Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Chlamydia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537286/

  Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the greatest number of sexually transmitted infections and the majority of infection-related of blindness worldwide. […] Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted infectious disease caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. […] Chlamydia trachomatis is part of the chlamydophila genus. These bacteria are gram-negative, anaerobic, intracellular obligates that replicate within eukaryotic cells. […] C. trachomatis differentiates into 18 serovars (serologically variant strains) based on monoclonal antibody-based typing assays. […] Serovars D-K: Genital tract infections, neonatal infections. […] Urogenital chlamydia infections are the most commonly reported bacterial infections in the U.S and the most common cause of sexually transmitted infections in the world.

• #2 Chlamydia – Medical Microbiology – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8091/

  Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacteria. They lack several metabolic and biosynthetic pathways and depend on the host cell for intermediates, including ATP. […] Chlamydiae have a hemagglutinin that may facilitate attachment to cells. The cell-mediated immune response is largely responsible for tissue damage during inflammation, although an endotoxin-like toxin has been described. […] The spread of C trachomatis from person to person may cause trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis, or lymphogranuloma venereum. Transmission of C trachomatis from the urogenital tract to the eyes and vice versa occurs via contaminated fingers, towels, or other fomites and, in neonates, by passage through an infected birth canal. […] Chlamydial agents are intracytoplasmic obligate parasites of mammalian cells and can damage infected cells in tissues. The elementary bodies are infectious particles that can be transmitted from the infected tissues to uninfected tissues in the same person (transfer of C trachomatis elementary bodies from an infected genital tract to the eyes and vice versa) or from a person with atypical pneumonia (caused by C psittaci or C pneumoniae) to healthy individuals (respiratory release of elementary bodies). […] Attempts to use C trachomatis vaccines for prophylaxis and treatment of trachoma have failed. The course of trachoma is more severe in immunized than in nonimmunized individuals. Specific anti-Chlamydia antibodies fail to neutralize chlamydial elementary bodies in vivo.

• #3 Chlamydiae – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/chlamydiae-and-mycoplasmas/chlamydiae

  Chlamydiae are gram-negative, obligate, intracellular bacteria. Three species of Chlamydia cause human disease: C. trachomatis, which causes sexually transmitted infections, and C. pneumoniae, which causes respiratory infections, especially community-acquired pneumonia; C. psittaci causes a zoonotic disease called psittacosis. […] Chlamydia species can cause persistent infection, which is often subclinical. They are the most commonly reported bacterial infections in the United States, with reported prevalence averaging 1.5 to 2 million cases, and actual infection burden estimated to be approximately 3 million annually. […] In the United States, C. trachomatis is the most common bacterial cause of STIs, including Nongonococcal urethritis and epididymitis in males, Reactive arthritis in males and females, and Cervicitis, urethritis, and pelvic inflammatory disease in females.

• #4 Chlamydia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537286/

  Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the greatest number of sexually transmitted infections and the majority of infection-related of blindness worldwide. […] Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted infectious disease caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. […] Chlamydia trachomatis is part of the chlamydophila genus. These bacteria are gram-negative, anaerobic, intracellular obligates that replicate within eukaryotic cells. […] C. trachomatis differentiates into 18 serovars (serologically variant strains) based on monoclonal antibody-based typing assays. […] Serovars D-K: Genital tract infections, neonatal infections. […] Urogenital chlamydia infections are the most commonly reported bacterial infections in the U.S and the most common cause of sexually transmitted infections in the world.

• #5 Chlamydia trachomatis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_trachomatis

  Chlamydia trachomatis is a Gram-negative, anaerobic bacterium responsible for chlamydia and trachoma. C. trachomatis exists in two forms, an extracellular infectious elementary body (EB) and an intracellular non-infectious reticulate body (RB). The EB attaches to host cells and enter the cell using effector proteins, where it transforms into the metabolically active RB. Inside the cell, RBs rapidly replicate before transitioning back to EBs, which are then released to infect new host cells. […] There are currently 18 serovars of C. trachomatis, each associated with specific diseases affecting mucosal cells in the lungs, genital tracts, and ocular systems. Infections are often asymptomatic, but can lead to severe complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease in women and epididymitis in men. The bacterium also causes urethritis, conjunctivitis, and lymphogranuloma venereum in both sexes. C. trachomatis genitourinary infections are diagnosed more frequently in women than in men, with the highest prevalence occurring in females aged 15 to 19 years of age.

• #6 Chlamydia – Medical Microbiology – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8091/

  Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacteria. They lack several metabolic and biosynthetic pathways and depend on the host cell for intermediates, including ATP. […] Chlamydiae have a hemagglutinin that may facilitate attachment to cells. The cell-mediated immune response is largely responsible for tissue damage during inflammation, although an endotoxin-like toxin has been described. […] The spread of C trachomatis from person to person may cause trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis, or lymphogranuloma venereum. Transmission of C trachomatis from the urogenital tract to the eyes and vice versa occurs via contaminated fingers, towels, or other fomites and, in neonates, by passage through an infected birth canal. […] Chlamydial agents are intracytoplasmic obligate parasites of mammalian cells and can damage infected cells in tissues. The elementary bodies are infectious particles that can be transmitted from the infected tissues to uninfected tissues in the same person (transfer of C trachomatis elementary bodies from an infected genital tract to the eyes and vice versa) or from a person with atypical pneumonia (caused by C psittaci or C pneumoniae) to healthy individuals (respiratory release of elementary bodies). […] Attempts to use C trachomatis vaccines for prophylaxis and treatment of trachoma have failed. The course of trachoma is more severe in immunized than in nonimmunized individuals. Specific anti-Chlamydia antibodies fail to neutralize chlamydial elementary bodies in vivo.

• #7 Chlamydia trachomatis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_trachomatis

  Clinical signs and symptoms of C. trachomatis infection in the genitalia present as the chlamydia infection, which may be asymptomatic or may resemble a gonorrhea infection. C. trachomatis is the single most important infectious agent associated with blindness (trachoma), and it also affects the eyes in the form of inclusion conjunctivitis and is responsible for about 19% of adult cases of conjunctivitis. C. trachomatis in the lungs presents as the chlamydia pneumoniae respiratory infection and can affect all ages. […] Elementary bodies are generally present in the semen of infected men and vaginal secretions of infected women. When they come into contact with a new host cell, the elementary bodies bind to the cell via interaction between adhesins on their surface and several host receptor proteins and heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Once attached, the bacteria inject various effector proteins into the host cell using a type three secretion system.

