Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Ectopic Pregnancy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539860/

  Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tube. […] Risk factors include pelvic inflammatory disease, smoking, prior ectopic pregnancy, fallopian tube surgery, and infertility. […] Most ectopic pregnancies (approximately 97%) occur within the fallopian tube, commonly linked to underlying fallopian tube abnormalities. […] Such abnormalities may result from prior infections (eg, gonorrhea or chlamydia), tubal surgeries (including sterilization), prior ectopic pregnancies, or exposure to diethylstilbestrol in utero. […] Factors associated with an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy include prior ectopic pregnancy, fallopian tube damage, pelvic infections, infertility and assisted reproductive technology, contraceptive use, smoking, advanced maternal age, anatomical variations, previous cesarean delivery, and progesterone-only contraception.

• #2 Ectopic Pregnancy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539860/

  Ectopic pregnancy accounts for approximately 1% to 2% of pregnancies in the United States and 2% to 5% among patients who have utilized assisted reproductive technology. […] Tubal ectopic pregnancies are the most common, with rupture rates around 15% in Western countries. […] The prognosis for ectopic pregnancy depends on early diagnosis and timely intervention. […] Patients with a history of ectopic pregnancy are at increased risk for recurrence, particularly if underlying risk factors such as prior tubal surgery, pelvic inflammatory disease, or assisted reproductive technology are present.

• #3 Ectopic pregnancy – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ectopic-pregnancy/symptoms-causes/syc-20372088

  An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants and grows outside the main cavity of the uterus. […] A tubal pregnancy the most common type of ectopic pregnancy happens when a fertilized egg gets stuck on its way to the uterus, often because the fallopian tube is damaged by inflammation or is misshapen. Hormonal imbalances or abnormal development of the fertilized egg also might play a role.

• #4 Ectopic Pregnancy: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2041923-overview

  Ectopic pregnancy requires the occurrence of 2 events: fertilization of the ovum and abnormal implantation. Many risk factors affect both events; for example, a history of major tubal infection decreases fertility and increases abnormal implantation. […] Multiple factors contribute to the relative risk of ectopic pregnancy. In theory, anything that hampers or delays the migration of the fertilized ovum (blastocyst) to the endometrial cavity can predispose a woman to ectopic gestation. The following risk factors have been linked to ectopic pregnancy: Tubal damage – Which can be the result of infections such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) or salpingitis (whether documented or not) or can result from abdominal surgery or tubal ligation or from maternal in utero diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure.

• #5 Ectopic Pregnancy: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9687-ectopic-pregnancy

  An ectopic pregnancy happens when a fertilized egg implants outside of your uterus, most commonly in your fallopian tube. […] An ectopic pregnancy is a pregnancy that happens outside of your uterus. This occurs when a fertilized egg implants in a location that cant support its growth. […] Ectopic pregnancies can become life-threatening, especially if your fallopian tube breaks (ruptures). […] In most cases, conditions that slow down or block the movement of the egg down your fallopian tube cause ectopic pregnancy. […] There are several risk factors that could increase your chance of developing an ectopic pregnancy. […] An ectopic pregnancy is a medical emergency. […] Your uterus is the only organ that can hold a growing fetus. […] An ectopic pregnancy needs to be treated right away to avoid injury to your fallopian tube and other organs, internal bleeding and possibly, death. […] Most women with a past ectopic pregnancy can have future successful pregnancies. […] Its a higher risk of having ectopic pregnancies after youve had one. […] Unfortunately, an ectopic pregnancy is fatal for the fetus and your pregnancy cant continue.

• #6 Ectopic pregnancy – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/ectopic-pregnancy

  An ectopic pregnancy is a pregnancy that occurs outside the womb (uterus). […] In most pregnancies, the fertilized egg travels through the fallopian tube to the womb (uterus). If the movement of the egg is blocked or slowed through the tubes, it can lead to an ectopic pregnancy. Things that may cause this problem include: Birth defect in the fallopian tubes, Scarring after a ruptured appendix, Endometriosis, Having had an ectopic pregnancy in the past, Scarring from past infections or surgery of the female organs. […] The following also increase risk for an ectopic pregnancy: Age over 35, Getting pregnant while having an intrauterine device (IUD), Having your tubes tied, Having had surgery to untie tubes to become pregnant, Having had many sexual partners, Sexually transmitted infections (STI), Some infertility treatments. […] Sometimes, the cause is not known. Hormones may play a role. […] The most common site for an ectopic pregnancy is the fallopian tube. In rare cases, this can occur in the ovary, abdomen, or cervix. […] An ectopic pregnancy can occur even if you use birth control.

• #7 Ectopic pregnancy: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000895.htm

  An ectopic pregnancy is a pregnancy that occurs outside the womb (uterus). […] If the movement of the egg is blocked or slowed through the tubes, it can lead to an ectopic pregnancy. Things that may cause this problem include: Birth defect in the fallopian tubes, Scarring after a ruptured appendix, Endometriosis, Having had an ectopic pregnancy in the past, Scarring from past infections or surgery of the female organs, History of prior abdominal surgery. […] The following also increase risk for an ectopic pregnancy: Age over 35, Getting pregnant while having an intrauterine device (IUD), Having your fallopian tubes tied, Having had surgery to untie fallopian tubes to become pregnant, Having had many sexual partners, Sexually transmitted infections (STI), Some infertility treatments. […] Sometimes, the cause is not known. Hormones may play a role.

• #8 Incidence, diagnosis and management of tubal and nontubal ectopic pregnancies: a review | Fertility Research and Practice | Full Text

  https://fertilityresearchandpractice.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40738-015-0008-z

  Ectopic pregnancy is a potentially life-threatening condition occurring in 1-2 % of all pregnancies. The most common ectopic implantation site is the fallopian tube, though 10 % of ectopic pregnancies implant in the cervix, ovary, myometrium, interstitial portion of the fallopian tube, abdominal cavity or within a cesarean section scar. […] Most data suggest tubal EP stems from both abnormal embryo transport and an alteration in the tubal environment, which enables abnormal implantation to occur. […] The transport of an oocyte and embryo through the tube relies on both smooth muscle contraction and ciliary beating, which are affected by several local factors: toxic, infectious, immunologic and hormonal. […] Smoking and infection have been shown to decrease cilia density, while ciliary beat frequency has been shown to be responsive to the changing hormonal milieu of the menstrual cycle.

