Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/rhesus-disease/

  Rhesus disease is a condition where antibodies in a pregnant woman’s blood destroy her baby’s blood cells. It’s also known as haemolytic disease of the foetus and newborn (HDFN). […] Rhesus disease doesn’t harm the mother, but it can cause the baby to become anaemic and develop newborn jaundice. […] Rhesus disease is uncommon these days because it can usually be prevented using injections of a medication called anti-D immunoglobulin. […] If a woman has developed anti-D antibodies in a previous pregnancy (she’s already sensitised) then these immunoglobulin injections don’t help. The pregnancy will be monitored more closely than usual, as will the baby after delivery. […] If an unborn baby does develop rhesus disease, treatment depends on how severe it is. A blood transfusion to the unborn baby may be needed in more severe cases. After delivery, the child is likely to be admitted to a neonatal unit (a hospital unit that specialises in caring for newborn babies).

• #2 Rh Disease

  https://healthlibrary.bvhealthsystem.org/90,P02498

  Rh disease occurs during pregnancy. It happens when the Rh factors in the birth parents and baby’s blood don’t match. […] If the Rh negative birth parent has been sensitized to Rh positive blood, her immune system will make antibodies to attack her baby. […] When the antibodies enter your baby’s bloodstream, they will attack the red blood cells, causing them to break down. This can lead to problems. […] This condition can be prevented. People who are Rh negative and haven’t been sensitized can receive medicine. This medicine can stop your antibodies from reacting to your baby’s Rh positive cells.

• #3 Rh Disease | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/rh-disease

  Rh disease occurs during pregnancy when there is an incompatibility between the blood types of the mother and baby. […] Problems with the Rh factor occur only when the mother’s Rh factor is negative and the baby’s is positive. […] When an Rh negative mother has a baby that is Rh positive, problems can develop if the baby’s red blood cells cross to the Rh negative mother. […] The mother’s immune system sees the baby’s Rh positive red blood cells as foreign. […] During that pregnancy, the mother’s antibodies cross the placenta to fight the Rh positive cells in the baby’s body. […] Rh disease is also called erythroblastosis fetalis during pregnancy. In the newborn, the resulting condition is called hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). […] Some of the more common complications of Rh disease for the fetus and newborn baby include the following: Anemia (in some cases, the anemia is severe with enlargement of the liver and spleen), Jaundice. This is a yellowing of the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes, Severe anemia with enlargement of the liver and spleen, Hydrops fetalis. This occurs as the fetal organs are unable to handle the anemia.

• #4 Rh disease | Children’s Wisconsin

  https://childrenswi.org/medical-care/fetal-concerns-center/conditions/pregnancy-complications/rh-disease

  Rh disease occurs during pregnancy when there is an incompatibility between the blood types of the mother and baby. […] Problems with the Rh factor occur only when the mother’s Rh factor is negative and the baby’s is positive. […] When an Rh negative mother has a baby that is Rh positive, problems can develop if the baby’s red blood cells cross to the Rh negative mother. […] The mother’s immune system sees the baby’s Rh positive red blood cells as foreign. […] Although it is not as common, a similar problem of incompatibility may happen between the blood types (A, B, O, AB) of the mother and baby in the following situations: […] In a first pregnancy, Rh sensitization is not likely. […] During that pregnancy, the mother’s antibodies cross the placenta to fight the Rh positive cells in the baby’s body.

• #5

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/rhesus-disease/

  Treatment for rhesus disease after delivery can include a light treatment called phototherapy, blood transfusions, and an injection of a solution of antibodies (intravenous immunoglobulin) to prevent red blood cells being destroyed. […] If rhesus disease is left untreated, severe cases can lead to stillbirth. In other cases, it could lead to brain damage, learning difficulties, hearing loss and blindness and vision loss. However, treatment is usually effective and these problems are uncommon.

• #6 The Rh Factor: How It Can Affect Your Pregnancy | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/the-rh-factor-how-it-can-affect-your-pregnancy

  During pregnancy, problems can occur if you are Rh negative and your fetus is Rh positive. Treatment can be given to prevent these problems. […] When the blood of an Rh-positive fetus gets into the bloodstream of an Rh-negative woman, her body will recognize that the Rh-positive blood is not hers. Her body will try to destroy it by making anti-Rh antibodies. […] These antibodies can cross the placenta and attack the fetus’s blood cells. This can lead to serious health problems, even death, for a fetus or a newborn. […] Health problems usually do not occur during an Rh-negative woman’s first pregnancy with an Rh-positive fetus. This is because her body does not have a chance to develop a lot of antibodies. But if treatment is not given during the first pregnancy and the woman later gets pregnant again with an Rh-positive fetus, she can make more antibodies. More antibodies put a future fetus at risk.

• #7 Rh Incompatibility: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/rh-incompatibility

  When a woman and her unborn baby carry different Rhesus (Rh) protein factors, their condition is called Rh incompatibility. […] If a woman is Rh-negative and her baby is Rh-positive, then the womans body will approach the Rh-positive protein as a foreign object, if her immune system is exposed to it. […] This means that if blood cells from your baby cross your bloodstream, which can happen during pregnancy, labor, and delivery, your immune system will make antibodies against your babys red blood cells. […] If you have an Rh-negative blood type, youre considered sensitized to positive blood types once your body has made these antibodies. […] Your placenta is the organ that connects you and your baby. […] Rh incompatibility symptoms in your unborn baby can range from mild to life-threatening.

• #8 He’s Positive, She’s Negative: What’s That Do to Baby?

  https://www.webmd.com/baby/features/pregnancy-and-rh-disease

  Father’s Positive, Mother’s negative; What’s That Do To Baby? […] When facing the potential for Rh disease, as you two are, it’s even more important. You’ll probably want to educate yourselves about Rh incompatibility. And in any case, make sure you find a health-care provider who understands Rh disease, and with whom it’s easy to communicate. […] Rh disease of the newborn arises from incompatibility of the Rh factor between the mother and baby. […] Problems arise only with Rh-negative mothers and Rh-positive babies. […] Normally, maternal and fetal blood supplies don’t mix during pregnancy, but during childbirth, some fetal blood may enter the mother’s system. If the mother is Rh-negative and the fetus is Rh-positive, the woman’s immune system responds with antibodies to the Rh factor.

• #9 He’s Positive, She’s Negative: What’s That Do to Baby?

  https://www.webmd.com/baby/features/pregnancy-and-rh-disease

  The chances of responding, and the strength of the response, increase with each Rh-positive pregnancy. […] In a subsequent pregnancy these antibodies cross the placenta and enter fetal circulation. If the next fetus is also Rh-positive, the mother’s antibodies destroy fetal red blood cells. […] Although treatments are available to save affected babies – including transfusing Rh-negative blood, sometimes even prior to birth – prevention obviously makes more sense. […] The trick is to block the mother’s immune system from becoming sensitized to the Rh factor. […] An injection of anti-Rh antibodies (widely known by the trade name RhoGAM) given to the mother soon after birth neutralizes any fetal blood cells in their circulation before their immune system has a chance to respond. […] Most experts recommend a RhoGAM shot at 28 weeks to head-off sensitization, as well as after birth.

