Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chlamydia

  Chlamydia is a preventable and curable sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, which is primarily transmitted through vaginal, oral and anal sex. […] In 2020, an estimated 128.5 million new infections with Chlamydia trachomatis occurred worldwide among adults aged 15 to 49 years. The global prevalence among people aged 15-49 years was estimated to be 4.0% for women and 2.5% for men in 2020. […] Because the majority of cases are without symptoms, regular testing for individuals at increased risk of chlamydial infection, such as female sex workers, is recommended to prevent the development of complications and the spread of infection. […] The WHO has recognized chlamydia as an important public health problem along with other sexually transmitted infections and has set ambitious targets to reduce their global burden through prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies. The Global health sector strategies on HIV, viral hepatitis and STIs 2022-2030 aims for a 50% reduction in new cases of chlamydia by 2030.

• #2 Chlamydia infection epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Chlamydia_infection_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Worldwide, the incidence of chlamydia is estimated to be 131 million cases per year. […] In 2014, the incidence of chlamydia was estimated to be 439 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States. […] The incidence of chlamydia in women has increased greatly between 1987 and 2003, from 79 to 467 cases per 100,000 individuals. […] Almost two-thirds of new chlamydia infections occur among youth aged 15-24 years. […] It is estimated that 1 in 20 sexually active young women aged 14-24 years has chlamydia. […] Females are more commonly affected with chlamydia infection than males. […] The female to male ratio is approximately 1.52 to 1. […] The prevalence of chlamydia among non-Hispanic African Americans is 6.7 times the prevalence among non-Hispanic Whites. […] In 2008, the prevalence of chlamydia in the adult population worldwide was estimated to be 9.1 million cases per year.

• #3 Chlamydia And Public Health: Surveillance, Prevention, And Control Measures – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/chlamydia-and-public-health-surveillance-prevention-and-control-measures/

  Chlamydia is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and is on the rise in the UK, with cases rising by 24.3% from 2021 to 2022. It is estimated that every year there are 131 million new infections of chlamydia. […] The surveillance of chlamydia infections, and promotion of prevention and recommended control measures are all public health strategies in place to try to tackle the rising number of chlamydia cases. […] One public health strategy to control the prevalence of chlamydia is surveillance and screening. Assessing chlamydia prevalence through detection and treatment can provide insight into infection levels. It also produces information on the demographics where chlamydia is most prevalent. This information can be used to create targeted strategies to reduce chlamydia levels.

• #4 National Overview of STIs in 2023 | STI Statistics | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/sti-statistics/annual/summary.html

  In 2023, over 1.6 million cases of chlamydia were diagnosed and reported. […] The number of STIs decreased 1.8% from 2022 to 2023, reflecting stable trends in chlamydia (1.0% change). […] In 2023, 32.4% of all cases of chlamydia were among non-Hispanic Black or African American persons, even though they made up only 12.6% of the US population. […] In 2023, a total of 1,648,568 cases of Chlamydia trachomatis infection were reported, making it the most common nationally notifiable STI in the United States for that year. The rate of reported chlamydia in 2023 (492.2 per 100,000) was similar to the rate in 2021 (495.0 per 100,000). From 2022 to 2023, the rate of reported chlamydia increased among men (1.3%) and decreased among women (1.7%). Rates of reported chlamydia remain highest among adolescents and young adults and in 2023, 55.8% of all cases of chlamydia were reported among persons aged 15-24 years. […] As chlamydial infections are usually asymptomatic, case rates are heavily influenced by screening coverage.

• #5 Chlamydia (Chlamydial Genitourinary Infections): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1203385-overview

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) Surveillance Report indicates that more than 2.2 million cases of chlamydia and gonorrhea were diagnosed and reported in the United States in 2023. […] CDC estimates that that there were 4 million chlamydial infections in 2018. […] Chlamydial infection is the most frequently reported infectious disease in the United States, and its prevalence is highest in persons aged 15-24 years. […] The annual incidence of C trachomatis genital infections was estimated to be 2.86 million cases in the United States in 2008, which rose to 4 million in 2018. […] Sexually active female populations average chlamydial carriage rates of about 20%. […] The prevalence of chlamydia has been reported to be as high as 14% among African American females aged 18-26 years and 17% among females with a history of gonorrhea or chlamydia in the previous 12 months.

