Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Vascular Dementia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430817/

  Vascular dementia is among the most common etiologies of major neurocognitive disorder (MND), affecting primarily older adults (65), and it is the leading nondegenerative cause of dementia. […] Estimates vary, but consensus traditionally considers vascular dementia the second most common cause of dementia after AD in North America and Europe, accounting for as much as 15 to 20% of clinically diagnosed MND cases. The disease burden may be higher in Asia and some developing countries. […] Historically, the incidence of vascular dementia has been believed to increase, more or less linearly, with age. However, recent work is beginning to challenge this received knowledge: one report with more than 1.4 million person-years of follow-up concluded that cerebrovascular disease is no longer a risk factor for dementia among older adults.

• #2 Vascular Dementia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/292105-overview

  Vascular dementia is the second most common cause of dementia in the United States and Europe, but it is the most common form in some parts of Asia. The prevalence rate of vascular dementia is 1.5% in Western countries and approximately 2.2% in Japan. In Japan, vascular dementia accounts for 50% of all dementias that occur in individuals older than 65 years. In Europe, vascular dementia and mixed dementia account for approximately 20% and 40% of cases, respectively. In Latin America, 15% of all dementias are vascular. In community-based studies in Australia, the prevalence rate for vascular and mixed dementia is 13% and 28%, respectively. The prevalence rate of dementia is 9 times higher in patients who have had a stroke than in controls. One year after a stroke, 25% of patients develop new-onset dementia. Within 4 years following a stroke, the relative risk of incident dementia is 5.5%. The prevalence of vascular dementia is higher in men than in women.

• #3 Etiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of vascular dementia – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/etiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-vascular-dementia

  Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia, only exceeded by Alzheimer disease (AD) in terms of prevalence and incidence. […] This topic will review the epidemiology, clinical features, evaluation, and diagnosis of vascular dementia in adults. […] Vascular dementia refers to any dementia that is primarily caused by cerebrovascular disease or impaired cerebral blood flow, or in which cerebrovascular disease or impaired cerebral blood flow is a contributing causative factor.

• #4 Vascular Dementia

  https://medicine.jrank.org/pages/1783/Vascular-Dementia-Epidemiology.html

  With the varying conceptions of vascular dementia, one understanding of epidemiology has been affected by variations in the definition of the disorders, the clinical criteria used, and the clinical methods applied. […] VaD is the second most common single cause of dementia, accounting for 10 to 50 percent of the cases, depending on the geographic location, patient population and clinical methods used (Hebert, Brayne; Lobo et al.). The prevalence of VaD seems to be higher in China and Japan than in Europe and North America. […] In a recent European collaborative study using population-based studies of persons aged sixty-five years and older conducted in 1990s the age-standardized prevalence of dementia was 6.4 percent (all causes), 4.4 percent for AD and 1.6 percent for VaD (Lobo et al.).

• #5 Epidemiology of vascular dementia – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7477666/

  Vascular dementia (VaD) is the second commonest dementia after Alzheimer’s disease (AD). […] The prevalence of VaD increases linearly with age and varies greatly from country to country, ranging from 1.2 to 4.2% of people over 65 years old, even after adjustment for age and sex. […] The incidence of VaD is more homogeneous than prevalence and is estimated at 6-12 cases per 1,000 persons over 70 years per year. […] The major risk factors for VaD appear to be hypertension, diabetes, heart disease and stroke. […] Although some of these risk factors are modifiable, there is no study on efficacy of prevention of VaD.

• #6 Vascular Dementia Market Size, Trends and Forecast 2025-2035

  https://www.imarcgroup.com/vascular-dementia-market

  Vascular dementia is the second leading cause of dementia in the United States and Europe, although it is the most common type in some Asian countries. […] Vascular dementia has a prevalence rate of 1.5% in Western countries and about 2.2% in Japan. […] In Japan, vascular dementia accounts for half of all dementias that develop in adults older than 65 years. […] In Latin America, vascular dementia accounts for 15% of all dementia cases. […] Vascular dementia is more prevalent in men than in women. […] The increasing cases of strokes and small vessel diseases, which can lead to reduced or blocked blood flow to the brain, are primarily driving the vascular dementia market. […] Moreover, the widespread adoption of occupational and speech therapies to help in enhancing communication skills and maintaining independence in the daily activities of life is further bolstering the market growth.

