Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Vascular dementia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vascular-dementia/symptoms-causes/syc-20378793

  Vascular dementia is a general term describing problems with reasoning, planning, judgment, memory and other thought processes caused by brain damage from impaired blood flow to your brain. […] You can develop vascular dementia after a stroke blocks an artery in your brain, but strokes don’t always cause vascular dementia. Whether a stroke affects your thinking and reasoning depends on your stroke’s severity and location. Vascular dementia can also result from other conditions that damage blood vessels and reduce circulation, depriving your brain of vital oxygen and nutrients. […] Vascular dementia results from conditions that damage your brain’s blood vessels, reducing their ability to supply your brain with the amounts of nutrition and oxygen it needs to perform thought processes effectively.

• #1 Vascular Dementia: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments – Majestic Care

  https://www.majesticcare.com/vascular-dementia/

  Vascular dementia is caused by different conditions that interrupt the flow of blood and oxygen supply to the brain and damage blood vessels in the brain. […] Research has shown a strong link between cardiovascular disease, involving the heart and blood vessels, and cerebrovascular disease, involving the brain, and subsequent cognitive impairment and dementia. […] Researchers investigating VCID are exploring diverse conditions that affect blood flow to and within the brain, including infarcts (an area of dead tissue resulting from a lack of blood supply), hemorrhages (bleeding from ruptured or damaged blood vessels), cerebral hypoperfusion (reduced blood flow), and small vessel disease in the brain such as that thought to be associated with white matter hyperintensities (white patches seen on brain MRI scans), and stroke.

• #1 Vascular dementia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vascular-dementia/symptoms-causes/syc-20378793

  Common conditions that may lead to vascular dementia include: Stroke (infarction) blocking a brain artery. Strokes that block a brain artery usually cause a range of symptoms that may include vascular dementia. […] With both silent and apparent strokes, the risk of vascular dementia increases with the number of strokes that occur over time. One type of vascular dementia involving many strokes is called multi-infarct dementia. […] Brain hemorrhage. Often caused by high blood pressure weakening a blood vessel leading to bleeding into the brain causing damage or from buildup of protein in small blood vessels occurring with aging weakening them over time (cerebral amyloid angiopathy). […] Narrowed or chronically damaged brain blood vessels. Conditions that narrow or inflict long-term damage on your brain blood vessels also can lead to vascular dementia. These conditions include the wear and tear associated with aging, high blood pressure, abnormal aging of blood vessels (atherosclerosis), diabetes.

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vascular-dementia/causes/

  Vascular dementia is caused by reduced blood flow to the brain, which damages and eventually kills brain cells. […] This is usually due to: narrowing of the small blood vessels deep inside the brain, known as subcortical vascular dementia or small vessel disease; a stroke (where the blood supply to part of the brain is suddenly cut off, usually because of a blood clot), called post-stroke dementia or single-infarct dementia; lots of „mini strokes” (also called transient ischaemic attacks or TIAs) that cause tiny but widespread damage to the brain, known as multi-infarct dementia. […] Some people with vascular dementia also have brain damage caused by Alzheimer’s disease. This is known as mixed dementia. […] These problems increase the risk of damage to the blood vessels in and around your brain, or cause blood clots to develop inside them. […] In rare cases, unavoidable genetic conditions can also increase your risk of vascular dementia.

• #1 Dementia – different types | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/dementia-different-types

  Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia and it is associated with disease in the blood vessels in the brain. […] Vascular dementia is the broad term for dementia associated with disease in the blood vessels of the brain. This blood vessel disease affects the circulation of blood to the brain and causes damage. […] Vascular dementia may appear similar to Alzheimers disease. A mixture of Alzheimers disease and vascular dementia can occur in some people. Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia and there are a number of different types. […] This type of vascular dementia is caused by a number of small strokes, called mini-strokes or transient ischaemic attacks (TIAs). This is caused by disease in the large blood vessels of the brain. […] Subcortical vascular dementia can be related to untreated high blood pressure or diabetes that leads to vascular disease. It is caused by high blood pressure, thickening of the arteries and inadequate blood flow.

• #1 What is vascular dementia? | Alzheimer’s Research UK

  https://www.alzheimersresearchuk.org/dementia-information/types-of-dementia/vascular-dementia/

  Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a disease where a harmful protein called amyloid builds up, making blood vessels narrower and leakier. This increases the likelihood of a stroke occurring. […] Small vessel disease (SVD) is when small blood vessels deep inside the brain become damaged slowly over time. The brain cells supplied by these tiny vessels don’t get enough oxygen and nutrients because of the reduced blood flow. […] Because these small arteries only supply a tiny area of the brain, at first the damage to brain cells rarely causes any noticeable symptoms. However, over many years the damage can spread and may lead to dementia symptoms.