• #8 Chlamydia trachomatis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_trachomatis

  The chlamydial plasmid, a DNA molecule existing separately from the genome of C. trachomatis, functions to enhance genetic diversity via the genes encoded. The plasmid gene protein 3 (pgp3) has been linked to the establishment of persistent infection within the genital tract by suppressing the host immune response. Polymorphic outer membrane proteins (Pmp proteins) on the surface of C. trachomatis use tropism to bind specific host cell receptors, which in turn initiates infection. […] Most people infected with C. trachomatis are asymptomatic. However, the bacteria can present in one of three ways: genitourinary (genitals), pulmonary (lungs), and ocular (eyes). Genitourinary cases can include genital discharge, vaginal bleeding, itchiness (pruritus), painful urination (dysuria), among other symptoms.

• #9 Chlamydia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537286/

  Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the greatest number of sexually transmitted infections and the majority of infection-related of blindness worldwide. […] Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted infectious disease caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. […] Chlamydia trachomatis is part of the chlamydophila genus. These bacteria are gram-negative, anaerobic, intracellular obligates that replicate within eukaryotic cells. […] C. trachomatis differentiates into 18 serovars (serologically variant strains) based on monoclonal antibody-based typing assays. […] Serovars D-K: Genital tract infections, neonatal infections. […] Urogenital chlamydia infections are the most commonly reported bacterial infections in the U.S and the most common cause of sexually transmitted infections in the world.

• #10 Chlamydia trachomatis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_trachomatis

  C. trachomatis is the leading infectious cause of blindness and the most common sexually transmitted bacterium. The impact of C. trachomatis on human health has been driving vaccine research since its discovery. Currently, no vaccines are available, largely due to the complexity of the immunological pathways involved in C. trachomatis, which remain poorly understood. […] C. trachomatis strains are generally divided into three biovars based on the type of human disease they cause. Each biovar is further subdivided into several serovars based on the surface antigens recognized by the immune system. Serovars A through C cause trachoma, which is the world’s leading cause of preventable infectious blindness. Serovars D through K infect the genital tract, causing pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancies, and infertility. Serovars L1 through L3 cause an invasive infection of the lymph nodes near the genitals, called lymphogranuloma venereum.

• #11 Chlamydia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537286/

  Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the greatest number of sexually transmitted infections and the majority of infection-related of blindness worldwide. […] Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted infectious disease caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. […] Chlamydia trachomatis is part of the chlamydophila genus. These bacteria are gram-negative, anaerobic, intracellular obligates that replicate within eukaryotic cells. […] C. trachomatis differentiates into 18 serovars (serologically variant strains) based on monoclonal antibody-based typing assays. […] Serovars D-K: Genital tract infections, neonatal infections. […] Urogenital chlamydia infections are the most commonly reported bacterial infections in the U.S and the most common cause of sexually transmitted infections in the world.

• #12 Chlamydia and LGV guide: Etiology and epidemiology – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/infectious-diseases/sexual-health-sexually-transmitted-infections/canadian-guidelines/chlamydia-lgv/etiology-epidemiology.html

  Chlamydia is a bacterial infection caused by C. trachomatis genotypes D to K. […] LGV is a bacterial infection caused by C. trachomatis genotypes L1, L2 or L3.

• #13 Chlamydia trachomatis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_trachomatis

  C. trachomatis is the leading infectious cause of blindness and the most common sexually transmitted bacterium. The impact of C. trachomatis on human health has been driving vaccine research since its discovery. Currently, no vaccines are available, largely due to the complexity of the immunological pathways involved in C. trachomatis, which remain poorly understood. […] C. trachomatis strains are generally divided into three biovars based on the type of human disease they cause. Each biovar is further subdivided into several serovars based on the surface antigens recognized by the immune system. Serovars A through C cause trachoma, which is the world’s leading cause of preventable infectious blindness. Serovars D through K infect the genital tract, causing pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancies, and infertility. Serovars L1 through L3 cause an invasive infection of the lymph nodes near the genitals, called lymphogranuloma venereum.

• #14

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chlamydia

  Chlamydia is a preventable and curable sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, which is primarily transmitted through vaginal, oral and anal sex. […] Chlamydia is caused by a bacterium called Chlamydia trachomatis. […] Chlamydia can cause serious problems if left untreated, particularly among women. […] LGV can be an invasive, systemic infection and, if it is not treated early, can lead to chronic oozing lesions around anorectal region, strictures or reactive joint pain and swelling. […] Chlamydia is treatable and curable. […] Uncomplicated chlamydia is treated with antibiotic tablets including doxycycline or azithromycin.

• #15 Chlamydia and LGV guide: Risk factors and clinical manifestations – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/infectious-diseases/sexual-health-sexually-transmitted-infections/canadian-guidelines/chlamydia-lgv/risk-factors-clinical-manifestation.html

  C. trachomatis is transmitted through vaginal, anal or oral sexual activity when there is contact with mucous membrane exudate from people with chlamydia. […] Vertical transmission can occur if a pregnant person with chlamydia has not been screened and treated during the prenatal period. […] Autoinoculation may also occur from an infected genital site to the conjunctivae or the rectum. […] C. trachomatis LGV genotypes are more invasive than non-LGV genotypes and preferentially affect the lymph tissue. […] Infection may be accompanied by systemic symptoms, painful lymphadenopathy, inflammation and, if untreated, anogenital scarring. […] Signs and symptoms of LGV significantly overlap with those of other STBBIs, other infections, non-infectious illnesses (e.g. inflammatory bowel disease), drug reactions and malignancies.

• #16 Patient education: Chlamydia (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/chlamydia-beyond-the-basics/print

  Chlamydia infections are caused by a bacterium, Chlamydia trachomatis, which can infect the genital and rectal tract of women and men. The infection is spread during intimate sexual contact. A man does not have to ejaculate to spread the infection. […] Your risk of getting chlamydia is greater if you have a new sexual partner, more than one sexual partner, or if you have had chlamydia before and have sex with a partner who wasn’t treated for this infection.

• #17 Open Search

  https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/stds-hiv-safer-sex/chlamydia

  Chlamydia is a bacterial infection thats easily cured with antibiotic medicine. Its one of the most common STDs, and most people who have chlamydia dont show any symptoms. […] Chlamydia is a SUPER common bacterial infection that you can get from sexual contact with another person. Close to 3 million Americans get it every year, most commonly among 14- to 24-year-olds. […] Chlamydia is spread through vaginal, anal, and oral sex. The infection is carried in semen (cum), pre-cum, and vaginal fluids. Chlamydia can infect the penis, vagina, cervix, anus, urethra, eyes, and throat. […] Chlamydia is usually spread during sexual contact with someone who has the infection. It can happen even if no one cums. The main ways people get chlamydia are from having vaginal sex and anal sex, but it can also be spread through oral sex. […] You can get chlamydia by having vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who has it. Oral chlamydia is much less common than genital chlamydia.