• #7 Vascular Dementia: Causes and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/vascular-dementia

  VaD is the second most common form of dementia in the West after Alzheimer’s disease. It is the most common form in some parts of Asia. Incidence increases with age. […] VaD is thought to account for around 17% of dementia in the UK. […] Prevalence of dementia following a first stroke varies depending on location and size of the infarct, definition of dementia, interval after stroke and age among other variables. Around one-third of individuals with stroke develop dementia within 5 years.

• #8

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vascular-dementia/

  Vascular dementia is a common type of dementia caused by reduced blood flow to the brain. It’s estimated to affect around 180,000 people in the UK. […] Vascular dementia is caused by reduced blood flow to the brain, which damages and eventually kills brain cells. […] Tackling these might reduce your risk of vascular dementia in later life, although it’s not yet clear exactly how much your risk of dementia can be reduced.

• #9 Epidemiology of Vascular Dementia and Stroke in Akita, Japan | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-76208-6_3

  Japanese studies have shown the rate of vascular dementia to be higher than that of Alzheimer-type dementia. […] In contrast, studies in Western countries have disclosed that the rate of Alzheimer-type dementia is higher than that of vascular dementia. […] Furthermore, the prevalence rates of vascular dementia in Japan and Western countries are virtually the same, whereas the prevalence rate of Alzheimer-type dementia in Japan is much lower than in Western countries. […] Part of this difference may be attributed to methodology since in the Japanese studies dementia was established by Karasawas method.

• #10 pi :: Psychiatry Investigation

  https://www.psychiatryinvestigation.org/m/journal/view.php?number=732

  Most epidemiological studies have focused on dementia and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Much fewer studies focused on vascular dementia (VD), especially for identifying risk factors. […] The prevalence of VD also increases with age. […] The second most common etiology is VD and account for 20-30% of total dementia. […] However, two studies from Italy and Sweden in Europe and several studies from Japan reported higher prevalence rates of VD than those of AD. […] The other explanation is related with the prevalence of stroke. […] The reported prevalence rate of mixed dementia is ranged from 0.2 to 4.6%. […] In Korea, the prevalence rate of AD is higher than that of VD in all studies. […] The prevalence of AD is 4.2 to 5.3% and that of VD is 2.0-4.8%. […] The discrepancy of AD/VD ratio among the studies might come from methodological difference, such as the diagnostic criteria for VD, the classification method of mixed dementia, and the use of neuroimaging.

• #11 Vascular dementia – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Vascular_dementia

  The prevalence of vascular dementia is approximately 0.0016 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. […] From the year 2000 till 2010, the incidence of vascular dementia was estimated to be 0.00002 cases per 100,000 individuals in United States. […] Vascular dementia is more commonly observed among elderly patients. […] Vascular dementia affects men and women equally. […] White race individuals are less likely to develop vascular dementia.

• #12 Vascular Dementia

  https://medicine.jrank.org/pages/1783/Vascular-Dementia-Epidemiology.html

  As expected, a large variation in VaD prevalence was seen across studies. The prevalence ranged from 0.0 percent to 0.8 percent at age sixty-five to sixty-nine years, and from 2 percent to 8.3 percent at age ninety years and over in different studies. […] The incidence of VaD has varied between six to twelve cases per year in one thousand persons aged seventy years and older (Hebert and Brayne). The incidence of VaD increases with increasing age, without any substantial difference between men and women. […] The mean duration of any VaD is around five years (Hebert and Brayne), and their survival is less than for the general population or AD. Post-stroke dementia is an independent predictor of mortality.

• #13 Pathophysiology of vascular dementia | Immunity & Ageing | Full Text

  https://immunityageing.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1742-4933-6-13

  The data available to answer the question if the prevalence or the incidence of VaD is increasing or decreasing over time are very few. […] It appears, however, that the prevalence of VaD tends to be higher in men than in women, and that it increases with age; moreover there seems to have been a decline in both prevalence and incidence of VaD between the 1950s and 1970s. […] The prevalence of VaD ranged typically between 3% and 6%; but the variation described ranged between 0% to 20%. There are relatively few data regarding incidence in the general population. The incidence of cognitive impairment sufficient to adversely affect outcome but not meeting current criteria for vascular dementia is as high as 35.2% compared to 3.8% with a similar degree of impairment in stroke-free controls.

