Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Ectopic Pregnancy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539860/

  Ectopic pregnancy accounts for approximately 1% to 2% of pregnancies in the United States and 2% to 5% among patients who have utilized assisted reproductive technology. Emergency departments have reported a higher incidence of 6% to 16%. However, the true prevalence may be underestimated due to cases managed outside hospital settings. While the mortality rate from ruptured ectopic pregnancies has declined over the past few decades, they still contribute to pregnancy-related deaths. […] Tubal ectopic pregnancies are the most common, with rupture rates around 15% in Western countries, a figure that may have increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cervical ectopic pregnancy has an incidence of 1% and has been reported to occur following dilation and curettage in 70% of these patients. Ectopic pregnancies within the ovary occur in 3% of cases, while abdominal implantation occurs in 0.9% to 1.4% of cases. Abdominal pregnancies have a higher mortality than other types of ectopic pregnancy at 10%; however, due to a higher frequency of delayed diagnosis and up to 7 times higher risk of organ perforation and massive hemorrhage. Interstitial ectopic pregnancies are reported in up to 4% of all ectopic implantation sites. Reports also exist of implantation sites in omental, retroperitoneal, splenic, and hepatic locations.

• #2 Incidence, diagnosis and management of tubal and nontubal ectopic pregnancies: a review | Fertility Research and Practice | Full Text

  https://fertilityresearchandpractice.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40738-015-0008-z

  Ectopic pregnancy is a potentially life-threatening condition occurring in 1-2 % of all pregnancies. The most common ectopic implantation site is the fallopian tube, though 10 % of ectopic pregnancies implant in the cervix, ovary, myometrium, interstitial portion of the fallopian tube, abdominal cavity or within a cesarean section scar. […] The overall rate of EP is 12 % in the general population, and 25 % among patients who have utilized assisted reproductive technology. […] Nontubal EPs are pregnancies that implant at sites other than the fallopian tube. These pregnancies account for less than 10 % of all EPs, though their overall incidence has been increasing in recent years. […] The risk of HP following in vitro fertilization (IVF) has been estimated as high as 1:100 women. […] The risk of recurrence of tubal EP ranges from 5 to 25 %. The risk of recurrent EP is not affected by treatment modalitymedical or surgicalor surgical procedure. […] The rates of IUP have been shown to be similar following salpingectomy and salpingostomy in several large series.

• #3 Ectopic Pregnancy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539860/

  Ectopic pregnancy accounts for approximately 1% to 2% of pregnancies in the United States and 2% to 5% among patients who have utilized assisted reproductive technology. Emergency departments have reported a higher incidence of 6% to 16%. However, the true prevalence may be underestimated due to cases managed outside hospital settings. While the mortality rate from ruptured ectopic pregnancies has declined over the past few decades, they still contribute to pregnancy-related deaths. […] Tubal ectopic pregnancies are the most common, with rupture rates around 15% in Western countries, a figure that may have increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cervical ectopic pregnancy has an incidence of 1% and has been reported to occur following dilation and curettage in 70% of these patients. Ectopic pregnancies within the ovary occur in 3% of cases, while abdominal implantation occurs in 0.9% to 1.4% of cases. Abdominal pregnancies have a higher mortality than other types of ectopic pregnancy at 10%; however, due to a higher frequency of delayed diagnosis and up to 7 times higher risk of organ perforation and massive hemorrhage. Interstitial ectopic pregnancies are reported in up to 4% of all ectopic implantation sites. Reports also exist of implantation sites in omental, retroperitoneal, splenic, and hepatic locations.

• #4 Ectopic Pregnancy | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/0215/p1080.html

  Ectopic pregnancy occurs at a rate of 19.7 cases per 1,000 pregnancies in North America and is a leading cause of maternal mortality in the first trimester. […] The number of ectopic pregnancies has increased dramatically in the past few decades. Based on hospital discharge data, the incidence of ectopic pregnancy has risen from 4.5 cases per 1,000 pregnancies in 1970 to 19.7 cases per 1,000 pregnancies in 1992. […] The case-fatality rate has declined from 35.5 maternal deaths per 10,000 ectopic pregnancies in 1970 to only 3.8 maternal deaths per 10,000 ectopic pregnancies in 1989. […] Ectopic pregnancy is more often detected in women over 35 years of age and in non-white ethnic groups.

• #5 Ectopic Pregnancy: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2041923-overview

  The incidence of ectopic pregnancy is reported most commonly as the number of ectopic pregnancies per 1000 conceptions. Since 1970, when the reported rate in the United States was 4.5 cases per 1000 pregnancies, the frequency of ectopic pregnancy has increased 6-fold, with ectopic pregnancies now accounting for approximately 1-2% of all pregnancies. Consequently, the prevalence is estimated at 1 in 40 pregnancies, or approximately 25 cases per 1000 pregnancies. These statistics are based on data from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which used hospitalizations for ectopic pregnancy to determine the total number of ectopic pregnancies. […] Looking at raw data, 17,800 hospitalizations for ectopic pregnancies were reported in 1970. This number rose to 88,000 in 1989 but fell to 30,000 in 1998. An estimated 108,800 ectopic pregnancies in 1992 resulted in 58,200 hospitalizations, with an estimated cost of $1.1 billion.

• #6 Ectopic Pregnancy Surveillance, United States, 1970-1987

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001891.htm

  In 1987, both the rate of hospitalizations due to ectopic pregnancy and the number of women hospitalized increased from those reported in 1986. Although ectopic pregnancy represented 1.7% of all pregnancies in 1987, complications of this condition accounted for 12% of all maternal deaths in that year. The case-fatality rate was 3.4 deaths per 10,000 ectopic pregnancies, a decline of 30% from the rate of 4.9 deaths reported in 1986, and a 90% decline from the 35.5 deaths per 10,000 ectopic pregnancies reported in 1970. […] Ectopic pregnancy continues to be a major public health problem in the United States. This condition results when a fertilized ovum implants at a site other than the endometrial lining of the uterus and results in considerable maternal morbidity and fetal loss. […] The number of ectopic pregnancies reported here are estimated from data collected by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), CDC, as part of the ongoing National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS).

• #7 Surveillance for Ectopic Pregnancy — United States, 1970-1989

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00031632.htm

  From 1970 through 1989, hospitalizations for ectopic pregnancy have increased in the United States; the number of cases has increased fivefold, from 17,800 to 88,400. […] Reported ectopic pregnancies were estimated from data collected by CDC’s National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) as part of the ongoing National Hospital Discharge Survey. […] From 1970 through 1989, more than one million ectopic pregnancies were estimated to have occurred among women in the United States; the rate increased by almost fourfold, from 4.5 to 16.0 ectopic pregnancies per 1,000 reported pregnancies. […] Although ectopic pregnancies accounted for less than 2% of all reported pregnancies during this period, complications of this condition were associated with approximately 13% of all pregnancy-related deaths.

• #8 Ectopic Pregnancy: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2041923-overview

  Diagnoses of ectopic pregnancy in US emergency departments (ED) may be on the rise. From 2006 to 2013, the overall ratio of ED visits with an ectopic pregnancy diagnosis increased from 11.0 per 1000 live births to 13.7 per 1000 live births. […] Approximately 85-90% of ectopic pregnancies occur in multigravid women. In the United States, rates are nearly twice as high for women of other races compared with White women. […] The increase in incidence of ectopic pregnancy in the 1970s in the United States was also mirrored in Africa, although data there tend to be hospital based rather than derived from nationwide surveys, with estimates in the range of 1.1-4.6%. […] The United Kingdom estimated the incidence of ectopic pregnancy at about 11.1 per 1,000 reported pregnancies from 1997 to 2005, compared with 9.6 per 1,000 from 1991 to 1993.

• #9 Ectopic Pregnancy: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2041923-overview

  Changes in the management of ectopic pregnancy, however, have made it difficult to reliably monitor incidence (and therefore mortality rates). A review of hospital discharges in California found a rate of 15 cases per 1000 in 1991, declining to a rate of 9.3 cases per 1,000 in 2000, but a review of electronic medical records (inpatient and outpatient) from a large health maintenance organization (HMO) in northern California found a stable rate of 20.7 cases per 1,000 reported pregnancies from 1997-2000. This suggests that the incidence of ectopic pregnancy in the United States remained steady at about 2% in the 1990s, despite the shift to outpatient treatment. […] The above data raise the question of whether the number of ectopic pregnancies is declining or whether many ectopic pregnancies are now being treated in ambulatory surgical centers or are even being addressed with medical therapy, without admission. Some authors believe the latter is true, but truly accurate statistics are lacking.

