Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Rh Disease | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/rh-disease

  Rh disease occurs during pregnancy when there is an incompatibility between the blood types of the mother and baby. […] Problems with the Rh factor occur only when the mother’s Rh factor is negative and the baby’s is positive. […] When an Rh negative mother has a baby that is Rh positive, problems can develop if the baby’s red blood cells cross to the Rh negative mother. […] The mother’s immune system sees the baby’s Rh positive red blood cells as foreign. […] During that pregnancy, the mother’s antibodies cross the placenta to fight the Rh positive cells in the baby’s body. As the antibodies destroy the red blood cells, the baby can become anemic. The anemia can lead to other complications including jaundice, heart failure, and organ enlargement. […] Some of the more common complications of Rh disease for the fetus and newborn baby include the following: Anemia (in some cases, the anemia is severe with enlargement of the liver and spleen), Jaundice. This is a yellowing of the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes, Severe anemia with enlargement of the liver and spleen, Hydrops fetalis. This occurs as the fetal organs are unable to handle the anemia.

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/rhesus-disease/symptoms/

  Rhesus disease only affects the baby, and the mother won’t experience any symptoms. […] The symptoms of rhesus disease depend on how severe it is. Around 50% of babies diagnosed with rhesus disease have mild symptoms that are easily treatable. […] If your baby develops rhesus disease while still in the womb, they may become anaemic (iron deficiency anaemia) because their red blood cells are being destroyed faster than usual by the antibodies. […] If the anaemia is severe, complications of rhesus disease, such as internal swelling, may be detected during scans. […] The two main problems caused by rhesus disease in a newborn baby are haemolytic anaemia and newborn jaundice. In some cases, the baby may also have low muscle tone (hypotonia) and they may be lacking in energy. […] If a baby has rhesus disease, they won’t always have obvious symptoms when they’re born. Symptoms can sometimes develop up to 3 months afterwards.

• #1 Rh Disease

  https://cayugamed.staywellknowledgebase.com/Search/90,P02498

  A birth parent has no signs of Rh disease. But your baby can have problems if you develop antibodies. […] Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each pregnancy and child. During pregnancy, symptoms may include: A yellow coloring of amniotic fluid. This color may be because of bilirubin. This is a substance that is released when blood cells break down. Your baby may have a big liver, spleen, or heart. There may also be extra fluid in your baby’s stomach, lungs, or scalp. These are signs of hydrops fetalis. This condition causes severe swelling (edema). […] Rh disease can cause problems in your newborn. The condition caused by Rh disease in babies is called hemolytic disease of the newborn. Your baby may have the following symptoms: Yellow coloring of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice) Pale-coloring because of anemia Fast heart rate (tachycardia) Fast breathing (tachypnea) Lack of energy Swelling under the skin Large belly (abdomen). […] These symptoms can be caused by other conditions. See your healthcare provider for a diagnosis.

• #1 Rh disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_disease

  Symptoms of Rh disease include yellowish amniotic fluid and enlarged spleen, liver or heart or buildup of fluid in the abdomen of the fetus. […] The resulting anemia has multiple sequelae: The immature haematopoietic system of the fetus is taxed as the liver and spleen attempt to put immature RBCs into circulation (erythroblasts, thus the previous name for this disease erythroblastosis fetalis). […] The severe anemia taxes the heart to compensate by increasing output in an effort to deliver oxygen to the tissues and results in a condition called high output cardiac failure. […] If left untreated, the result may be fetal death. […] The destruction of RBCs leads to elevated bilirubin levels (hyperbilirubinemia) as a byproduct. This is not generally a problem during pregnancy, as the maternal circulation can compensate. However, once the infant is delivered, the immature system is not able to handle this amount of bilirubin alone and jaundice or kernicterus (bilirubin deposition in the brain) can develop which may lead to brain damage or death.