• #10

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/rhesus-disease/

  Rhesus disease is a condition where antibodies in a pregnant woman’s blood destroy her baby’s blood cells. It’s also known as haemolytic disease of the foetus and newborn (HDFN). […] Rhesus disease doesn’t harm the mother, but it can cause the baby to become anaemic and develop newborn jaundice. […] Rhesus disease is uncommon these days because it can usually be prevented using injections of a medication called anti-D immunoglobulin. […] If a woman has developed anti-D antibodies in a previous pregnancy (she’s already sensitised) then these immunoglobulin injections don’t help. The pregnancy will be monitored more closely than usual, as will the baby after delivery. […] If an unborn baby does develop rhesus disease, treatment depends on how severe it is. A blood transfusion to the unborn baby may be needed in more severe cases. After delivery, the child is likely to be admitted to a neonatal unit (a hospital unit that specialises in caring for newborn babies).

• #11 Rhesus (Rh) Factor: Incompatibility, Complications & Pregnancy

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21053-rh-factor

  Complications can occur during pregnancy if youre Rh negative and the fetus is Rh positive. This is Rh incompatibility. […] During pregnancy, complications may occur if youre Rh-negative and the fetus is Rh-positive. This is called Rh factor incompatibility. Treatments are available to prevent complications of Rh incompatibility. […] Rh immune globulin (RhIg or RhoGAM) is a medication that stops your body from making Rh antibodies. Its only helpful if your body hasnt already made Rh antibodies. You receive it as a shot (injection). Rh immunoglobulin shots are usually very successful in treating Rh-incompatibility during pregnancy. Detecting Rh incompatibility early in pregnancy is the best way to prevent serious complications. […] If your body already has Rh antibodies, the fetus is at risk for Rh disease. Since Rh immune globulin wont be helpful, the best treatment is close monitoring for the remainder of your pregnancy. Theres a small chance your provider will want to deliver early, but this depends on how severe the fetuss Rh disease is. […] If youre Rh-negative, getting RhIg injections after every possible contact with Rh-positive blood between you and the fetus reduces the risk of them getting Rh disease. Rh incompatibility doesnt affect your health, only the fetuss health.

• #12 Rh Incompatibility Treatment & Management: Prehospital Care, Emergency Department Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/797150-treatment

  When possible, prehospital care personnel should direct their efforts on stabilization of the mother and infant, followed by immediate transport to a facility specializing in high-risk obstetric and neonatal care. […] ED care of the pregnant woman with Rh-negative blood and a suspected fetomaternal hemorrhage varies depending on the presentation of the patient and the gestational age of the fetus. […] If the mother has Rh-negative blood and has not been sensitized previously, administer human anti-D immune globulin (Rh IgG or RhoGAM) and refer the woman for further evaluation. […] If the mother has been sensitized previously, as determined by elevated level of maternal Rh antibodies, administration of Rh IgG is of no value. In this situation, prompt referral to a center that specializes in high-risk obstetrics is warranted.

• #13 FloridaHealthFinder | Rh incompatibility | Health Encyclopedia | FloridaHealthFinder

  https://quality.healthfinder.fl.gov/health-encyclopedia/HIE/1/001600

  Rh incompatibility can be prevented with the use of RhoGAM. Therefore, prevention remains the best treatment. Treatment of an infant who is already affected depends on the severity of the condition. […] Infants with mild Rh incompatibility may be treated with phototherapy using bilirubin lights. IV immune globulin may also be used. For infants severely affected, an exchange transfusion of blood may be needed. This is to decrease the levels of bilirubin in the blood. […] Rh-negative mothers should be followed closely by their providers during pregnancy. […] Special immune globulins, called RhoGAM, are now used to prevent RH incompatibility in mothers who are Rh-negative. […] These injections prevent the development of antibodies against Rh-positive blood. However, women with Rh-negative blood type must get injections: During every pregnancy, After a miscarriage or abortion, After prenatal tests such as amniocentesis and chorionic villus biopsy, After injury to the abdomen during pregnancy.

• #14 FIGO/ICM guidelines for preventing Rhesus disease: A call to action

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7898700/

  The introduction of antiRh(D) immunoglobulin more than 50 years ago has resulted in only a 50% decrease in Rhesus disease globally owing to a low uptake of this prophylactic approach. […] The aim of the present study was to summarize data on the prevention of Rh disease by immunoprophylaxis and provide guidelines that take into consideration the costeffectiveness of the different dose regimens and prioritize the administration of antiRh(D) by indication. […] Administer antiRh(D) immunoglobulin within 72 hours of delivery to women with a Rh(D)positive newborn, unless already sensitized. […] Postpartum administration of antiRh(D) immunoglobulin reduces this risk to approximately 1.5%, and is the most effective intervention to prevent Rh disease in subsequent pregnancies. […] Therefore, this approach should have the highest priority in countries and/or regions where no, or inadequate, prophylaxis is currently provided.

• #15 Rh incompatibility: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001600.htm

  These injections prevent the development of antibodies against Rh-positive blood. However, women with Rh-negative blood type must get injections: During every pregnancy, After a miscarriage or abortion, After prenatal tests such as amniocentesis and chorionic villus biopsy, After injury to the abdomen during pregnancy.

• #16 Rh Factor Incompatibility – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/rh-factor-incompatibility.html

  Rh incompatibility may be life-threatening to your baby. Treatment may include any of the following: […] You will not need treatment for Rh incompatibility problems, but your baby might. […] RhIg shots prevent your body from making Rh antibodies. RhIg shots are usually given in the 28th week of pregnancy and within 72 hours after you give birth. You may need another shot if you have not given birth within 12 weeks after the first shot. RhIg shots may also be given after an abortion, miscarriage, or abdominal trauma. […] RhIg shots are also given after any procedure that may cause your baby’s blood to leak into your bloodstream. These procedures may include amniocentesis, fetal blood sampling, or a change in the baby’s position in the womb before birth.

• #17 FIGO/ICM guidelines for preventing Rhesus disease: A call to action

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7898700/

  Routine prenatal administration of antiRh(D) immunoglobulin to prevent sensitization resulting from fetalmaternal hemorrhage during pregnancy has been studied in a metaanalysis of two randomized controlled trials. […] Prenatal antiRh(D) immunoglobulin may be given intramuscularly or intravenously, with no clear difference in effectiveness. […] The risk for sensitization is most probably extremely low for spontaneous abortions before 10 gestational weeks; however, data are scarce. […] AntiRh(D) immunoglobulin administration is strictly advised for ectopic pregnancy. […] Abdominal trauma may cause fetalmaternal transfusion, which might lead to Rh(D) alloimmunization. […] Because an intrauterine fetal death may have been caused by a large fetalmaternal hemorrhage, it may be useful to perform a KleihauerBetke test, both as a part of the workup of the fetal death and among Rh(D)negative women to determine the amount of fetalmaternal hemorrhage to calculate the dose of antiRh(D) immunoglobulin needed.