• #10 Ectopic Pregnancy: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2041923-overview

  Changes in the management of ectopic pregnancy, however, have made it difficult to reliably monitor incidence (and therefore mortality rates). A review of hospital discharges in California found a rate of 15 cases per 1000 in 1991, declining to a rate of 9.3 cases per 1,000 in 2000, but a review of electronic medical records (inpatient and outpatient) from a large health maintenance organization (HMO) in northern California found a stable rate of 20.7 cases per 1,000 reported pregnancies from 1997-2000. This suggests that the incidence of ectopic pregnancy in the United States remained steady at about 2% in the 1990s, despite the shift to outpatient treatment. […] The above data raise the question of whether the number of ectopic pregnancies is declining or whether many ectopic pregnancies are now being treated in ambulatory surgical centers or are even being addressed with medical therapy, without admission. Some authors believe the latter is true, but truly accurate statistics are lacking.

• #11 Ectopic Pregnancy: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2041923-overview

  Diagnoses of ectopic pregnancy in US emergency departments (ED) may be on the rise. From 2006 to 2013, the overall ratio of ED visits with an ectopic pregnancy diagnosis increased from 11.0 per 1000 live births to 13.7 per 1000 live births. […] Approximately 85-90% of ectopic pregnancies occur in multigravid women. In the United States, rates are nearly twice as high for women of other races compared with White women. […] The increase in incidence of ectopic pregnancy in the 1970s in the United States was also mirrored in Africa, although data there tend to be hospital based rather than derived from nationwide surveys, with estimates in the range of 1.1-4.6%. […] The United Kingdom estimated the incidence of ectopic pregnancy at about 11.1 per 1,000 reported pregnancies from 1997 to 2005, compared with 9.6 per 1,000 from 1991 to 1993.

• #12 Ectopic Pregnancy: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2041923-overview

  The incidence of ectopic pregnancy is reported most commonly as the number of ectopic pregnancies per 1000 conceptions. Since 1970, when the reported rate in the United States was 4.5 cases per 1000 pregnancies, the frequency of ectopic pregnancy has increased 6-fold, with ectopic pregnancies now accounting for approximately 1-2% of all pregnancies. Consequently, the prevalence is estimated at 1 in 40 pregnancies, or approximately 25 cases per 1000 pregnancies. These statistics are based on data from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which used hospitalizations for ectopic pregnancy to determine the total number of ectopic pregnancies. […] Looking at raw data, 17,800 hospitalizations for ectopic pregnancies were reported in 1970. This number rose to 88,000 in 1989 but fell to 30,000 in 1998. An estimated 108,800 ectopic pregnancies in 1992 resulted in 58,200 hospitalizations, with an estimated cost of $1.1 billion.

• #13 Ectopic Pregnancy Surveillance

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00014677.htm

  Ectopic pregnancy is an important cause of maternal mortality in the United States. However, no comprehensive national statistics on ectopic pregnancies have been obtained in routinely collected data. This report summarizes data on ectopic pregnancy among females 15-44 years of age, documenting the estimated number and characteristics of females discharged from hospitals after treatment for ectopic pregnancy and describing the characteristics of females who died from this condition. […] The incidence and rates of ectopic pregnancies in the United States increased more than twofold in the period 1970-1978. The risk of this condition increased with age and was higher for black females than for white females. Mortality rates for black females remained consistently higher than those for white females in every age group and geographic region.

• #14 Ectopic Pregnancy: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2041923-overview

  Diagnoses of ectopic pregnancy in US emergency departments (ED) may be on the rise. From 2006 to 2013, the overall ratio of ED visits with an ectopic pregnancy diagnosis increased from 11.0 per 1000 live births to 13.7 per 1000 live births. […] Approximately 85-90% of ectopic pregnancies occur in multigravid women. In the United States, rates are nearly twice as high for women of other races compared with White women. […] The increase in incidence of ectopic pregnancy in the 1970s in the United States was also mirrored in Africa, although data there tend to be hospital based rather than derived from nationwide surveys, with estimates in the range of 1.1-4.6%. […] The United Kingdom estimated the incidence of ectopic pregnancy at about 11.1 per 1,000 reported pregnancies from 1997 to 2005, compared with 9.6 per 1,000 from 1991 to 1993.

• #15 Ectopic Pregnancy: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2041923-overview

  Diagnoses of ectopic pregnancy in US emergency departments (ED) may be on the rise. From 2006 to 2013, the overall ratio of ED visits with an ectopic pregnancy diagnosis increased from 11.0 per 1000 live births to 13.7 per 1000 live births. […] Approximately 85-90% of ectopic pregnancies occur in multigravid women. In the United States, rates are nearly twice as high for women of other races compared with White women. […] The increase in incidence of ectopic pregnancy in the 1970s in the United States was also mirrored in Africa, although data there tend to be hospital based rather than derived from nationwide surveys, with estimates in the range of 1.1-4.6%. […] The United Kingdom estimated the incidence of ectopic pregnancy at about 11.1 per 1,000 reported pregnancies from 1997 to 2005, compared with 9.6 per 1,000 from 1991 to 1993.

• #16 Ectopic Pregnancy: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2041923-overview

  In the United States from 1991 to 1999, ectopic pregnancy was the cause of 8% of all pregnancy-related deaths among Black women, compared with 4% among White women. […] Any woman with functioning ovaries can potentially have an ectopic pregnancy, which includes women from the age of menarche until menopause. Women older than 40 years were found to have an adjusted odds ratio of 2.9 for ectopic pregnancy.

• #17 Ectopic Pregnancy: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2041923-overview

  In the United States from 1991 to 1999, ectopic pregnancy was the cause of 8% of all pregnancy-related deaths among Black women, compared with 4% among White women. […] Any woman with functioning ovaries can potentially have an ectopic pregnancy, which includes women from the age of menarche until menopause. Women older than 40 years were found to have an adjusted odds ratio of 2.9 for ectopic pregnancy.

• #18 Ectopic Pregnancy Surveillance

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00014677.htm

  The most striking aspect of the ectopic-pregnancy mortality rates, other than the overall decline over time, is the variation by race. These racial differences persist over time for different age groups and regions. Black females are not only at higher risk of having an ectopic pregnancy but are also at higher risk of dying if they have an ectopic pregnancy.

• #19 Ectopic Pregnancy Surveillance, United States, 1970-1987

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001891.htm

  The case-fatality rates for ectopic pregnancy continued to decline in 1987. However, a study of maternal mortality in the United States from 1979 to 1986, which used multiple sources for case finding, identified 10% more deaths from complications of ectopic pregnancy than did national vital statistics. […] Although women of black and other minority races continued to have a higher risk of death associated with ectopic pregnancy than did white women, the racial gap diminished over time. […] Increases in rates of ectopic pregnancy in the United States suggest that further study is needed to prevent this condition and its sequelae.

• #20 Ectopic pregnancy – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy

  The rate of ectopic pregnancy is about 1% and 2% of live births in developed countries, though it is as high as 4% in pregnancies involving assisted reproductive technology. Between 93% and 97% of ectopic pregnancies are located in a fallopian tube. Ectopic pregnancy is responsible for 6% of maternal deaths during the first trimester of pregnancy making it the leading cause of maternal death during this stage of pregnancy. […] Between 6% and 20% of pregnancy of unknown location are subsequently diagnosed with actual ectopic pregnancy.

• #21 Tubal ectopic pregnancy | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/tubal-ectopic-pregnancy?lang=us

  Tubal ectopic pregnancy, also known as adnexal ectopic pregnancy, is the most common location of an ectopic pregnancy. […] It is the most common type of ectopic by far, accounting for ~95% (range 93-97%) of cases.

• #22 Ectopic Pregnancy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539860/

  Ectopic pregnancy accounts for approximately 1% to 2% of pregnancies in the United States and 2% to 5% among patients who have utilized assisted reproductive technology. Emergency departments have reported a higher incidence of 6% to 16%. However, the true prevalence may be underestimated due to cases managed outside hospital settings. While the mortality rate from ruptured ectopic pregnancies has declined over the past few decades, they still contribute to pregnancy-related deaths. […] Tubal ectopic pregnancies are the most common, with rupture rates around 15% in Western countries, a figure that may have increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cervical ectopic pregnancy has an incidence of 1% and has been reported to occur following dilation and curettage in 70% of these patients. Ectopic pregnancies within the ovary occur in 3% of cases, while abdominal implantation occurs in 0.9% to 1.4% of cases. Abdominal pregnancies have a higher mortality than other types of ectopic pregnancy at 10%; however, due to a higher frequency of delayed diagnosis and up to 7 times higher risk of organ perforation and massive hemorrhage. Interstitial ectopic pregnancies are reported in up to 4% of all ectopic implantation sites. Reports also exist of implantation sites in omental, retroperitoneal, splenic, and hepatic locations.