• #1 What is vascular dementia? | Alzheimer’s Research UK

  https://www.alzheimersresearchuk.org/dementia-information/types-of-dementia/vascular-dementia/

  Strokes are a common cause of vascular dementia. A stroke occurs when blood supply to a part of the brain is suddenly cut off due to damaged blood vessels. […] This causes damage to brain cells by reducing their access to oxygen and nutrients. If someone has sudden problems with memory and thinking after a stroke which do not improve over time, they may be diagnosed with post-stroke vascular dementia. […] Roughly one in three people who have a stroke go on to develop dementia. Unfortunately, people who have a stroke are more likely to have more strokes, and so have a higher risk of developing dementia in the future. […] Blood vessel diseases can also cause the brain damage that leads to vascular dementia. Some common blood vessel diseases are explained below. […] Atherosclerosis is a disease where large or medium blood vessels get narrower, as fat deposits build up and clog the inside of the vessels. This limits blood flow through them and can make a stroke more likely to occur.

• #1 Vascular Dementia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430817/

  Neuropathologic studies illustrate vascular dementia’s high degree of heterogeneity, with multiple and overlapping types of cerebrovascular disease damaging multiple sites in the vascular tree. […] Cardiovascular risk factors for vascular dementia include smoking, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, obesity, and physical inactivity, among others. […] A brief prcis of patterns of damage in the vascular tree that can result in cognitive impairment include: Atherosclerosis of large feeding arteries, often associated with smoking and hyperlipidemia, can cause territorial infarcts via cerebrovascular arterial occlusion or thromboembolism, resulting in the classic „step-wise” cognitive and functional decline of vascular dementia. […] Arteriolosclerosis, mainly linked to hypertension, can cause occlusive disease of small arteries that feed deep, penetrating structures, leading to lacunar infarcts, central hemorrhage, and cerebral microbleeds.

• #1 Vascular Dementia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430817/

  Microvascular disease, most closely associated with diabetes, commonly disrupts metabolic function at the capillary level. […] Finally, the APOE4 genotype and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (in which amyloid- accumulates primarily in pial and cortical arteries and capillaries, causing lobar hemorrhage, cortical microinfarcts, and white matter hyperintensities) are also risk factors for vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. […] Mixed vascular disease is more likely to cause cognitive and functional decline than pure atherosclerosis or arteriolosclerosis.

• #1 Vascular Dementia: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22216-vascular-dementia

  Healthcare providers use different terms for vascular dementia that reflect the number and type of blood vessels involved and the way the symptoms progress. […] Vascular dementia itself isn’t hereditary (genetic). But the conditions that contribute to it can run in biological families, like high blood pressure and heart disease. […] Two rare forms of vascular dementia result from multiple strokes happening in the context of mutations (changes) in certain genes.

• #1 Vascular Dementia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/292105-overview

  The 3 most common mechanisms of vascular dementia are multiple cortical infarcts, a strategic single infarct, and small vessel disease. […] Mild vascular cognitive impairment can occur in elderly persons. It is associated with cognitive decline that is worse than expected for age and educational level, but the effects do not meet the criteria for dementia. […] In multi-infarct dementia, the combined effects of different infarcts produce cognitive decline by affecting the neural nets. […] Small vessel disease affects all the small vessels of the brain and produces 2 major syndromes, Binswanger disease and lacunar state. […] Other less common syndromes may lead to vascular dementia. Rare arteriopathies such as inflammatory arteriopathy (eg, polyarteritis nodosa, temporal arteritis) and noninflammatory arteriopathy (e.g., moyamoya disease, fibromuscular dysplasia) can cause multiple infarcts and can lead to vascular dementia.

• #1 What is vascular dementia? | Alzheimer’s Society

  https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-dementia/types-dementia/vascular-dementia

  There are several types of vascular dementia, including: […] They are all a result of problems with blood supply to parts of the brain, which then become damaged. […] There are many things that increase a persons chances of developing vascular dementia. For example their age, other health conditions and lifestyle factors. […] The biggest risk factor for vascular dementia is age and the risk increases once a person gets to 65.

• #1 Vascular Dementia: Symptoms, Types, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/stroke/vascular-dementia

  Likewise, being at high risk of stroke goes hand in hand with the risk for vascular dementia. One-quarter to one-third of strokes are thought to result in some degree of dementia. People who smoke, drink too much alcohol, have diabetes, or have heart disease also have a higher rate of the condition. […] Vascular dementia most commonly occurs in people between the ages of 60 and 75. Men seem to be more vulnerable than women, and the condition affects African Americans more often than people of other races. People whose age, sex, or race puts them at increased risk of vascular dementia have that much more reason to manage risk factors within their control.