• #9 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Causes-an-Ectopic-Pregnancy.aspx

  In an ectopic pregnancy, the implantation process occurs outside of the womb, usually in one of the fallopian tubes. […] Risk factors and causes of ectopic pregnancy include: […] Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) – PID is caused by infection in the genital tract, usually due to bacteria spreading from the vagina or cervix into the womb, fallopian tubes and ovaries. […] Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) – PID can be caused by several types of bacteria and the presence of an STD such as chlamydia or gonorrhoea can increase the chance of PID developing. […] Previous ectopic pregnancy – A woman who has already experienced an ectopic pregnancy is at a slightly increased risk of experiencing another ectopic pregnancy in the future. […] Abnormality of the fallopian tube – An abnormality of the fallopian tube such as kinking or scarring may be caused by previous womb infection, PID, previous surgery to the fallopian tube or a sterilization operation.

• #10

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ectopic-pregnancy/

  An ectopic pregnancy is when a fertilised egg implants itself outside of the womb, usually in one of the fallopian tubes. […] In many cases, it’s not clear why a woman has an ectopic pregnancy. Sometimes it happens when there’s a problem with the fallopian tubes, such as them being narrow or blocked. […] The following are all associated with an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy: pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) inflammation of the female reproductive system, usually caused by a sexually transmitted infection (STI) […] previous ectopic pregnancy the risk of having another ectopic pregnancy is around 10% […] previous surgery on your fallopian tubes such as an unsuccessful female sterilisation procedure […] fertility treatment, such as IVF taking medicine to stimulate ovulation (the release of an egg) can increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy

• #11 Ectopic Pregnancy

  https://www.contemporaryobgyn.net/view/ectopic-pregnancy

  An ectopic pregnancy is a pregnancy implanted in an abnormal location (outside of the uterus). During the past 40 years its incidence has been steadily increasing concomitant with increased STD rates and associated salpingitis (inflammation of the Fallopian tubes). Such abnormalities of the tubes prevent normal transport of the fertilized egg to the uterus. […] The major cause of ectopic pregnancy is salpingitis, accounting for about half of first time ectopic pregnancies. In most of the remaining first time ectopic pregnancies (accounting for about 40%), the cause is undetermined. […] One theory is that in some women the fertilized egg travels in the Fallopian tube slower, so that at time of implantation (7 days after fertilization) the embryo is still in the Fallopian tube. Instead of implanting in the uterus as is normal, it implants in the Fallopian tube. A possible cause for this slowing down of travel is a hormonal imbalance. Increased amount of estrogen or progesterone can change the contractions of the tube (contractions are required to help move or propel the embryo along the tube).

• #12 Ectopic Pregnancy

  https://www.contemporaryobgyn.net/view/ectopic-pregnancy

  Cigarette smoking significantly increases a woman’s risk. […] The common cause of ectopic pregnancy is salpingitis (causes 50% of first time ectopic pregnancies). […] 40% have no known cause. One hypothesis is that there is slowing of transport through the Fallopian tube of the fertilized egg. This transport slowly could possibly be due to hormonal imbalance (such as due to progesterone releasing IUD, progestin-only oral contraceptive or in-vitro fertilization treatment) or possibly an abnormality (e.g. chromosomal) of the embryo. […] Salpingitis can prevent normal transport of the embryo by (1) narrowing the Fallopian tube by fusing together folds inside the tube, and/or (2) trapping the embryo in blind pockets formed by adhesions inside the tube. […] About one quarter of women with ectopic pregnancy had previously had surgery in the abdomen. […] It can occur, but rarely. The chance of unexpectedly getting pregnant after tubal sterilization (failure of sterilization) is about 2%. Of these pregnancies, 40% are ectopic. […] The average rate of repeat ectopic pregnancies after one ectopic pregnancy is 12%.

• #13 Ectopic Pregnancy – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/early-pregnancy-disorders/ectopic-pregnancy

  Most ectopic pregnancies are located in the fallopian tube, and any history of infection or surgery that increases the risk of tubal adhesions or other abnormalities increases risk of ectopic pregnancy. […] Factors that particularly increase risk of ectopic pregnancy include prior ectopic pregnancy, prior pelvic surgery, particularly tubal surgery, including tubal sterilization, tubal abnormalities or damage (eg, due to ascending infection or surgery), and assisted reproductive technologies used in current pregnancy, particularly with history of tubal infertility or multiple embryo transfer. […] Other risk factors for ectopic pregnancy include history of pelvic inflammatory disease or sexually transmitted infections (particularly due to Chlamydia trachomatis), infertility, and cigarette smoking. […] Overall, becoming pregnant is much less likely in patients who have had tubal sterilization or have an intrauterine device (IUD) in place; however, when pregnancy does occur in these patients, risk of ectopic pregnancy is increased (eg, approximately 53% in pregnancies in current IUD users).

• #14 The etiology of ectopic pregnancy – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2953513/

  The cause of ectopic pregnancy is associated with two major categories: the integrity of the oviduct and the quality of the fertilized ovum. Several conditions that alter the tubal transport system include inflammatory insults, intrauterine devices, surgical manipulation, tubal ligations, salpingitis isthmica nodusa, DES exposure, and induced abortions. […] The causes of ectopic pregnancy, divided into those arising from abnormal ovum transport and those due to abnormalities of the egg itself, are presented. The fallopian tube is not a passive conduit, but the active site of sperm capacitation, egg capture and fertilization. Conditions resulting in damage to tubal lining such as salpingitis, even if it is subclinical as often occurs with Chlamydia, increase risk of tubal pregnancy. Other causes of damage to tubes include vaginal douching, especially with commercial products, laparoscopic tubal ligation if it creates fistulas, even microsurgical reconstruction and conservative surgery for prior ectopic pregnancy. […] Factors detrimental to ovum quality that lead to ectopic pregnancy include induced ovulation, in vitro fertilization, delayed ovulation and migration of the ovum to the contralateral tube.

• #15 70 Basic icons by Xicons.co

  https://ectopic.org.uk/reasons-for-an-ectopic-pregnancy

  Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: This is a past infection of the Fallopian tubes caused, for example, by a sexually transmitted infection like chlamydia trachomatis. […] Tubal surgery: An operation on the Fallopian tubes, such as sterilisation. […] Endometriosis: This is a condition where cells like the ones lining the womb grow elsewhere in the body but still react to the menstrual cycle each month and bleed despite there being no way for the blood to leave the body. It is not known why endometriosis increases the risk of ectopic pregnancy. […] Abdominal surgery: Any previous operation on the tummy, such as caesarean section or appendicectomy. […] Intrauterine Device (IUD): Intrauterine devices (coil) prevent pregnancy in the womb but is less effective in preventing pregnancy in a Fallopian tube.