• #23 Ectopic Pregnancy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539860/

  Ectopic pregnancy accounts for approximately 1% to 2% of pregnancies in the United States and 2% to 5% among patients who have utilized assisted reproductive technology. Emergency departments have reported a higher incidence of 6% to 16%. However, the true prevalence may be underestimated due to cases managed outside hospital settings. While the mortality rate from ruptured ectopic pregnancies has declined over the past few decades, they still contribute to pregnancy-related deaths. […] Tubal ectopic pregnancies are the most common, with rupture rates around 15% in Western countries, a figure that may have increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cervical ectopic pregnancy has an incidence of 1% and has been reported to occur following dilation and curettage in 70% of these patients. Ectopic pregnancies within the ovary occur in 3% of cases, while abdominal implantation occurs in 0.9% to 1.4% of cases. Abdominal pregnancies have a higher mortality than other types of ectopic pregnancy at 10%; however, due to a higher frequency of delayed diagnosis and up to 7 times higher risk of organ perforation and massive hemorrhage. Interstitial ectopic pregnancies are reported in up to 4% of all ectopic implantation sites. Reports also exist of implantation sites in omental, retroperitoneal, splenic, and hepatic locations.

• #24 Ectopic Pregnancy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539860/

  Ectopic pregnancy accounts for approximately 1% to 2% of pregnancies in the United States and 2% to 5% among patients who have utilized assisted reproductive technology. Emergency departments have reported a higher incidence of 6% to 16%. However, the true prevalence may be underestimated due to cases managed outside hospital settings. While the mortality rate from ruptured ectopic pregnancies has declined over the past few decades, they still contribute to pregnancy-related deaths. […] Tubal ectopic pregnancies are the most common, with rupture rates around 15% in Western countries, a figure that may have increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cervical ectopic pregnancy has an incidence of 1% and has been reported to occur following dilation and curettage in 70% of these patients. Ectopic pregnancies within the ovary occur in 3% of cases, while abdominal implantation occurs in 0.9% to 1.4% of cases. Abdominal pregnancies have a higher mortality than other types of ectopic pregnancy at 10%; however, due to a higher frequency of delayed diagnosis and up to 7 times higher risk of organ perforation and massive hemorrhage. Interstitial ectopic pregnancies are reported in up to 4% of all ectopic implantation sites. Reports also exist of implantation sites in omental, retroperitoneal, splenic, and hepatic locations.

• #25 Ectopic Pregnancy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539860/

  Ectopic pregnancy accounts for approximately 1% to 2% of pregnancies in the United States and 2% to 5% among patients who have utilized assisted reproductive technology. Emergency departments have reported a higher incidence of 6% to 16%. However, the true prevalence may be underestimated due to cases managed outside hospital settings. While the mortality rate from ruptured ectopic pregnancies has declined over the past few decades, they still contribute to pregnancy-related deaths. […] Tubal ectopic pregnancies are the most common, with rupture rates around 15% in Western countries, a figure that may have increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cervical ectopic pregnancy has an incidence of 1% and has been reported to occur following dilation and curettage in 70% of these patients. Ectopic pregnancies within the ovary occur in 3% of cases, while abdominal implantation occurs in 0.9% to 1.4% of cases. Abdominal pregnancies have a higher mortality than other types of ectopic pregnancy at 10%; however, due to a higher frequency of delayed diagnosis and up to 7 times higher risk of organ perforation and massive hemorrhage. Interstitial ectopic pregnancies are reported in up to 4% of all ectopic implantation sites. Reports also exist of implantation sites in omental, retroperitoneal, splenic, and hepatic locations.

• #26 Ectopic Pregnancy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539860/

  Ectopic pregnancy accounts for approximately 1% to 2% of pregnancies in the United States and 2% to 5% among patients who have utilized assisted reproductive technology. Emergency departments have reported a higher incidence of 6% to 16%. However, the true prevalence may be underestimated due to cases managed outside hospital settings. While the mortality rate from ruptured ectopic pregnancies has declined over the past few decades, they still contribute to pregnancy-related deaths. […] Tubal ectopic pregnancies are the most common, with rupture rates around 15% in Western countries, a figure that may have increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cervical ectopic pregnancy has an incidence of 1% and has been reported to occur following dilation and curettage in 70% of these patients. Ectopic pregnancies within the ovary occur in 3% of cases, while abdominal implantation occurs in 0.9% to 1.4% of cases. Abdominal pregnancies have a higher mortality than other types of ectopic pregnancy at 10%; however, due to a higher frequency of delayed diagnosis and up to 7 times higher risk of organ perforation and massive hemorrhage. Interstitial ectopic pregnancies are reported in up to 4% of all ectopic implantation sites. Reports also exist of implantation sites in omental, retroperitoneal, splenic, and hepatic locations.

• #27 Ectopic Pregnancy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539860/

  Additionally, the growing rate of cesarean deliveries, currently 21% of births worldwide, may contribute to an increase in cesarean scar ectopic pregnancies, which has an incidence of approximately 1%. The incidence of heterotopic pregnancies, where both intrauterine and ectopic pregnancies occur simultaneously, has risen due to assisted reproductive technologies, with in vitro fertilization increasing the likelihood of ectopic implantation. The risk of developing a heterotopic pregnancy has been estimated as high as 1:100 in women seeking in vitro fertilization. Ectopic pregnancies occur in 2.1% to 8.6% of in vitro fertilization conceptions, compared to around 2% in natural pregnancies.

• #28 Ectopic Pregnancy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539860/

  Ectopic pregnancy accounts for approximately 1% to 2% of pregnancies in the United States and 2% to 5% among patients who have utilized assisted reproductive technology. Emergency departments have reported a higher incidence of 6% to 16%. However, the true prevalence may be underestimated due to cases managed outside hospital settings. While the mortality rate from ruptured ectopic pregnancies has declined over the past few decades, they still contribute to pregnancy-related deaths. […] Tubal ectopic pregnancies are the most common, with rupture rates around 15% in Western countries, a figure that may have increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cervical ectopic pregnancy has an incidence of 1% and has been reported to occur following dilation and curettage in 70% of these patients. Ectopic pregnancies within the ovary occur in 3% of cases, while abdominal implantation occurs in 0.9% to 1.4% of cases. Abdominal pregnancies have a higher mortality than other types of ectopic pregnancy at 10%; however, due to a higher frequency of delayed diagnosis and up to 7 times higher risk of organ perforation and massive hemorrhage. Interstitial ectopic pregnancies are reported in up to 4% of all ectopic implantation sites. Reports also exist of implantation sites in omental, retroperitoneal, splenic, and hepatic locations.

• #29 Ectopic Pregnancy: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/ectopic-pregnancy-pro

  The rate of ectopic pregnancy in the UK is 11 per 1,000 pregnancies. Although the mortality from ectopic pregnancies in the UK is decreasing, around 0.2 per 100 ectopic pregnancies result in maternal death. Two thirds of these maternal deaths are associated with substandard care. […] Rates of ectopic pregnancy after assisted reproduction vary from 0.8-8.6%, although the incidence has decreased over time. […] The incidence of heterotopic pregnancy (when both an intrauterine and an ectopic pregnancy are present) varies from 1 in 4,000 women to 1 in 30,000 women in the general population.

• #30 Ectopic Pregnancy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539860/

  Additionally, the growing rate of cesarean deliveries, currently 21% of births worldwide, may contribute to an increase in cesarean scar ectopic pregnancies, which has an incidence of approximately 1%. The incidence of heterotopic pregnancies, where both intrauterine and ectopic pregnancies occur simultaneously, has risen due to assisted reproductive technologies, with in vitro fertilization increasing the likelihood of ectopic implantation. The risk of developing a heterotopic pregnancy has been estimated as high as 1:100 in women seeking in vitro fertilization. Ectopic pregnancies occur in 2.1% to 8.6% of in vitro fertilization conceptions, compared to around 2% in natural pregnancies.

• #31 Incidence, diagnosis and management of tubal and nontubal ectopic pregnancies: a review | Fertility Research and Practice | Full Text

  https://fertilityresearchandpractice.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40738-015-0008-z

  Ectopic pregnancy is a potentially life-threatening condition occurring in 1-2 % of all pregnancies. The most common ectopic implantation site is the fallopian tube, though 10 % of ectopic pregnancies implant in the cervix, ovary, myometrium, interstitial portion of the fallopian tube, abdominal cavity or within a cesarean section scar. […] The overall rate of EP is 12 % in the general population, and 25 % among patients who have utilized assisted reproductive technology. […] Nontubal EPs are pregnancies that implant at sites other than the fallopian tube. These pregnancies account for less than 10 % of all EPs, though their overall incidence has been increasing in recent years. […] The risk of HP following in vitro fertilization (IVF) has been estimated as high as 1:100 women. […] The risk of recurrence of tubal EP ranges from 5 to 25 %. The risk of recurrent EP is not affected by treatment modalitymedical or surgicalor surgical procedure. […] The rates of IUP have been shown to be similar following salpingectomy and salpingostomy in several large series.

