries. The tumors can form in the connective tissue around this part of your body. Many conditions can cause an adnexal tumor and they can happen at any age. […] Functional cysts are usually harmless and go away without treatment within a few months. Occasionally, cysts can grow large and cause problems such as painful twisting in your ovary. If a cyst ruptures, it can cause severe pain and internal bleeding. […] Malignant ovarian tumors are also classified based on where they originally started to grow. […] Ovarian cancer is rare but very serious because it isn’t usually diagnosed until it’s already advanced.

• #1 Contraception

  https://oacapps.med.jhmi.edu/OBGYN-101/Text/10%20Problems/Ovarian%20Neoplasm.htm

  Adnexal masses may be encountered during a routine examination of an asymptomatic patient. They may be found while evaluating a patient with pain, bleeding, or other troublesome symptom. Most of these masses will be benign and largely self-resolving, while a few will prove dangerous or life-threatening. The challenge, of course, is to determine which is which. […] While most of these have no symptoms, they can cause pain, particularly with strenuous exercise or intercourse. Treatment is symptomatic with rest for those with significant pain. The cyst usually ruptures within a month. […] If the cyst is small, its’ rupture usually occurs unnoticed. If large, or if there is associated bleeding from the torn edges of the cyst, then cyst rupture can be accompanied by pain. The pain is initially one-sided and then spreads to the entire pelvis. If there is a large enough spill of fluid or blood, the patient will complain of right shoulder pain.

• #1 Contraception

  https://oacapps.med.jhmi.edu/OBGYN-101/Text/10%20Problems/Ovarian%20Neoplasm.htm

  Patients with this problem complain of severe unilateral pain with signs of peritonitis (rebound tenderness, rigidity). This problem is often indistinguishable clinically from a pelvic abscess or appendicitis, although an ultrasound scan can be helpful. […] The most troublesome aspect of endometriomas from a diagnostic standpoint is that they can mimic any of the ovarian neoplasms. […] Ovarian neoplasms vary in seriousness from annoying (not cancer), to slowly growing, to aggressively invasive. […] They may twist on their vascular pedicles, causing necrosis, an acute abdomen, and the need for emergent surgical intervention. […] The life-time risk for a woman to develop ovarian cancer is about 1%, but varies with race, socioeconomic status, and continent. […] Symptoms associated with ovarian cancer include pelvic discomfort and bloating. Unfortunately, these symptoms are so non-specific as to be nearly useless in evaluating a patient for possible ovarian cancer.

• #1 Cysts vs. Cancer: Clearing the Air – Ovarian Cancer Research Alliance

  https://ocrahope.org/news/science-made-simple-ovarian-cysts-and-ovarian-cancer/

  It’s crucial to seek medical attention if you experience severe abdominal pain, fever, rapid breathing, or symptoms of shock, as these may indicate a medical emergency. […] Common symptoms of ovarian cysts and symptoms of ovarian cancer can be similar. Both can include abdominal pain, bloating, pain with intercourse, menstrual irregularities and, more rarely, frequent urination. […] Sudden sharp abdominal pain, fever and nausea can be a sign that an ovarian cyst has ruptured or twisted, and requires quick medical attention often followed by emergency surgery. […] Once a mass is identified and a cyst is suspected, doctors may perform additional tests to determine what type of cyst it is, or if the mass appears to be a tumor and in either case, if treatment is necessary. […] If a doctor suspects a benign cyst after performing these tests, the next course of action is often to keep an eye on the cyst through more ultrasounds over the next several months to make sure it resolves and does not continue to grow. […] If a doctor suspects a tumor, the patient should then be referred to a gynecologic oncologist for further follow-up. […] In short, presence of an ovarian cyst is not cause for alarm ovarian cancer and ovarian cysts are not the same but it is cause for vigilance.