• #16 Ectopic pregnancy – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/ectopic-pregnancy

  An ectopic pregnancy is a pregnancy that occurs outside the womb (uterus). […] In most pregnancies, the fertilized egg travels through the fallopian tube to the womb (uterus). If the movement of the egg is blocked or slowed through the tubes, it can lead to an ectopic pregnancy. Things that may cause this problem include: Birth defect in the fallopian tubes, Scarring after a ruptured appendix, Endometriosis, Having had an ectopic pregnancy in the past, Scarring from past infections or surgery of the female organs. […] The following also increase risk for an ectopic pregnancy: Age over 35, Getting pregnant while having an intrauterine device (IUD), Having your tubes tied, Having had surgery to untie tubes to become pregnant, Having had many sexual partners, Sexually transmitted infections (STI), Some infertility treatments. […] Sometimes, the cause is not known. Hormones may play a role. […] The most common site for an ectopic pregnancy is the fallopian tube. In rare cases, this can occur in the ovary, abdomen, or cervix. […] An ectopic pregnancy can occur even if you use birth control.

• #17 Ectopic Pregnancy: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2041923-overview

  The highest rate of ectopic pregnancy occurs in women aged 35-44 years. A 3- to 4-fold increase in the risk of developing an ectopic pregnancy exists compared with women aged 15-24 years. […] Salpingitis isthmica nodosum is defined as the microscopic presence of tubal epithelium in the myosalpinx or beneath the tubal serosa. […] Before 1971, several million women were exposed in utero to DES, which was given to their mothers to prevent pregnancy complications. In utero exposure of women to DES is associated with a high lifetime risk of a broad spectrum of adverse health outcomes, including infertility, spontaneous abortion, and ectopic pregnancy. […] Other risk factors associated with increased incidence of ectopic pregnancy include anatomic abnormalities of the uterus such as a T-shaped or bicornuate uterus, fibroids or other uterine tumors, previous abdominal surgery, failure with progestin-only contraception, and ruptured appendix.

• #18 Ectopic pregnancy Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/ectopic-pregnancy

  An ectopic pregnancy is a pregnancy that occurs outside the womb (uterus). […] If the movement of the egg is blocked or slowed through the tubes, it can lead to an ectopic pregnancy. Things that may cause this problem include: Birth defect in the fallopian tubes, Scarring after a ruptured appendix, Endometriosis, Having had an ectopic pregnancy in the past, Scarring from past infections or surgery of the female organs, History of prior abdominal surgery. […] The following also increase risk for an ectopic pregnancy: Age over 35, Getting pregnant while having an intrauterine device (IUD), Having your fallopian tubes tied, Having had surgery to untie fallopian tubes to become pregnant, Having had many sexual partners, Sexually transmitted infections (STI), Some infertility treatments. […] Sometimes, the cause is not known. Hormones may play a role. […] The most common site for an ectopic pregnancy is the fallopian tube. In rare cases, this can occur in the ovary, abdomen, or cervix. […] An ectopic pregnancy can occur even if you use birth control.

• #19 The etiology of ectopic pregnancy – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2953513/

  The cause of ectopic pregnancy is associated with two major categories: the integrity of the oviduct and the quality of the fertilized ovum. Several conditions that alter the tubal transport system include inflammatory insults, intrauterine devices, surgical manipulation, tubal ligations, salpingitis isthmica nodusa, DES exposure, and induced abortions. […] The causes of ectopic pregnancy, divided into those arising from abnormal ovum transport and those due to abnormalities of the egg itself, are presented. The fallopian tube is not a passive conduit, but the active site of sperm capacitation, egg capture and fertilization. Conditions resulting in damage to tubal lining such as salpingitis, even if it is subclinical as often occurs with Chlamydia, increase risk of tubal pregnancy. Other causes of damage to tubes include vaginal douching, especially with commercial products, laparoscopic tubal ligation if it creates fistulas, even microsurgical reconstruction and conservative surgery for prior ectopic pregnancy. […] Factors detrimental to ovum quality that lead to ectopic pregnancy include induced ovulation, in vitro fertilization, delayed ovulation and migration of the ovum to the contralateral tube.

• #20 Ectopic Pregnancy

  https://www.contemporaryobgyn.net/view/ectopic-pregnancy

  An ectopic pregnancy is a pregnancy implanted in an abnormal location (outside of the uterus). During the past 40 years its incidence has been steadily increasing concomitant with increased STD rates and associated salpingitis (inflammation of the Fallopian tubes). Such abnormalities of the tubes prevent normal transport of the fertilized egg to the uterus. […] The major cause of ectopic pregnancy is salpingitis, accounting for about half of first time ectopic pregnancies. In most of the remaining first time ectopic pregnancies (accounting for about 40%), the cause is undetermined. […] One theory is that in some women the fertilized egg travels in the Fallopian tube slower, so that at time of implantation (7 days after fertilization) the embryo is still in the Fallopian tube. Instead of implanting in the uterus as is normal, it implants in the Fallopian tube. A possible cause for this slowing down of travel is a hormonal imbalance. Increased amount of estrogen or progesterone can change the contractions of the tube (contractions are required to help move or propel the embryo along the tube).

• #21 Ectopic Pregnancy: Causes, Symptoms, Types and Treatment PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Number f

  https://www.pacehospital.com/ectopic-pregnancy-causes-symptoms-types-and-treatment

  Hormonal imbalance: High estrogen and/or low progesterone levels may make the muscles tight in the fallopian tube, leading to the entrapment of the fertilized egg causing ectopic pregnancy. […] Infection: Pelvic infections, such as sexually transmitted infections (STDs), may cause inflammation in the fallopian tubes and nearby organs, leading to ectopic pregnancy. […] All these may impair the normal function of the tubes and result in a chronic ectopic pregnancy.

• #22 Ectopic Pregnancy | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/ectopic-pregnancy

  An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg grows outside of the uterus. Almost all ectopic pregnancies—more than 90%—occur in a fallopian tube. […] The risk factors for ectopic pregnancy include the following: Previous ectopic pregnancy, Prior fallopian tube surgery, Previous pelvic or abdominal surgery, Certain sexually transmitted infections (STIs), Pelvic inflammatory disease, Endometriosis. […] Other factors that may increase a woman’s risk of ectopic pregnancy include: Cigarette smoking, Age older than 35 years, History of infertility, Use of assisted reproductive technology, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF). […] About one half of all women who have an ectopic pregnancy do not have known risk factors. […] Once you have had an ectopic pregnancy, you are at higher risk of having another one. During future pregnancies, be alert for signs and symptoms of ectopic pregnancy until your ob-gyn or other health care professional confirms the next pregnancy is growing in the right place.