• #1 Rh disease | Children’s Wisconsin

  https://childrenswi.org/medical-care/fetal-concerns-center/conditions/pregnancy-complications/rh-disease

  Problems with the Rh factor occur only when the mother’s Rh factor is negative and the baby’s is positive. […] During that pregnancy, the mother’s antibodies cross the placenta to fight the Rh positive cells in the baby’s body. As the antibodies destroy the red blood cells, the baby can become anemic. The anemia can lead to other complications including jaundice and organ enlargement. […] Some of the more common complications of Rh disease for the fetus and newborn baby include the following: anemia (in some cases, the anemia is severe with enlargement of the liver and spleen). […] jaundice – yellowing of the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. […] severe anemia with enlargement of the liver and spleen. […] hydrops fetalis – this occurs as the fetal organs are unable to handle the anemia. The heart begins to fail and large amounts of fluid build up in the fetal tissues and organs. A fetus with hydrops fetalis is at great risk of being stillborn.

• #1 Rh Disease – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=rh-disease-90-P02498

  A mother has no signs of Rh disease. But your baby can have problems if you develop antibodies. […] Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each pregnancy and child. During pregnancy, symptoms may include: A yellow coloring of amniotic fluid. This color may be because of bilirubin. This is a substance that is released when blood cells break down. Your baby may have a big liver, spleen, or heart. There may also be extra fluid in his or her stomach, lungs, or scalp. These are signs of hydrops fetalis. This condition causes severe swelling (edema). […] Rh disease can cause problems in your newborn. The condition caused by Rh disease in babies is called hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). Your baby may have the following symptoms: Yellow coloring of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice) Pale-coloring because of anemia Fast heart rate (tachycardia) Fast breathing (tachypnea) Lack of energy Swelling under the skin Large abdomen. […] The symptoms of Rh disease may look like symptoms of other conditions. See your healthcare provider for a diagnosis.

• #1 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?ContentTypeID=90&ContentID=P02498

  Pale-coloring because of anemia […] Fast heart rate (tachycardia) […] Fast breathing (tachypnea) […] Lack of energy […] Swelling under the skin […] Large belly (abdomen). […] After birth, your baby may have the following: Severe jaundice. Your babys liver cant handle the large amount of bilirubin. So your babys liver grows too big. Your baby will still have anemia. […] Kernicterus. This condition is the most severe form of too much bilirubin. Its due to the buildup of bilirubin in your babys brain. It can cause seizures, brain damage, and deafness. It can even cause death.

• #1 Rh incompatibility Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/rh-incompatibility

  Rh incompatibility can cause symptoms ranging from very mild to deadly. In its mildest form, Rh incompatibility causes the destruction of red blood cells. There are no other effects. […] After birth, the infant may have: Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice) Low muscle tone (hypotonia) and lethargy. […] Full recovery is expected for mild Rh incompatibility. […] Complications may include: Brain damage due to high levels of bilirubin (kernicterus) Fluid buildup and swelling in the baby (hydrops fetalis) Problems with mental function, movement, hearing, speech, and seizures.

• #1 Rhesus disease: Symptoms, causes and treatments

  https://www.motherandbaby.com/pregnancy/health-and-wellness/rhesus-disease/

  As mum doesn’t experience any symptoms, the only symptoms will be apparent in baby. […] For very early stages, some baby’s may develop anaemia. This can be picked up with what’s called a Doppler ultrasound. […] Physical symptoms in newborns and young baby’s may include pale skin, fast breathing, jaundice, low muscle tone, yellowing whites of eyes and poor feeding. […] In very severe untreated cases, rhesus disease can result in stillbirths, brain damage, hearing loss, learning difficulties, vision loss and blindness.

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/rhesus-disease/

  Rhesus disease doesn’t harm the mother, but it can cause the baby to become anaemic and develop newborn jaundice. […] If an unborn baby does develop rhesus disease, treatment depends on how severe it is. A blood transfusion to the unborn baby may be needed in more severe cases. After delivery, the child is likely to be admitted to a neonatal unit (a hospital unit that specialises in caring for newborn babies). […] If rhesus disease is left untreated, severe cases can lead to stillbirth. In other cases, it could lead to brain damage, learning difficulties, hearing loss and blindness and vision loss. However, treatment is usually effective and these problems are uncommon.