• #18 FIGO/ICM guidelines for preventing Rhesus disease: A call to action

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7898700/

  The risk of fetalmaternal transfusion during external cephalic version ranges from 2% to 6%; therefore, administration of antiRh(D) immunoglobulin is advised. […] Noninvasive prenatal testing of cellfree DNA in the first trimester of pregnancy may be used to determine fetal Rh(D) status. […] Box 1 summarizes the measures to prevent antiRh(D) sensitization, taking into account the costeffectiveness of the different dose regimens and prioritizing the administration of antiRh(D) by indication.

• #19 FIGO/ICM guidelines for preventing Rhesus disease: A call to action

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7898700/

  The introduction of antiRh(D) immunoglobulin more than 50 years ago has resulted in only a 50% decrease in Rhesus disease globally owing to a low uptake of this prophylactic approach. […] The aim of the present study was to summarize data on the prevention of Rh disease by immunoprophylaxis and provide guidelines that take into consideration the costeffectiveness of the different dose regimens and prioritize the administration of antiRh(D) by indication. […] Administer antiRh(D) immunoglobulin within 72 hours of delivery to women with a Rh(D)positive newborn, unless already sensitized. […] Postpartum administration of antiRh(D) immunoglobulin reduces this risk to approximately 1.5%, and is the most effective intervention to prevent Rh disease in subsequent pregnancies. […] Therefore, this approach should have the highest priority in countries and/or regions where no, or inadequate, prophylaxis is currently provided.

• #20

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/rhesus-disease/

  Rhesus disease is a condition where antibodies in a pregnant woman’s blood destroy her baby’s blood cells. It’s also known as haemolytic disease of the foetus and newborn (HDFN). […] Rhesus disease doesn’t harm the mother, but it can cause the baby to become anaemic and develop newborn jaundice. […] Rhesus disease is uncommon these days because it can usually be prevented using injections of a medication called anti-D immunoglobulin. […] If a woman has developed anti-D antibodies in a previous pregnancy (she’s already sensitised) then these immunoglobulin injections don’t help. The pregnancy will be monitored more closely than usual, as will the baby after delivery. […] If an unborn baby does develop rhesus disease, treatment depends on how severe it is. A blood transfusion to the unborn baby may be needed in more severe cases. After delivery, the child is likely to be admitted to a neonatal unit (a hospital unit that specialises in caring for newborn babies).

• #21 Rhesus (Rh) Factor: Incompatibility, Complications & Pregnancy

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21053-rh-factor

  Complications can occur during pregnancy if youre Rh negative and the fetus is Rh positive. This is Rh incompatibility. […] During pregnancy, complications may occur if youre Rh-negative and the fetus is Rh-positive. This is called Rh factor incompatibility. Treatments are available to prevent complications of Rh incompatibility. […] Rh immune globulin (RhIg or RhoGAM) is a medication that stops your body from making Rh antibodies. Its only helpful if your body hasnt already made Rh antibodies. You receive it as a shot (injection). Rh immunoglobulin shots are usually very successful in treating Rh-incompatibility during pregnancy. Detecting Rh incompatibility early in pregnancy is the best way to prevent serious complications. […] If your body already has Rh antibodies, the fetus is at risk for Rh disease. Since Rh immune globulin wont be helpful, the best treatment is close monitoring for the remainder of your pregnancy. Theres a small chance your provider will want to deliver early, but this depends on how severe the fetuss Rh disease is. […] If youre Rh-negative, getting RhIg injections after every possible contact with Rh-positive blood between you and the fetus reduces the risk of them getting Rh disease. Rh incompatibility doesnt affect your health, only the fetuss health.

• #22 Erythroblastosis Fetalis: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/erythroblastosis-fetalis

  Erythroblastosis fetalis is a rare pregnancy complication that occurs when your immune system attacks the fetus’s red blood cells. […] Your provider will give you medicines to prevent the condition if you and the fetus have this blood type incompatibility. […] Fortunately, healthcare providers test your blood type as part of routine prenatal care early in pregnancy. If you have Rh-negative blood type, your provider will give you medication to prevent the attack. […] If you have antibodies that could place the fetus at risk of erythroblastosis fetalis, your provider will monitor your antibody levels every few weeks. If the antibodies reach a high enough level, extra ultrasound monitoring of the fetus for anemia may be required. If the anemia is severe, the fetus may need blood transfusions.

• #23 Rh disease | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/planning-baby/rh-disease

  Rh disease can cause serious problems for your baby, including: […] If you’re Rh-negative, can you protect your baby from Rh disease? Rh disease can be prevented in your baby if you get treatment at the right times. […] Your provider watches your baby closely during pregnancy to check his health and for signs of anemia. […] If your baby has Rh disease, she can be treated to help prevent serious health problems.

• #24

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/rhesus-disease/treatment/

  Treatment for rhesus disease depends on how severe the condition is. In more severe cases, treatment may need to begin before the baby is born. […] In more severe cases, a treatment called phototherapy is usually needed and blood transfusions may help to speed up the removal of bilirubin (a substance created when red blood cells break down) from the body. […] In the most serious cases, a blood transfusion may be carried out while your baby is still in the womb and a medication called intravenous immunoglobulin may be used when they’re born if phototherapy isn’t effective. […] If necessary, the baby may be delivered early using medication to start inducing labour (induction) or a caesarean section, so treatment can start as soon as possible. This is usually only done after about 34 weeks of pregnancy.

• #25

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/rhesus-disease/treatment/

  If your baby develops rhesus disease while still in the womb, they may need to be given a blood transfusion before birth. This is known as intrauterine foetal blood transfusion. […] A needle is usually inserted through the mother’s abdomen (tummy) and into the umbilical cord, so donated blood can be injected into the baby. […] You may need more than one intrauterine foetal blood transfusion. Transfusions can be repeated every 2 to 4 weeks until your baby is mature enough to be delivered. […] In some cases, treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is used alongside phototherapy if the level of bilirubin in your baby’s blood continues to rise at an hourly rate. […] Intravenous immunoglobulin helps to prevent red blood cells being destroyed, so the level of bilirubin in your baby’s blood will stop rising. It also reduces the need for a blood transfusion. […] However, it does carry some small risks.