• #23 70 Basic icons by Xicons.co

  https://ectopic.org.uk/ectopic-pregnancy-symptoms

  Ectopic pregnancy is a common, occasionally life-threatening, condition that affects around 1 in 80 pregnancies. […] In addition, although there are a number of recognised risk factors, in over 50% of women diagnosed with an ectopic pregnancy, there are no identifiable risk factors. […] The risk of ectopic pregnancy is not uncommon around 1 in 80 pregnancies are ectopic. This is when the fertilised egg implants itself outside of the womb, most commonly in a Fallopian tube, but other sites can be on an ovary, within a Caesarean section scar, or in the cervix.

• #24 70 Basic icons by Xicons.co

  https://ectopic.org.uk/reasons-for-an-ectopic-pregnancy

  Any woman or person capable of conceiving of child-bearing age, who is sexually active or undergoing assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment, is at risk of an ectopic pregnancy. […] Often the reason for the ectopic pregnancy will never be determined. However, ectopic pregnancies are more likely if you have had: […] Previous ectopic pregnancy: There is an increased risk of a subsequent ectopic pregnancy after someone has experienced an ectopic pregnancy. […] Fertility treatment: There is a chance of ectopic pregnancy resulting from embryo transfer during IVF treatment as embryos can travel into the Fallopian tube, for example, during the implantation stage. The more embryos that are transferred, the higher the risk. […] Older age: There is an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy for older women.

• #25

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ectopic-pregnancy/

  An ectopic pregnancy is when a fertilised egg implants itself outside of the womb, usually in one of the fallopian tubes. […] In many cases, it’s not clear why a woman has an ectopic pregnancy. Sometimes it happens when there’s a problem with the fallopian tubes, such as them being narrow or blocked. […] The following are all associated with an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy: pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) inflammation of the female reproductive system, usually caused by a sexually transmitted infection (STI) […] previous ectopic pregnancy the risk of having another ectopic pregnancy is around 10% […] previous surgery on your fallopian tubes such as an unsuccessful female sterilisation procedure […] fertility treatment, such as IVF taking medicine to stimulate ovulation (the release of an egg) can increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy

• #26 Ectopic Pregnancy

  https://www.contemporaryobgyn.net/view/ectopic-pregnancy

  Cigarette smoking significantly increases a woman’s risk. […] The common cause of ectopic pregnancy is salpingitis (causes 50% of first time ectopic pregnancies). […] 40% have no known cause. One hypothesis is that there is slowing of transport through the Fallopian tube of the fertilized egg. This transport slowly could possibly be due to hormonal imbalance (such as due to progesterone releasing IUD, progestin-only oral contraceptive or in-vitro fertilization treatment) or possibly an abnormality (e.g. chromosomal) of the embryo. […] Salpingitis can prevent normal transport of the embryo by (1) narrowing the Fallopian tube by fusing together folds inside the tube, and/or (2) trapping the embryo in blind pockets formed by adhesions inside the tube. […] About one quarter of women with ectopic pregnancy had previously had surgery in the abdomen. […] It can occur, but rarely. The chance of unexpectedly getting pregnant after tubal sterilization (failure of sterilization) is about 2%. Of these pregnancies, 40% are ectopic. […] The average rate of repeat ectopic pregnancies after one ectopic pregnancy is 12%.

• #27 Ectopic pregnancy Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/ectopic-pregnancy

  An ectopic pregnancy is a pregnancy that occurs outside the womb (uterus). […] If the movement of the egg is blocked or slowed through the tubes, it can lead to an ectopic pregnancy. Things that may cause this problem include: Birth defect in the fallopian tubes, Scarring after a ruptured appendix, Endometriosis, Having had an ectopic pregnancy in the past, Scarring from past infections or surgery of the female organs, History of prior abdominal surgery. […] The following also increase risk for an ectopic pregnancy: Age over 35, Getting pregnant while having an intrauterine device (IUD), Having your fallopian tubes tied, Having had surgery to untie fallopian tubes to become pregnant, Having had many sexual partners, Sexually transmitted infections (STI), Some infertility treatments. […] Sometimes, the cause is not known. Hormones may play a role. […] The most common site for an ectopic pregnancy is the fallopian tube. In rare cases, this can occur in the ovary, abdomen, or cervix. […] An ectopic pregnancy can occur even if you use birth control.

• #28 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Causes-an-Ectopic-Pregnancy.aspx

  In an ectopic pregnancy, the implantation process occurs outside of the womb, usually in one of the fallopian tubes. […] Risk factors and causes of ectopic pregnancy include: […] Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) – PID is caused by infection in the genital tract, usually due to bacteria spreading from the vagina or cervix into the womb, fallopian tubes and ovaries. […] Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) – PID can be caused by several types of bacteria and the presence of an STD such as chlamydia or gonorrhoea can increase the chance of PID developing. […] Previous ectopic pregnancy – A woman who has already experienced an ectopic pregnancy is at a slightly increased risk of experiencing another ectopic pregnancy in the future. […] Abnormality of the fallopian tube – An abnormality of the fallopian tube such as kinking or scarring may be caused by previous womb infection, PID, previous surgery to the fallopian tube or a sterilization operation.

• #29 70 Basic icons by Xicons.co

  https://ectopic.org.uk/reasons-for-an-ectopic-pregnancy

  Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: This is a past infection of the Fallopian tubes caused, for example, by a sexually transmitted infection like chlamydia trachomatis. […] Tubal surgery: An operation on the Fallopian tubes, such as sterilisation. […] Endometriosis: This is a condition where cells like the ones lining the womb grow elsewhere in the body but still react to the menstrual cycle each month and bleed despite there being no way for the blood to leave the body. It is not known why endometriosis increases the risk of ectopic pregnancy. […] Abdominal surgery: Any previous operation on the tummy, such as caesarean section or appendicectomy. […] Intrauterine Device (IUD): Intrauterine devices (coil) prevent pregnancy in the womb but is less effective in preventing pregnancy in a Fallopian tube.