• #2 Adnexal tumors and masses – Hancock Health

  https://www.hancockhealth.org/mayo-health-library/adnexal-tumors-and-masses/

  Adnexal tumors and masses are growths of cells that form on the organs and connective tissue around the uterus. Adnexal tumors and masses most often aren’t cancer, but they can be cancer. […] Many adnexal tumors and masses don’t cause symptoms. They’re often found during a medical exam that’s done for another reason. […] When adnexal tumors and masses cause symptoms, the symptoms may include: Pain, including pain in the pelvis or belly, painful period cramps that are worse than usual, and painful sex. A feeling of fullness or pressure in the pelvis or belly, or feeling full quickly when eating. Nausea and vomiting. Constipation or bloating. Urinating a lot or having trouble urinating. Bleeding from the vagina that is out of the ordinary. Fever. […] If you have any of the following symptoms, get emergency medical care right away: Terrible pelvic or belly pain. Pelvic or belly pain that starts quickly. Bleeding from the vagina during the first three months of pregnancy.

• #2 Adnexal tumors and masses // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/6D45A9E4-E604-A092-1C3D05EBD13B3C7F

  Many adnexal tumors and masses don’t cause symptoms. They’re often found during a medical exam that’s done for another reason. […] When adnexal tumors and masses cause symptoms, the symptoms may include: Pain, including pain in the pelvis or belly, painful period cramps that are worse than usual, and painful sex. A feeling of fullness or pressure in the pelvis or belly, or feeling full quickly when eating. Nausea and vomiting. Constipation or bloating. Urinating a lot or having trouble urinating. Bleeding from the vagina that is out of the ordinary. Fever. […] Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you. […] If you have any of the following symptoms, get emergency medical care right away: Terrible pelvic or belly pain. Pelvic or belly pain that starts quickly. Bleeding from the vagina during the first three months of pregnancy.

• #2 Adnexal mass: Symptoms, treatment, and diagnosis

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/327525

  a person with an adnexal mass may experience lower abdominal pain. […] People with an adnexal mass may report: severe lower abdominal or pelvic pain that is usually on one side, abnormal bleeding from the uterus, pain during sexual intercourse, worsening pain during a period, painful periods, abnormally heavy bleeding during periods, abdominal symptoms, including a feeling of fullness, bloating, constipation, difficulty eating, increased abdominal size, indigestion, nausea, and vomiting, urinary urgency, frequency, or incontinence, weight loss, lack of energy, fatigue, fever, vaginal discharge. […] Different causes of adnexal masses may have similar symptoms, so doctors usually conduct further investigations to determine the exact cause. […] Early ovarian cancer may sometimes present with nonspecific symptoms. Sometimes, doctors may only detect cancer when the tumor has become malignant.

• #2 Adnexal Tumors | Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment Guide

  https://fitwellhub.pk/symptoms-of-adnexal-tumor/

  When adnexal tumors disturb the digestive system, they cause vomiting or nausea. It disturbs overall health and quality of life. It becomes frequent and may worsen over time. Therefore it is necessary to have prompt medical attention while having these symptoms. […] If you are continuously suffering from pelvic pain, bloating, or any other symptoms of adnexal tumors, you need to get prompt medical advice. On-time detection and prompt treatment are important for effective management of these tumors. […] Complications caused by adnexal tumors vary, depending on the type of tumor whether it is malignant or benign. […] It can remarkably affect the quality of life. Women with adnexal tumors face major issues like infertility and chronic pelvic pain. Malignant tumors have a risk of metastasis, spreading cancer to other parts of the body.

• #2 Diagnosis and Management of Adnexal Masses | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0415/p676.html

  Adnexal masses can have gynecologic or nongynecologic etiologies, ranging from normal luteal cysts to ovarian cancer to bowel abscesses. Women who report abdominal or pelvic pain, increased abdominal size or bloating, difficulty eating, or rapid satiety that occurs more than 12 times per month in less than a year should be evaluated for ovarian cancer. […] Common symptoms associated with adnexal masses include irregular vaginal bleeding, bloating, increased abdominal girth, dyspareunia, urinary symptoms, pelvic pain, and abdominal pain. Ovarian cancer can occur in a premenarchal patient, and symptoms suggestive of an adnexal mass should not be ignored in that population. Pain, increased abdominal size, bloating, and urinary symptoms may be more indicative of malignant rather than benign causes.