• #1 Rh disease | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/planning-baby/rh-disease

  Rh disease can cause serious problems for your baby, including death. […] If you have Rh antibodies, you’re called Rh-sensitized. […] Your baby is at risk for Rh disease only if you’re Rh-negative and your baby is Rh-positive. […] If it’s your first pregnancy, your body usually doesn’t make enough Rh antibodies to harm your baby. But if you get pregnant again, your body produces more antibodies that can cause Rh disease in your baby. […] Rh disease can cause serious problems for your baby, including: Anemia, Brain damage, Heart failure, Jaundice, Stillbirth, Death after birth. […] Rh disease can be prevented in your baby if you get treatment at the right times. […] Your provider watches your baby closely during pregnancy to check his health and for signs of anemia. […] If your baby has Rh disease, she can be treated to help prevent serious health problems. […] If your baby develops severe Rh disease and severe anemia before birth, you may have to give birth early, before her due date.

• #1 Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/hemolytic-disease-newborn

  Babies affected by HDN are usually in a mother’s second or higher pregnancy, after she has become sensitized with a first baby. […] When the mother’s antibodies attack the red blood cells, they are broken down and destroyed (hemolysis). This makes the baby anemic. Anemia is dangerous because it limits the ability of the blood to carry oxygen to the baby’s organs and tissues. […] The following are the most common symptoms of hemolytic disease of the newborn. However, each baby may experience symptoms differently. During pregnancy symptoms may include: […] After birth, symptoms may include: […] A pale coloring may be evident, due to anemia. […] Jaundice, or yellow coloring of amniotic fluid, umbilical cord, skin, and eyes may be present. The baby may not look yellow immediately after birth, but jaundice can develop quickly, usually within 24 to 36 hours. […] The newborn may have an enlarged liver and spleen. […] Babies with hydrops fetalis have severe edema (swelling) of the entire body and are extremely pale. They often have difficulty breathing.

• #1 Rh disease: causes, risks, symptoms and prevention | WIRhE

  https://wirhe.org/rh-disease/

  Because it takes the body some time to complete the process of creating antibodies against Rh-positive blood cells, the first pregnancy of an Rh-negative woman with an Rh-positive child is not likely to lead to Rh disease. However, future pregnancies with an Rh-positive child are at increasing risk.

• #1 Rhesus (Rh) Factor: Incompatibility, Complications & Pregnancy

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21053-rh-factor

  The effects of Rh incompatibility can range from mild to severe. These effects may also include: Jaundice. Liver failure. Heart failure. Stillbirth. […] For severe cases, the fetus may receive a blood transfusion. This procedure helps replace its red blood cells. Providers can use special lights to help reduce bilirubin levels in fetuses that have jaundice. You may need to give birth early to avoid serious complications of anemia. […] Since the development of Rh immune globulin injections, Rh disease occurs infrequently.

• #2 Rh Disease

  https://cayugamed.staywellknowledgebase.com/Search/90,P02498

  A birth parent has no signs of Rh disease. But your baby can have problems if you develop antibodies. […] Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each pregnancy and child. During pregnancy, symptoms may include: A yellow coloring of amniotic fluid. This color may be because of bilirubin. This is a substance that is released when blood cells break down. Your baby may have a big liver, spleen, or heart. There may also be extra fluid in your baby’s stomach, lungs, or scalp. These are signs of hydrops fetalis. This condition causes severe swelling (edema). […] Rh disease can cause problems in your newborn. The condition caused by Rh disease in babies is called hemolytic disease of the newborn. Your baby may have the following symptoms: Yellow coloring of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice) Pale-coloring because of anemia Fast heart rate (tachycardia) Fast breathing (tachypnea) Lack of energy Swelling under the skin Large belly (abdomen). […] These symptoms can be caused by other conditions. See your healthcare provider for a diagnosis.