• #26

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/rhesus-disease/treatment/

  If your baby develops rhesus disease while still in the womb, they may need to be given a blood transfusion before birth. This is known as intrauterine foetal blood transfusion. […] A needle is usually inserted through the mother’s abdomen (tummy) and into the umbilical cord, so donated blood can be injected into the baby. […] You may need more than one intrauterine foetal blood transfusion. Transfusions can be repeated every 2 to 4 weeks until your baby is mature enough to be delivered. […] In some cases, treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is used alongside phototherapy if the level of bilirubin in your baby’s blood continues to rise at an hourly rate. […] Intravenous immunoglobulin helps to prevent red blood cells being destroyed, so the level of bilirubin in your baby’s blood will stop rising. It also reduces the need for a blood transfusion. […] However, it does carry some small risks.

• #27 Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN) – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=hemolytic-disease-of-the-newborn-hdn-90-P02368

  This test puts red blood cells into your baby’s circulation. In this test, a needle is placed through your uterus. It goes into your baby’s abdominal cavity to a vein in the umbilical cord. Your baby may need sedative medicine to keep him or her from moving. You may need to have more than 1 transfusion. […] If your baby gets certain complications, he or she may need to be born early. Your healthcare provider may induce labor may once your baby has mature lungs. This can keep HDN from getting worse. […] After birth, treatment may include the following. […] This may be done if your baby has severe anemia. […] This may be done if your baby has low blood pressure. […] In this test, your baby is put under a special light. This helps your baby get rid of extra bilirubin. […] Your baby may need oxygen, a substance in the lungs that helps keep the tiny air sacs open (surfactant), or a mechanical breathing machine to breathe better.

• #28

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/rhesus-disease/treatment/

  Treatment for rhesus disease depends on how severe the condition is. In more severe cases, treatment may need to begin before the baby is born. […] In more severe cases, a treatment called phototherapy is usually needed and blood transfusions may help to speed up the removal of bilirubin (a substance created when red blood cells break down) from the body. […] In the most serious cases, a blood transfusion may be carried out while your baby is still in the womb and a medication called intravenous immunoglobulin may be used when they’re born if phototherapy isn’t effective. […] If necessary, the baby may be delivered early using medication to start inducing labour (induction) or a caesarean section, so treatment can start as soon as possible. This is usually only done after about 34 weeks of pregnancy.

• #29 The Rh Factor: How It Can Affect Your Pregnancy | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/the-rh-factor-how-it-can-affect-your-pregnancy

  Yes, problems during pregnancy caused by Rh incompatibility can be prevented. The goal of treatment is to stop an Rh-negative woman from making Rh antibodies in the first place. This is done by finding out if you are Rh negative early in pregnancy (or before pregnancy) and, if needed, giving you a medication to prevent antibodies from forming. […] Rh immunoglobulin (RhIg) is a medication that stops the body from making Rh antibodies if it has not already made them. This can prevent severe fetal anemia in a future pregnancy. RhIg is given as an injection (shot). […] If ultrasound exams show that the fetus has severe anemia, early delivery (before 37 weeks of pregnancy) may be needed. Another option may be to give a blood transfusion through the umbilical cord while the fetus is still in the woman’s uterus.

• #30

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/rhesus-disease/

  Rhesus disease is a condition where antibodies in a pregnant woman’s blood destroy her baby’s blood cells. It’s also known as haemolytic disease of the foetus and newborn (HDFN). […] Rhesus disease doesn’t harm the mother, but it can cause the baby to become anaemic and develop newborn jaundice. […] Rhesus disease is uncommon these days because it can usually be prevented using injections of a medication called anti-D immunoglobulin. […] If a woman has developed anti-D antibodies in a previous pregnancy (she’s already sensitised) then these immunoglobulin injections don’t help. The pregnancy will be monitored more closely than usual, as will the baby after delivery. […] If an unborn baby does develop rhesus disease, treatment depends on how severe it is. A blood transfusion to the unborn baby may be needed in more severe cases. After delivery, the child is likely to be admitted to a neonatal unit (a hospital unit that specialises in caring for newborn babies).

• #31

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/rhesus-disease/treatment/

  Phototherapy is treatment with light. It involves placing the newborn baby under a halogen or fluorescent lamp with their eyes covered. […] The light absorbed by the skin during phototherapy lowers the bilirubin levels in the baby’s blood through a process called photo-oxidation. […] During phototherapy, fluids will usually be given into a vein (intravenous hydration) because more water is lost through your baby’s skin and more urine is produced as the bilirubin is expelled. […] Using phototherapy can sometimes reduce the need for a blood transfusion. […] In some cases, the levels of bilirubin in the blood may be high enough to require one or more blood transfusions. […] This process helps to remove some of the bilirubin in the baby’s blood and also removes the antibodies that cause rhesus disease.

• #32 Rh Incompatibility: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/rh-incompatibility

  When your antibodies attack your babys red blood cells, hemolytic disease can occur. […] These symptoms will subside after completing treatment for the Rh incompatibility. […] Treatment focuses on preventing the effects of the incompatibility. […] In mild cases, the baby can be treated after birth with a series of blood transfusions, hydrating fluids, electrolytes, and phototherapy. […] Phototherapy involves keeping your baby near fluorescent lights to help reduce the bilirubin in their blood. […] If youre pregnant and your doctor determines that youve already developed antibodies against your baby, your pregnancy will be closely monitored. […] You can prevent the effects of Rh incompatibility by getting an injection of Rh immune globulins (RhIg) during your first trimester, during a miscarriage, or while having any bleeding during your pregnancy.

• #33

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/rhesus-disease/treatment/

  Phototherapy is treatment with light. It involves placing the newborn baby under a halogen or fluorescent lamp with their eyes covered. […] The light absorbed by the skin during phototherapy lowers the bilirubin levels in the baby’s blood through a process called photo-oxidation. […] During phototherapy, fluids will usually be given into a vein (intravenous hydration) because more water is lost through your baby’s skin and more urine is produced as the bilirubin is expelled. […] Using phototherapy can sometimes reduce the need for a blood transfusion. […] In some cases, the levels of bilirubin in the blood may be high enough to require one or more blood transfusions. […] This process helps to remove some of the bilirubin in the baby’s blood and also removes the antibodies that cause rhesus disease.

• #34

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/rhesus-disease/treatment/

  If your baby develops rhesus disease while still in the womb, they may need to be given a blood transfusion before birth. This is known as intrauterine foetal blood transfusion. […] A needle is usually inserted through the mother’s abdomen (tummy) and into the umbilical cord, so donated blood can be injected into the baby. […] You may need more than one intrauterine foetal blood transfusion. Transfusions can be repeated every 2 to 4 weeks until your baby is mature enough to be delivered. […] In some cases, treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is used alongside phototherapy if the level of bilirubin in your baby’s blood continues to rise at an hourly rate. […] Intravenous immunoglobulin helps to prevent red blood cells being destroyed, so the level of bilirubin in your baby’s blood will stop rising. It also reduces the need for a blood transfusion. […] However, it does carry some small risks.