• #1 Who gets vascular dementia? | Alzheimer’s Society

  https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-dementia/types-dementia/risk-factors-vascular-dementia

  The biggest risk factor for vascular dementia is ageing. Once a person gets to 65, their risk of developing the condition roughly doubles every five years. […] There are lots of health problems that increase a persons risk of developing vascular dementia. […] People who have problems with their heart and blood circulation, such as high blood pressure or heart disease, have a higher risk of developing vascular dementia. […] A person who has had a stroke, or who has diabetes or heart disease, is around twice as likely to develop vascular dementia as someone who has not had these conditions. […] Vascular dementia is mostly caused by cardiovascular diseases (such as high blood pressure, stroke or heart problems). […] There is a lot of evidence that our lifestyle choices can affect our risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.

• #1 Vascular Dementia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430817/

  Vascular dementia is among the most common etiologies of major neurocognitive disorder (MND), affecting primarily older adults (65), and it is the leading nondegenerative cause of dementia. […] Cardiovascular risk factors smoking, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and atrial fibrillation commonly underlie vascular dementia. […] Vascular dementia is distinguished from other forms of MND in that it results from brain ischemia or hemorrhage and not from one or more underlying neurodegenerative proteinopathies. […] The pathogenesis of vascular dementia is understood as follows: vascular risk factors lead to cerebrovascular disease that, in turn, causes brain injury; the resulting disruption of cognitive networks culminates in vascular dementia. […] Recent reports in the neuropathological and neuropsychological literature posit that vascular dementia and Alzheimer disease frequently co-occur, making so-called pure cases of either condition comparatively rare.

• #1 Vascular dementia risk factors | Alzheimer’s Research UK

  https://www.alzheimersresearchuk.org/dementia-information/types-of-dementia/vascular-dementia/risk-factors/

  Risk factors are things that change our likelihood of developing a disease. Factors that may increase our risk of developing vascular dementia include age, genetics, lifestyle, and other health conditions like high blood pressure and stroke. […] The biggest risk factor for vascular dementia is age, followed by high blood pressure. The older we get, the more likely we are to develop vascular dementia. Our arteries get stiffer and narrower as we get older, or if we have untreated high blood pressure for a long time. This makes us more likely to get damaged arteries and go on to develop vascular dementia. […] Having a stroke also increases your risk of developing vascular dementia. Risk factors that make a stroke more likely to happen are the same as those listed above. One in every three people who have a stroke go on to develop dementia. Most of these cases are thought to be vascular dementia.

• #1 Vascular Dementia: Symptoms, Types, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/stroke/vascular-dementia

  Vascular dementia occurs when vessels that supply blood to the brain become blocked or narrowed. Strokes take place when the supply of blood carrying oxygen to the brain is suddenly cut off. However, not all people with stroke will develop vascular dementia. […] Vascular dementia can occur over time as „silent” strokes pile up. Quite often, vascular dementia draws attention to itself only when the effects of multiple strokes add up to significant disability. Avoiding and controlling risk factors such as diabetes, high blood pressure, smoking, and high cholesterol can help curb the risk of developing vascular dementia. […] Some risk factors for vascular dementia can be managed, while others, such as age and gender, cannot. Among all factors, high blood pressure carries the greatest risk because vascular dementia rarely occurs without it.

• #1 A Complete Guide to Vascular Dementia: What You Need to Know

  https://www.lidementia.org/alzheimers-disease/types-of-dementia/vascular-dementia/

  High blood pressure – Consistent high blood pressure places additional stress on all blood vessels, including the ones in the brain. […] Diabetes – When you have high glucose levels, it can damage blood vessels in your body. And when this damage occurs in the brain, it will increase your risk of vascular dementia and stroke.

• #1 A Complete Guide to Vascular Dementia: What You Need to Know

  https://www.lidementia.org/alzheimers-disease/types-of-dementia/vascular-dementia/

  Whether it’s an apparent or a silent stroke, the risk for vascular dementia increases with the number of strokes. […] The majority of people with the condition will begin to have symptoms after the age of 65, and the risk is substantially higher for those in their 80s and 90s. […] Considering vascular dementia is the result of a problem with blood flow to the brain, hardened arteries is a common risk factor. […] Other risk factors for vascular dementia include: Obesity – Being overweight is commonly regarded as a risk factor for vascular diseases in general. […] Smoking – Smoking causes direct damage to your blood vessels by increasing the likelihood of developing vascular dementia and other circulatory diseases. […] High Cholesterol – High levels of the „bad” cholesterol (LDL) are associated with heightened risk of vascular dementia.

• #1 Dementia Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/dementia/causes-risk-factors/

  Diabetes High blood sugar (glucose) levels can damage blood vessels over time. […] Smoking By damaging blood vessels, smoking raises the risk for both atherosclerosis and vascular dementia. […] Obesity Excess body weight heightens the risk of all kinds of vascular disease, potentially leading to vascular dementia. […] Atrial Fibrillation This form of arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythm) causes blood clots in the heart that can break off and travel to the brain, leading to stroke and vascular dementia.