• #2 Adnexal Mass: Symptoms, Treatments, and How It Affects Pregnancy

  https://www.healthline.com/health/adnexal-mass

  There are often no symptoms present with an adnexal mass. Theyre usually discovered during a routine pelvic exam. However, an adnexal mass can cause symptoms in a few cases. These symptoms can include: pain in the pelvic region, irregular periods in women who are experiencing premenopause, bleeding at the site of the mass, difficulty with urination, frequent urination, constipation, gastrointestinal disorders. […] Whether or not symptoms are present often largely depends on the size of the mass. Since these symptoms can be present in many different conditions, its important that you seek advice from your doctor if you experience them. Your symptoms will require further investigation. […] Symptoms are usually present in ovarian cancer and can include: fatigue, indigestion, heartburn, constipation, back pain, irregular periods, painful intercourse.

• #2 Adnexal Tumors: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.carehospitals.com/treatment/adnexal-tumors

  Adnexal Tumors refer to the growth that occurs near the uterus. These tumors are also known as adnexal masses. Adnexal Tumors are generally formed in the ovaries or the fallopian tube. Adnexal Tumors are generally not cancerous, however, they can sometimes lead to cancer. […] There are generally no symptoms present during adnexal tumours. It is mainly diagnosed during a routine pelvic exam. However, there are a few symptoms that can be rare in a few cases. These include: Pelvic Pain, Irregular period for premenopausal women, Bleeding that occurs in the adnexal mass, Having difficulty urinating, Often/frequent urination, Constipation, Bloating, Gastrointestinal disorders. […] The symptoms of adnexal tumours largely depend on the size of the mass. Since the above symptoms could have different health conditions related to them, it is advisable to seek advice from your doctor if you ever experience any of the above-given symptoms. Your symptoms may require further investigation.

• #2 Adnexal Tumors | Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment Guide

  https://fitwellhub.pk/symptoms-of-adnexal-tumor/

  When the tumor causes inflammation or tension in the abdominal area it results in abdominal bloating. It raises feelings of pain and fullness, even not having a proper meal. […] Adnexal tumors cause menstruation irregularity leading to missed periods or heavy bleeding. It usually happens due to hormonal imbalances caused by the cancer. […] When adnexal tumors increase pressure or tension in the pelvic region it leads to pain during sexual activity known as dyspareunia. This pain can be mild or severe pain and makes sexual activity difficult and unpleasant. […] Recurring urination occurs when adnexal tumors exert pressure on the bladder. Due to this pressure, the bladders capacity is reduced leading to frequent urination. It disturbs daily activities. […] One of the concerning symptoms of adnexal tumors is sudden and unpredictable weight loss. It occurs due to disturbed metabolism, reduced appetite, or other factors associated with the tumors presence. For early detection and treatment continuous weight monitoring is crucial.

• #2 Adnexal Mass: Symptoms, Treatments, and How It Affects Pregnancy

  https://www.healthline.com/health/adnexal-mass

  The majority of adnexal masses arent harmful. They wont require treatment unless a woman is experiencing uncomfortable symptoms. Many adnexal masses will resolve themselves without any intervention. […] In a very small number of cases, the cause of the adnexal mass will be ovarian cancer. If the cancer is found and treated before its spread outside of the ovary, the five-year survival rate for ovarian cancer is 92 percent, according to the American Cancer Society.

• #2 eMedicine – Adnexal Tumors : Article by Nelson Teng, MD, PhD

  https://www.csh.org.tw/dr.tcj/educartion/f/web/Adnexal%20Tumors/index.htm

  During the course of her lifetime, every woman develops several adnexal masses. The normal functioning ovary will produce a follicular cyst 6-7 times each year. In most cases, these functional masses are self-limiting and resolve within the length of a normal menstrual cycle. In rare situations, they will persist longer or become greater than 7 cm in diameter. It is at this point that they become a pathological condition. […] While most of these masses develop in menstruating women, their presence must be considered in both prepubertal and postmenopausal women, particularly when associated with pain. […] Those women who have symptoms will note urinary frequency, pelvic or abdominal pressure, and bowel habit changes due to the mass effect on these organs. Females younger than 10 years frequently present with pain, as will older women who have infected masses or endometriosis. Women with twisted masses will also have acute pain.