• #35

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/rhesus-disease/

  Treatment for rhesus disease after delivery can include a light treatment called phototherapy, blood transfusions, and an injection of a solution of antibodies (intravenous immunoglobulin) to prevent red blood cells being destroyed. […] If rhesus disease is left untreated, severe cases can lead to stillbirth. In other cases, it could lead to brain damage, learning difficulties, hearing loss and blindness and vision loss. However, treatment is usually effective and these problems are uncommon.

• #36 Rh incompatibility: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001600.htm

  Rh incompatibility is a condition that develops when a pregnant woman has Rh-negative blood and the baby in her womb has Rh-positive blood. […] Rh incompatibility can be prevented with the use of RhoGAM. Therefore, prevention remains the best treatment. Treatment of an infant who is already affected depends on the severity of the condition. […] Infants with mild Rh incompatibility may be treated with phototherapy using bilirubin lights. IV immune globulin may also be used. For infants severely affected, an exchange transfusion of blood may be needed. This is to decrease the levels of bilirubin in the blood. […] Rh-negative mothers should be followed closely by their providers during pregnancy. […] Special immune globulins, called RhoGAM, are now used to prevent RH incompatibility in mothers who are Rh-negative.

• #37 Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN) – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=hemolytic-disease-of-the-newborn-hdn-90-P02368

  This test removes your baby’s blood that has a high bilirubin level. It replaces it with fresh blood that has a normal bilirubin level. This raises your baby’s red blood cell count. It also lowers his or her bilirubin level. […] IVIG is a solution made from blood plasma. It contains antibodies to help the baby’s immune system. IVIG reduces your baby’s breakdown of red blood cells. It may also lower his or her bilirubin levels.

• #38 Management of neonatal Rh disease – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8521682/

  Dramatic improvements have been made in the management of Rh disease. Anti-D immune globulin has reduced the incidence of Rh sensitization. Intrauterine transfusions have become routine to treat fetal anemia. Once an affected infant is born, several recent improvements in neonatal care have aided in the treatment of hyperbilirubinemia. These include improved phototherapy, such as fiberoptic delivery systems, and intravenous immunoglobulin. Experience with heme oxygenase inhibitors is accumulating, and they may prove efficacious in Rh disease. Double-volume (and perhaps single-volume) exchange transfusion remains an effective method to control hyperbilirubinemia when other therapies fail. Erythropoietin may have a role in treating late, hyporegenerative anemia. Finally, better ways to assess the risk of brain injury in patients with hyperbilirubinemia may become available. Cooperation between the obstetric and neonatal teams to treat Rh-sensitized mothers and their babies is essential.

• #39 Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN) – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=hemolytic-disease-of-the-newborn-hdn-90-P02368

  This test puts red blood cells into your baby’s circulation. In this test, a needle is placed through your uterus. It goes into your baby’s abdominal cavity to a vein in the umbilical cord. Your baby may need sedative medicine to keep him or her from moving. You may need to have more than 1 transfusion. […] If your baby gets certain complications, he or she may need to be born early. Your healthcare provider may induce labor may once your baby has mature lungs. This can keep HDN from getting worse. […] After birth, treatment may include the following. […] This may be done if your baby has severe anemia. […] This may be done if your baby has low blood pressure. […] In this test, your baby is put under a special light. This helps your baby get rid of extra bilirubin. […] Your baby may need oxygen, a substance in the lungs that helps keep the tiny air sacs open (surfactant), or a mechanical breathing machine to breathe better.

• #40 Rh incompatibilty: A case study – IJMPO

  https://www.ijmpo.com/html-article/16160

  Rh incompatibility occurs during pregnancy. Rh antibodies cross the placenta and attack the baby’s red blood cells leading to Hemolytic anemia. […] Nurse plays a vital role to offer psychological support to the mother and also to the members of the family. […] The nursing care for the patient has been discussed elaborately by using the nursing process approach. […] The couple was given the factual and need-based information about the Rh-incompatibility and they got the idea. The care of their new-born was taught to them and they exhibited adequate care for the baby with adequate knowledge on the prognosis of the condition and its potential effects on the child.

• #41 Rh incompatibilty: A case study – IJMPO

  https://www.ijmpo.com/html-article/16160

  Rh incompatibility occurs during pregnancy. Rh antibodies cross the placenta and attack the baby’s red blood cells leading to Hemolytic anemia. […] Nurse plays a vital role to offer psychological support to the mother and also to the members of the family. […] The nursing care for the patient has been discussed elaborately by using the nursing process approach. […] The couple was given the factual and need-based information about the Rh-incompatibility and they got the idea. The care of their new-born was taught to them and they exhibited adequate care for the baby with adequate knowledge on the prognosis of the condition and its potential effects on the child.

• #42 Rh Incompatibility in Pregnancy NCLEX Review

  https://www.registerednursern.com/rh-incompatibility-pregnancy-nclex-review/

  This NCLEX review will discuss Rh incompatibility in pregnancy. This condition does NOT cause harm to the mother but the baby. […] The mothers blood type will be assessed if Rh+ needs nothing. if Rh- will need a RhoGAM shot at 28 weeks and then within 72 hours AFTER delivery of the baby if the baby is Rh+ (baby will be checked). […] The key with Rh incompatibility is PREVENTION..preventing the mom from ever becoming sensitized in the first place. […] How does RhoGAM work? It stops the immune system from creating antibodies against the babys Rh positive blood.

• #43 Rh Incompatibility [+ Free Cheat Sheet] | Lecturio Nursing

  https://www.lecturio.com/nursing/free-cheat-sheet/rh-incompatibility-in-pregnancy/

  Rh incompatibility is a common concern in prenatal care. Related nursing skills include understanding blood group dynamics, educating expectant parents about risks, prevention of alloimmunization, and management strategies, vigilant prenatal screening, and monitoring for signs of hemolytic disease in the newborn. […] Rh alloimmunization, also known as Rh sensitization, occurs when a person with Rh-negative blood is exposed to Rh-positive blood and develops an immune response to the Rh factor, a protein on the surface of red blood cells. […] Alloimmunization in the context of Rh incompatibility is primarily prevented using RhD immunoglobulin (RhIg). […] This intervention significantly reduces the risk of Rh alloimmunization in future pregnancies.

• #44 Rh Incompatibility and Other Blood Group Issues | OB-GYN

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/rh-incompatibility

  If you are Rh-negative, your provider will talk to you about when you should begin treatment to prevent antibodies. […] At UC Davis Health, experts across several disciplines work together to safeguard the health of you and your baby. You receive seamlessly coordinated care from top obstetricians, maternal-fetal medicine specialists and neonatologists (newborn specialists). […] Rh immunoglobulin (Rhlg) is the most common treatment to prevent antibody production in people who are Rh-negative. […] If your body produces antibodies and fetal anemia develops, your unborn baby may need a blood transfusion. […] You cant control your blood type or the blood type of your baby. But you can take measures to prevent Rh disease if you and your baby have incompatible blood types. If you are Rh-negative, seek treatment during your pregnancy to prevent antibodies from developing.