• #18 Chlamydia: Symptoms, treatment, and causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/8181

  Chlamydia is an infection by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis). […] A person can acquire chlamydia through unprotected oral, anal, or vaginal sex or through genital contact. It is also possible to pass chlamydia through sharing unwashed sex toys with a person with an infection. […] It is also possible for a pregnant person with a chlamydia infection to pass it on to a baby during childbirth.

• #19 Chlamydia

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/chlamydia/

  Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) passed on through unprotected sex (sex without a condom). […] Chlamydia is treated with antibiotics. […] If not treated it can cause serious health problems. […] Chlamydia is spread through vaginal fluid and semen. It can pass from person to person by having vaginal, oral or anal sex without a condom. […] If you have chlamydia when you’re pregnant, it can pass to your baby during birth. […] If chlamydia is not treated, it can lead to serious complications including: infection of the womb, fallopian tubes and ovaries (pelvic inflammatory disease), which can lead to infertility or ectopic pregnancy. […] If you’re pregnant and have chlamydia that is not treated, it can be passed onto your baby during birth.

• #20 Chlamydia: Symptoms, Causes, Prevention & Treatment | Equality Health

  https://www.ehg.health/chlamydia-symptoms-causes-prevention-treatment/

  Chlamydia is a widespread bacterial infection that spreads through sexual intercourse. The most commonly reported sexually transmitted infection in the world is caused by the bacteria chlamydia trachomatis. It can easily spread from person to person without the people even realizing it. Understanding the causes of chlamydia can help prevent and reduce its spread. […] The main causes of chlamydia are: Unprotected vaginal intercourse, Unprotected anal sex, Unprotected oral sex, Direct genital-to-genital contact without penetration, Sharing unwashed sex toys, Contact with infected semen or vaginal fluid.

• #21 Open Search

  https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/stds-hiv-safer-sex/chlamydia

  Chlamydia is a bacterial infection thats easily cured with antibiotic medicine. Its one of the most common STDs, and most people who have chlamydia dont show any symptoms. […] Chlamydia is a SUPER common bacterial infection that you can get from sexual contact with another person. Close to 3 million Americans get it every year, most commonly among 14- to 24-year-olds. […] Chlamydia is spread through vaginal, anal, and oral sex. The infection is carried in semen (cum), pre-cum, and vaginal fluids. Chlamydia can infect the penis, vagina, cervix, anus, urethra, eyes, and throat. […] Chlamydia is usually spread during sexual contact with someone who has the infection. It can happen even if no one cums. The main ways people get chlamydia are from having vaginal sex and anal sex, but it can also be spread through oral sex. […] You can get chlamydia by having vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who has it. Oral chlamydia is much less common than genital chlamydia.

• #22 Chlamydia: Symptoms (Men & Women), Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/sexual-conditions/chlamydia

  Chlamydia is an infection that is caused by bacteria. […] Chlamydia trachomatis, the bacteria that causes chlamydia, most often spreads through unprotected vaginal, oral, or anal sex. You get it from the semen or vaginal fluid of an infected person. […] Chlamydia spreads through semen or vaginal fluid, but not through mouth-to-mouth contact. […] Chlamydia can cause pain and discomfort, but treatment with antibiotics can usually clear it up in a week or two. If it goes untreated, chlamydia can lead to more serious problems, such as pelvic inflammatory disease.

• #23 Patient education: Chlamydia (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/chlamydia-beyond-the-basics/print

  Chlamydia infections are caused by a bacterium, Chlamydia trachomatis, which can infect the genital and rectal tract of women and men. The infection is spread during intimate sexual contact. A man does not have to ejaculate to spread the infection. […] Your risk of getting chlamydia is greater if you have a new sexual partner, more than one sexual partner, or if you have had chlamydia before and have sex with a partner who wasn’t treated for this infection.

• #24 Patient education: Chlamydia (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/chlamydia-beyond-the-basics

  Chlamydia infections are caused by a bacterium, Chlamydia trachomatis, which can infect the genital and rectal tract of women and men. The infection is spread during intimate sexual contact. A man does not have to ejaculate to spread the infection. Women can have rectal infection even if they do not practice anal sex, because chlamydia can also spread to the rectum from infected vaginal secretions. […] Your risk of getting chlamydia is greater if you have a new sexual partner, more than one sexual partner, or if you have had chlamydia before and have sex with a partner who wasn’t treated for this infection.

• #25 Chlamydia and LGV guide: Risk factors and clinical manifestations – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/infectious-diseases/sexual-health-sexually-transmitted-infections/canadian-guidelines/chlamydia-lgv/risk-factors-clinical-manifestation.html

  C. trachomatis is transmitted through vaginal, anal or oral sexual activity when there is contact with mucous membrane exudate from people with chlamydia. […] Vertical transmission can occur if a pregnant person with chlamydia has not been screened and treated during the prenatal period. […] Autoinoculation may also occur from an infected genital site to the conjunctivae or the rectum. […] C. trachomatis LGV genotypes are more invasive than non-LGV genotypes and preferentially affect the lymph tissue. […] Infection may be accompanied by systemic symptoms, painful lymphadenopathy, inflammation and, if untreated, anogenital scarring. […] Signs and symptoms of LGV significantly overlap with those of other STBBIs, other infections, non-infectious illnesses (e.g. inflammatory bowel disease), drug reactions and malignancies.

• #26 Chlamydia trachomatis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chlamydia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355349

  Chlamydia is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (truh-KOH-muh-tis) bacteria and spread through oral, vaginal or anal sex. […] The Chlamydia trachomatis bacterium is most commonly spread through vaginal, oral and anal sex. It also is possible for the bacterium to spread in pregnancy, during delivery of the baby. Chlamydia can cause pneumonia or a serious eye infection in the newborn.

• #27 Chlamydia Infections | Chlamydia | Chlamydia Symptoms | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/chlamydiainfections.html

  Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI). It is caused by bacteria called Chlamydia trachomatis. […] Chlamydia can also be passed to the baby during childbirth. […] Chlamydia is more common in young people, especially young women. […] In women, an untreated infection can spread to your uterus and fallopian tubes, causing pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). PID can cause permanent damage to your reproductive system. […] Men often don’t have health problems from chlamydia. […] Both men and women can develop reactive arthritis because of a chlamydia infection. […] Babies born to infected mothers can get eye infections and pneumonia from chlamydia. […] Untreated chlamydia may also increase your chances of getting or giving HIV.