• #13 Pathophysiology of vascular dementia | Immunity & Ageing | Full Text

  https://immunityageing.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1742-4933-6-13

  Epidemiologic studies of VaD have been hampered by the „lack of clear and universal diagnostic criteria, by the use of different strategies in detecting dementia cases of vascular origin, by the difficulties of developing an effective case-finding strategy, and by the complexity of using imaging or laboratory tests in large scale epidemiologic surveys” […] Despite these difficulties, the broad contours of VaD epidemiology are emerging slowly. […] The data from current studies cannot be compared and reconciled easily. Diagnostic criteria for VaD have been a long standing source of disagreement and are perhaps the greatest barrier to reaching consensus on the epidemiology of this disease. […] Today new prevalence studies are available) and the breadth of variation for VaD prevalence is now even wider. It remains unclear whether the differences between different countries reflect disagreement over diagnostic criteria for VaD or other methodological differences.

• #14 pi :: Psychiatry Investigation

  https://www.psychiatryinvestigation.org/m/journal/view.php?number=732

  Incidence study for dementia is rare in Korea. […] The incidence rate of dementia was 1.9%. […] In general, vascular risk factors are significantly associated not only with VD but also with AD. […] Hypertension, which is the most important risk factor for cerebrovascular disease (CVD), was reported as an important risk factor for cognitive decline and VD. […] Recent studies suggested that hypertension also play a role in the development of AD.

• #15 Prevalence of dementia in ischaemic or mixed stroke populations: systematic review and meta-analysis | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

  https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/93/2/180

  An understanding of the epidemiology of poststroke dementia (PSD) is necessary to inform research, practice and policy. […] At any time point after stroke, the prevalence of PSD was 16.5% (95% CI 10.4% to 25.1%) excluding prestroke dementia and 22.3% (95% CI 18.8% to 26.2%) including prestroke dementia. […] Dementia is common following stroke. At any point following stroke, more than one in five people will have dementia, although a proportion of this dementia predates the stroke. […] Risk of dementia following stroke remains substantial and front-loaded, with high prevalence at 1 year post event. […] The primary aim of this study was to collate the available evidence to provide a pooled prevalence of dementia after ischaemic or mixed stroke. […] Our estimates of prevalence allow projections for the future burden of PSD to design appropriate health policy, that is, the allocation of healthcare resources.

• #16 What is vascular dementia? | Alzheimer’s Research UK

  https://www.alzheimersresearchuk.org/dementia-information/types-of-dementia/vascular-dementia/

  Vascular dementia is the second most common type of dementia. For every 100 people with dementia, 20 of those will have vascular dementia. […] Vascular dementia occurs when blood vessels that deliver blood to the brain become damaged. Our blood contains oxygen and nutrients that help the brain cells to work properly. […] Strokes are a common cause of vascular dementia. A stroke occurs when blood supply to a part of the brain is suddenly cut off due to damaged blood vessels. […] Roughly one in three people who have a stroke go on to develop dementia. Unfortunately, people who have a stroke are more likely to have more strokes, and so have a higher risk of developing dementia in the future. […] Blood vessel diseases can also cause the brain damage that leads to vascular dementia. Some common blood vessel diseases are explained below.

• #17 Preventing Chronic Disease: April 2006: 05_0167

  https://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2006/apr/05_0167.htm

  Vascular dementia (VaD) has been estimated to account for 15% to 20% of all dementias among older adults and is precipitated by some form of cerebrovascular disease. […] Hypertension, diabetes, age, atherosclerosis, and male sex are probable risk factors for vascular dementia. […] Because several of these factors have also been associated with an increased risk of AD, recognition of potential vascular components of AD is growing.

• #18 Work-Related Stress May Increase the Risk of Vascular Dementia

  https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/epb_facpub/40/

  Objectives: To examine job control, job demands, social support at work, and job strain (ratio of demands to control) in relation to risk of any dementia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and vascular dementia (VaD). […] Results: In generalized estimating equations (adjusted for the inclusion of complete twin pairs), lower job control was associated with greater risk of any dementia (odds ratio (OR) = 1.17, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.041.31) and VaD specifically (OR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.071.81). […] Conclusion: Work-related stress, including low job control and low social support at work, may increase the risk of dementia, particularly VaD.

• #19 Vascular dementia | Alzheimer’s Disease International (ADI)

  https://www.alzint.org/about/dementia-facts-figures/types-of-dementia/vascular-dementia/

  Vascular dementia occurs when small blood clots prevent oxygen from reaching brain tissue, causing a stroke or mini-stroke, sometimes known as Transient Ischaemic Attack or TIA. Damage to the blood supply can also be caused by blocked arteries or bursting of blood vessels in the brain (haemorrhage). […] It is the second most common type of dementia, accounting for approximately 17 – 30% of all cases. […] The mini strokes that cause vascular dementia are often so slight that they cause no immediate symptoms, or they may cause some temporary confusion. However, each stroke destroys a small area of cells in the brain by cutting off its blood supply and the cumulative effect of a number of mini strokes is often sufficient to cause vascular dementia.