• #6 Chlamydia – Annual Epidemiological Report for 2023

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/chlamydia-annual-epidemiological-report-2023

  For 2023, 230 199 confirmed cases of chlamydia infection were reported in 27 EU/EEA countries, with a crude notification rate of 70.4 cases per 100 000 population. […] When analysing the rate over time among countries reporting consistently, this represents a 3% increase in the crude notification rate compared to 2022, and a 13% increase compared to 2014. […] After reaching record-high notification rates in 2022, the increase in chlamydia notification rates slowed down in 2023 for both women and men. […] Notification rates continued to be highest among women aged 20-24 years in 2023, although a 2% decrease was observed in the rate for this population group compared to 2022. […] In 2023, transmission between men who have sex with men (MSM) accounted for 20% of chlamydia cases, an increase of 4% compared with 2022.

• #7 Chlamydia – Annual Epidemiological Report for 2022

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/chlamydia-annual-epidemiological-report-2022

  For 2022, 216 508 confirmed cases of chlamydia infection were reported in 27 EU/EEA countries, with a crude notification rate of 88 cases per 100 000 population. […] After reaching a peak in 2019, chlamydia notification rates decreased in 2020 and 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic. New record-high notification rates were then seen in both women and men for 2022. […] Notification rates continued to be highest among women aged 20-24 years in 2022; with an 18% increase in the rate for this population group compared to 2021. […] Over the five years between 2018 and 2022, the number of chlamydia cases reported as transmission between men who have sex with men (MSM) increased by 72%. […] National notification rates for cases of chlamydia infection ranged between 0.1 and 709 cases per 100 000 population. Differences in chlamydia testing policies, case finding strategies and reporting are considered to have a greater influence on reported chlamydia numbers than actual differences in epidemiology.

• #8 Chlamydia and LGV guide: Etiology and epidemiology – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/infectious-diseases/sexual-health-sexually-transmitted-infections/canadian-guidelines/chlamydia-lgv/etiology-epidemiology.html

  Chlamydia is the most common reportable sexually transmitted infection (STI) in Canada. Rates have been increasing steadily since 1997. Adolescents and young adults are disproportionately represented in national case reports for chlamydia, with the highest rates among 20- to 24-year olds for both males and females. Between 2012 and 2019, national rates of chlamydia increased by 10% for females and 45% for males. In 2020 and 2021, reported rates of chlamydia were below pre-pandemic levels with the COVID-19 pandemic reducing the demand for and access to services related to sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections (STBBI), including testing. […] Chlamydia may be under-detected because the majority of people with an infection are asymptomatic and empiric treatment may be given without laboratory testing.

• #9 Chlamydia, gonorrhea and infectious syphilis in Canada: 2021 surveillance data update – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/chlamydia-gonorrhea-infectious-syphilis-2021-surveillance-data.html

  Chlamydia remains the most common reportable sexually transmitted infection (STI) in Canada. Reported rates of chlamydia in 2020 and 2021 were below pre-pandemic levels, however, rates were increasing steadily from 2012 to 2019. […] In 2021, 104,426 cases of chlamydia were reported from all 13 Canadian provinces and territories for a rate of 273.2 cases per 100,000 population. […] From 2012 to 2021, rates of reported cases of chlamydia were consistently higher among females than males. […] In 2021, the national rate of reported chlamydia cases was 273.2 cases per 100,000 population. The following provinces and territories had rates of reported chlamydia cases above the national rate: Nunavut (3125.1 cases per 100,000 population), Northwest Territories (1351.0 cases per 100,000 population), Yukon (492.5 cases per 100,000 population), Saskatchewan (488.0 cases per 100,000 population), Manitoba (471.3 cases per 100,000 population), Alberta (316.5 cases per 100,000 population). […] In 2021, the highest number of reported cases of chlamydia were reported from Ontario (35,389 cases), Quebec (22,590 cases) and Alberta (14,064 cases).

• #10 How common are STDs in the US? | USAFacts

  https://usafacts.org/articles/how-common-are-stds-in-the-us/

  Of the STDs tracked by the CDC, chlamydia makes up the largest proportion of cases in the US, with over 1.6 million cases (496 cases per 100,000 people) reported to the CDC in 2021. […] Women aged 20-24 made up the largest group in the United States of those reporting chlamydia infections. Overall, women and girls aged 10-34 outpaced men in rates of chlamydia infections. […] This data was gathered from the CDC’s 2021 STD Surveillance Report.

• #11 Chlamydia infection epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Chlamydia_infection_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Worldwide, the incidence of chlamydia is estimated to be 131 million cases per year. […] In 2014, the incidence of chlamydia was estimated to be 439 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States. […] The incidence of chlamydia in women has increased greatly between 1987 and 2003, from 79 to 467 cases per 100,000 individuals. […] Almost two-thirds of new chlamydia infections occur among youth aged 15-24 years. […] It is estimated that 1 in 20 sexually active young women aged 14-24 years has chlamydia. […] Females are more commonly affected with chlamydia infection than males. […] The female to male ratio is approximately 1.52 to 1. […] The prevalence of chlamydia among non-Hispanic African Americans is 6.7 times the prevalence among non-Hispanic Whites. […] In 2008, the prevalence of chlamydia in the adult population worldwide was estimated to be 9.1 million cases per year.