• #28 Chlamydia | HealthLink BC

  https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/healthlinkbc-files/chlamydia

  Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by bacteria. […] Chlamydia is passed from one person to another by contact with body fluids containing the bacteria during unprotected oral, vaginal and anal sex. […] If you have a chlamydia infection you will be able to pass the infection on to others until you complete antibiotic treatment. […] Chlamydia treatment does not protect you from getting it again. […] Untreated chlamydia may cause sexually-acquired reactive arthritis, which includes skin, eye and joint problems. […] In women, complications may include difficulty getting pregnant, ectopic or tubal pregnancy or pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). […] In men, complications may include an infection in the testicles, which can lead to infertility. […] Chlamydia is treated with antibiotics.

• #29 What Causes Chlamydia? | Ochsner Health

  https://blog.ochsner.org/articles/what-causes-chlamydia

  Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis, and it can affect both men and women. […] Chlamydia is spread by having vaginal, anal or oral sex with someone who has chlamydia without a barrier, such as a condom or dental dam. […] The most effective diagnostic test for chlamydia is to take cell samples from your urethra, vagina, cervix, or anus by swabbing that area. The samples are then tested for chlamydia bacteria, or Chlamydia trachomatis. […] If your results come back positive after getting tested for chlamydia, the good news is it is easily treated, and you can be cured. […] While chlamydia is easy to treat, it can become a big deal if treatment is not provided. The bacteria can spread to the uterus and fallopian tubes, which can cause pelvic inflammatory disease. […] If you have chlamydia while you are pregnant, it can spread to your baby while giving birth, and this can cause your baby to have eye infections and pneumonia. […] If chlamydia has infected your eye and is left untreated, it can lead to blindness.

• #30 Chlamydia infection: symptoms, treatment and causes

  https://www.css.ch/en/private-customers/my-health/physical-health/women-health/chlamydia-symptoms.html

  A chlamydia infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections. […] Chlamydia are bacteria. There are different types of chlamydia that lead to different diseases in humans. However, those who have chlamydia usually mean the venereal disease an infection of the urinary tract and sex organs with chlamydia trachomatis. An infection with chlamydia trachomatis is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases worldwide. […] The main cause of a chlamydia infection is unprotected sexual intercourse, but there are others too. […] The most common way of transmitting chlamydia is through unprotected sex (vaginal or anal sex). This is because of the direct contact with the infectious mucous membranes or body fluids. More rarely, throat infection occurs through oral sex. […] Indirect transmission via a smear infection during petting or when sharing sex toys is also possible.

• #31 What is Chlamydia: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & STD Testing in Bridgeport, CT

  https://docsmedicalgroup.com/docsurgentcare/what-is-chlamydia-symptoms-causes-treatment-std-testing-in-bridgeport-ct/

  Chlamydia’s sneaky nature is not limited to showing no symptoms; it can also be passed on by individuals who don’t show any signs of infection. This makes regular STD testing even more vital, as it helps identify and treat asymptomatic carriers, preventing further transmission. […] While less common, Chlamydia can also be transmitted through other means, such as from an infected mother to her baby during childbirth. Additionally, sharing contaminated objects like sex toys could lead to transmission, although these modes are less likely.

• #32 Chlamydia and LGV guide: Risk factors and clinical manifestations – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/infectious-diseases/sexual-health-sexually-transmitted-infections/canadian-guidelines/chlamydia-lgv/risk-factors-clinical-manifestation.html

  C. trachomatis is transmitted through vaginal, anal or oral sexual activity when there is contact with mucous membrane exudate from people with chlamydia. […] Vertical transmission can occur if a pregnant person with chlamydia has not been screened and treated during the prenatal period. […] Autoinoculation may also occur from an infected genital site to the conjunctivae or the rectum. […] C. trachomatis LGV genotypes are more invasive than non-LGV genotypes and preferentially affect the lymph tissue. […] Infection may be accompanied by systemic symptoms, painful lymphadenopathy, inflammation and, if untreated, anogenital scarring. […] Signs and symptoms of LGV significantly overlap with those of other STBBIs, other infections, non-infectious illnesses (e.g. inflammatory bowel disease), drug reactions and malignancies.

• #33 Chlamydia infection: symptoms, treatment and causes

  https://www.css.ch/en/private-customers/my-health/physical-health/women-health/chlamydia-symptoms.html

  More rarely, chlamydia can be transmitted via infectious eye fluid (via the hands). However, this doesn’t lead to an infection of the urinary tract and sexual organs, but to conjunctivitis. […] If a pregnant woman has a chlamydia infection, the bacteria can be passed on to the newborn during birth.

• #34 Common causes of Chlamydia | HealthShots

  https://www.healthshots.com/intimate-health/feminine-hygiene/common-causes-of-chlamydia/

  Treatment for chlamydia is available, but if left untreated, it may lead to major health problems in the future, including permanent damage to the reproductive system. […] For very rare cases, you can get chlamydia by touching your eye if you have infected fluid on your hand. […] Chlamydia isn’t spread through casual contact, so you can’t get chlamydia from sharing foods or drinks, kissing, hugging, holding hands, coughing, sneezing, or sitting on the toilet. […] If you’ve had chlamydia and were treated in the past, you can get re-infected if you have unprotected sex with someone who has it.

• #35 Chlamydia in Men: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments – Goodbody Clinic

  https://health.goodbodyclinic.com/2022/11/14/chlamydia-in-men-causes-symptoms-and-treatments/

  Chlamydia is an infection caused by bacteria that enters the body during unprotected sexual intercourse through genital fluids. Its an STI (sexually transmitted infection) and is most common in people around 25 and under, who are less likely to use condoms and tend to have more casual sexual partners. […] The leading cause of contracting chlamydia is typically through the exchange of genital liquids, such as vaginal fluid and semen although this is not always the case. […] It is transmitted via any form of sexual activity, such as vaginal, anal, and oral or if fluids get in the eye. […] A woman may also pass on chlamydia to their newborn during childbirth. […] Chlamydia cannot be contracted through saliva, such as kissing or sharing food and drink, nor via skin contact, for example, hugging or transmitted in swimming pools.

• #36 Common causes of Chlamydia | HealthShots

  https://www.healthshots.com/intimate-health/feminine-hygiene/common-causes-of-chlamydia/

  Treatment for chlamydia is available, but if left untreated, it may lead to major health problems in the future, including permanent damage to the reproductive system. […] For very rare cases, you can get chlamydia by touching your eye if you have infected fluid on your hand. […] Chlamydia isn’t spread through casual contact, so you can’t get chlamydia from sharing foods or drinks, kissing, hugging, holding hands, coughing, sneezing, or sitting on the toilet. […] If you’ve had chlamydia and were treated in the past, you can get re-infected if you have unprotected sex with someone who has it.