• #2 Rh Disease – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=rh-disease-90-P02498

  A mother has no signs of Rh disease. But your baby can have problems if you develop antibodies. […] Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each pregnancy and child. During pregnancy, symptoms may include: A yellow coloring of amniotic fluid. This color may be because of bilirubin. This is a substance that is released when blood cells break down. Your baby may have a big liver, spleen, or heart. There may also be extra fluid in his or her stomach, lungs, or scalp. These are signs of hydrops fetalis. This condition causes severe swelling (edema). […] Rh disease can cause problems in your newborn. The condition caused by Rh disease in babies is called hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). Your baby may have the following symptoms: Yellow coloring of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice) Pale-coloring because of anemia Fast heart rate (tachycardia) Fast breathing (tachypnea) Lack of energy Swelling under the skin Large abdomen. […] The symptoms of Rh disease may look like symptoms of other conditions. See your healthcare provider for a diagnosis.

• #2 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?ContentTypeID=90&ContentID=P02498

  A birth parent has no signs of Rh disease. But your baby can have problems if you develop antibodies. […] Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each pregnancy and child. During pregnancy, symptoms may include: A yellow coloring of amniotic fluid. This color may be because of bilirubin. This is a substance that is released when blood cells break down. […] Your baby may have a big liver, spleen, or heart. There may also be extra fluid in your baby’s stomach, lungs, or scalp. These are signs of hydrops fetalis. This condition causes severe swelling (edema). […] Rh disease can cause problems in your newborn. The condition caused by Rh disease in babies is called hemolytic disease of the newborn. Your baby may have the following symptoms: Yellow coloring of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice)

• #2 Rh Disease | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/rh-disease

  Rh disease occurs during pregnancy when there is an incompatibility between the blood types of the mother and baby. […] Problems with the Rh factor occur only when the mother’s Rh factor is negative and the baby’s is positive. […] When an Rh negative mother has a baby that is Rh positive, problems can develop if the baby’s red blood cells cross to the Rh negative mother. […] The mother’s immune system sees the baby’s Rh positive red blood cells as foreign. […] During that pregnancy, the mother’s antibodies cross the placenta to fight the Rh positive cells in the baby’s body. As the antibodies destroy the red blood cells, the baby can become anemic. The anemia can lead to other complications including jaundice, heart failure, and organ enlargement. […] Some of the more common complications of Rh disease for the fetus and newborn baby include the following: Anemia (in some cases, the anemia is severe with enlargement of the liver and spleen), Jaundice. This is a yellowing of the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes, Severe anemia with enlargement of the liver and spleen, Hydrops fetalis. This occurs as the fetal organs are unable to handle the anemia.

• #2 Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/hemolytic-disease-newborn

  Babies affected by HDN are usually in a mother’s second or higher pregnancy, after she has become sensitized with a first baby. […] When the mother’s antibodies attack the red blood cells, they are broken down and destroyed (hemolysis). This makes the baby anemic. Anemia is dangerous because it limits the ability of the blood to carry oxygen to the baby’s organs and tissues. […] The following are the most common symptoms of hemolytic disease of the newborn. However, each baby may experience symptoms differently. During pregnancy symptoms may include: […] After birth, symptoms may include: […] A pale coloring may be evident, due to anemia. […] Jaundice, or yellow coloring of amniotic fluid, umbilical cord, skin, and eyes may be present. The baby may not look yellow immediately after birth, but jaundice can develop quickly, usually within 24 to 36 hours. […] The newborn may have an enlarged liver and spleen. […] Babies with hydrops fetalis have severe edema (swelling) of the entire body and are extremely pale. They often have difficulty breathing.

• #2 Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557423/

  Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn is a condition where fetal red blood cells are destroyed due to blood group incompatibility, primarily involving Rh or ABO blood types. […] The disease manifests in newborns with symptoms such as lethargy, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, and, in severe cases, signs of hydrops fetalis. […] The clinical features of HDFN vary based on several factors, including whether presentation occurs antenatally or postnatally. Antenatally, Rh incompatibility is typically identified incidentally during routine prenatal anti-D antibody screening, indicating a risk for HDFN; therefore, further evaluation through imaging studies is performed. Postnatally, characteristic findings of HDFN can include early onset jaundice and unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia within 24 hours after delivery, moderate to severe anemia, and hydrops fetalis.