• #20 Dementia Epidemiology Fact Sheet 2022

  https://www.e-arm.org/journal/view.php?number=4255

  This dementia epidemiology fact sheet 2022 is aimed at providing an overview of the epidemiology of dementia in Korea using representative government-led data. This review summarizes the prevalence and incidence of this condition using various types of data. The prevalence and incidence of dementia have increased and are predicted to continue to do so. This information will be utilized by public health officials, healthcare professionals, and policymakers to develop strategies for dementia rehabilitation and prevention. […] Dementia has a profound impact at both individual and societal levels, such that the estimated health-economic cost per capita for dementia in Korea was approximately US$ 6,957 in 2019. Recognizing the enormous impact of dementia in Korea, the Korean Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine launched its first Dementia Epidemiology Fact Sheet in 2022, with a plan to update it periodically.

• #21 Dementia Epidemiology Fact Sheet 2022

  https://www.e-arm.org/journal/view.php?number=4255

  This review shows an increasing trend in both the prevalence and incidence of dementia in Korea using representative, government-led data. This updated epidemiological data will be utilized by public health officials, healthcare professionals, and policymakers to develop strategies for dementia rehabilitation and prevention. Additionally, the utilization of diverse data sources allows for a considerably broader perspective of dementia.

• #22 Vascular Dementia Market Is Contemplated to Surge at a CAGR of 4.05% in the 7MM for the Study Period of 2019-2032, Estimates DelveInsight

  https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/vascular-dementia-market-is-contemplated-to-surge-at-a-cagr-of-4-05-in-the-7mm-for-the-study-period-of-2019-2032–estimates-delveinsight-301519031.html

  The Vascular Dementia emerging therapies that are expected to launch in the forecast period include BAC (also called CSTC1, CHARSIRE Trauma Complex 1), PNA1, Apabetalone, CY6463, AR1001, PNA5, and others. […] The United States has the highest percentage of Vascular Dementia patient population. Whereas Japan has consistently shown the second-highest patient population among the 7MM countries. Among the EU5, Germany has the largest Vascular Dementia patient population. […] As per DelveInsight’s estimates, 7MM accounts for 2,795,390 diagnosed prevalent Vascular Dementia cases in 2021, which are expected to increase at a CAGR of 3.60%. […] The Vascular Dementia Market report proffers epidemiological analysis for the study period 2019-2032 in the 7MM segmented into Prevalent Cases of Dementia, Diagnosed Prevalent Cases of Dementia, Diagnosed Prevalent Cases of Vascular Dementia, Age-specific Diagnosed Prevalent Cases of Vascular Dementia. […] DelveInsight’s „Vascular Dementia Epidemiology Forecast to 2032” report delivers an in-depth understanding of the disease, historical and forecasted Vascular Dementia epidemiology in the 7MM, i.e., the United States, EU5 (Germany, Spain, Italy, France, and the United Kingdom), and Japan.

• #23 Vascular Dementia

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/vascular-dementia

  According to the CDC, 795,000 strokes occur each year in the U.S., and approximately 25% of them are in individuals with a prior stroke. Furthermore, 75% of all strokes occur in individuals older than 65 years. In poststroke patients, age is the greatest risk factor for the development of VaD. […] Despite these epidemiologic findings and projections, accurately determining the incidence of VaD remains difficult owing to differences in screening methods and diagnostic criteria. Cognitive status after a stroke is unstable, and there is wide variability in rates of cognitive impairment and dementia after stroke, regardless of study duration. […] By 2030, people aged 65 years or more will constitute nearly 20% of the population. As advances in prevention and treatment improve survival rates, VaD and VCI incidence is expected to rise. It will be increasingly important for pharmacists to understand the prevention and treatment of VaD.

• #24 A clinical registry of dementia based on the principle of epidemiological surveillance | BMC Neurology | Full Text

  https://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2377-9-5

  Traditional epidemiological studies do not allow elucidating the reality of referral and diagnosis patterns of dementia in routine clinical practice within a defined territory. This information is useful and necessary in order to plan and allocate healthcare resources. This paper presents the results from a dementia case registry based on epidemiological surveillance fundamentals. […] The ReDeGi is a viable epidemiological surveillance device that provides information about the clinical and demographic characteristics of patients diagnosed with dementia in a defined geographical area. […] Epidemiology research in the area of dementia has been carried out on the basis of cross-sectional observational studies and longitudinal cohort studies that have established the prevalence, incidence and mortality rates of the main subtypes of dementia.