• #1 Vascular dementia – Dementia UK

  https://www.dementiauk.org/information-and-support/types-of-dementia/vascular-dementia/

  A lack of exercise can lead to problems like obesity, heart disease, high blood pressure and high cholesterol, which increase the risk of developing vascular dementia. […] There is a strong link between vascular dementia and smoking. This is because it can cause blockages in the arteries, which can disrupt the blood flow to the brain.

• #1 Who gets vascular dementia? | Alzheimer’s Society

  https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-dementia/types-dementia/risk-factors-vascular-dementia

  Smoking damages a persons heart, lungs and blood circulation, particularly the blood vessels in the brain. […] Some people with a relative who has or had vascular dementia are concerned that they, or their family, are at greater risk. […] Most families affected by vascular dementia do not have single genes that pass on the disease. […] However, there are some rarer types of vascular dementia that get passed down through families. […] People from Black African, Black Caribbean or South Asian ethnic groups in the UK have a higher risk of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases than people from White ethnic groups, especially if they are overweight.

• #1 Vascular Dementia: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, & More

  https://www.health.com/vascular-dementia-symptoms-8403631

  A study from 2016 found the incidence of a vascular dementia diagnosis among adults ages 65 and older was highest among Black adults compared to other races. […] Delayed diagnoses of conditions that coexist with dementia can increase your likelihood of developing vascular dementia earlier in life. For example, a 2018 study indicated that after a stroke, Black adults were almost twice as likely as white adults to develop vascular dementia.

• #1 Vascular Dementia: Causes, Symptoms, Risk Factors, and Treatment Options | MedEvidence

  https://www.medevidence.com/vascular-dementia-causes-symptoms-risk-factors-and-treatment-options

  Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia in the U.S., making up about 15-20% of cases. […] The main risk factor for developing vascular dementia is stroke, which increases the chance of getting the disease by up to 80%, depending on age. […] First, the blood vessels leading to or within the brain fail to deliver enough blood due to clotting or other issues. […] Reduced blood flow leads to damage in the brain; low oxygen starves hungry cells, degrading the hippocampus, basal ganglia, and white matter. […] Dangerous particles like reactive oxygen damage cells and mitochondria, prompting an inflammatory immune response. […] Brain cells in the hippocampus die, neurons degrade, slow, and are damaged, and cognition declines.

• #1 Vascular Cognitive Impairment

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/alzheimer-disease-dementias/vascular-cognitive-impairment/30145/

  The second most common cerebral small vessel disease, CAA is caused by -amyloid deposition in the small arteries and arterioles of the leptomeninges and cerebral cortex. Rare genetic causes of CAA are marked by deposition of other types of amyloid. Vascular integrity loss resulting in large symptomatic and small asymptomatic brain hemorrhages is characteristic of CAA. […] Based on autopsy studies, however, pure vascular dementia is less common than multiple-etiology (ie, mixed) dementia, in which vascular dementia is only one etiology. Alzheimer neuropathology, with characteristic -amyloid plaques and tangles, is the most common co-occurring pathology with vascular dementia. Other co-occurring neuropathologic processes include a-synucleinopathy, tau pathology, TAR DNA-binding protein-43 pathology, and microglial reactions.

• #1 Vascular Cognitive Impairment

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/alzheimer-disease-dementias/vascular-cognitive-impairment/30145/

  The major risk factors for vascular dementia and new dementia after stroke are listed in the Table. […] The prevalence and incidence of VCI increase with age. Based on clinicopathologic evidence, pure vascular dementia accounts for approximately 10% of dementia. Multiple-etiology dementia with a vascular component, most often in combination with AD, is more common, accounting for 30% to 40% of dementia. […] Patients with poststroke dementia experience a stepwise cognitive decline following a clinically diagnosed stroke. The link between the cerebrovascular disease and the onset of cognitive impairment is usually relatively clear. […] Vascular dementia can also manifest as a progressive or stepwise cognitive decline without a concurrent history of symptomatic stroke. This presentation is often associated with imaging evidence of clinically unrecognized cerebral small vessel disease (eg, multiple lacunar infarcts or extensive white matter lesions).

• #1 Vascular Dementia: Causes and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/vascular-dementia

  Young-onset VaD has a genetic cause in some people. […] VaD is the second most common form of dementia in the West after Alzheimer’s disease. It is the most common form in some parts of Asia. Incidence increases with age. […] VaD is thought to account for around 17% of dementia in the UK. […] Prevalence of dementia following a first stroke varies depending on location and size of the infarct, definition of dementia, interval after stroke and age among other variables. […] Around one-third of individuals with stroke develop dementia within 5 years. […] The distinction between VaD and Alzheimer’s dementia is becoming increasingly blurred because vascular risk factors play a role in both diseases and both types of dementia may co-exist in the same patient. […] However, where they are seen mostly in white matter in VaD, in Alzheimer’s dementia they predominate in cortical grey matter.