• #2

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/rhesus-disease/symptoms/

  In the newborn baby, this may cause pale skin, increased breathing rate, poor feeding or jaundice. […] Jaundice is caused by a build-up of a chemical called bilirubin in the blood. […] In babies with rhesus disease, the liver cannot process the high levels of bilirubin that build up as a result of the baby’s red blood cells being destroyed.

• #2

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/rhesus-disease/symptoms/

  Rhesus disease only affects the baby, and the mother won’t experience any symptoms. […] The symptoms of rhesus disease depend on how severe it is. Around 50% of babies diagnosed with rhesus disease have mild symptoms that are easily treatable. […] If your baby develops rhesus disease while still in the womb, they may become anaemic (iron deficiency anaemia) because their red blood cells are being destroyed faster than usual by the antibodies. […] If the anaemia is severe, complications of rhesus disease, such as internal swelling, may be detected during scans. […] The two main problems caused by rhesus disease in a newborn baby are haemolytic anaemia and newborn jaundice. In some cases, the baby may also have low muscle tone (hypotonia) and they may be lacking in energy. […] If a baby has rhesus disease, they won’t always have obvious symptoms when they’re born. Symptoms can sometimes develop up to 3 months afterwards.

• #2 Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN) | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/h/hemolytic-disease-of-the-newborn-hdn.html

  Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each pregnancy and child. […] During pregnancy, you won’t notice any symptoms. But your healthcare provider may see the following during a prenatal test: A yellow coloring of amniotic fluid. This color may be because of bilirubin. This is a substance that forms as blood cells break down. Your baby may have a big liver, spleen, or heart. There may also be extra fluid in their stomach, lungs, or scalp. These are signs of hydrops fetalis. This condition causes severe swelling (edema). […] After birth, symptoms in your baby may include: Pale-looking skin. This is from having too few red blood cells (anemia). Yellow coloring of your babys umbilical cord, skin, and the whites of their eyes (jaundice). Your baby may not look yellow right after birth. But jaundice can come on quickly. It often starts in 24 to 36 hours. Your newborn may have a big liver and spleen. A newborn with hydrops fetalis may have severe swelling of their entire body. They may also be very pale and have trouble breathing.

• #2 Rhesus disease | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/rhesus-disease

  Rhesus disease only affects the baby. The mother won’t experience any symptoms. […] The symptoms of rhesus disease depend on how severe it is. Around 50 per cent of babies diagnosed with rhesus disease have mild symptoms that are easily treatable. […] If your baby develops rhesus disease while still in the womb, they may become anaemic. This is because their red blood cells are being destroyed faster than usual by the antibodies. […] The two main problems caused by rhesus disease in a newborn baby are haemolytic anaemia and jaundice. Haemolytic anaemia occurs when red blood cells are destroyed. […] In some cases, the baby may also have low muscle tone (hypotonia) and they may be lacking in energy. […] If a baby has rhesus disease, they won’t always have obvious symptoms when they’re born. Symptoms can sometimes develop up to three months afterwards.

• #2 Rh Disease

  https://healthlibrary.overlakehospital.org/HeartHealth/90,P02498

  Lack of energy […] Swelling under the skin […] Large belly (abdomen) […] After birth, your baby may have the following: […] Severe jaundice. Your baby’s liver cant handle the large amount of bilirubin. So your baby’s liver grows too big. Your baby will still have anemia. […] Kernicterus. This condition is the most severe form of too much bilirubin. Its due to the buildup of bilirubin in your baby’s brain. It can cause seizures, brain damage, and deafness. It can even cause death.