• #25 A clinical registry of dementia based on the principle of epidemiological surveillance | BMC Neurology | Full Text

  https://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2377-9-5

  The objective of this paper is to present descriptive data for 2007 from the Registry of Dementia of Girona (ReDeGi), a clinical registry of dementia cases based on the guidelines of epidemiological surveillance. […] The ReDeGi fulfil the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) guidelines for evaluating a surveillance system: it controls an assigned population under surveillance and provides standardised criteria for case definition and a simple and flexible system for data collection. […] The analysis of the data shows that AD accounted for 60.1% of the entered cases, mixed dementia (AD + vascular component) for 10.7% and vascular dementia (VaD) for 4.6%. […] The diagnostic coverage of the registry has been estimated to be 61.3% of the total expected cases in the territory, with differences being observed amongst the different healthcare sectors. […] The ReDeGi illustrates the application of epidemiologic surveillance to the setting of a chronic condition such as dementia and for which the available information usually comes from such dispersed sources as vital statistics, health surveys, hospital discharges, etc.

• #26 The Epidemiology of Vascular Dementia | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-76208-6_2

  The first step in the methodology of modern epidemiology is the definition of the nature of the problem. In the case of vascular dementia, both the definition of the epidemiologic case and the development of adequate diagnostic criteria have been extremely difficult. This is due to several factors: First, the clinical diagnosis of dementia is not a simple procedure since it is influenced by the confounding effect of cultural and educational factors which may mask early and mild cases. Furthermore, the diagnosis requires careful separation from delirium, depression, mental retardation, and psychiatric diseases, as well as from isolated cortical deficits such as aphasia, apraxia, or agnosia. Second, when the diagnosis of dementia is suspected, particularly in early cases, it usually needs confirmation by formal neuropsychologic testing. Third, once the diagnosis of dementia is confirmed, the possible causes in particular treatable ones should be investigated. This is a long, complex, and usually unrewarding process which ends in most cases in the trifurcate, dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT), vascular or multi-infarct dementia (MID), and mixed forms (MIX) resulting from the combination of DAT and MID. The main difficulty with this process of exclusion is that it is virtually impossible to determine if the vascular lesions are simply a marker for vascular dementia, coincidental lesions, the cause of the dementia, or a contributing factor. […] Epidemiology and classification of vascular and multi-infarct dementia.

• #27 Dementia epidemiology in Hungary based on data from neurological and psychiatric specialty services | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89179-3

  Hungary has a single-payer health insurance system covering 10 million inhabitants. All medical reports of the in- and outpatient specialist services were collected in the NEUROHUN database. We used ICD-10 codes of Alzheimers disease (AD), vascular dementia (VaD), miscellaneous dementia group and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) for the inclusion of the patients. Incidence, prevalence and survival of different dementias and MCI were calculated and analyzed depending on the diagnoses given by neurological or psychiatric services or both. […] There were significantly more VaD diagnoses than AD, the VaD:AD ratio was 2.54:1, being the highest in patients with psychiatric diagnoses only (4.85:1) and the lowest in patients with only neurological diagnoses (1.32:1). […] The VaD:AD ratio was the highest in patients with psychiatric diagnoses only (4.85:1) and was the lowest in patients with only neurological diagnoses (1.32:1).

• #28 Dementia epidemiology in Hungary based on data from neurological and psychiatric specialty services | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89179-3

  In our study, the ratio of the VaD and AD diagnoses was reversed, 2.54 times more VaD diagnoses were assigned than AD (this ratio includes mixed diagnoses also). When accounting pure VaD and AD diagnoses (only 36,204 and 9165 patients over the six years, respectively), VaD:AD ratio increases to 3.95:1.

• #29 Epidemiology: Identifying Vascular Cognitive Impairment | International Psychogeriatrics | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-psychogeriatrics/article/epidemiology-identifying-vascular-cognitive-impairment/379FB9B2F00E9E3C82C2310211A4E3A8

  There has been a move in recent years to recognize that the most effective treatment for vascular dementia, and for the mixed component of mixed vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease, lies not in treatment but in prevention. […] This requires that cases be identified before the onset of vascular damage (a stage termed brain-at-risk) or, failing this, as soon as possible but certainly before dementia has developed. […] These early stages are termed vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). […] No criteria exist for this early stage of cognitive loss due to cerebrovascular disease and relatively little data exist to indicate how such cases might be identified. […] The data that do exist suggest that many of the traditional vascular features of sudden onset and stepwise progression, etc., are not common in VCI and new criteria will be needed to identify cases. […] This paper summarizes the data that describe the clinical, neuropsychological, and radiological features that are to be expected in VCI.