• #37 Chlamydia: Symptoms, Treatments, Causes, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/std/chlamydia

  Chlamydia is an STI caused by a specific strain of bacteria known as Chlamydia trachomatis. […] It is transmitted through vaginal discharge or semen, and can be transmitted through genital contact or oral, vaginal, or anal sex without a barrier method, like a condom. […] Chlamydia is more common in women than in men. In fact, its estimated that the overall rate of infection is two times higher for women than men in the United States. […] Some of the other risk factors for infection include: not using barrier methods like condoms consistently with new sexual partners, having a sexual partner who is having sex with other people, having a history of chlamydia or other STIs. […] If left untreated for long periods of time, chlamydia can cause several complications. […] In women, untreated chlamydia can lead to PID, a condition that could cause permanent damage to the reproductive system as well as infertility. […] In men, chlamydia could cause multiple complications if left untreated, including epididymitis, prostatitis, or male chlamydial urethritis.

• #38 Chlamydia Infections | Chlamydia | Chlamydia Symptoms | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/chlamydiainfections.html

  Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI). It is caused by bacteria called Chlamydia trachomatis. […] Chlamydia can also be passed to the baby during childbirth. […] Chlamydia is more common in young people, especially young women. […] In women, an untreated infection can spread to your uterus and fallopian tubes, causing pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). PID can cause permanent damage to your reproductive system. […] Men often don’t have health problems from chlamydia. […] Both men and women can develop reactive arthritis because of a chlamydia infection. […] Babies born to infected mothers can get eye infections and pneumonia from chlamydia. […] Untreated chlamydia may also increase your chances of getting or giving HIV.

• #39 Chlamydia: Symptoms, Treatments, Causes, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/std/chlamydia

  Chlamydia is an STI caused by a specific strain of bacteria known as Chlamydia trachomatis. […] It is transmitted through vaginal discharge or semen, and can be transmitted through genital contact or oral, vaginal, or anal sex without a barrier method, like a condom. […] Chlamydia is more common in women than in men. In fact, its estimated that the overall rate of infection is two times higher for women than men in the United States. […] Some of the other risk factors for infection include: not using barrier methods like condoms consistently with new sexual partners, having a sexual partner who is having sex with other people, having a history of chlamydia or other STIs. […] If left untreated for long periods of time, chlamydia can cause several complications. […] In women, untreated chlamydia can lead to PID, a condition that could cause permanent damage to the reproductive system as well as infertility. […] In men, chlamydia could cause multiple complications if left untreated, including epididymitis, prostatitis, or male chlamydial urethritis.

• #40 Chlamydia trachomatis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_trachomatis

  Three times as many women are diagnosed with genitourinary C. trachomatis infections as men. Women aged 15-19 have the highest prevalence, followed by women aged 20-24, although the rate of increase of diagnosis is greater for men than for women. Risk factors for genitourinary infections include unprotected sex with multiple partners, lack of condom use, and low socioeconomic status living in urban areas. […] Treatment depends on the infection site, age of the patient, and whether another infection is present. C. trachomatis may be treated with several antibiotic medications, including azithromycin, erythromycin, ofloxacin, and tetracycline. Tetracycline is the most preferred antibiotic to treat C. trachomatis and has the highest success rate. […] Studies have revealed antibiotic resistance in Chlamydia trachomatis. Mutations in the 23S rRNA gene, including A2057G and A2059G, have been identified as significant contributors to resistance against azithromycin, a commonly used treatment. This resistance is linked to treatment failures and persistent infections, necessitating ongoing research into alternative antibiotics, such as moxifloxacin, as well as non-antibiotic approaches like bacteriophage therapy.

• #41 Chlamydia – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com

  https://medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/chlamydia

  Chlamydia is the most commonly reported bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) in Canada, affecting youths and young adults most often, with young women (15 to 24 years) having the most reported cases. […] The infection is named after the bacterium that causes it, Chlamydia trachomatis. […] Chlamydia is spread during sexual contact and is highly infectious. It can be transmitted through vaginal, anal, or oral sex. Ejaculation does not have to occur for chlamydia to be spread. […] Chlamydia can cause a number of complications in both men and women, depending on the infected site, including conjunctivitis (pinkeye), pharyngitis (sore throat), rectal pain, bleeding, and discharge, and reactive arthritis (formerly called Reiter’s syndrome), a type of arthritis that can damage the joints and eyes. […] Chlamydia can be cured easily and quickly with antibiotics, sometimes with a single pill.

• #42 Chlamydia trachomatis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_trachomatis

  Three times as many women are diagnosed with genitourinary C. trachomatis infections as men. Women aged 15-19 have the highest prevalence, followed by women aged 20-24, although the rate of increase of diagnosis is greater for men than for women. Risk factors for genitourinary infections include unprotected sex with multiple partners, lack of condom use, and low socioeconomic status living in urban areas. […] Treatment depends on the infection site, age of the patient, and whether another infection is present. C. trachomatis may be treated with several antibiotic medications, including azithromycin, erythromycin, ofloxacin, and tetracycline. Tetracycline is the most preferred antibiotic to treat C. trachomatis and has the highest success rate. […] Studies have revealed antibiotic resistance in Chlamydia trachomatis. Mutations in the 23S rRNA gene, including A2057G and A2059G, have been identified as significant contributors to resistance against azithromycin, a commonly used treatment. This resistance is linked to treatment failures and persistent infections, necessitating ongoing research into alternative antibiotics, such as moxifloxacin, as well as non-antibiotic approaches like bacteriophage therapy.

• #43 Chlamydia Infection, Causes Symptoms and Treatment – Dra Gómez Roig

  https://www.gomezroig.com/en/infeccion-por-clamidia/

  The Chlamydial Infection Risk Factors include: Age less than 25 years: younger age may be related to the development of partial immunity through repeated periodic exposures. […] On the other hand, several studies have documented high rates of repeat infection in the months after an initial chlamydial infection. […] Chlamydia is the most common cause of urinary infection and genital in women and men. […] However, in non-negligible cases, infection may be asymptomatic and not give any type of symptoms. […] Infection by chlamydia trachomatis it can imply complications or problems in the reproductive health of women: sterility, pelvic inflammatory disease, chronic pelvic pain. […] Chlamydia, as well as other STDs, cause pelvic inflammatory disease with damage to the internal genital organs: the uterus, ovaries and fallopian tubes.