• #45 Emilie’s Story: Rh Disease | El Camino Health

  https://www.elcaminohealth.org/newsroom/emilies-story-rh-disease

  Luckily the nursing staff at El Camino was very supportive and reassuring. […] Following her surgery, Emilie stayed with Aaron at the hospital for five days. When she was released, Aaron remained under round-the-clock care in the hospitals Level III Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) for another three weeks. […] Without the transfusions, Aaron would have likely been born at 28 weeks and would have had to spend much more time in the NICU. […] The NICU at El Camino Hospital has a sense of community that helped us a lot at the time and afterwards.

• #46 Blood type incompatibility | Children’s Wisconsin

  https://childrenswi.org/medical-care/fetal-concerns-center/conditions/pregnancy-complications/blood-type-incompatibility

  Treatment will be informed by the medical teams assessment of your babys condition and your input as the parent, and it could include: fetal intrauterine transfusion of red blood cells this procedure places a needle through the mothers uterus and directly into the umbilical cord vein or babys abdominal cavity to replenish depleted red blood cells. […] Yes. Our recently expanded and redesigned NICU was created to promote family bonding, with private rooms where parents can stay with their baby 24/7, and other special features for families comfort. […] Your baby will be discharged from the hospital once he or she is breathing independently, eating well and gaining weight. […] Although outcomes depend on the severity of your babys condition, babies affected by blood type incompatibility generally do very well. […] The mothers immune system keeps the antibodies in case the foreign cells appear again, even in a future pregnancy. Complications are usually more severe in subsequent pregnancies than they are in the first.

• #47 Globally, Only Half of Women Get Treatment for Rh Disease | Columbia University Irving Medical Center

  https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/news/globally-only-half-women-get-treatment-preventable-killer-newborns

  A treatment developed over 50 years ago to prevent Rh diseasean often-fatal condition in fetuses and newbornsonly reaches half of the women in the world who need it, according to a study led by researchers at Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons (VPS) at Columbia University Irving Medical Center. […] This is a global crisis in which hundreds of thousands of fetuses and newborns are at risk for complications and death due to Rh disease because of a lack of awareness about, access to, and availability of effective measures to prevent this disease. […] More than half of fetuses or newborns with Rh disease die; those with severe disease who survive may have significant brain damage. […] This treatment is the standard of care for preventing Rh disease, but we recognize that there remain significant obstacles to expanding access to this lifesaving therapy around the world, says Spitalnik, who has been working with an international team of physicians to increase access to therapy with Rh(D) immunoglobulin around the world.

• #48 Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn due to Rh(D) incompatibility: A preventable disease that still produces significant morbidity and mortality in children | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0235807

  The enormous lack of prevention identified in the current study should be regarded as a global emergency due to a lack of maternal accessibility to IgG anti-Rh(D). As such, cooperation between health authorities, the pharmaceutical industry, and the relevant healthcare providers (e.g., physicians, nurses, midwives) is urgently needed to monitor the ongoing status of this worldwide gap and to guarantee access to, at least, post-partum immunoprophylaxis for all Rh(D)-negative women who deliver an Rh(D)-positive baby. […] In summary, the data presented herein identify a global crisis in which hundreds of thousands of Rh(D)-negative women are at risk for becoming sensitized to Rh(D) because of a lack of awareness about, access to, and/or availability of appropriate immunoprophylaxis. This continues to produce a heavy global burden of Rh(D) disease, characterized by fetal demise, severe neonatal anemia, neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, and kernicterus, with hearing loss and cerebral palsy as possible consequences, more than 50 years after the invention of effective measures to prevent this disease.

• #49 Globally, Only Half of Women Get Treatment for Rh Disease | Columbia University Irving Medical Center

  https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/news/globally-only-half-women-get-treatment-preventable-killer-newborns

  A treatment developed over 50 years ago to prevent Rh diseasean often-fatal condition in fetuses and newbornsonly reaches half of the women in the world who need it, according to a study led by researchers at Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons (VPS) at Columbia University Irving Medical Center. […] This is a global crisis in which hundreds of thousands of fetuses and newborns are at risk for complications and death due to Rh disease because of a lack of awareness about, access to, and availability of effective measures to prevent this disease. […] More than half of fetuses or newborns with Rh disease die; those with severe disease who survive may have significant brain damage. […] This treatment is the standard of care for preventing Rh disease, but we recognize that there remain significant obstacles to expanding access to this lifesaving therapy around the world, says Spitalnik, who has been working with an international team of physicians to increase access to therapy with Rh(D) immunoglobulin around the world.

• #50 Globally, Only Half of Women Get Treatment for Rh Disease | Columbia University Irving Medical Center

  https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/news/globally-only-half-women-get-treatment-preventable-killer-newborns

  A variety of factors, including lack of awareness of Rh incompatibility, limited availability of the therapy, and other health care priorities, play a role in hindering access to this life-saving therapy around the world, Spitalnik says. Now that we have a better understanding of these gaps in treatment, we can begin to address them on a regional level. […] To this end, Spitalnik and Brie Stotler, MD, associate professor of pathology cell biology at VPS and co-author of the study, along with an international group of collaborators in obstetrics gynecology, midwifery, pediatrics, neonatology, epidemiology, and transfusion medicine, established Worldwide Initiative Rh Disease Eradication (WIRhE), a nonprofit organization dedicated to improving education about Rh disease and enhancing access to blood type testing and Rh(D) immunoglobulin.

• #51 Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn due to Rh(D) incompatibility: A preventable disease that still produces significant morbidity and mortality in children | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0235807

  The enormous lack of prevention identified in the current study should be regarded as a global emergency due to a lack of maternal accessibility to IgG anti-Rh(D). As such, cooperation between health authorities, the pharmaceutical industry, and the relevant healthcare providers (e.g., physicians, nurses, midwives) is urgently needed to monitor the ongoing status of this worldwide gap and to guarantee access to, at least, post-partum immunoprophylaxis for all Rh(D)-negative women who deliver an Rh(D)-positive baby. […] In summary, the data presented herein identify a global crisis in which hundreds of thousands of Rh(D)-negative women are at risk for becoming sensitized to Rh(D) because of a lack of awareness about, access to, and/or availability of appropriate immunoprophylaxis. This continues to produce a heavy global burden of Rh(D) disease, characterized by fetal demise, severe neonatal anemia, neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, and kernicterus, with hearing loss and cerebral palsy as possible consequences, more than 50 years after the invention of effective measures to prevent this disease.