• #30 Ectopic Pregnancy: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/ectopic-pregnancy

  The cause of an ectopic pregnancy isnt always clear. In some cases, the following conditions have been linked with an ectopic pregnancy: inflammation and scarring of the fallopian tubes from a previous medical condition, infection, or surgery […] hormonal factors […] genetic abnormalities […] birth defects […] medical conditions that affect the shape and condition of the fallopian tubes and reproductive organs. […] Ectopic pregnancies occur in about 1 out of every 50 pregnancies (20 out of 1,000). […] All sexually active women are at some risk for an ectopic pregnancy. Risk factors increase with any of the following: maternal age of 35 years or older […] history of pelvic surgery, abdominal surgery, or multiple abortions […] history of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) […] history of endometriosis […] conception occurred despite tubal ligation or intrauterine device (IUD) […] conception aided by fertility drugs or procedures […] smoking […] history of ectopic pregnancy […] history of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), such as gonorrhea or chlamydia […] having structural abnormalities in the fallopian tubes that make it hard for the egg to travel.

• #31 70 Basic icons by Xicons.co

  https://ectopic.org.uk/reasons-for-an-ectopic-pregnancy

  Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: This is a past infection of the Fallopian tubes caused, for example, by a sexually transmitted infection like chlamydia trachomatis. […] Tubal surgery: An operation on the Fallopian tubes, such as sterilisation. […] Endometriosis: This is a condition where cells like the ones lining the womb grow elsewhere in the body but still react to the menstrual cycle each month and bleed despite there being no way for the blood to leave the body. It is not known why endometriosis increases the risk of ectopic pregnancy. […] Abdominal surgery: Any previous operation on the tummy, such as caesarean section or appendicectomy. […] Intrauterine Device (IUD): Intrauterine devices (coil) prevent pregnancy in the womb but is less effective in preventing pregnancy in a Fallopian tube.

• #32 Ectopic Pregnancy – Top 10 Risk Factors | Your IVF Journey

  https://yourivfjourney.com/ectopic-pregnancy-top-10-risk-factors/

  Endometriosis causes the endometrial tissue and cells of the womb to grow in other areas of the pelvis. […] The fallopian tubes are commonly affected by endometriosis. Scarring can cause them to become damaged, twisted or stuck to other organs. All this make it harder for a fertilised egg to pass through. […] Two forms of contraceptive are linked to higher ectopic risks: the IUD (or coil) and the progesterone-only birth-control pill. […] If you’ve previously had your tubes tied (a procedure called tubal ligation) it can raise the likelihood of an ectopic pregnancy. […] IVF treatment is often used to help overcome tubal problems – after all, it bypasses the fallopian tubes. It also slightly increases the risk of an ectopic pregnancy. […] Taking fertility medication to stimulate ovulation can also increase the risk. Research into fertility drugs and ectopics is still ongoing. […] Despite these top 10 risk factors, it’s important to keep in mind that they’re just that: potential risks. They certainly don’t mean you’ll have an ectopic pregnancy – just that your chance could be slightly higher than the general population.

• #33 Ectopic Pregnancy – Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/ectopic-pregnancy

  An ectopic pregnancy is commonly due to obstructed fallopian tube from the following factors. […] You have adhesions or inflammation from previous pelvic surgery. […] Damaged fallopian tubes due to a sexually transmitted infection (STI). […] You have congenital fallopian tube abnormalities. […] You have a mass or tumor in a fallopian tube. […] Abnormalities or damage of the fallopian tubes from infections, surgeries, tumors, rare congenital malformations, or reconstructive fallopian tube surgery can increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy. […] History of ectopic pregnancy. […] Gonorrhea or chlamydia can lead to tubal problems, causing an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy. […] Women experiencing infertility have a higher incidence of ectopic pregnancy, primarily due to tubal abnormalities. The use of fertility drugs may further elevate the risk.

• #34 Ectopic Pregnancy – Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/ectopic-pregnancy

  Having more than one sexual partner increases the risk of sexually transmitted diseases and pelvic infections, heightening the chance of ectopic pregnancy. […] Tubal ligation or intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUD) are effective birth control. If pregnancy accidentally occurs, there is a risk that it will be an ectopic pregnancy. […] In vitro fertilization (IVF) can slightly increase the risk of ectopic and heterotopic pregnancy.

• #35 70 Basic icons by Xicons.co

  https://ectopic.org.uk/reasons-for-an-ectopic-pregnancy

  Any woman or person capable of conceiving of child-bearing age, who is sexually active or undergoing assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment, is at risk of an ectopic pregnancy. […] Often the reason for the ectopic pregnancy will never be determined. However, ectopic pregnancies are more likely if you have had: […] Previous ectopic pregnancy: There is an increased risk of a subsequent ectopic pregnancy after someone has experienced an ectopic pregnancy. […] Fertility treatment: There is a chance of ectopic pregnancy resulting from embryo transfer during IVF treatment as embryos can travel into the Fallopian tube, for example, during the implantation stage. The more embryos that are transferred, the higher the risk. […] Older age: There is an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy for older women.

• #36 Ectopic Pregnancy: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2041923-overview

  The most logical explanation for the increasing frequency of ectopic pregnancy is previous pelvic infection; however, most patients presenting with an ectopic pregnancy have no identifiable risk factor. […] Cigarette smoking has been shown to be a risk factor for ectopic pregnancy development. Studies have demonstrated an elevated risk ranging from 1.6 to 3.5 times that of nonsmokers. […] Previous tubal surgery has been demonstrated to increase the risk of developing ectopic pregnancy. The increase depends on the degree of damage and the extent of anatomic alteration. […] The presence of an inert, copper-containing or progesterone IUD traditionally has been thought to be a risk factor for ectopic pregnancy. […] Ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate or injectable gonadotropin therapy has been linked to a 4-fold increase in the risk of ectopic pregnancy in a case-control study.

• #37 Ectopic Pregnancy – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/early-pregnancy-disorders/ectopic-pregnancy

  Most ectopic pregnancies are located in the fallopian tube, and any history of infection or surgery that increases the risk of tubal adhesions or other abnormalities increases risk of ectopic pregnancy. […] Factors that particularly increase risk of ectopic pregnancy include prior ectopic pregnancy, prior pelvic surgery, particularly tubal surgery, including tubal sterilization, tubal abnormalities or damage (eg, due to ascending infection or surgery), and assisted reproductive technologies used in current pregnancy, particularly with history of tubal infertility or multiple embryo transfer. […] Other risk factors for ectopic pregnancy include history of pelvic inflammatory disease or sexually transmitted infections (particularly due to Chlamydia trachomatis), infertility, and cigarette smoking. […] Overall, becoming pregnant is much less likely in patients who have had tubal sterilization or have an intrauterine device (IUD) in place; however, when pregnancy does occur in these patients, risk of ectopic pregnancy is increased (eg, approximately 53% in pregnancies in current IUD users).