• #1 Vascular Dementia | Symptoms & Treatments | alz.org

  https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-dementia/types-of-dementia/vascular-dementia

  Vascular dementia is a decline in thinking skills caused by conditions that block or reduce blood flow to various regions of the brain, depriving them of oxygen and nutrients. […] Any condition that damages blood vessels anywhere in the body can cause brain changes linked to vascular dementia. As with Alzheimers disease, advancing age is a major risk factor. Additional risk factors for vascular dementia coincide with those that increase risk for heart disease, stroke and other conditions affecting blood vessels. […] The following strategies may reduce the risk of developing diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels and may help protect the brain: Don’t smoke. Keep your blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar within recommended limits. Eat a healthy, balanced diet. Exercise. Maintain a healthy weight. Limit alcohol consumption.

• #1 Vascular Dementia: Causes and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/vascular-dementia

  VaD should not be diagnosed solely on the basis of a person having significant cardiovascular disease. […] The diagnosis of dementia requires: Comprehensive history and physical examination. The key to diagnosis is a good history of progressive impairment of memory and other cognitive functioning (usually requiring the help of a spouse, relative or friend). […] VaD is modifiable and preventable. Modifying vascular risk factors in mid-life may help to prevent stroke and VaD. The single most important modifiable risk factor in mid-life is hypertension, but the value of treating this is more debatable as age increases. […] There is not yet any convincing evidence that the treatment of hypertension reduces the incidence of dementia, although it appears likely that this is the case in mid-life treatment. […] There is evidence that lowering high blood pressure after stroke decreases the risk of post-stroke dementia.

• #2 Dementia: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & TypesWhat It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9170-dementia

  Dementia develops when the parts of your brain involved with learning, memory, decision-making or language are affected by infections or diseases. The most common cause of dementia is Alzheimers disease. […] But other known causes of dementia include: Vascular dementia. […] Vascular dementia: This is the second most common type of dementia. Its caused by conditions such as strokes or atherosclerosis, which block and damage blood vessels in your brain. […] About 15% to 25% of people with dementia have vascular dementia. […] Dementia is caused by damage to your brain. Dementia affects your brains nerve cells, which destroys your brains ability to communicate with its various areas. Dementia can also result from blocked blood flow to your brain, depriving it of needed oxygen and nutrients. […] All of the possible causes of dementia are discussed in the question, Are there different types of dementia? […] Dementias that arent reversible may still partially respond to medications that treat memory loss or behavior problems. These dementias include: Multi-infarct (vascular) dementia.

• #2

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vascular-dementia/causes/

  Vascular dementia is caused by reduced blood flow to the brain, which damages and eventually kills brain cells. […] This is usually due to: narrowing of the small blood vessels deep inside the brain, known as subcortical vascular dementia or small vessel disease; a stroke (where the blood supply to part of the brain is suddenly cut off, usually because of a blood clot), called post-stroke dementia or single-infarct dementia; lots of „mini strokes” (also called transient ischaemic attacks or TIAs) that cause tiny but widespread damage to the brain, known as multi-infarct dementia. […] Some people with vascular dementia also have brain damage caused by Alzheimer’s disease. This is known as mixed dementia. […] These problems increase the risk of damage to the blood vessels in and around your brain, or cause blood clots to develop inside them. […] In rare cases, unavoidable genetic conditions can also increase your risk of vascular dementia.

• #2 Vascular Dementia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430817/

  Vascular dementia is among the most common etiologies of major neurocognitive disorder (MND), affecting primarily older adults (65), and it is the leading nondegenerative cause of dementia. […] Cardiovascular risk factors smoking, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and atrial fibrillation commonly underlie vascular dementia. […] Vascular dementia is distinguished from other forms of MND in that it results from brain ischemia or hemorrhage and not from one or more underlying neurodegenerative proteinopathies. […] The pathogenesis of vascular dementia is understood as follows: vascular risk factors lead to cerebrovascular disease that, in turn, causes brain injury; the resulting disruption of cognitive networks culminates in vascular dementia. […] Recent reports in the neuropathological and neuropsychological literature posit that vascular dementia and Alzheimer disease frequently co-occur, making so-called pure cases of either condition comparatively rare.

• #2 What Is Vascular Dementia?

  https://www.alzheimers.gov/alzheimers-dementias/vascular-dementia

  Vascular dementia is caused by conditions such as stroke that disrupt blood flow to the brain and lead to problems with memory, thinking, and behavior. […] Vascular dementia is caused by conditions that damage blood vessels in the brain and interrupt the flow of blood and oxygen to the brain. […] Not everyone who has had a stroke will develop vascular dementia. A persons risk for dementia after stroke depends on the size and number of strokes and the brain regions affected. Vascular dementia can also result from other conditions that impede blood flow and delivery of oxygen to the brain, such as narrowing of the arteries. […] High blood pressure, problems with the heartbeats rhythm, diabetes, and high cholesterol can increase a persons risk of vascular dementia.