• #52 LUMC sheds new light on treatment babies with rhesus disease with international database | LUMC

  https://www.lumc.nl/en/news/2025/lumc-sheds-new-light-on-treatment-babies-with-rhesus-disease-with-international-database/

  That data showed that care around rhesus disease varies widely between countries and centers. […] The researchers also found out that there is a very big difference between what is known about rhesus disease, for example, much is known in America and Europe, while there is no to little data available from Africa and Southeast Asia. […] Another insight was about the length of gestational age at birth. […] We now maintain a gestational age of 37 to 38 weeks, if possible. […] It is a great example of working together internationally and learning from each other, especially in rare diseases.

• #53 Rh disease in Mexico: evaluating regional and institutional differences in treatment availability and disease management | Blood Transfusion

  https://www.bloodtransfusion.it/bt/article/view/750

  Rh disease occurs following maternal alloimmunization, which can develop due to RhD blood group antigen incompatibility between a mother and her fetus. […] Significant variations in prevention and treatment were found within the Mexican healthcare system, particularly, with regard to providing anti-RhD immunoglobulin to prevent alloimmunization, which is critically important for preventing Rh disease. […] Closing the gap in the availability of anti-RhD immunoglobulin should take priority in future efforts aimed at providing equitable care, because this will lead to the more preferable outcome of preventing Rh disease, rather than forcing patients to seek out more complex measures for treating Rh disease after it develops.

• #54 LUMC sheds new light on treatment babies with rhesus disease with international database | LUMC

  https://www.lumc.nl/en/news/2025/lumc-sheds-new-light-on-treatment-babies-with-rhesus-disease-with-international-database/

  That data showed that care around rhesus disease varies widely between countries and centers. […] The researchers also found out that there is a very big difference between what is known about rhesus disease, for example, much is known in America and Europe, while there is no to little data available from Africa and Southeast Asia. […] Another insight was about the length of gestational age at birth. […] We now maintain a gestational age of 37 to 38 weeks, if possible. […] It is a great example of working together internationally and learning from each other, especially in rare diseases.

• #55 Rhesus immunisation in Australia | NHMRCNHMRCNHMRC TaglineNHMRC Tagline

  https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/about-us/resources/impact-case-studies/rhesus-immunisation-australia

  Haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN, also known as Rh Disease) can occur during pregnancy when a pregnant woman’s immune system produces antibodies that attack their fetus’ red blood cells (RBCs). […] Today, HDFN is almost non-existent in Australia due to routine antenatal blood grouping and antibody screening, and the use of prophylactic Rh D immunoglobulin and appropriate clinical management of mother and baby. […] HDFN occurs when antibodies cross the placenta into the fetus’ circulation and destroys the fetus’ RBCs which can lead to serious – and potentially fatal – consequences for the fetus. […] Without intervention, HDFN affects 1% of babies and is a significant cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity. […] Today, HDFN is largely preventable due to the development of Rh D immunoglobulin.

• #56 Rhesus immunisation in Australia | NHMRCNHMRCNHMRC TaglineNHMRC Tagline

  https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/about-us/resources/impact-case-studies/rhesus-immunisation-australia

  This treatment works by injecting Rh D negative pregnant women with a serum containing ‘passive’ Rh D antibodies (also referred to as anti-D), which inhibit the immune response to Rh D antigens in fetal blood. […] This prevents the mother’s immune system from producing antibodies that attack the fetus’ RBCs and, in turn, reduces the risk of HDFN for subsequent pregnancies. […] In 1969, Australia became the first country to offer free Rh D immunoglobulin to all pregnant Rh D negative women at risk of HDFN. […] Today, approximately 17% of women in Australia who become pregnant require Rh D immunoglobulin injections to prevent Rh disease and ensure their baby’s health. […] Clinical incidence of HDFN is almost non-existent in Australia due to the discovery of Rh D immunoglobulin in conjunction with routine antenatal screening for Rh blood groups and appropriate management of mother and baby.

• #57 FIGO/ICM guidelines for preventing Rhesus disease: A call to action

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7898700/

  The risk of fetalmaternal transfusion during external cephalic version ranges from 2% to 6%; therefore, administration of antiRh(D) immunoglobulin is advised. […] Noninvasive prenatal testing of cellfree DNA in the first trimester of pregnancy may be used to determine fetal Rh(D) status. […] Box 1 summarizes the measures to prevent antiRh(D) sensitization, taking into account the costeffectiveness of the different dose regimens and prioritizing the administration of antiRh(D) by indication.

• #58 Prevention of Rhesus (Rh) disease of newborns in Pakistan | The Morris Lab | SickKids | The Morris Lab

  https://lab.research.sickkids.ca/morris/ongoing-research/prevention-of-rhesus-rh-disease-of-newborns-in-pakistan/

  Rhesus (Rh) hemolytic disease is a preventable disease of the newborn that is caused by an incompatibility between maternal and fetal red blood cells. […] The first step towards preventing Rh disease of the newborn is the early identification and prophylactic treatment of Rh(D)-negative women with two doses of anti-D immunoprophylaxis (RhIg). […] The availability of easy-to-use, portable, and affordable technologies can bring Rh testing to rural hard-to-reach communities in LMICs. […] The following characteristics of feasibility were explored: acceptance of the point-of-care test by pregnant women; the ability of lady health visitors to administer the point-of-care test and interpret the results; administration of RhIg prophylaxis by lady health visitors; and acceptability of RhIg by pregnant women.

• #59 Globally, Only Half of Women Get Treatment for Rh Disease | Columbia University Irving Medical Center

  https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/news/globally-only-half-women-get-treatment-preventable-killer-newborns

  A variety of factors, including lack of awareness of Rh incompatibility, limited availability of the therapy, and other health care priorities, play a role in hindering access to this life-saving therapy around the world, Spitalnik says. Now that we have a better understanding of these gaps in treatment, we can begin to address them on a regional level. […] To this end, Spitalnik and Brie Stotler, MD, associate professor of pathology cell biology at VPS and co-author of the study, along with an international group of collaborators in obstetrics gynecology, midwifery, pediatrics, neonatology, epidemiology, and transfusion medicine, established Worldwide Initiative Rh Disease Eradication (WIRhE), a nonprofit organization dedicated to improving education about Rh disease and enhancing access to blood type testing and Rh(D) immunoglobulin.

• #60 Consortium for Universal Rh disease Elimination (CURhE) | Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine | Stanford Medicine

  https://med.stanford.edu/content/sm/neonatology/Research/POTR/consortium-for-universal-rh-disease-elimination–curhe-.html

  Every year hundreds of thousands of babies, especially across Africa and Asia, are injured or die of Rh disease because their mothers were not given one or two simple injections just before or after giving birth. […] Many newborns will require extensive intervention to survive. […] It is CURhEs mission to stop this tragic and unnecessary human loss. […] Global implementation of well-documented prevention methods of Rh disease in order to reduce childhood neurological burden and perinatal deaths. […] For every Rh-negative woman to have unfettered prenatal access to counseling and prophylaxis. […] The knowledge, talent and resources of this coalition will allow accurate identification of the Rh disease problem in various countries, effective collaboration with local government and health officials, creative awareness campaigns, and affordable delivery of the needed prophylactic treatment.