• #2 Adnexal mass: diagnosis and management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10316833/

  Adnexal masses occurred in women of all age groups, and their etiology and frequency vary age accordingly. […] Most of the adnexal masses are benign, without symptoms diagnosed incidentally, and can have expectant management. […] Otherwise, ovarian cancer is an adnexal mass with poor prognosis and must be managed quickly in an appropriate setting. […] The actual incidence of adnexal masses in the general population is unknown since most of these are asymptomatic and undiagnosed. Usually are detected on physical examination or pelvic imaging screening. Less commonly, an adnexal mass may present with symptoms of acute or intermittent pain. […] Patients with symptomatic adnexal masses, especially climacteric, have a higher risk of malignancy. Ovarian cancer presents nonspecific symptoms within the last 12 months mimicking irritable bowel syndrome, unspecified gastric symptoms, fatigue, and unexplained weight loss. More specifically, infiltrative or compressive signs observed when increasing abdominal volume leading to pelvic pain, bowel habits modification, abnormal uterine bleeding, and a feeling of bladder fullness are noted. These symptoms appear quickly, are recent and persistent.

• #2 Adnexal mass: Symptoms, treatment, and diagnosis

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/327525

  Malignant tumors may have one or several of the following characteristics: a solid component of the tumor, parts of the tumor have thick divisions larger than 23 centimeters separating them, they are present on both sides of the reproductive tract, the presence of fluid filled lumps. […] Ovarian torsion is a gynecological emergency. The only treatment is surgery to prevent severe damage to the ovaries and fallopian tubes.

• #2 eMedicine – Adnexal Tumors : Article by Nelson Teng, MD, PhD

  https://www.csh.org.tw/dr.tcj/educartion/f/web/Adnexal%20Tumors/index.htm

  When a woman presents with the symptoms of abdominal bloating, gastrointestinal upset, and pelvic pressure, she should be considered a likely candidate for a malignant adnexal mass. […] The following masses pose the greatest concern: Those that are greater than 7 cm in diameter, those that persist beyond the length of a normal menstrual cycle, those that have solid components, those that have a complex internal structure, those that are associated with pain. […] In females younger than 9 years, 80% of ovarian masses are malignant, generally germ cell tumors. […] During adolescence, 50% of the adnexal neoplasms are adult cystic teratomas. […] Women with gonads that contain a Y chromosome have a 25% chance of developing a malignant neoplasm. […] Endometriosis is uncommon in adolescent women but may be present in up to 50% of those who present with a painful mass.

• #2 eMedicine – Adnexal Tumors : Article by Nelson Teng, MD, PhD

  https://www.csh.org.tw/dr.tcj/educartion/f/web/Adnexal%20Tumors/index.htm

  Any surgery performed on adnexal structures can result in impaired fertility. […] On the other hand, these same asymptomatic masses can be early ovarian cancers that require immediate attention. […] Most adnexal masses are benign; the outcome and prognosis is very good. No impact on the quantity or quality of life is generally noted. In fact, most women treated for adnexal masses have no interruption in their reproductive abilities. […] Those women who are found to have malignant adnexal masses fall into 3 groups. […] Germ cell tumors are seen in women in their late teens and early 20s. […] These are generally confined to the ovary and are cured in 90% of women after chemotherapy. […] Epithelial tumors are the most common ovarian cancer seen in women aged 40-60 years. […] These are advanced (stage III-IV) in over 50% of women. Even after the use of chemotherapy, only 40-50% of them will survive their disease. […] Stromal tumors occur in women older than 60 years and are generally stage I. […] They are often indolent in their course and have a moderate response to chemotherapy.

• #2

  https://www.khaneyelidsurgery.com/orbital-and-adnexal-eye-cancers/

  Bulging eyeball […] Double vision or change in vision […] Eyelid appears to be closed […] Lump on the eyelid or the size of the eye increases over time […] Total or partial total loss of vision […] Eye redness […] Flashes or shadows of light in the vision […] Pressure, sinus pain, and infections.

Zobacz więcej