• #32 A Perspective on Ectopic Pregnancy Epidemiology, Complications, D

  https://www.longdom.org/open-access/a-perspective-on-ectopic-pregnancy-epidemiology-complications-diagnosis-treatment-and-management-84944.html

  Kobiety poszukujące in vitro mają zwiększone ryzyko rozwoju ciąży ektopowej z jednoczesną ciążą wewnątrzmaciczną, znaną jako ciąża heterotopowa. Ryzyko szacuje się na tak wysokie, jak 1:100 kobiet poszukujących in vitro. […] […] Ryzyko rozwoju ciąży heterotopowej oszacowano na tak wysokie, jak 1:100 u kobiet poszukujących leczenia in vitro.

• #33 Ectopic Pregnancy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539860/

  Additionally, the growing rate of cesarean deliveries, currently 21% of births worldwide, may contribute to an increase in cesarean scar ectopic pregnancies, which has an incidence of approximately 1%. The incidence of heterotopic pregnancies, where both intrauterine and ectopic pregnancies occur simultaneously, has risen due to assisted reproductive technologies, with in vitro fertilization increasing the likelihood of ectopic implantation. The risk of developing a heterotopic pregnancy has been estimated as high as 1:100 in women seeking in vitro fertilization. Ectopic pregnancies occur in 2.1% to 8.6% of in vitro fertilization conceptions, compared to around 2% in natural pregnancies.

• #34

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10071153/

  Current innovations in ectopic pregnancy management aim to preserve fertility and include laparoscopic partial tubal resection with end-to-end anastomosis and uterine artery embolization with intrauterine infusion of methotrexate. […] The EP rate among IVF pregnancies is 2.1%8.6% after embryo transfer, in comparison to 2% in natural conceptions. […] The current diagnostic standard for EP is a combination of US imaging and serum levels of -hCG. […] Additional serum markers outside of -hCG are being investigated to confirm diagnosis when US results are inconclusive. […] While not widely used in clinical practice, these experimental markers, specifically activin-AB and PAPP-A, show promise for EP diagnosis. […] Review of Table 4 indicates that the majority of methods of endometrial sampling have 100% specificity for diagnosis; however, DC continues to demonstrate the highest sensitivity for diagnostics, thus confirming it as the most effective protocol to be used.

• #35 Ectopic Pregnancy: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/ectopic-pregnancy-pro

  The rate of ectopic pregnancy in the UK is 11 per 1,000 pregnancies. Although the mortality from ectopic pregnancies in the UK is decreasing, around 0.2 per 100 ectopic pregnancies result in maternal death. Two thirds of these maternal deaths are associated with substandard care. […] Rates of ectopic pregnancy after assisted reproduction vary from 0.8-8.6%, although the incidence has decreased over time. […] The incidence of heterotopic pregnancy (when both an intrauterine and an ectopic pregnancy are present) varies from 1 in 4,000 women to 1 in 30,000 women in the general population.

• #36 Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a case-control study in tertiary care hospitals of Jammu and Kashmir

  https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2695-50752021000400002

  In the present study, we found that the main risk factors for incidence of ectopic pregnancy are prior ectopic pregnancy, prior tubal ligation, and prior pelvic/abdominal surgery. In addition, ectopic pregnancy was positively related to the previous history of ectopic pregnancy, abortion, cesarean section, and infertility. These findings can be helpful for early diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy to pursue proper medical therapy instead of unnecessarily surgical treatment. […] Worldwide the ectopic pregnancy accounts for 1-2% of all pregnancies, and it is a thoughtful cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. Ectopic pregnancy risk factors are closely linked to conditions that alter the normal function of fallopian tubal transport. It is thought that the more damage to the fallopian tube, the greater the chance of an ectopic pregnancy occurring. There are many risk factors for ectopic pregnancy, including prior ectopic pregnancy, h/o infections in the reproductive system, multiple sexual partners, miscarriage, induced conception period, current intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) use, prior caesarian section (CS), and cigarette smoking at the time of conception are all factors to consider. Other factors are prior tubal surgery, tubal sterilization, and history of abortions, maternal age, and parity, pelvic and abdominal surgeries. […] The results of our study found a strong independent association between prior PID and EP occurrence. The risk of having an ectopic pregnancy is 3.02 times increased if the patient once had PID (p = 0.01). These findings are similar to other studies done in France and Nigeria.

• #37 Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a case-control study in tertiary care hospitals of Jammu and Kashmir

  https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2695-50752021000400002

  Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a case-control study in tertiary care hospitals of Jammu and Kashmir […] An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg attaches somewhere outside the uterus. There are many risk factors for ectopic pregnancy. This study will help us to prepare a list of risk factors associated with ectopic pregnancy in our state. In addition, it will help implement a risk-reduction counseling program before conception, which will help us screen high-risk patients and reduce and manage ectopic pregnancy. […] Patients with previous ectopic pregnancy have 6.34 times increased risk of a repeat ectopic pregnancy (odds ratio 6.34, confidence interval 1.40-28.77), and this association was highly significant (p = 0.006). The risk of ectopic pregnancy is 3.02 times increased (odds ratio 3.10; 95% confidence interval, 1.16-7.84) if the patient once had the pelvic inflammatory disease and is statistically significant (p = 0.01). The study also revealed that 17 (10.3%) patients with ectopic pregnancy had a history of tubal ligation or some other tubal surgery done in the past compared to 3 (2.2%) patients among controls, and this finding is statistically highly significant (p = 0.001).

• #38 Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a case-control study in tertiary care hospitals of Jammu and Kashmir

  https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2695-50752021000400002

  Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a case-control study in tertiary care hospitals of Jammu and Kashmir […] An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg attaches somewhere outside the uterus. There are many risk factors for ectopic pregnancy. This study will help us to prepare a list of risk factors associated with ectopic pregnancy in our state. In addition, it will help implement a risk-reduction counseling program before conception, which will help us screen high-risk patients and reduce and manage ectopic pregnancy. […] Patients with previous ectopic pregnancy have 6.34 times increased risk of a repeat ectopic pregnancy (odds ratio 6.34, confidence interval 1.40-28.77), and this association was highly significant (p = 0.006). The risk of ectopic pregnancy is 3.02 times increased (odds ratio 3.10; 95% confidence interval, 1.16-7.84) if the patient once had the pelvic inflammatory disease and is statistically significant (p = 0.01). The study also revealed that 17 (10.3%) patients with ectopic pregnancy had a history of tubal ligation or some other tubal surgery done in the past compared to 3 (2.2%) patients among controls, and this finding is statistically highly significant (p = 0.001).

• #39 Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a case-control study in tertiary care hospitals of Jammu and Kashmir

  https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2695-50752021000400002

  In the present study, we found that the main risk factors for incidence of ectopic pregnancy are prior ectopic pregnancy, prior tubal ligation, and prior pelvic/abdominal surgery. In addition, ectopic pregnancy was positively related to the previous history of ectopic pregnancy, abortion, cesarean section, and infertility. These findings can be helpful for early diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy to pursue proper medical therapy instead of unnecessarily surgical treatment. […] Worldwide the ectopic pregnancy accounts for 1-2% of all pregnancies, and it is a thoughtful cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. Ectopic pregnancy risk factors are closely linked to conditions that alter the normal function of fallopian tubal transport. It is thought that the more damage to the fallopian tube, the greater the chance of an ectopic pregnancy occurring. There are many risk factors for ectopic pregnancy, including prior ectopic pregnancy, h/o infections in the reproductive system, multiple sexual partners, miscarriage, induced conception period, current intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) use, prior caesarian section (CS), and cigarette smoking at the time of conception are all factors to consider. Other factors are prior tubal surgery, tubal sterilization, and history of abortions, maternal age, and parity, pelvic and abdominal surgeries. […] The results of our study found a strong independent association between prior PID and EP occurrence. The risk of having an ectopic pregnancy is 3.02 times increased if the patient once had PID (p = 0.01). These findings are similar to other studies done in France and Nigeria.

• #40 Ectopic Pregnancy: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0515/p599.html

  Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized ovum implants outside of the uterine cavity. In the United States, the estimated prevalence of ectopic pregnancy is 1% to 2%, and ruptured ectopic pregnancy accounts for 2.7% of pregnancy-related deaths. […] The prevalence of ectopic pregnancy in the United States is estimated to be 1% to 2%, but this may be an underestimate because this condition is often treated in the office setting where it is not tracked. The mortality rate for ruptured ectopic pregnancy has steadily declined over the past three decades, and from 2011 to 2013 accounted for 2.7% of pregnancy-related deaths. […] Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy are listed in Table 1; however, one-half of women with diagnosed ectopic pregnancy have no identified risk factors. The overall rate of pregnancy (including ectopic) is less than 1% when a patient has an intrauterine device (IUD). However, in the rare case that a woman does become pregnant while she has an IUD, the prevalence of ectopic pregnancy is as high as 53%.