• #2 Vascular dementia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_dementia

  Vascular dementia can be caused by ischemic or hemorrhagic infarcts affecting multiple brain areas, including the anterior cerebral artery territory, the parietal lobes, or the cingulate gyrus. […] A history of stroke increases the risk of developing dementia by around 70%, and recent stroke increases the risk by around 120%. […] Brain vascular lesions can also be the result of diffuse cerebrovascular disease, such as small vessel disease. […] Risk factors for vascular dementia include increasing age, hypertension, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and cerebrovascular disease. […] Vascular dementia can sometimes be triggered by cerebral amyloid angiopathy, which involves accumulation of amyloid beta plaques in the walls of the cerebral arteries, leading to breakdown and rupture of the vessels.

• #2 What is vascular dementia? | Stroke Association

  https://www.stroke.org.uk/stroke/effects/vascular-dementia

  Vascular dementia happens when the blood supply to parts of your brain becomes reduced. This can be due to blood vessels being clogged, a stroke or a series of small strokes. Over time, areas of brain cells stop working, leading to symptoms of dementia. […] Another cause of vascular dementia is when many small strokes happen, creating lots of small areas of damage in your brain. Often, these strokes can be so small that you do not know you are having them. These are known as silent strokes. […] Vascular dementia can also be caused by small vessel disease. This is when the small blood vessels deep within your brain become narrow and clogged up. The damage stops blood from getting to parts of your brain. The damage can build up over time and may cause signs of vascular cognitive impairment. This can eventually lead to vascular dementia. […] Many of the things that increase your risk of small vessel disease, such as high blood pressure and diabetes, also increase your risk of stroke.

• #2 Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/delirium-and-dementia/vascular-cognitive-impairment-and-dementia

  Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia typically results from multiple cerebral infarcts (or sometimes hemorrhages). Although each infarct may be only minimally symptomatic in itself, the combination of multiple infarcts can cause enough neuronal or axonal loss to impair brain function. […] There are four major types of vascular cognitive impairment and dementias: Subcortical ischemic vascular cognitive impairment and dementia, Multi-infarct dementia, Poststroke dementia, and Mixed dementia. […] Subcortical ischemic vascular cognitive impairment and dementia is caused mainly by small vessel disease. […] Multi-infarct dementia affects medium-sized blood vessels, leading to large cortical infarcts. […] Post-stroke dementia is immediate and/or delayed irreversible cognitive decline that begins within 6 months after stroke.

• #2 Vascular Dementia: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22216-vascular-dementia

  Healthcare providers use different terms for vascular dementia that reflect the number and type of blood vessels involved and the way the symptoms progress. […] Vascular dementia itself isn’t hereditary (genetic). But the conditions that contribute to it can run in biological families, like high blood pressure and heart disease. […] Two rare forms of vascular dementia result from multiple strokes happening in the context of mutations (changes) in certain genes.

• #2 Causes of Vascular Dementia | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/brain-and-nerves/vascular-dementia/causes.html

  Vascular dementia (VaD) is caused by a lack of blood flow to the brain. Blood flow to a certain part of the brain may be decreased or interrupted by: […] Damage to a blood vessel from atherosclerosis, infection, or other causes, such as an autoimmune disorder. […] CADASIL (cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with sub-cortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy) is a genetic disorder that generally leads to dementia of the vascular type. One parent with the gene for CADASIL passes it on to a child, which makes it an autosomal-dominant inheritance disorder.

• #2 Who gets vascular dementia? | Alzheimer’s Society

  https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-dementia/types-dementia/risk-factors-vascular-dementia

  The biggest risk factor for vascular dementia is ageing. Once a person gets to 65, their risk of developing the condition roughly doubles every five years. […] There are lots of health problems that increase a persons risk of developing vascular dementia. […] People who have problems with their heart and blood circulation, such as high blood pressure or heart disease, have a higher risk of developing vascular dementia. […] A person who has had a stroke, or who has diabetes or heart disease, is around twice as likely to develop vascular dementia as someone who has not had these conditions. […] Vascular dementia is mostly caused by cardiovascular diseases (such as high blood pressure, stroke or heart problems). […] There is a lot of evidence that our lifestyle choices can affect our risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.

• #2 Vascular Dementia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430817/

  Neuropathologic studies illustrate vascular dementia’s high degree of heterogeneity, with multiple and overlapping types of cerebrovascular disease damaging multiple sites in the vascular tree. […] Cardiovascular risk factors for vascular dementia include smoking, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, obesity, and physical inactivity, among others. […] A brief prcis of patterns of damage in the vascular tree that can result in cognitive impairment include: Atherosclerosis of large feeding arteries, often associated with smoking and hyperlipidemia, can cause territorial infarcts via cerebrovascular arterial occlusion or thromboembolism, resulting in the classic „step-wise” cognitive and functional decline of vascular dementia. […] Arteriolosclerosis, mainly linked to hypertension, can cause occlusive disease of small arteries that feed deep, penetrating structures, leading to lacunar infarcts, central hemorrhage, and cerebral microbleeds.