• #38

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ectopic-pregnancy/

  becoming pregnant while using an intrauterine device (IUD) or intrauterine system (IUS) for contraception it’s rare to get pregnant while using these, but if you do you’re more likely to have an ectopic pregnancy […] smoking […] increasing age the risk is highest for pregnant women aged over 35.

• #39 70 Basic icons by Xicons.co

  https://ectopic.org.uk/reasons-for-an-ectopic-pregnancy

  Emergency contraception: It is possible to become pregnant in the same cycle after trying to prevent pregnancy with emergency oral contraception. While not proven, there is the biological plausibility that emergency contraception could increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy. If the emergency contraception is effective and manages to prevent ovulation, it will decrease the risk, but if it fails to do so, there may be an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy. […] Cigarette smoking: Research by the University of Edinburgh shows that smokers have an increased level of the protein PROKR1 in their Fallopian tubes. The protein is instrumental in helping pregnancies implant in the womb, but when present in the Fallopian tubes can hinder the progress of a fertilised egg, increasing the chances of a pregnancy being ectopic.

• #40 Ectopic Pregnancy: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2041923-overview

  The most logical explanation for the increasing frequency of ectopic pregnancy is previous pelvic infection; however, most patients presenting with an ectopic pregnancy have no identifiable risk factor. […] Cigarette smoking has been shown to be a risk factor for ectopic pregnancy development. Studies have demonstrated an elevated risk ranging from 1.6 to 3.5 times that of nonsmokers. […] Previous tubal surgery has been demonstrated to increase the risk of developing ectopic pregnancy. The increase depends on the degree of damage and the extent of anatomic alteration. […] The presence of an inert, copper-containing or progesterone IUD traditionally has been thought to be a risk factor for ectopic pregnancy. […] Ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate or injectable gonadotropin therapy has been linked to a 4-fold increase in the risk of ectopic pregnancy in a case-control study.

• #41 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Causes-an-Ectopic-Pregnancy.aspx

  Fertility treatments – Infertility treatments that are used to stimulate ovulation can raise the risk of an ectopic pregnancy. […] Certain contraceptive devices – The coil or intrauterine device (IUD) can also increase the ectopic pregnancy risk. […] Smoking – Smokers are at a greater risk of ectopic pregnancy. […] Age – Women aged over 35 years are at a greater risk.

• #42 70 Basic icons by Xicons.co

  https://ectopic.org.uk/reasons-for-an-ectopic-pregnancy

  Emergency contraception: It is possible to become pregnant in the same cycle after trying to prevent pregnancy with emergency oral contraception. While not proven, there is the biological plausibility that emergency contraception could increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy. If the emergency contraception is effective and manages to prevent ovulation, it will decrease the risk, but if it fails to do so, there may be an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy. […] Cigarette smoking: Research by the University of Edinburgh shows that smokers have an increased level of the protein PROKR1 in their Fallopian tubes. The protein is instrumental in helping pregnancies implant in the womb, but when present in the Fallopian tubes can hinder the progress of a fertilised egg, increasing the chances of a pregnancy being ectopic.

• #43 Ectopic Pregnancy: Definition, Symptoms, Treatment, Ultrasound, Risk Factors

  https://www.medicinenet.com/ectopic_pregnancy/article.htm

  Because having multiple sexual partners increases a woman’s risk of pelvic infections, multiple sexual partners also are associated with an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy. […] Like pelvic infections, conditions such as endometriosis, fibroid tumors, or pelvic scar tissue (pelvic adhesions), can narrow the Fallopian tubes and disrupt egg transportation, thereby increasing the chances of an ectopic pregnancy. […] Cigarette smoking around the time of conception has also been associated with an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy. […] A history of infertility for two or more years also is associated with an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy. Other causes: Infection, congenital abnormalities, or tumors of the Fallopian tubes can increase a woman’s risk of having an ectopic pregnancy.

• #44 Ectopic Pregnancy: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2041923-overview

  The highest rate of ectopic pregnancy occurs in women aged 35-44 years. A 3- to 4-fold increase in the risk of developing an ectopic pregnancy exists compared with women aged 15-24 years. […] Salpingitis isthmica nodosum is defined as the microscopic presence of tubal epithelium in the myosalpinx or beneath the tubal serosa. […] Before 1971, several million women were exposed in utero to DES, which was given to their mothers to prevent pregnancy complications. In utero exposure of women to DES is associated with a high lifetime risk of a broad spectrum of adverse health outcomes, including infertility, spontaneous abortion, and ectopic pregnancy. […] Other risk factors associated with increased incidence of ectopic pregnancy include anatomic abnormalities of the uterus such as a T-shaped or bicornuate uterus, fibroids or other uterine tumors, previous abdominal surgery, failure with progestin-only contraception, and ruptured appendix.

• #45 Ectopic Pregnancy: Signs, Treatment and SupportCloseleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowCloseReconfirm cookies choice

  https://www.tommys.org/baby-loss-support/ectopic-pregnancy-information-support

  An ectopic pregnancy happens when a fertilised egg implants in the wrong place (usually the fallopian tube). […] Ectopic pregnancy does not happen because of anything you did or didn’t do. But research shows there are some things that might make an ectopic pregnancy more likely. […] The main risk factor is if you have damaged fallopian tubes. Damage might have been caused by a past infection or pelvic surgery. Or it may be because your fallopian tubes have developed in slightly the wrong way from the start. […] If you use an IUD (coil) for contraception, but you get pregnant anyway, the pregnancy is more likely to be ectopic than without one. […] If you are over 35, your risk of having an ectopic pregnancy rises from 2 out of 100 (under 35) to 4 out of 100 (over 35). […] Black women and birthing people have an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy. We don’t know why. More research is needed. […] 1 in 3 women and birthing people who have an ectopic pregnancy will have no risk factors at all.

• #46 Ectopic Pregnancy: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2041923-overview

  The highest rate of ectopic pregnancy occurs in women aged 35-44 years. A 3- to 4-fold increase in the risk of developing an ectopic pregnancy exists compared with women aged 15-24 years. […] Salpingitis isthmica nodosum is defined as the microscopic presence of tubal epithelium in the myosalpinx or beneath the tubal serosa. […] Before 1971, several million women were exposed in utero to DES, which was given to their mothers to prevent pregnancy complications. In utero exposure of women to DES is associated with a high lifetime risk of a broad spectrum of adverse health outcomes, including infertility, spontaneous abortion, and ectopic pregnancy. […] Other risk factors associated with increased incidence of ectopic pregnancy include anatomic abnormalities of the uterus such as a T-shaped or bicornuate uterus, fibroids or other uterine tumors, previous abdominal surgery, failure with progestin-only contraception, and ruptured appendix.