• #41 Ectopic pregnancy epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Ectopic_pregnancy_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Ectopic pregnancies usually affects women of black race more than others. […] Ectopic pregnancy mortality ratio was 6.8 times higher in African Americans than their whites counterparts during 2003-2007 in The United States. […] In most of European countries and North America, the incidence of ectopic pregnancy has tripled over the past 30 years. […] In developed countries, tubal damage resulting from infection or surgery, previous ectopic pregnancy, history of secondary infertility and treatment for in-vitro fertilization are rising risk factors for ectopic pregnancy. […] The diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy is especially challenging in developing countries before 7 weeks of amenorrhea, due to the poor access to ultrasound scans.

• #42 Ectopic pregnancy | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ectopic-pregnancy?lang=us

  The overall incidence has increased over the last few decades and is thought to affect 1-2% of pregnancies. The risk is as high as 18% for first-trimester pregnancies with bleeding. […] Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy include in vitro fertilisation, prior ectopic pregnancy, tubal injury or surgery, including tubal ligation, pelvic inflammatory disease, salpingitis isthmica nodosa, endometrial injury, intrauterine contraceptive devices, endometriosis, previous placenta previa, congenital uterine anomalies, smoking, past history of spontaneous or induced abortions, maternal age (advanced maternal age increases the risk of ectopic pregnancy), and history of subfertility.

• #43 Ectopic pregnancy epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Ectopic_pregnancy_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Ectopic pregnancies compose 1-2% of all pregnancies worldwide. In The United States, the incidence of ectopic pregnancy is 197 new cases per 100,000 persons. […] Worldwide, ectopic pregnancies occur in 1-2% of all pregnancies. […] In developed countries, such as The United States, the incidence of ectopic pregnancy is 197 new cases per 100,000 persons. […] Ectopic pregnancies account for 3-4% of all pregnancy-related deaths in The United States. […] Case-fatality rate has greatly decreased in The United States in the last decades, from 1.2 per 100,000 live births in 1980 to 0.5 per 100,000 live births in 2007. […] The rate of ectopic pregnancies is higher in women aged between 35-44. […] Ectopic pregnancy mortality ratio was 3.5 times higher for women older than 35 years than those younger than 25 years during 2003-2007 in The United States.

• #44 Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a case-control study in tertiary care hospitals of Jammu and Kashmir

  https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2695-50752021000400002

  In the present study, we found that the main risk factors for incidence of ectopic pregnancy are prior ectopic pregnancy, prior tubal ligation, and prior pelvic/abdominal surgery. In addition, ectopic pregnancy was positively related to the previous history of ectopic pregnancy, abortion, cesarean section, and infertility. These findings can be helpful for early diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy to pursue proper medical therapy instead of unnecessarily surgical treatment. […] Worldwide the ectopic pregnancy accounts for 1-2% of all pregnancies, and it is a thoughtful cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. Ectopic pregnancy risk factors are closely linked to conditions that alter the normal function of fallopian tubal transport. It is thought that the more damage to the fallopian tube, the greater the chance of an ectopic pregnancy occurring. There are many risk factors for ectopic pregnancy, including prior ectopic pregnancy, h/o infections in the reproductive system, multiple sexual partners, miscarriage, induced conception period, current intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) use, prior caesarian section (CS), and cigarette smoking at the time of conception are all factors to consider. Other factors are prior tubal surgery, tubal sterilization, and history of abortions, maternal age, and parity, pelvic and abdominal surgeries. […] The results of our study found a strong independent association between prior PID and EP occurrence. The risk of having an ectopic pregnancy is 3.02 times increased if the patient once had PID (p = 0.01). These findings are similar to other studies done in France and Nigeria.

• #45 Ectopic Pregnancy: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2041923-overview

  Diagnoses of ectopic pregnancy in US emergency departments (ED) may be on the rise. From 2006 to 2013, the overall ratio of ED visits with an ectopic pregnancy diagnosis increased from 11.0 per 1000 live births to 13.7 per 1000 live births. […] Approximately 85-90% of ectopic pregnancies occur in multigravid women. In the United States, rates are nearly twice as high for women of other races compared with White women. […] The increase in incidence of ectopic pregnancy in the 1970s in the United States was also mirrored in Africa, although data there tend to be hospital based rather than derived from nationwide surveys, with estimates in the range of 1.1-4.6%. […] The United Kingdom estimated the incidence of ectopic pregnancy at about 11.1 per 1,000 reported pregnancies from 1997 to 2005, compared with 9.6 per 1,000 from 1991 to 1993.

• #46 Ectopic Pregnancy: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0515/p599.html

  Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized ovum implants outside of the uterine cavity. In the United States, the estimated prevalence of ectopic pregnancy is 1% to 2%, and ruptured ectopic pregnancy accounts for 2.7% of pregnancy-related deaths. […] The prevalence of ectopic pregnancy in the United States is estimated to be 1% to 2%, but this may be an underestimate because this condition is often treated in the office setting where it is not tracked. The mortality rate for ruptured ectopic pregnancy has steadily declined over the past three decades, and from 2011 to 2013 accounted for 2.7% of pregnancy-related deaths. […] Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy are listed in Table 1; however, one-half of women with diagnosed ectopic pregnancy have no identified risk factors. The overall rate of pregnancy (including ectopic) is less than 1% when a patient has an intrauterine device (IUD). However, in the rare case that a woman does become pregnant while she has an IUD, the prevalence of ectopic pregnancy is as high as 53%.

• #47 Ectopic Pregnancy: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0515/p599.html

  Ectopic pregnancy should be considered in any pregnant patient with vaginal bleeding or lower abdominal pain when intrauterine pregnancy has not yet been established. […] The definitive diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy can be made with ultrasonography when a yolk sac and/or embryo is seen in the adnexa; however, ultrasonography alone is rarely used to diagnose ectopic pregnancy because most do not progress to this stage. […] In a desired pregnancy, -hCG levels and serial ultrasonography combined with patient reports of pain or bleeding guide management. […] Overall, surgical management has a higher success rate for ectopic pregnancy than methotrexate. […] The initial -hCG level at which to transfer a patient for possible surgical treatment depends on local standards, although a level of 5,000 mIU per mL (5,000 IU per L) is commonly used.

• #48 Ectopic Pregnancy Surveillance, United States, 1970-1987

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001891.htm

  In 1987, both the rate of hospitalizations due to ectopic pregnancy and the number of women hospitalized increased from those reported in 1986. Although ectopic pregnancy represented 1.7% of all pregnancies in 1987, complications of this condition accounted for 12% of all maternal deaths in that year. The case-fatality rate was 3.4 deaths per 10,000 ectopic pregnancies, a decline of 30% from the rate of 4.9 deaths reported in 1986, and a 90% decline from the 35.5 deaths per 10,000 ectopic pregnancies reported in 1970. […] Ectopic pregnancy continues to be a major public health problem in the United States. This condition results when a fertilized ovum implants at a site other than the endometrial lining of the uterus and results in considerable maternal morbidity and fetal loss. […] The number of ectopic pregnancies reported here are estimated from data collected by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), CDC, as part of the ongoing National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS).

• #49

  https://journals.lww.com/clinicalobgyn/fulltext/2012/06000/ectopic_pregnancy__history,_incidence,.3.aspx

  Ectopic pregnancy is directly related to tubal infection, and so prevention of chlamydia and gonorrhea must be the watchword to lower its risk and incidence. […] Today, early intervention saves lives and reduces morbidity, but ectopic pregnancy still accounts for 4% to 10% of pregnancy-related deaths and leads to a high incidence of ectopic site gestations in subsequent pregnancies.

• #50 Ectopic pregnancy: Epidemiology, risk factors, and anatomic sites – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ectopic-pregnancy-epidemiology-risk-factors-and-anatomic-sites

  Ectopic pregnancy is a pregnancy in which the developing blastocyst becomes implanted at a site other than the endometrium of the uterine cavity. The most common extrauterine location is the fallopian tube, which accounts for 96 percent of all ectopic gestations. […] It is important to remember, however, that hemorrhage from ectopic pregnancy is still the leading cause of pregnancy-related maternal mortality in the first trimester and accounts for 4 percent of all pregnancy-related deaths, despite improved diagnostic methods leading to earlier detection and treatment. […] The epidemiology, risk factors, and anatomic sites of ectopic pregnancy will be reviewed here.

• #51 Ectopic Pregnancy: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0515/p599.html

  Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized ovum implants outside of the uterine cavity. In the United States, the estimated prevalence of ectopic pregnancy is 1% to 2%, and ruptured ectopic pregnancy accounts for 2.7% of pregnancy-related deaths. […] The prevalence of ectopic pregnancy in the United States is estimated to be 1% to 2%, but this may be an underestimate because this condition is often treated in the office setting where it is not tracked. The mortality rate for ruptured ectopic pregnancy has steadily declined over the past three decades, and from 2011 to 2013 accounted for 2.7% of pregnancy-related deaths. […] Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy are listed in Table 1; however, one-half of women with diagnosed ectopic pregnancy have no identified risk factors. The overall rate of pregnancy (including ectopic) is less than 1% when a patient has an intrauterine device (IUD). However, in the rare case that a woman does become pregnant while she has an IUD, the prevalence of ectopic pregnancy is as high as 53%.