• #2 Dementia Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/dementia/causes-risk-factors/

  Vascular dementia is caused by impaired blood flow to the brain, which prevents brain cells from getting the oxygen and nutrients they need damaging and eventually killing them. This can happen gradually when small blood vessels become damaged over time, or it can happen more suddenly when a stroke blocks major blood vessels. […] Risk factors for vascular dementia overlap with those for heart disease and stroke. They include the following: […] Atherosclerosis When a combination of cholesterol and other substances (known as plaque) builds up in your arteries, it can limit blood flow to your brain. […] High Cholesterol Higher levels of LDL (bad) cholesterol are linked to a higher vascular dementia risk. […] High Blood Pressure This condition puts extra stress on blood vessels, potentially damaging them throughout your body, including the brain.

• #2 Vascular Dementia Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/292105-clinical

  Risk factors for vascular dementia include hypertension, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. […] A large cohort study published in 2010 followed 21,123 heavy midlife smokers (more than 2 packs per day) for a mean of 23 years. These individuals were found more than 2 decades later to have a greater than 100% increased risk of dementia, Alzheimer disease, and vascular dementia in both sexes and across ethnic groups. […] Vascular dementia development after stroke can be influenced by many factors. Some of the important factors that can lead to the development of dementia are older age, lower education level, family history of dementia, left-sided lesions, larger lesions, larger periventricular white matter ischemic lesions, and strokes in thalamic artery territory, inferomedian temporal lobes, hippocampus, and watershed infarcts involving superior frontal and parietal regions.

• #2 A Complete Guide to Vascular Dementia: What You Need to Know

  https://www.lidementia.org/alzheimers-disease/types-of-dementia/vascular-dementia/

  Whether it’s an apparent or a silent stroke, the risk for vascular dementia increases with the number of strokes. […] The majority of people with the condition will begin to have symptoms after the age of 65, and the risk is substantially higher for those in their 80s and 90s. […] Considering vascular dementia is the result of a problem with blood flow to the brain, hardened arteries is a common risk factor. […] Other risk factors for vascular dementia include: Obesity – Being overweight is commonly regarded as a risk factor for vascular diseases in general. […] Smoking – Smoking causes direct damage to your blood vessels by increasing the likelihood of developing vascular dementia and other circulatory diseases. […] High Cholesterol – High levels of the „bad” cholesterol (LDL) are associated with heightened risk of vascular dementia.

• #2 Vascular Dementia: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22216-vascular-dementia

  Vascular dementia results from conditions that damage blood vessels and block blood flow to your brain. […] Vascular dementia happens when there’s decreased blood flow to areas of your brain. […] Conditions that damage blood vessels in your brain or partially or fully block blood flow cause vascular dementia. […] Common causes of vascular dementia include narrowing (atherosclerosis) and/or blockage of many blood vessels (ischemic strokes) or capillaries (small vessel disease) in your brain. […] Certain factors increase your risk of experiencing these blood vessel issues and vascular dementia, including atrial fibrillation (Afib), diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure (hypertension), high cholesterol (hyperlipidemia), history of stroke, increasing age, especially being 60 or older, and smoking.

• #3 Vascular Dementia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/292105-overview

  Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer disease (AD). The condition is not a single disease; it is a group of syndromes relating to different vascular mechanisms. […] In 1969, Mayer-Gross et al described this syndrome and reported that hypertension is the cause in approximately 50% of patients. Patients who have had a stroke are at increased risk for vascular dementia. […] The mainstay of management of vascular dementia is the prevention of new strokes. This includes administering antiplatelet drugs and controlling major vascular risk factors. Aspirin has also been found to slow the progression of vascular dementia. […] Vascular disease produces either focal or diffuse effects on the brain and causes cognitive decline. Focal cerebrovascular disease occurs secondary to thrombotic or embolic vascular occlusions.

• #3

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vascular-dementia/

  Vascular dementia is a common type of dementia caused by reduced blood flow to the brain. […] Vascular dementia is caused by reduced blood flow to the brain, which damages and eventually kills brain cells. […] This can happen as a result of narrowing and blockage of the small blood vessels inside the brain. […] a single stroke, where the blood supply to part of the brain is suddenly cut off. […] lots of „mini strokes” (also called transient ischaemic attacks, or TIAs) that cause tiny but widespread damage to the brain. […] In many cases, these problems are linked to underlying conditions, such as high blood pressure and diabetes, and lifestyle factors, such as smoking and being overweight. […] Tackling these might reduce your risk of vascular dementia in later life, although it’s not yet clear exactly how much your risk of dementia can be reduced.