• #2 Hemolytic disease of the newborn – Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2266/

  Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) used to be a major cause of fetal loss and death among newborn babies. […] The attack begins while the baby is still in the womb and is caused by an incompatibility between the mother’s and baby’s blood. […] A major cause of HDN is an incompatibility of the Rh blood group between the mother and fetus. […] HDN can also be caused by an incompatibility of the ABO blood group. […] In mild cases, the small increase in the rate of hemolysis is tolerated by the fetus. At birth and during the newborn period, symptoms include a mild anemia and jaundice, both of which may resolve without treatment. […] If levels continue to rise, bilirubin may enter the brain to cause kernicterus, a potentially fatal condition that leaves permanent neurological damage in the babies that survive. […] An even greater rapid and prolonged destruction of RBCs leads to severe anemia in the fetus. […] A complication of severe HDN is hydrops fetalis, in which the fetal tissues become swollen (edematous). This condition is usually fatal, either in utero or soon after birth.

• #2 Rh incompatibility Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/rh-incompatibility

  Rh incompatibility can cause symptoms ranging from very mild to deadly. In its mildest form, Rh incompatibility causes the destruction of red blood cells. There are no other effects. […] After birth, the infant may have: Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice) Low muscle tone (hypotonia) and lethargy. […] Full recovery is expected for mild Rh incompatibility. […] Complications may include: Brain damage due to high levels of bilirubin (kernicterus) Fluid buildup and swelling in the baby (hydrops fetalis) Problems with mental function, movement, hearing, speech, and seizures.

• #2 Rh Disease

  https://healthlibrary.reading.towerhealth.org/HomeHealthyHolidays/90,P02498

  After birth, your baby may have the following: Severe jaundice. Your babys liver cant handle the large amount of bilirubin. So your babys liver grows too big. Your baby will still have anemia. […] Kernicterus. This condition is the most severe form of too much bilirubin. Its due to the buildup of bilirubin in your babys brain. It can cause seizures, brain damage, and deafness. It can even cause death.

• #2 Rhesus disease: Symptoms, causes and treatments

  https://www.motherandbaby.com/pregnancy/health-and-wellness/rhesus-disease/

  As mum doesn’t experience any symptoms, the only symptoms will be apparent in baby. […] For very early stages, some baby’s may develop anaemia. This can be picked up with what’s called a Doppler ultrasound. […] Physical symptoms in newborns and young baby’s may include pale skin, fast breathing, jaundice, low muscle tone, yellowing whites of eyes and poor feeding. […] In very severe untreated cases, rhesus disease can result in stillbirths, brain damage, hearing loss, learning difficulties, vision loss and blindness.

• #2 Hemolytic disease of the newborn – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn

  Signs of hemolytic disease of the newborn include a positive direct Coombs test (also called direct agglutination test), elevated cord bilirubin levels, and hemolytic anemia. […] The fetus can develop reticulocytosis and anemia. The intensity of this fetal disease ranges from mild to very severe, and fetal death from heart failure (hydrops fetalis) can occur. […] HDN can be the cause of hydrops fetalis, an often-severe form of prenatal heart failure that causes fetal edema. […] Complications of HDN could include kernicterus, hepatosplenomegaly, inspissated (thickened or dried) bile syndrome and/or greenish staining of the teeth, hemolytic anemia and damage to the liver due to excess bilirubin. […] Untreated profound anemia can cause high-output heart failure, with pallor, enlarged liver and/or spleen, generalized swelling, and respiratory distress.

• #2 Rh disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_disease

  Symptoms of Rh disease include yellowish amniotic fluid and enlarged spleen, liver or heart or buildup of fluid in the abdomen of the fetus. […] The resulting anemia has multiple sequelae: The immature haematopoietic system of the fetus is taxed as the liver and spleen attempt to put immature RBCs into circulation (erythroblasts, thus the previous name for this disease erythroblastosis fetalis). […] The severe anemia taxes the heart to compensate by increasing output in an effort to deliver oxygen to the tissues and results in a condition called high output cardiac failure. […] If left untreated, the result may be fetal death. […] The destruction of RBCs leads to elevated bilirubin levels (hyperbilirubinemia) as a byproduct. This is not generally a problem during pregnancy, as the maternal circulation can compensate. However, once the infant is delivered, the immature system is not able to handle this amount of bilirubin alone and jaundice or kernicterus (bilirubin deposition in the brain) can develop which may lead to brain damage or death.