• #52 Ectopic Pregnancy | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/0215/p1080.html

  Ectopic pregnancy occurs at a rate of 19.7 cases per 1,000 pregnancies in North America and is a leading cause of maternal mortality in the first trimester. […] The number of ectopic pregnancies has increased dramatically in the past few decades. Based on hospital discharge data, the incidence of ectopic pregnancy has risen from 4.5 cases per 1,000 pregnancies in 1970 to 19.7 cases per 1,000 pregnancies in 1992. […] The case-fatality rate has declined from 35.5 maternal deaths per 10,000 ectopic pregnancies in 1970 to only 3.8 maternal deaths per 10,000 ectopic pregnancies in 1989. […] Ectopic pregnancy is more often detected in women over 35 years of age and in non-white ethnic groups.

• #53 Ectopic Pregnancy – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/early-pregnancy-disorders/ectopic-pregnancy

  Ectopic pregnancy is fatal to the fetus, but if treatment occurs before rupture, maternal death is rare. In the United States in 2018, the mortality rate due to ectopic pregnancies was 0.8 deaths per 100,000 live births. […] Symptoms can include pelvic pain and vaginal bleeding in a pregnant woman, but the woman may not be aware she is pregnant and symptoms may be absent until rupture occurs, sometimes with catastrophic results. […] Treatment usually involves methotrexate, but surgical resection is done if rupture is suspected or criteria are not met for methotrexate treatment.

• #54 Ectopic pregnancy: Epidemiology, risk factors, and anatomic sites – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ectopic-pregnancy-epidemiology-risk-factors-and-anatomic-sites

  Ectopic pregnancy is a pregnancy in which the developing blastocyst becomes implanted at a site other than the endometrium of the uterine cavity. The most common extrauterine location is the fallopian tube, which accounts for 96 percent of all ectopic gestations. […] It is important to remember, however, that hemorrhage from ectopic pregnancy is still the leading cause of pregnancy-related maternal mortality in the first trimester and accounts for 4 percent of all pregnancy-related deaths, despite improved diagnostic methods leading to earlier detection and treatment. […] The epidemiology, risk factors, and anatomic sites of ectopic pregnancy will be reviewed here.

• #55 Ectopic pregnancy – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ectopic-pregnancy/symptoms-causes/syc-20372088

  An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants and grows outside the main cavity of the uterus. […] A tubal pregnancy the most common type of ectopic pregnancy happens when a fertilized egg gets stuck on its way to the uterus, often because the fallopian tube is damaged by inflammation or is misshapen. […] Some research suggests that women who have in vitro fertilization (IVF) or similar treatments are more likely to have an ectopic pregnancy. […] An ectopic pregnancy can cause your fallopian tube to burst open. Without treatment, the ruptured tube can lead to life-threatening bleeding.

• #56 Ectopic Pregnancy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539860/

  Ectopic pregnancy accounts for approximately 1% to 2% of pregnancies in the United States and 2% to 5% among patients who have utilized assisted reproductive technology. Emergency departments have reported a higher incidence of 6% to 16%. However, the true prevalence may be underestimated due to cases managed outside hospital settings. While the mortality rate from ruptured ectopic pregnancies has declined over the past few decades, they still contribute to pregnancy-related deaths. […] Tubal ectopic pregnancies are the most common, with rupture rates around 15% in Western countries, a figure that may have increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cervical ectopic pregnancy has an incidence of 1% and has been reported to occur following dilation and curettage in 70% of these patients. Ectopic pregnancies within the ovary occur in 3% of cases, while abdominal implantation occurs in 0.9% to 1.4% of cases. Abdominal pregnancies have a higher mortality than other types of ectopic pregnancy at 10%; however, due to a higher frequency of delayed diagnosis and up to 7 times higher risk of organ perforation and massive hemorrhage. Interstitial ectopic pregnancies are reported in up to 4% of all ectopic implantation sites. Reports also exist of implantation sites in omental, retroperitoneal, splenic, and hepatic locations.

• #57

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1021106032198

  Ectopic pregnancy is a common condition with significant health consequences; complications are a major cause of maternal mortality in the United States. Accurate ascertainment of the number of ectopic pregnancies occurring in the United States has been dramatically affected by changing medical practices, causing estimates based on hospital data to be falsely low. […] A reliable incidence rate for ectopic pregnancy in the United States could not be estimated from existing nationally representative data sources. Major advances in diagnosis and treatment of ectopic pregnancy have affected surveillance in two ways: inpatient hospital treatment of ectopic pregnancy has decreased, and multiple health care visits for a single ectopic pregnancy have increased. Alternate means of surveillance are needed to improve understanding of risk factors and trends for ectopic pregnancy, and we recommend examination of the databases of public and private insurance systems and managed care systems.

• #58

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1021106032198

  Ectopic pregnancy is a common condition with significant health consequences; complications are a major cause of maternal mortality in the United States. Accurate ascertainment of the number of ectopic pregnancies occurring in the United States has been dramatically affected by changing medical practices, causing estimates based on hospital data to be falsely low. […] A reliable incidence rate for ectopic pregnancy in the United States could not be estimated from existing nationally representative data sources. Major advances in diagnosis and treatment of ectopic pregnancy have affected surveillance in two ways: inpatient hospital treatment of ectopic pregnancy has decreased, and multiple health care visits for a single ectopic pregnancy have increased. Alternate means of surveillance are needed to improve understanding of risk factors and trends for ectopic pregnancy, and we recommend examination of the databases of public and private insurance systems and managed care systems.

• #59

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1021106032198

  Ectopic pregnancy is a common condition with significant health consequences; complications are a major cause of maternal mortality in the United States. Accurate ascertainment of the number of ectopic pregnancies occurring in the United States has been dramatically affected by changing medical practices, causing estimates based on hospital data to be falsely low. […] A reliable incidence rate for ectopic pregnancy in the United States could not be estimated from existing nationally representative data sources. Major advances in diagnosis and treatment of ectopic pregnancy have affected surveillance in two ways: inpatient hospital treatment of ectopic pregnancy has decreased, and multiple health care visits for a single ectopic pregnancy have increased. Alternate means of surveillance are needed to improve understanding of risk factors and trends for ectopic pregnancy, and we recommend examination of the databases of public and private insurance systems and managed care systems.

• #60 Ectopic Pregnancy Surveillance, United States, 1970-1987

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001891.htm

  The case-fatality rates for ectopic pregnancy continued to decline in 1987. However, a study of maternal mortality in the United States from 1979 to 1986, which used multiple sources for case finding, identified 10% more deaths from complications of ectopic pregnancy than did national vital statistics. […] Although women of black and other minority races continued to have a higher risk of death associated with ectopic pregnancy than did white women, the racial gap diminished over time. […] Increases in rates of ectopic pregnancy in the United States suggest that further study is needed to prevent this condition and its sequelae.

• #61

  https://www.gfmer.ch/Medical_education_En/PGC_RH_2004/buyukbarak_review.htm

  Worldwide incidence of ectopic pregnancy A protocol for a systematic review […] Ectopic pregnancy (EP) is defined as a pregnancy in which the implantation of the fertilized egg occurs outside the uterine cavity, most frequently in the fallopian tube. […] Ectopic pregnancy is responsible for thousands of hospital admissions, surgical interventions and blood transfusions. […] Reported incidence of EP varies widely between developed and developing countries. […] Epidemiological studies of the incidence of EP provide estimates of the burden of this condition that are vital in informing and planning of public health policies and medical care. […] The global incidence of EP is difficult to determine because of variation in availability of medical surveillance resources. […] For maternal deaths associated with EP particularly, if women did not undergo surgery, the principal risk of confusion is misclassification as an induced abortion. […] The information is dispersed widely in the literature and comparisons are difficult to make. […] For this reason, we will conduct a systematic review to summarise all available information on the prevalence and incidence of ectopic pregnancy.

• #62 Ectopic Pregnancy: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9687-ectopic-pregnancy

  Ectopic pregnancies occur in about 2% of all pregnancies. […] Ectopic pregnancies can become life-threatening, especially if your fallopian tube breaks (ruptures). […] An ectopic pregnancy is a medical emergency. […] An ectopic pregnancy needs to be treated right away to avoid injury to your fallopian tube and other organs, internal bleeding and possibly, death. […] Ectopic pregnancy is typically discovered early in pregnancy. Healthcare providers usually diagnose ectopic pregnancies in the first trimester (up to 12 weeks of pregnancy). […] Most women with a past ectopic pregnancy can have future successful pregnancies. There’s a higher risk of having ectopic pregnancies after you’ve had one.