• #44 Chlamydia Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/chlamydia

  Chlamydia is an infection caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis. It is most often spread through sexual contact. […] You are more likely to become infected with chlamydia if you: Have sex without wearing a male or female condom, Have more than one sexual partner, Use drugs or alcohol and then have sex, Have been infected with chlamydia before. […] A person may become infected with chlamydia many times. […] If chlamydia spreads into your uterus and fallopian tubes, it can cause scarring. Scarring can make it harder for you to get pregnant. […] You can help prevent infection with chlamydia by: Finishing your antibiotics when you are treated, Making sure your sexual partners also take antibiotics, Talking to your provider about being tested for chlamydia, Going to see your provider if you have symptoms, Wearing condoms and practicing safer sex.

• #45 Chlamydial infections – male – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/chlamydial-infections-male

  Chlamydia infection is caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis. […] Both males and females may have chlamydia without having any symptoms. […] You are more likely to become infected with chlamydia if you: Have sex without wearing a male or female condom, Have more than one sexual partner, Use drugs or alcohol and then have sex.

• #46 Patient education: Chlamydia (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/chlamydia-beyond-the-basics/print

  Chlamydia infections are caused by a bacterium, Chlamydia trachomatis, which can infect the genital and rectal tract of women and men. The infection is spread during intimate sexual contact. A man does not have to ejaculate to spread the infection. […] Your risk of getting chlamydia is greater if you have a new sexual partner, more than one sexual partner, or if you have had chlamydia before and have sex with a partner who wasn’t treated for this infection.

• #47 Chlamydia Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/chlamydia

  Chlamydia is an infection caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis. It is most often spread through sexual contact. […] You are more likely to become infected with chlamydia if you: Have sex without wearing a male or female condom, Have more than one sexual partner, Use drugs or alcohol and then have sex, Have been infected with chlamydia before. […] A person may become infected with chlamydia many times. […] If chlamydia spreads into your uterus and fallopian tubes, it can cause scarring. Scarring can make it harder for you to get pregnant. […] You can help prevent infection with chlamydia by: Finishing your antibiotics when you are treated, Making sure your sexual partners also take antibiotics, Talking to your provider about being tested for chlamydia, Going to see your provider if you have symptoms, Wearing condoms and practicing safer sex.

• #48 Patient education: Chlamydia (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/chlamydia-beyond-the-basics/print

  Chlamydia infections are caused by a bacterium, Chlamydia trachomatis, which can infect the genital and rectal tract of women and men. The infection is spread during intimate sexual contact. A man does not have to ejaculate to spread the infection. […] Your risk of getting chlamydia is greater if you have a new sexual partner, more than one sexual partner, or if you have had chlamydia before and have sex with a partner who wasn’t treated for this infection.

• #49 Chlamydia Infection, Causes Symptoms and Treatment – Dra Gómez Roig

  https://www.gomezroig.com/en/infeccion-por-clamidia/

  The Chlamydial Infection Risk Factors include: Age less than 25 years: younger age may be related to the development of partial immunity through repeated periodic exposures. […] On the other hand, several studies have documented high rates of repeat infection in the months after an initial chlamydial infection. […] Chlamydia is the most common cause of urinary infection and genital in women and men. […] However, in non-negligible cases, infection may be asymptomatic and not give any type of symptoms. […] Infection by chlamydia trachomatis it can imply complications or problems in the reproductive health of women: sterility, pelvic inflammatory disease, chronic pelvic pain. […] Chlamydia, as well as other STDs, cause pelvic inflammatory disease with damage to the internal genital organs: the uterus, ovaries and fallopian tubes.

• #50 Chlamydia (Chlamydial Genitourinary Infections): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1203385-overview

  Chlamydial transmission usually is caused by sexual contact through oral, anal, or vaginal intercourse. Neonatal infection (eg, conjunctivitis or pneumonia) may occur secondary to passage through the birth canal of an infected mother. Specific risk factors for chlamydial infection include the following: […] Certain cytokine polymorphisms These have been associated with severe disease and risk for tubal factor infertility […] Certain variants in toll-like receptor 1 and 4 genes These predispose to infection.

• #51 Chlamydia (Chlamydial Genitourinary Infections): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1203385-overview

  Chlamydial transmission usually is caused by sexual contact through oral, anal, or vaginal intercourse. Neonatal infection (eg, conjunctivitis or pneumonia) may occur secondary to passage through the birth canal of an infected mother. Specific risk factors for chlamydial infection include the following: […] Certain cytokine polymorphisms These have been associated with severe disease and risk for tubal factor infertility […] Certain variants in toll-like receptor 1 and 4 genes These predispose to infection.

• #52 Unlocking Chlamydia’s persistent state » Emerging Pathogens Institute » University of Florida

  https://epi.ufl.edu/2019/11/06/unlocking-chlamydias-persistent-state/

  New research from the EPI and UFs College of Public Health Health Professions found that exposing the sexually-transmitted bacterial pathogen Chlamydia to fosmidomycin an antibiotic which is usually lethal to bacteria causes Chlamydia to enter a protective bunker-like persistent state. […] Understanding the gene-level changes that take place for Chlamydia to enter the unique state known as persistence could help researchers to eventually develop strategies to block these changes from occurring, making the organism more vulnerable to antibiotics and circumventing chronic chlamydial infections. […] Researchers believe that Chlamydias ability to persist for long periods of time in a human host might contribute to the worst outcomes of infection: infertility and ectopic pregnancy. […] Between 50 and 90 percent of these cases do not produce symptoms however, and it is thought that these asymptomatic infections may be attributed to people carrying C. trachomatis in a persistent state.

• #53 Unlocking Chlamydia’s persistent state » Emerging Pathogens Institute » University of Florida

  https://epi.ufl.edu/2019/11/06/unlocking-chlamydias-persistent-state/

  When Chlamydia encounter conditions that are stressful for them, they stop dividing and instead switch to a safe persistent state. […] The response of Chlamydia to fosmidomycin fits a larger pattern of its cunning adaptation and survival, as these bacteria will also seek the refuge of their persistent state when exposed to penicillins, iron scarcity, co-infection with certain viruses, and interferon gamma (a cytokine produced by certain human immune system cells). […] If we can understand the genetic changes Chlamydia makes in order to enter and leave persistence, then we will be on the right track toward preventing Chlamydia from utilizing persistence as a survival strategy to evade drug treatment.

• #54 Unlocking Chlamydia’s persistent state » Emerging Pathogens Institute » University of Florida

  https://epi.ufl.edu/2019/11/06/unlocking-chlamydias-persistent-state/

  When Chlamydia encounter conditions that are stressful for them, they stop dividing and instead switch to a safe persistent state. […] The response of Chlamydia to fosmidomycin fits a larger pattern of its cunning adaptation and survival, as these bacteria will also seek the refuge of their persistent state when exposed to penicillins, iron scarcity, co-infection with certain viruses, and interferon gamma (a cytokine produced by certain human immune system cells). […] If we can understand the genetic changes Chlamydia makes in order to enter and leave persistence, then we will be on the right track toward preventing Chlamydia from utilizing persistence as a survival strategy to evade drug treatment.