• #61 Consortium for Universal Rh disease Elimination (CURhE) | Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine | Stanford Medicine

  https://med.stanford.edu/content/sm/neonatology/Research/POTR/consortium-for-universal-rh-disease-elimination–curhe-.html

  Every year hundreds of thousands of babies, especially across Africa and Asia, are injured or die of Rh disease because their mothers were not given one or two simple injections just before or after giving birth. […] Many newborns will require extensive intervention to survive. […] It is CURhEs mission to stop this tragic and unnecessary human loss. […] Global implementation of well-documented prevention methods of Rh disease in order to reduce childhood neurological burden and perinatal deaths. […] For every Rh-negative woman to have unfettered prenatal access to counseling and prophylaxis. […] The knowledge, talent and resources of this coalition will allow accurate identification of the Rh disease problem in various countries, effective collaboration with local government and health officials, creative awareness campaigns, and affordable delivery of the needed prophylactic treatment.

• #62 Rh incompatibilty: A case study – IJMPO

  https://www.ijmpo.com/html-article/16160

  Rh incompatibility occurs during pregnancy. Rh antibodies cross the placenta and attack the baby’s red blood cells leading to Hemolytic anemia. […] Nurse plays a vital role to offer psychological support to the mother and also to the members of the family. […] The nursing care for the patient has been discussed elaborately by using the nursing process approach. […] The couple was given the factual and need-based information about the Rh-incompatibility and they got the idea. The care of their new-born was taught to them and they exhibited adequate care for the baby with adequate knowledge on the prognosis of the condition and its potential effects on the child.

• #63 Rh negative mother – General Student Support

  https://allnurses.com/rh-negative-mother-t157211/

  When the mother is Rh negative and has given birth […] determination of her status re: sensitization and Rh factor of the infant are both necessary […] there is the need for protective measures to prevent her from developing sensitization […] the woman, if her infant is Rh positive, is at risk for Rh sensitization […] if she becomes sensitized, then her antibodies will destroy the RBCs of subsequent pregnancies – so they are at risk for hemolytic disease […] the globulin destroys fetal cells in her bloodstream, before sensitization occurs, blocking antibody production, and this provides passive immunity for the mother, which prevents the development of permanent active immunity […] but without the RhoGAM, and she does go on to develop the antibodies, what happens to the mother?

• #64 Rh Incompatibility [+ Free Cheat Sheet] | Lecturio Nursing

  https://www.lecturio.com/nursing/free-cheat-sheet/rh-incompatibility-in-pregnancy/

  Rh incompatibility is a common concern in prenatal care. Related nursing skills include understanding blood group dynamics, educating expectant parents about risks, prevention of alloimmunization, and management strategies, vigilant prenatal screening, and monitoring for signs of hemolytic disease in the newborn. […] Rh alloimmunization, also known as Rh sensitization, occurs when a person with Rh-negative blood is exposed to Rh-positive blood and develops an immune response to the Rh factor, a protein on the surface of red blood cells. […] Alloimmunization in the context of Rh incompatibility is primarily prevented using RhD immunoglobulin (RhIg). […] This intervention significantly reduces the risk of Rh alloimmunization in future pregnancies.

• #65 Coombs Test and Rh Factor in OB Nursing Explained Guide

  https://simplenursing.com/ob-nursing-review-what-is-coombs-test-rh-factor/

  The Coombs test simply meant to check the blood of the mother and fetus to determine what type of Rh factor they have, whether it’s a negative or a positive Rh factor. The Coombs test will also trace of antibodies attacking the red blood cells. […] If the mother has a negative Rh factor and the baby has a positive Rh factor, the mother’s body will recognize that the baby’s blood is different from hers, thereby triggering the creation of antibodies against the baby’s positive antigen. The antibodies created will mix into the baby’s system and attack the red blood cells either before or after childbirth. This process is harmful, and at times, life-threatening for the baby. […] To turn things around, mothers who have Rh-negative blood will need a makeover through the administration of RhoGAM because we have to cease this unwanted attack by her antibodies to her Rh positive baby.

• #66 Rh incompatibilty: A case study – IJMPO

  https://www.ijmpo.com/html-article/16160

  Rh incompatibility occurs during pregnancy. Rh antibodies cross the placenta and attack the baby’s red blood cells leading to Hemolytic anemia. […] Nurse plays a vital role to offer psychological support to the mother and also to the members of the family. […] The nursing care for the patient has been discussed elaborately by using the nursing process approach. […] The couple was given the factual and need-based information about the Rh-incompatibility and they got the idea. The care of their new-born was taught to them and they exhibited adequate care for the baby with adequate knowledge on the prognosis of the condition and its potential effects on the child.

• #67 Rh Incompatibility and Other Blood Group Issues | OB-GYN

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/rh-incompatibility

  If you are Rh-negative, your provider will talk to you about when you should begin treatment to prevent antibodies. […] At UC Davis Health, experts across several disciplines work together to safeguard the health of you and your baby. You receive seamlessly coordinated care from top obstetricians, maternal-fetal medicine specialists and neonatologists (newborn specialists). […] Rh immunoglobulin (Rhlg) is the most common treatment to prevent antibody production in people who are Rh-negative. […] If your body produces antibodies and fetal anemia develops, your unborn baby may need a blood transfusion. […] You cant control your blood type or the blood type of your baby. But you can take measures to prevent Rh disease if you and your baby have incompatible blood types. If you are Rh-negative, seek treatment during your pregnancy to prevent antibodies from developing.

• #68 Management of neonatal Rh disease – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8521682/

  Dramatic improvements have been made in the management of Rh disease. Anti-D immune globulin has reduced the incidence of Rh sensitization. Intrauterine transfusions have become routine to treat fetal anemia. Once an affected infant is born, several recent improvements in neonatal care have aided in the treatment of hyperbilirubinemia. These include improved phototherapy, such as fiberoptic delivery systems, and intravenous immunoglobulin. Experience with heme oxygenase inhibitors is accumulating, and they may prove efficacious in Rh disease. Double-volume (and perhaps single-volume) exchange transfusion remains an effective method to control hyperbilirubinemia when other therapies fail. Erythropoietin may have a role in treating late, hyporegenerative anemia. Finally, better ways to assess the risk of brain injury in patients with hyperbilirubinemia may become available. Cooperation between the obstetric and neonatal teams to treat Rh-sensitized mothers and their babies is essential.

Zobacz więcej