• #63

  https://www.gfmer.ch/Medical_education_En/PGC_RH_2004/buyukbarak_review.htm

  Worldwide incidence of ectopic pregnancy A protocol for a systematic review […] Ectopic pregnancy (EP) is defined as a pregnancy in which the implantation of the fertilized egg occurs outside the uterine cavity, most frequently in the fallopian tube. […] Ectopic pregnancy is responsible for thousands of hospital admissions, surgical interventions and blood transfusions. […] Reported incidence of EP varies widely between developed and developing countries. […] Epidemiological studies of the incidence of EP provide estimates of the burden of this condition that are vital in informing and planning of public health policies and medical care. […] The global incidence of EP is difficult to determine because of variation in availability of medical surveillance resources. […] For maternal deaths associated with EP particularly, if women did not undergo surgery, the principal risk of confusion is misclassification as an induced abortion. […] The information is dispersed widely in the literature and comparisons are difficult to make. […] For this reason, we will conduct a systematic review to summarise all available information on the prevalence and incidence of ectopic pregnancy.

• #64 Surveillance for Ectopic Pregnancy — United States, 1970-1989

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00031632.htm

  The risks of ectopic pregnancy and death from its complications were consistently higher for blacks and other racial/ethnic minorities than for whites throughout the period. […] Although the general trend has been for the numbers and rates of ectopic pregnancy to increase over the 20-year period, the variability of the data does not permit meaningful conclusions to be made about year-to-year changes in the estimates of ectopic pregnancies, especially for the years 1988 and 1989. […] These findings indicate the need to characterize behaviors and risk factors that may respond to preventive interventions. […] Until the risk factors that lead to ectopic pregnancy are more fully understood, early detection and appropriate management will be the most effective means of reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with this condition.

• #65 Ectopic Pregnancy: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9687-ectopic-pregnancy

  Ectopic pregnancies occur in about 2% of all pregnancies. […] Ectopic pregnancies can become life-threatening, especially if your fallopian tube breaks (ruptures). […] An ectopic pregnancy is a medical emergency. […] An ectopic pregnancy needs to be treated right away to avoid injury to your fallopian tube and other organs, internal bleeding and possibly, death. […] Ectopic pregnancy is typically discovered early in pregnancy. Healthcare providers usually diagnose ectopic pregnancies in the first trimester (up to 12 weeks of pregnancy). […] Most women with a past ectopic pregnancy can have future successful pregnancies. There’s a higher risk of having ectopic pregnancies after you’ve had one.

• #66 Incidence, diagnosis and management of tubal and nontubal ectopic pregnancies: a review | Fertility Research and Practice | Full Text

  https://fertilityresearchandpractice.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40738-015-0008-z

  Ectopic pregnancy is a potentially life-threatening condition occurring in 1-2 % of all pregnancies. The most common ectopic implantation site is the fallopian tube, though 10 % of ectopic pregnancies implant in the cervix, ovary, myometrium, interstitial portion of the fallopian tube, abdominal cavity or within a cesarean section scar. […] The overall rate of EP is 12 % in the general population, and 25 % among patients who have utilized assisted reproductive technology. […] Nontubal EPs are pregnancies that implant at sites other than the fallopian tube. These pregnancies account for less than 10 % of all EPs, though their overall incidence has been increasing in recent years. […] The risk of HP following in vitro fertilization (IVF) has been estimated as high as 1:100 women. […] The risk of recurrence of tubal EP ranges from 5 to 25 %. The risk of recurrent EP is not affected by treatment modalitymedical or surgicalor surgical procedure. […] The rates of IUP have been shown to be similar following salpingectomy and salpingostomy in several large series.

• #67 Ectopic pregnancy epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Ectopic_pregnancy_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Ectopic pregnancies usually affects women of black race more than others. […] Ectopic pregnancy mortality ratio was 6.8 times higher in African Americans than their whites counterparts during 2003-2007 in The United States. […] In most of European countries and North America, the incidence of ectopic pregnancy has tripled over the past 30 years. […] In developed countries, tubal damage resulting from infection or surgery, previous ectopic pregnancy, history of secondary infertility and treatment for in-vitro fertilization are rising risk factors for ectopic pregnancy. […] The diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy is especially challenging in developing countries before 7 weeks of amenorrhea, due to the poor access to ultrasound scans.

• #68

  https://clinical.stjohnwa.com.au/medical-library/pathophysiology/obstetric-conditions/ectopic-pregnancy

  Ectopic pregnancy is a notable cause of maternal morbidity and mortality, with haemorrhage resulting from ectopic pregnancy being responsible for up to 15 percent of all pregnancy related deaths and most significantly, 80 percent of deaths within the first trimester. […] The rate of ectopic pregnancy is around 1-2 percent with a maternal mortality of 0.2 per 1000 estimated ectopic pregnancies. The mortality ratio is 6.8 times higher in the non-Caucasian population and women over 35 are 3.5 times more likely to experience an ectopic pregnancy than women under 25. […] The majority of deaths can be attributed to sub-standard care, with the most vulnerable population being women who do not have access to sufficient medical assistance. […] Early identification and transfer to appropriate care is associated with good outcomes.

• #69

  https://clinical.stjohnwa.com.au/medical-library/pathophysiology/obstetric-conditions/ectopic-pregnancy

  Ectopic pregnancy is a notable cause of maternal morbidity and mortality, with haemorrhage resulting from ectopic pregnancy being responsible for up to 15 percent of all pregnancy related deaths and most significantly, 80 percent of deaths within the first trimester. […] The rate of ectopic pregnancy is around 1-2 percent with a maternal mortality of 0.2 per 1000 estimated ectopic pregnancies. The mortality ratio is 6.8 times higher in the non-Caucasian population and women over 35 are 3.5 times more likely to experience an ectopic pregnancy than women under 25. […] The majority of deaths can be attributed to sub-standard care, with the most vulnerable population being women who do not have access to sufficient medical assistance. […] Early identification and transfer to appropriate care is associated with good outcomes.

• #70

  https://journals.lww.com/clinicalobgyn/fulltext/2012/06000/ectopic_pregnancy__history,_incidence,.3.aspx

  Ectopic pregnancy is directly related to tubal infection, and so prevention of chlamydia and gonorrhea must be the watchword to lower its risk and incidence. […] Today, early intervention saves lives and reduces morbidity, but ectopic pregnancy still accounts for 4% to 10% of pregnancy-related deaths and leads to a high incidence of ectopic site gestations in subsequent pregnancies.

• #71 Ectopic pregnancy epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Ectopic_pregnancy_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Ectopic pregnancies usually affects women of black race more than others. […] Ectopic pregnancy mortality ratio was 6.8 times higher in African Americans than their whites counterparts during 2003-2007 in The United States. […] In most of European countries and North America, the incidence of ectopic pregnancy has tripled over the past 30 years. […] In developed countries, tubal damage resulting from infection or surgery, previous ectopic pregnancy, history of secondary infertility and treatment for in-vitro fertilization are rising risk factors for ectopic pregnancy. […] The diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy is especially challenging in developing countries before 7 weeks of amenorrhea, due to the poor access to ultrasound scans.

• #72 Ectopic pregnancy epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Ectopic_pregnancy_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Ectopic pregnancies usually affects women of black race more than others. […] Ectopic pregnancy mortality ratio was 6.8 times higher in African Americans than their whites counterparts during 2003-2007 in The United States. […] In most of European countries and North America, the incidence of ectopic pregnancy has tripled over the past 30 years. […] In developed countries, tubal damage resulting from infection or surgery, previous ectopic pregnancy, history of secondary infertility and treatment for in-vitro fertilization are rising risk factors for ectopic pregnancy. […] The diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy is especially challenging in developing countries before 7 weeks of amenorrhea, due to the poor access to ultrasound scans.

• #73 Incidence and Prevalence of Ectopic Pregnancy | CPRD

  https://www.cprd.com/approved-studies/incidence-and-prevalence-ectopic-pregnancy

  An Ectopic Pregnancy happens when a pregnancy starts growing outside of the womb. Ectopic pregnancies are the leading cause of death in early pregnancy, and can cause fertility issues. We have seen trends in national data which suggest that the rate at which ectopic pregnancies happen is changing, especially across different age groups, and may be rising in young women. The incidence of ectopic pregnancy may be rising in women aged under 20 and population epidemiological risk factors do not explain this trend. This study is important because no data on ectopic pregnancy has been published in the UK since 2008 and no data on ethnicity or other dimensions of deprivation (inequality) in ectopic pregnancies have ever been published to our knowledge. […] If we confirm a rise in ectopic pregnancies, this will affect the care offered during early pregnancy. […] This will enable health services to prevent ectopic pregnancies, and the risks that ectopic pregnancies pose to life and to fertility.