• #55 Unlocking Chlamydia’s persistent state » Emerging Pathogens Institute » University of Florida

  https://epi.ufl.edu/2019/11/06/unlocking-chlamydias-persistent-state/

  New research from the EPI and UFs College of Public Health Health Professions found that exposing the sexually-transmitted bacterial pathogen Chlamydia to fosmidomycin an antibiotic which is usually lethal to bacteria causes Chlamydia to enter a protective bunker-like persistent state. […] Understanding the gene-level changes that take place for Chlamydia to enter the unique state known as persistence could help researchers to eventually develop strategies to block these changes from occurring, making the organism more vulnerable to antibiotics and circumventing chronic chlamydial infections. […] Researchers believe that Chlamydias ability to persist for long periods of time in a human host might contribute to the worst outcomes of infection: infertility and ectopic pregnancy. […] Between 50 and 90 percent of these cases do not produce symptoms however, and it is thought that these asymptomatic infections may be attributed to people carrying C. trachomatis in a persistent state.

• #56 Unlocking Chlamydia’s persistent state » Emerging Pathogens Institute » University of Florida

  https://epi.ufl.edu/2019/11/06/unlocking-chlamydias-persistent-state/

  New research from the EPI and UFs College of Public Health Health Professions found that exposing the sexually-transmitted bacterial pathogen Chlamydia to fosmidomycin an antibiotic which is usually lethal to bacteria causes Chlamydia to enter a protective bunker-like persistent state. […] Understanding the gene-level changes that take place for Chlamydia to enter the unique state known as persistence could help researchers to eventually develop strategies to block these changes from occurring, making the organism more vulnerable to antibiotics and circumventing chronic chlamydial infections. […] Researchers believe that Chlamydias ability to persist for long periods of time in a human host might contribute to the worst outcomes of infection: infertility and ectopic pregnancy. […] Between 50 and 90 percent of these cases do not produce symptoms however, and it is thought that these asymptomatic infections may be attributed to people carrying C. trachomatis in a persistent state.

• #57 Chlamydia trachomatis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_trachomatis

  Three times as many women are diagnosed with genitourinary C. trachomatis infections as men. Women aged 15-19 have the highest prevalence, followed by women aged 20-24, although the rate of increase of diagnosis is greater for men than for women. Risk factors for genitourinary infections include unprotected sex with multiple partners, lack of condom use, and low socioeconomic status living in urban areas. […] Treatment depends on the infection site, age of the patient, and whether another infection is present. C. trachomatis may be treated with several antibiotic medications, including azithromycin, erythromycin, ofloxacin, and tetracycline. Tetracycline is the most preferred antibiotic to treat C. trachomatis and has the highest success rate. […] Studies have revealed antibiotic resistance in Chlamydia trachomatis. Mutations in the 23S rRNA gene, including A2057G and A2059G, have been identified as significant contributors to resistance against azithromycin, a commonly used treatment. This resistance is linked to treatment failures and persistent infections, necessitating ongoing research into alternative antibiotics, such as moxifloxacin, as well as non-antibiotic approaches like bacteriophage therapy.

• #58 Chlamydia trachomatis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_trachomatis

  Three times as many women are diagnosed with genitourinary C. trachomatis infections as men. Women aged 15-19 have the highest prevalence, followed by women aged 20-24, although the rate of increase of diagnosis is greater for men than for women. Risk factors for genitourinary infections include unprotected sex with multiple partners, lack of condom use, and low socioeconomic status living in urban areas. […] Treatment depends on the infection site, age of the patient, and whether another infection is present. C. trachomatis may be treated with several antibiotic medications, including azithromycin, erythromycin, ofloxacin, and tetracycline. Tetracycline is the most preferred antibiotic to treat C. trachomatis and has the highest success rate. […] Studies have revealed antibiotic resistance in Chlamydia trachomatis. Mutations in the 23S rRNA gene, including A2057G and A2059G, have been identified as significant contributors to resistance against azithromycin, a commonly used treatment. This resistance is linked to treatment failures and persistent infections, necessitating ongoing research into alternative antibiotics, such as moxifloxacin, as well as non-antibiotic approaches like bacteriophage therapy.

• #59 Chlamydia : symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/chlamydia

  Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. […] Chlamydia is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, a bacterium specific to humans which can only develop by infecting cells. […] Chlamydia infection affects the entire global population, with over 120 million estimated cases every year worldwide.

• #60 Chlamydia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537286/

  Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the greatest number of sexually transmitted infections and the majority of infection-related of blindness worldwide. […] Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted infectious disease caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. […] Chlamydia trachomatis is part of the chlamydophila genus. These bacteria are gram-negative, anaerobic, intracellular obligates that replicate within eukaryotic cells. […] C. trachomatis differentiates into 18 serovars (serologically variant strains) based on monoclonal antibody-based typing assays. […] Serovars D-K: Genital tract infections, neonatal infections. […] Urogenital chlamydia infections are the most commonly reported bacterial infections in the U.S and the most common cause of sexually transmitted infections in the world.

• #61 Chlamydiae – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/chlamydiae-and-mycoplasmas/chlamydiae

  Chlamydiae are gram-negative, obligate, intracellular bacteria. Three species of Chlamydia cause human disease: C. trachomatis, which causes sexually transmitted infections, and C. pneumoniae, which causes respiratory infections, especially community-acquired pneumonia; C. psittaci causes a zoonotic disease called psittacosis. […] Chlamydia species can cause persistent infection, which is often subclinical. They are the most commonly reported bacterial infections in the United States, with reported prevalence averaging 1.5 to 2 million cases, and actual infection burden estimated to be approximately 3 million annually. […] In the United States, C. trachomatis is the most common bacterial cause of STIs, including Nongonococcal urethritis and epididymitis in males, Reactive arthritis in males and females, and Cervicitis, urethritis, and pelvic inflammatory disease in females.

• #62 Chlamydia trachomatis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_trachomatis

  Three times as many women are diagnosed with genitourinary C. trachomatis infections as men. Women aged 15-19 have the highest prevalence, followed by women aged 20-24, although the rate of increase of diagnosis is greater for men than for women. Risk factors for genitourinary infections include unprotected sex with multiple partners, lack of condom use, and low socioeconomic status living in urban areas. […] Treatment depends on the infection site, age of the patient, and whether another infection is present. C. trachomatis may be treated with several antibiotic medications, including azithromycin, erythromycin, ofloxacin, and tetracycline. Tetracycline is the most preferred antibiotic to treat C. trachomatis and has the highest success rate. […] Studies have revealed antibiotic resistance in Chlamydia trachomatis. Mutations in the 23S rRNA gene, including A2057G and A2059G, have been identified as significant contributors to resistance against azithromycin, a commonly used treatment. This resistance is linked to treatment failures and persistent infections, necessitating ongoing research into alternative antibiotics, such as moxifloxacin, as well as non-antibiotic approaches like bacteriophage therapy.