• #47 Ectopic Pregnancy: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2041923-overview

  The highest rate of ectopic pregnancy occurs in women aged 35-44 years. A 3- to 4-fold increase in the risk of developing an ectopic pregnancy exists compared with women aged 15-24 years. […] Salpingitis isthmica nodosum is defined as the microscopic presence of tubal epithelium in the myosalpinx or beneath the tubal serosa. […] Before 1971, several million women were exposed in utero to DES, which was given to their mothers to prevent pregnancy complications. In utero exposure of women to DES is associated with a high lifetime risk of a broad spectrum of adverse health outcomes, including infertility, spontaneous abortion, and ectopic pregnancy. […] Other risk factors associated with increased incidence of ectopic pregnancy include anatomic abnormalities of the uterus such as a T-shaped or bicornuate uterus, fibroids or other uterine tumors, previous abdominal surgery, failure with progestin-only contraception, and ruptured appendix.

• #48 Incidence, diagnosis and management of tubal and nontubal ectopic pregnancies: a review | Fertility Research and Practice | Full Text

  https://fertilityresearchandpractice.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40738-015-0008-z

  Ectopic pregnancy is a potentially life-threatening condition occurring in 1-2 % of all pregnancies. The most common ectopic implantation site is the fallopian tube, though 10 % of ectopic pregnancies implant in the cervix, ovary, myometrium, interstitial portion of the fallopian tube, abdominal cavity or within a cesarean section scar. […] Most data suggest tubal EP stems from both abnormal embryo transport and an alteration in the tubal environment, which enables abnormal implantation to occur. […] The transport of an oocyte and embryo through the tube relies on both smooth muscle contraction and ciliary beating, which are affected by several local factors: toxic, infectious, immunologic and hormonal. […] Smoking and infection have been shown to decrease cilia density, while ciliary beat frequency has been shown to be responsive to the changing hormonal milieu of the menstrual cycle.

• #49 Incidence, diagnosis and management of tubal and nontubal ectopic pregnancies: a review | Fertility Research and Practice | Full Text

  https://fertilityresearchandpractice.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40738-015-0008-z

  Ectopic pregnancy is a potentially life-threatening condition occurring in 1-2 % of all pregnancies. The most common ectopic implantation site is the fallopian tube, though 10 % of ectopic pregnancies implant in the cervix, ovary, myometrium, interstitial portion of the fallopian tube, abdominal cavity or within a cesarean section scar. […] Most data suggest tubal EP stems from both abnormal embryo transport and an alteration in the tubal environment, which enables abnormal implantation to occur. […] The transport of an oocyte and embryo through the tube relies on both smooth muscle contraction and ciliary beating, which are affected by several local factors: toxic, infectious, immunologic and hormonal. […] Smoking and infection have been shown to decrease cilia density, while ciliary beat frequency has been shown to be responsive to the changing hormonal milieu of the menstrual cycle.

• #50 Incidence, diagnosis and management of tubal and nontubal ectopic pregnancies: a review | Fertility Research and Practice | Full Text

  https://fertilityresearchandpractice.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40738-015-0008-z

  Inflammation in the fallopian tubes is also implicated in the establishment of EP, by inducing tubal dysfunction or damage that may lead to retention of an oocyte or embryo, and by promoting embryo implantation in the fallopian tube via inflammatory cytokines. […] Up to 50 % of women diagnosed with EPs have no identifiable risk factors; however, a number of risk factors have been associated with EP. […] These include age, smoking, history of EP, tubal surgery or tubal damage, prior pelvic infection, DES exposure, IUD use and pregnancy conceived by assisted reproduction. […] A history of pelvic infection or pelvic inflammatory disease is associated with increased risk for subsequent EP. […] Prior tubal surgeries, including but not limited to tubal reanastamosis, salpingostomy, tuboplasty and lysis of adhesions, are risk factors for EP.

• #51 The etiology of ectopic pregnancy – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2953513/

  The cause of ectopic pregnancy is associated with two major categories: the integrity of the oviduct and the quality of the fertilized ovum. Several conditions that alter the tubal transport system include inflammatory insults, intrauterine devices, surgical manipulation, tubal ligations, salpingitis isthmica nodusa, DES exposure, and induced abortions. […] The causes of ectopic pregnancy, divided into those arising from abnormal ovum transport and those due to abnormalities of the egg itself, are presented. The fallopian tube is not a passive conduit, but the active site of sperm capacitation, egg capture and fertilization. Conditions resulting in damage to tubal lining such as salpingitis, even if it is subclinical as often occurs with Chlamydia, increase risk of tubal pregnancy. Other causes of damage to tubes include vaginal douching, especially with commercial products, laparoscopic tubal ligation if it creates fistulas, even microsurgical reconstruction and conservative surgery for prior ectopic pregnancy. […] Factors detrimental to ovum quality that lead to ectopic pregnancy include induced ovulation, in vitro fertilization, delayed ovulation and migration of the ovum to the contralateral tube.

• #52 Ectopic Pregnancy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539860/

  Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tube. […] Risk factors include pelvic inflammatory disease, smoking, prior ectopic pregnancy, fallopian tube surgery, and infertility. […] Most ectopic pregnancies (approximately 97%) occur within the fallopian tube, commonly linked to underlying fallopian tube abnormalities. […] Such abnormalities may result from prior infections (eg, gonorrhea or chlamydia), tubal surgeries (including sterilization), prior ectopic pregnancies, or exposure to diethylstilbestrol in utero. […] Factors associated with an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy include prior ectopic pregnancy, fallopian tube damage, pelvic infections, infertility and assisted reproductive technology, contraceptive use, smoking, advanced maternal age, anatomical variations, previous cesarean delivery, and progesterone-only contraception.