• #74 Incidence and Prevalence of Ectopic Pregnancy | CPRD

  https://www.cprd.com/approved-studies/incidence-and-prevalence-ectopic-pregnancy

  An Ectopic Pregnancy happens when a pregnancy starts growing outside of the womb. Ectopic pregnancies are the leading cause of death in early pregnancy, and can cause fertility issues. We have seen trends in national data which suggest that the rate at which ectopic pregnancies happen is changing, especially across different age groups, and may be rising in young women. The incidence of ectopic pregnancy may be rising in women aged under 20 and population epidemiological risk factors do not explain this trend. This study is important because no data on ectopic pregnancy has been published in the UK since 2008 and no data on ethnicity or other dimensions of deprivation (inequality) in ectopic pregnancies have ever been published to our knowledge. […] If we confirm a rise in ectopic pregnancies, this will affect the care offered during early pregnancy. […] This will enable health services to prevent ectopic pregnancies, and the risks that ectopic pregnancies pose to life and to fertility.

• #75 Incidence and Prevalence of Ectopic Pregnancy | CPRD

  https://www.cprd.com/approved-studies/incidence-and-prevalence-ectopic-pregnancy

  An Ectopic Pregnancy happens when a pregnancy starts growing outside of the womb. Ectopic pregnancies are the leading cause of death in early pregnancy, and can cause fertility issues. We have seen trends in national data which suggest that the rate at which ectopic pregnancies happen is changing, especially across different age groups, and may be rising in young women. The incidence of ectopic pregnancy may be rising in women aged under 20 and population epidemiological risk factors do not explain this trend. This study is important because no data on ectopic pregnancy has been published in the UK since 2008 and no data on ethnicity or other dimensions of deprivation (inequality) in ectopic pregnancies have ever been published to our knowledge. […] If we confirm a rise in ectopic pregnancies, this will affect the care offered during early pregnancy. […] This will enable health services to prevent ectopic pregnancies, and the risks that ectopic pregnancies pose to life and to fertility.

• #76 Incidence and Prevalence of Ectopic Pregnancy | CPRD

  https://www.cprd.com/approved-studies/incidence-and-prevalence-ectopic-pregnancy

  An Ectopic Pregnancy happens when a pregnancy starts growing outside of the womb. Ectopic pregnancies are the leading cause of death in early pregnancy, and can cause fertility issues. We have seen trends in national data which suggest that the rate at which ectopic pregnancies happen is changing, especially across different age groups, and may be rising in young women. The incidence of ectopic pregnancy may be rising in women aged under 20 and population epidemiological risk factors do not explain this trend. This study is important because no data on ectopic pregnancy has been published in the UK since 2008 and no data on ethnicity or other dimensions of deprivation (inequality) in ectopic pregnancies have ever been published to our knowledge. […] If we confirm a rise in ectopic pregnancies, this will affect the care offered during early pregnancy. […] This will enable health services to prevent ectopic pregnancies, and the risks that ectopic pregnancies pose to life and to fertility.

• #77

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10071153/

  Ectopic pregnancies are the leading cause of maternal mortality in the first trimester, with an incidence of 5%10% of all pregnancy-related deaths. […] Ectopic pregnancy (EP) ruptures are the leading cause of maternal mortality within the first trimester of pregnancy with a rate of 9%14% and an incidence of 5%10% of all pregnancy-related deaths. […] The current standard for diagnostics includes ultrasound (US) imagingtransvaginal (TVUS) or transabdominal (TAUS)and -human chorionic gonadotropin (-hCG) level monitoring. […] Current experimental studies are identifying biomarkers and endometrial sampling techniques that may be useful for more effective diagnostics. […] The current standard for ectopic pregnancy diagnosis includes ultrasound imaging and -human chorionic gonadotropin (-hCG) monitoring.

• #78

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10071153/

  Current innovations in ectopic pregnancy management aim to preserve fertility and include laparoscopic partial tubal resection with end-to-end anastomosis and uterine artery embolization with intrauterine infusion of methotrexate. […] The EP rate among IVF pregnancies is 2.1%8.6% after embryo transfer, in comparison to 2% in natural conceptions. […] The current diagnostic standard for EP is a combination of US imaging and serum levels of -hCG. […] Additional serum markers outside of -hCG are being investigated to confirm diagnosis when US results are inconclusive. […] While not widely used in clinical practice, these experimental markers, specifically activin-AB and PAPP-A, show promise for EP diagnosis. […] Review of Table 4 indicates that the majority of methods of endometrial sampling have 100% specificity for diagnosis; however, DC continues to demonstrate the highest sensitivity for diagnostics, thus confirming it as the most effective protocol to be used.

• #79

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10071153/

  Current innovations in ectopic pregnancy management aim to preserve fertility and include laparoscopic partial tubal resection with end-to-end anastomosis and uterine artery embolization with intrauterine infusion of methotrexate. […] The EP rate among IVF pregnancies is 2.1%8.6% after embryo transfer, in comparison to 2% in natural conceptions. […] The current diagnostic standard for EP is a combination of US imaging and serum levels of -hCG. […] Additional serum markers outside of -hCG are being investigated to confirm diagnosis when US results are inconclusive. […] While not widely used in clinical practice, these experimental markers, specifically activin-AB and PAPP-A, show promise for EP diagnosis. […] Review of Table 4 indicates that the majority of methods of endometrial sampling have 100% specificity for diagnosis; however, DC continues to demonstrate the highest sensitivity for diagnostics, thus confirming it as the most effective protocol to be used.

• #80

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10071153/

  Current innovations in ectopic pregnancy management aim to preserve fertility and include laparoscopic partial tubal resection with end-to-end anastomosis and uterine artery embolization with intrauterine infusion of methotrexate. […] The EP rate among IVF pregnancies is 2.1%8.6% after embryo transfer, in comparison to 2% in natural conceptions. […] The current diagnostic standard for EP is a combination of US imaging and serum levels of -hCG. […] Additional serum markers outside of -hCG are being investigated to confirm diagnosis when US results are inconclusive. […] While not widely used in clinical practice, these experimental markers, specifically activin-AB and PAPP-A, show promise for EP diagnosis. […] Review of Table 4 indicates that the majority of methods of endometrial sampling have 100% specificity for diagnosis; however, DC continues to demonstrate the highest sensitivity for diagnostics, thus confirming it as the most effective protocol to be used.

• #81 Ectopic Pregnancy: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0515/p599.html

  Ectopic pregnancy should be considered in any pregnant patient with vaginal bleeding or lower abdominal pain when intrauterine pregnancy has not yet been established. […] The definitive diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy can be made with ultrasonography when a yolk sac and/or embryo is seen in the adnexa; however, ultrasonography alone is rarely used to diagnose ectopic pregnancy because most do not progress to this stage. […] In a desired pregnancy, -hCG levels and serial ultrasonography combined with patient reports of pain or bleeding guide management. […] Overall, surgical management has a higher success rate for ectopic pregnancy than methotrexate. […] The initial -hCG level at which to transfer a patient for possible surgical treatment depends on local standards, although a level of 5,000 mIU per mL (5,000 IU per L) is commonly used.

• #82 Incidence, diagnosis and management of tubal and nontubal ectopic pregnancies: a review | Fertility Research and Practice | Full Text

  https://fertilityresearchandpractice.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40738-015-0008-z

  Ectopic pregnancy is a potentially life-threatening condition occurring in 1-2 % of all pregnancies. The most common ectopic implantation site is the fallopian tube, though 10 % of ectopic pregnancies implant in the cervix, ovary, myometrium, interstitial portion of the fallopian tube, abdominal cavity or within a cesarean section scar. […] The overall rate of EP is 12 % in the general population, and 25 % among patients who have utilized assisted reproductive technology. […] Nontubal EPs are pregnancies that implant at sites other than the fallopian tube. These pregnancies account for less than 10 % of all EPs, though their overall incidence has been increasing in recent years. […] The risk of HP following in vitro fertilization (IVF) has been estimated as high as 1:100 women. […] The risk of recurrence of tubal EP ranges from 5 to 25 %. The risk of recurrent EP is not affected by treatment modalitymedical or surgicalor surgical procedure. […] The rates of IUP have been shown to be similar following salpingectomy and salpingostomy in several large series.

• #83 Surveillance for Ectopic Pregnancy — United States, 1970-1989

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00031632.htm

  The risks of ectopic pregnancy and death from its complications were consistently higher for blacks and other racial/ethnic minorities than for whites throughout the period. […] Although the general trend has been for the numbers and rates of ectopic pregnancy to increase over the 20-year period, the variability of the data does not permit meaningful conclusions to be made about year-to-year changes in the estimates of ectopic pregnancies, especially for the years 1988 and 1989. […] These findings indicate the need to characterize behaviors and risk factors that may respond to preventive interventions. […] Until the risk factors that lead to ectopic pregnancy are more fully understood, early detection and appropriate management will be the most effective means of reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with this condition.

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