• #63 Factsheet about chlamydia

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/chlamydia/facts

  Genital chlamydia is the leading sexually transmitted infection in Europe and the cause of considerable acute morbidity and long term reproductive health problems, particularly in young people. […] Chlamydia trachomatis is the causative agent of genital chlamydia infections. […] Chlamydia is responsible for 50% of the cases of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and between 10% and 30% of women with genital chlamydia infections develop PID. […] Serological studies of women with tubal infertility indicate that chlamydia infection may be the cause of the adhesions in more than half of the cases. […] It is estimated that tubal adhesions as a consequence of chlamydia salpingitis are responsible for about 40% of ectopic pregnancies. […] Chlamydia infections can cause reactive arthritis, Reiters syndrome, and adult conjunctivitis. […] There is some evidence that genital chlamydia infection may contribute to miscarriage, premature rupture of membrane, preterm birth, still birth and low birth weight.

• #64 Factsheet about chlamydia

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/chlamydia/facts

  Genital chlamydia is the leading sexually transmitted infection in Europe and the cause of considerable acute morbidity and long term reproductive health problems, particularly in young people. […] Chlamydia trachomatis is the causative agent of genital chlamydia infections. […] Chlamydia is responsible for 50% of the cases of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and between 10% and 30% of women with genital chlamydia infections develop PID. […] Serological studies of women with tubal infertility indicate that chlamydia infection may be the cause of the adhesions in more than half of the cases. […] It is estimated that tubal adhesions as a consequence of chlamydia salpingitis are responsible for about 40% of ectopic pregnancies. […] Chlamydia infections can cause reactive arthritis, Reiters syndrome, and adult conjunctivitis. […] There is some evidence that genital chlamydia infection may contribute to miscarriage, premature rupture of membrane, preterm birth, still birth and low birth weight.

• #65 Chlamydia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537286/

  Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the greatest number of sexually transmitted infections and the majority of infection-related of blindness worldwide. […] Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted infectious disease caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. […] Chlamydia trachomatis is part of the chlamydophila genus. These bacteria are gram-negative, anaerobic, intracellular obligates that replicate within eukaryotic cells. […] C. trachomatis differentiates into 18 serovars (serologically variant strains) based on monoclonal antibody-based typing assays. […] Serovars D-K: Genital tract infections, neonatal infections. […] Urogenital chlamydia infections are the most commonly reported bacterial infections in the U.S and the most common cause of sexually transmitted infections in the world.

• #66 Chlamydia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537286/

  The bacterium is transmitted through direct contact with infected tissue, including vaginal, anal, or oral sex, and can even be passed from an infected mother to the newborn during childbirth. […] The goal of treatment is the prevention of complications associated with infection (e.g., PID, infertility), to decrease the risk of transmission, and the resolution of symptoms. […] Chlamydial infection in pregnancy can also increase the risk of prelabour rupture of membranes (PROM), premature prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM), and preterm delivery. […] Asymptomatic infection with Chlamydia trachomatis is very common, whereas the consequences of undiagnosed or untreated infection can be far-reaching. […] The prognosis is excellent with prompt initiation of treatment early and with the completion of the entire course of antibiotics.

• #67 Chlamydia: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4023-chlamydia

  Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by bacteria. Chlamydia infections are treatable and curable. However, its symptoms are often unnoticeable. Its important to receive treatment for chlamydia as soon as possible. Left untreated, chlamydia can lead to serious complications and cause permanent damage to your reproductive organs. […] Chlamydia infections spread through sexual contact, when vaginal fluid or semen containing the bacteria that causes chlamydia travels from one person to another. […] Chlamydia can be cleared up with antibiotics in about a week or two. But dont stop taking your medication just because your symptoms improve. […] Yes. Chlamydia can be treated and cured. Some sexually transmitted bacterial infections are starting to become resistant to antibiotics, though, and this makes them harder to treat.

• #68 Chlamydia trachomatis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_trachomatis

  Three times as many women are diagnosed with genitourinary C. trachomatis infections as men. Women aged 15-19 have the highest prevalence, followed by women aged 20-24, although the rate of increase of diagnosis is greater for men than for women. Risk factors for genitourinary infections include unprotected sex with multiple partners, lack of condom use, and low socioeconomic status living in urban areas. […] Treatment depends on the infection site, age of the patient, and whether another infection is present. C. trachomatis may be treated with several antibiotic medications, including azithromycin, erythromycin, ofloxacin, and tetracycline. Tetracycline is the most preferred antibiotic to treat C. trachomatis and has the highest success rate. […] Studies have revealed antibiotic resistance in Chlamydia trachomatis. Mutations in the 23S rRNA gene, including A2057G and A2059G, have been identified as significant contributors to resistance against azithromycin, a commonly used treatment. This resistance is linked to treatment failures and persistent infections, necessitating ongoing research into alternative antibiotics, such as moxifloxacin, as well as non-antibiotic approaches like bacteriophage therapy.

• #69 Chlamydia Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/chlamydia

  Chlamydia is an infection caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis. It is most often spread through sexual contact. […] You are more likely to become infected with chlamydia if you: Have sex without wearing a male or female condom, Have more than one sexual partner, Use drugs or alcohol and then have sex, Have been infected with chlamydia before. […] A person may become infected with chlamydia many times. […] If chlamydia spreads into your uterus and fallopian tubes, it can cause scarring. Scarring can make it harder for you to get pregnant. […] You can help prevent infection with chlamydia by: Finishing your antibiotics when you are treated, Making sure your sexual partners also take antibiotics, Talking to your provider about being tested for chlamydia, Going to see your provider if you have symptoms, Wearing condoms and practicing safer sex.

• #70

  https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/chlamydia.aspx

  Chlamydia is a common sexually transmissible infection (STI). It is caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis. […] Chlamydia can lead to infertility, and other complications if not treated. […] Chlamydia infection can be prevented by: consistently using condoms, dental dams, and water-based lubricant for vaginal, anal and oral sex. […] Chlamydia is easily cured by a course of antibiotics. Treatment is doxycycline 100mg twice a day for 7 days. Another treatment is a single dose of azithromycin 1g.

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