• #53 Ectopic pregnancy – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy

  Ectopic pregnancy is a complication of pregnancy in which the embryo attaches outside the uterus. Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy include pelvic inflammatory disease, often due to chlamydia infection; tobacco smoking; endometriosis; prior tubal surgery; a history of infertility; and the use of assisted reproductive technology. Those who have previously had an ectopic pregnancy are at much higher risk of having another one. Most ectopic pregnancies (90%) occur in the fallopian tube, which are known as tubal pregnancies, but implantation can also occur on the cervix, ovaries, caesarean scar, or within the abdomen. There are several risk factors for ectopic pregnancies. However, in as many as one-third to one-half no risk factors can be identified. Risk factors include: pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, use of an intrauterine device (IUD), previous exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES), tubal surgery, intrauterine surgery (e.g. DC), smoking, previous ectopic pregnancy, endometriosis, and tubal ligation. The IUD does not increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy, but with an IUD if pregnancy occurs it is more likely to be ectopic than intrauterine. The exact mechanism through which chlamydia increases the risk of ectopic pregnancy is uncertain, though some research suggests that the infection can affect the structure of fallopian tubes. Tubal pregnancy is when the egg is implanted in the fallopian tubes. Hair-like cilia located on the internal surface of the fallopian tubes carry the fertilized egg to the uterus. Fallopian cilia are sometimes seen in reduced numbers after an ectopic pregnancy, leading to a hypothesis that cilia damage in the fallopian tubes is likely to lead to an ectopic pregnancy. Women who smoke have a higher chance of an ectopic pregnancy in the fallopian tubes. Smoking leads to risk factors of damaging and destroying cilia. Women with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) have a high occurrence of ectopic pregnancy. This results from the build-up of scar tissue in the fallopian tubes, causing damage to the cilia. However, if both tubes were completely blocked, so that sperm and egg were physically unable to meet, then fertilization of the egg would naturally be impossible, and neither normal pregnancy nor ectopic pregnancy could occur.

• #54 Ectopic pregnancy – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ectopic-pregnancy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372093

  A fertilized egg can’t develop normally outside the uterus. To prevent life-threatening complications, the ectopic tissue needs to be removed. Depending on your symptoms and when the ectopic pregnancy is discovered, this may be done using medication, laparoscopic surgery or abdominal surgery. […] An early ectopic pregnancy without unstable bleeding is most often treated with a medication called methotrexate, which stops cell growth and dissolves existing cells. The medication is given by injection. It’s very important that the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy is certain before receiving this treatment. […] Salpingostomy and salpingectomy are two laparoscopic surgeries used to treat some ectopic pregnancies. In these procedure, a small incision is made in the abdomen, near or in the navel. Next, your doctor uses a thin tube equipped with a camera lens and light (laparoscope) to view the tubal area. […] If the ectopic pregnancy is causing heavy bleeding, you might need emergency surgery. This can be done laparoscopically or through an abdominal incision (laparotomy). In some cases, the fallopian tube can be saved. Typically, however, a ruptured tube must be removed.

• #55 Ectopic pregnancy: Symptoms, causes, risks, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/164989

  It is not possible to prevent an ectopic pregnancy, and up to one-half of these pregnancies occur in people with no prior risk factors. […] An ectopic pregnancy occurs when an embryo settles in tissue outside of the womb, often in a fallopian tube. Without swift treatment, this can cause life threatening complications for the pregnant person. Treatment cannot preserve the pregnancy, however.

• #56 Ectopic Pregnancy – Meaning, Reasons, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://www.careinsurance.com/blog/health-insurance-articles/ectopic-pregnancy-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  Ectopic pregnancy carries various risk factors, which can also affect future pregnancies. […] History of Ectopic Pregnancy: If someone has had a history of ectopic pregnancy, there are chances that you can have another. […] Sexually Transmitted Infections: Inflammation and infections, such as chlamydia or gonorrhoea, can result in inflammation in the tubes and other organs, putting you at risk of an ectopic pregnancy. […] Fertility Procedures: Women who have taken vitro fertilisation (IVF) or other fertility treatments are more likely to develop ectopic pregnancy. […] Tubal Ligation: Tubal surgery is performed to repair a damaged or closed fallopian tube, which may also lead to ectopic pregnancy. […] Birth Control: There are rare chances of getting pregnant if you use an intrauterine device (IUD). Even if you conceive with IUD, the chances are high that it is ectopic pregnancy. […] Understanding Ectopic pregnancy is vital for safeguarding reproductive health. Recognising the causes, staying vigilant about symptoms, and seeking timely medical attention can significantly minimise the risks associated with this condition.

• #57 Ectopic Pregnancy Facts and Information | ReproductiveFacts.org

  https://www.reproductivefacts.org/news-and-publications/fact-sheets-and-infographics/ectopic-pregnancy/

  An ectopic pregnancy is any pregnancy that grows outside of the uterus (womb). […] An ectopic pregnancy is not healthy and if it continues to grow, it can endanger the life of the pregnant woman. […] The most common place for an ectopic pregnancy is in a fallopian tube. […] Many women who have ectopic pregnancies have no obvious risk factors. However, a woman might be more likely to have an ectopic pregnancy if she: had surgery in the pelvis or abdomen (belly), had a sexually transmitted infection, has endometriosis, a condition where the tissue that lines your uterus grows in other places, smokes cigarettes, had fertility treatment in the past, had a previous ectopic pregnancy, became pregnant with an intrauterine device (IUD) in place. […] Almost 90% of ectopic pregnancies can be successfully treated with methotrexate if detected early enough.

• #58 Ectopic Pregnancy Facts and Information | ReproductiveFacts.org

  https://www.reproductivefacts.org/news-and-publications/fact-sheets-and-infographics/ectopic-pregnancy/

  Women with a history of an ectopic pregnancy are encouraged to plan a future pregnancy and should consider seeking fertility specialist care early in the process of planning. […] It is sometimes hard to get pregnant after having an ectopic pregnancy. […] If a woman is able to get pregnant after an ectopic pregnancy, there is at least a 10% chance of having another ectopic pregnancy. […] Early evaluation of later pregnancies by a health care professional is important.

• #59 Ectopic pregnancy – The Miscarriage Association

  https://www.miscarriageassociation.org.uk/information/ectopic-pregnancy/

  Ectopic pregnancy can be a very frightening and distressing experience. […] We talk below about what ectopic pregnancy is and what we know about its causes. […] An ectopic pregnancy is one that develops outside of the uterus, or womb (the word ectopic means out of place). […] Most ectopic pregnancies are in one of the Fallopian tubes the place where sperm and egg meet and the egg is fertilised. […] In rare cases, the pregnancy develops somewhere else for example where the tube meets the uterus, in the cervix or in the scar from a Caesarean section. […] We dont always know why someone has had an ectopic pregnancy, but there are some known causes and risk factors, especially anything that can make it difficult for the fertilised egg to travel down the tube to the uterus: a previous ectopic pregnancy, infection in the uterus, tubes or ovaries, surgery on the Fallopian tube/s, abdominal surgery, such as having your appendix out or a Caesarean section, endometriosis, some fertility problems. Even an IVF pregnancy can be ectopic, some forms of contraception, such as the progesterone only pill. […] There is also a higher risk of ectopic pregnancy in women who smoke, women under 18 and women over 35. […] But many women who have an ectopic pregnancy have no known risk factors and no obvious cause.

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