• #30 Epidemiology of Vascular Dementia Nosology in a Time of Epiomics

  https://repub.eur.nl/pub/119394/

  The notion of what qualifies as vascular dementia has varied greatly since the first mention of dementia after apoplexy in ancient literature. Current insight points towards a multifactorial cause of cognitive decline at old age, in which vascular components like atherosclerosis, arterio(lo)sclerosis, (micro)infarcts, and amyloid angiopathy play an important role alongside other markers of neurodegeneration. […] The consequent limitations of nosology may be alleviated by addition of a vascular component to the recently introduced amyloid/tau/neurodegeneration etiological classification system for dementia. Meanwhile, risk of dementia is increased about 2-fold after stroke, and the prevention of (recurrent) stroke remains a cornerstone in the prevention of vascular dementia. Similarly, control of cardiovascular risk factors from middle age onwards is likely to have contributed to the reported decline in the age-specific incidence of dementia over the past decades. […] To prevent ecological fallacies, such etiological studies in patients with dementia are best served by inclusion of subjects regardless of the presumed (single) cause of their disease.

• #31 Epidemiology of Vascular Dementia: Nosology in a Time of Epiomics

  https://repub.eur.nl/pub/120353/

  Similarly, control of cardiovascular risk factors from middle age onwards is likely to have contributed to the reported decline in the age-specific incidence of dementia over the past decades. […] In conjunction with experimental studies, large-scale observational evidence from imaging, genomics, metabolomics, and alike will continue to improve our understanding of the underlying pathophysiological processes. […] To prevent ecological fallacies, such etiological studies in patients with dementia are best served by inclusion of subjects regardless of the presumed (single) cause of their disease.

• #32 Vascular Contributions to Dementia- Centre of Research Excellence (VCD-CRE) | Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA)

  https://www.cheba.unsw.edu.au/research-projects/vascular-contributions-dementia-centre-research-excellence

  The total contribution of vascular pathology to dementia is estimated to be as high as 50-70%. […] Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia (VCID) has been characterised as preventable dementia, and the data from cohort studies and intervention trials thus far suggest that this may indeed be the basis for the changing epidemiology of dementia. […] Despite this promise, investment in research on VCID has lagged that in Alzheimers disease (AD), even though significant advances have occurred in our understanding of vascular disease mechanisms and the brain-vascular interface. […] coordinate an international effort to further develop its analytical epidemiology, and harness ongoing trials to enhance the evidence for risk factors.

• #33 Dementia in Canada, including Alzheimer’s Disease: Highlights from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/dementia-highlights-canadian-chronic-disease-surveillance.html

  According to the World Health Organization, 47.5 million people live with dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease, worldwide. […] By 2031, it is projected that the total annual health care costs for Canadians with dementia will have doubled those from two decades earlier, from $8.3 billion to $16.6 billion. […] Using data from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System (CCDSS), the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) is able to conduct national surveillance for diagnosed dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease, to support the planning and evaluation of related policies, programs, and services. […] Over a ten-year period (2003-2004 to 2013-2014), the age-standardized prevalence of dementia increased by 21.2%. […] While CCDSS data capture changes in population health status, they may also reflect changes in data collection methods, coding and classification systems, or clinical and billing practices.

• #34 pi :: Psychiatry Investigation

  https://www.psychiatryinvestigation.org/m/journal/view.php?number=732

  Dementia is one of the most important public health problems. […] Epidemiological studies can provide the basic data for making health policy, developing the prevention strategies. […] The prevalence and incidence of dementia increased double by every 5 years of age over the age of 65 years in general. […] The prevalence rates of dementia were generally lower in developing countries, but the exact mechanisms of these findings were not well understood. […] Although Alzheimer’s disease is the most common etiology of dementia in most countries, some studies, especially from Japan, reported that vascular dementia is more common. […] However, recent studies suggested that the prevalence of vascular dementia decrease and Alzheimer’s disease is more prevalent. […] The epidemiological studies for dementia should overcome some methodological difficulties such as diagnostic threshold for dementia and the diagnostic criteria of vascular dementia.

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