• #3 Vascular Dementia: Causes and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/vascular-dementia

  Young-onset VaD has a genetic cause in some people. […] VaD is the second most common form of dementia in the West after Alzheimer’s disease. It is the most common form in some parts of Asia. Incidence increases with age. […] VaD is thought to account for around 17% of dementia in the UK. […] Prevalence of dementia following a first stroke varies depending on location and size of the infarct, definition of dementia, interval after stroke and age among other variables. […] Around one-third of individuals with stroke develop dementia within 5 years. […] The distinction between VaD and Alzheimer’s dementia is becoming increasingly blurred because vascular risk factors play a role in both diseases and both types of dementia may co-exist in the same patient. […] However, where they are seen mostly in white matter in VaD, in Alzheimer’s dementia they predominate in cortical grey matter.

• #3 Vascular Dementia: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22216-vascular-dementia

  Vascular dementia results from conditions that damage blood vessels and block blood flow to your brain. […] Vascular dementia happens when there’s decreased blood flow to areas of your brain. […] Conditions that damage blood vessels in your brain or partially or fully block blood flow cause vascular dementia. […] Common causes of vascular dementia include narrowing (atherosclerosis) and/or blockage of many blood vessels (ischemic strokes) or capillaries (small vessel disease) in your brain. […] Certain factors increase your risk of experiencing these blood vessel issues and vascular dementia, including atrial fibrillation (Afib), diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure (hypertension), high cholesterol (hyperlipidemia), history of stroke, increasing age, especially being 60 or older, and smoking.

• #3 Vascular dementia risk factors | Alzheimer’s Research UK

  https://www.alzheimersresearchuk.org/dementia-information/types-of-dementia/vascular-dementia/risk-factors/

  Risk factors are things that change our likelihood of developing a disease. Factors that may increase our risk of developing vascular dementia include age, genetics, lifestyle, and other health conditions like high blood pressure and stroke. […] The biggest risk factor for vascular dementia is age, followed by high blood pressure. The older we get, the more likely we are to develop vascular dementia. Our arteries get stiffer and narrower as we get older, or if we have untreated high blood pressure for a long time. This makes us more likely to get damaged arteries and go on to develop vascular dementia. […] Having a stroke also increases your risk of developing vascular dementia. Risk factors that make a stroke more likely to happen are the same as those listed above. One in every three people who have a stroke go on to develop dementia. Most of these cases are thought to be vascular dementia.

• #3 Vascular Dementia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430817/

  Neuropathologic studies illustrate vascular dementia’s high degree of heterogeneity, with multiple and overlapping types of cerebrovascular disease damaging multiple sites in the vascular tree. […] Cardiovascular risk factors for vascular dementia include smoking, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, obesity, and physical inactivity, among others. […] A brief prcis of patterns of damage in the vascular tree that can result in cognitive impairment include: Atherosclerosis of large feeding arteries, often associated with smoking and hyperlipidemia, can cause territorial infarcts via cerebrovascular arterial occlusion or thromboembolism, resulting in the classic „step-wise” cognitive and functional decline of vascular dementia. […] Arteriolosclerosis, mainly linked to hypertension, can cause occlusive disease of small arteries that feed deep, penetrating structures, leading to lacunar infarcts, central hemorrhage, and cerebral microbleeds.

• #4 Vascular Dementia: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, & More

  https://www.health.com/vascular-dementia-symptoms-8403631

  Vascular dementia is a condition where memory, thinking, and behavior are impacted by damage to the blood vessels of the brain. When blood flow to the brain’s neurons (nerve cells) is reduced or stopped, these cells start to die when they can’t get the nutrients they need. As a result, the brain tissue begins to shrink. […] The most common cause of vascular dementia is multiple small strokes, often linked with high blood pressure (hypertension). However, not everyone who experiences a stroke will develop vascular dementia. […] Vascular dementia can also be caused by other conditions that reduce blood and oxygen flow to the brain, like intracranial stenosis, or the narrowing of the brain’s arteries. Risk factors like high blood pressure, irregular heartbeat, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and high cholesterol can increase your likelihood of developing vascular dementia.

• #4 Who gets vascular dementia? | Alzheimer’s Society

  https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-dementia/types-dementia/risk-factors-vascular-dementia

  The biggest risk factor for vascular dementia is ageing. Once a person gets to 65, their risk of developing the condition roughly doubles every five years. […] There are lots of health problems that increase a persons risk of developing vascular dementia. […] People who have problems with their heart and blood circulation, such as high blood pressure or heart disease, have a higher risk of developing vascular dementia. […] A person who has had a stroke, or who has diabetes or heart disease, is around twice as likely to develop vascular dementia as someone who has not had these conditions. […] Vascular dementia is mostly caused by cardiovascular diseases (such as high blood pressure, stroke or heart problems). […] There is a lot of evidence that our lifestyle choices can affect our risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.

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