• #2 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?ContentTypeID=90&ContentID=P02498

  Pale-coloring because of anemia […] Fast heart rate (tachycardia) […] Fast breathing (tachypnea) […] Lack of energy […] Swelling under the skin […] Large belly (abdomen). […] After birth, your baby may have the following: Severe jaundice. Your babys liver cant handle the large amount of bilirubin. So your babys liver grows too big. Your baby will still have anemia. […] Kernicterus. This condition is the most severe form of too much bilirubin. Its due to the buildup of bilirubin in your babys brain. It can cause seizures, brain damage, and deafness. It can even cause death.

• #2 Rh disease | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/planning-baby/rh-disease

  Rh disease can cause serious problems for your baby, including death. […] If you have Rh antibodies, you’re called Rh-sensitized. […] Your baby is at risk for Rh disease only if you’re Rh-negative and your baby is Rh-positive. […] If it’s your first pregnancy, your body usually doesn’t make enough Rh antibodies to harm your baby. But if you get pregnant again, your body produces more antibodies that can cause Rh disease in your baby. […] Rh disease can cause serious problems for your baby, including: Anemia, Brain damage, Heart failure, Jaundice, Stillbirth, Death after birth. […] Rh disease can be prevented in your baby if you get treatment at the right times. […] Your provider watches your baby closely during pregnancy to check his health and for signs of anemia. […] If your baby has Rh disease, she can be treated to help prevent serious health problems. […] If your baby develops severe Rh disease and severe anemia before birth, you may have to give birth early, before her due date.

• #2

  https://111.wales.nhs.uk/encyclopaedia/r/article/rhesusdisease/

  Haemolytic anaemia occurs when red blood cells are destroyed. This happens when the antibodies from the mother’s RhD negative blood cross the placenta into the baby’s blood. The antibodies attack the baby’s RhD positive blood, destroying the red blood cells. […] Jaundice in newborn babies turns their skin and the whites of their eyes yellow. In babies with dark skin, the yellowing will be most obvious in their eyes or on their palms and soles. […] Without prompt treatment, a build-up of bilirubin in the brain can lead to a neurological condition called kernicterus. This can lead to deafness, blindness, brain damage, learning difficulties or even death.

• #2 Maternal Alloimmunization (Rh-isoimmunization) – Dayton

  https://fetaltonewborn.org/maternal-alloimmunization-rh-isoimmunization/

  All mothers are tested for the development of antibodies three times during pregnancy: at their first prenatal visit, at 28 weeks gestation, and at delivery. […] Symptoms of hemolytic disease in your fetus or newborn may include: An abnormally large amount of amniotic fluid, Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), Decreased muscle tone, Lethargy, Signs of red blood cell destruction in your baby’s blood. […] If there is severe hemolytic disease of the fetus, then a Maternal-Fetal Medicine specialist can give your fetus in-utero transfusions. These can be lifesaving and prevent many of the complications of hemolytic disease. […] After delivery, if your baby has a mild case of hemolytic disease your doctor may treat the condition with phototherapy (light therapy). In some cases, your baby may also need one or more blood transfusions.

• #2

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/rhesus-disease/

  Rhesus disease doesn’t harm the mother, but it can cause the baby to become anaemic and develop newborn jaundice. […] If an unborn baby does develop rhesus disease, treatment depends on how severe it is. A blood transfusion to the unborn baby may be needed in more severe cases. After delivery, the child is likely to be admitted to a neonatal unit (a hospital unit that specialises in caring for newborn babies). […] If rhesus disease is left untreated, severe cases can lead to stillbirth. In other cases, it could lead to brain damage, learning difficulties, hearing loss and blindness and vision loss. However, treatment is usually effective and these problems are uncommon.

• #3 Rh Sensitization | CommonSpirit Health

  https://www.commonspirit.org/conditions-treatments/rh-sensitization

  If you are already Rh-sensitized or you become Rh-sensitized while pregnant, you won’t have any unusual symptoms. […] A fetus with severe Rh disease may move less often than he or she did earlier in the pregnancy. […] There are other conditions with symptoms similar to Rh sensitization. They include fetal infections and other problems where blood types don’t mix well.

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