• #12 Chlamydia – Health Protection Surveillance Centre

  https://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/sexuallytransmittedinfections/chlamydia/

  Chlamydia is a curable sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium, Chlamydia trachomatis. It is the most common curable bacterial sexually transmitted infection in the western world and the numbers affected are likely to be underestimated as at least 70% of women and 50% of men who are infected may be asymptomatic. […] The number of Chlamydia notifications in 2023 is 13,711. […] The national notification rate per 100,000 population is 258.9.

• #13 Chlamydia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537286/

  Urogenital chlamydia infections are the most commonly reported bacterial infections in the U.S and the most common cause of sexually transmitted infections in the world. The overall rate of urogenital infection amongst U.S. women is two times that of U.S. men, with a higher prevalence in women 15-24 years of age and a higher incidence in men between 20-24 years of age. […] The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends regular screening for chlamydia in all sexually active women because if left untreated, the infection is associated with PID, infertility, and chronic pelvic pain. […] In the United States, C. trachomatis is considered a notifiable infection. Local and state laws regarding disease reporting apply. Sexual partners should be notified, examined, and treated if an STI is found in the index patient. Expedited partner therapy may also be available in certain settings. Expedited partner therapy allows providers to prescribe antibiotics to sexual contacts without establishing a physician-patient relationship.

• #14 Chlamydia from the Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) Surveillance Data database shown in Rate Date Type: Year; Country: USA; Indicator: Rate per 100,000 Persons Sage Data. Sage Publishing Ltd Sage Data [electronic resource] – Penn State University Libr

  https://catalog.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/47402855

  Summary Reports counts and rates per 100,000 of chlamydia diagnoses. Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. […] Trends in rates of reported cases of chlamydia are influenced by changes in incidence of infection, as well as changes in diagnostic, screening, and reporting practices. […] The CDC collects, analyzes, and disseminates surveillance data on STD diagnoses. Data provided here are sourced from CDC’s NCHHSTP AtlasPlus based on case report data submitted from all 50 states, Washington, DC, and U.S. territories.

• #15

  https://www.gov.uk/guidance/ctad-chlamydia-surveillance-system

  CTAD Chlamydia Surveillance System data is used to provide detailed reports at national and local levels on screening coverage, the proportion of chlamydia tests that are positive and the chlamydia detection rate in England. […] UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) uses chlamydia data combined from the CTAD Chlamydia Surveillance System and the GUMCAD STI Surveillance System to report chlamydia testing activity. […] As with any surveillance system, CTAD data quality is vital. Reporting high quality data through CTAD is key to informing local sexual health service planning, assessing the impact of the National Chlamydia Screening Programme (NCSP) and monitoring progress towards the Public Health Outcomes Framework chlamydia diagnosis rate indicator. […] Improving data accuracy and completeness will improve the quality of data for different service types.

• #16 Chlamydial infection | Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care

  https://www.health.gov.au/diseases/chlamydial-infection

  Chlamydia is a disease caused by Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria, which is spread during unprotected sexual contact with an infection person. […] Notifiable disease: Yes. […] Chlamydia is a nationally notifiable disease. […] We monitor cases through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System.

• #17 P50 Chlamydia surveillance in the USA: the need for new strategies | Sexually Transmitted Infections

  https://sti.bmj.com/content/88/Suppl_1/A26.3

  Preventing infertility through the prevention and control of chlamydia is a priority in the USA. Valid and timely surveillance data on chlamydial infections are needed to estimate disease burden, monitor trends, and inform and evaluate chlamydia prevention strategies. […] The current US chlamydia surveillance system does not provide valid and timely data to estimate disease burden and monitor trends in chlamydial infection. The use of multiple data sources is not sufficient to offset inherent biases in each surveillance method. Consequently, new approaches to monitoring chlamydia morbidity are needed. Sentinel surveillance may provide higher quality data and a more comprehensive understanding of chlamydia trends.

• #18 Chlamydia | Health & Human Services

  https://hhs.iowa.gov/center-acute-disease-epidemiology/epi-manual/reportable-diseases/chlamydia

  Chlamydia is one of the most frequently reported sexually transmitted infections in the United States. In 2013, 1, 401,906 chlamidial infections were reported to CDC from 50 states and the District of Columbia. Under-reporting is substantial, becuase most people with chlamydia are not aware of the infection and do not seek testing. […] An estimated 3 million Americans are infected with chlamydia each year. Women are frequently re-infected if their sex partners are not treated.

• #19 Chlamydia – Annual Epidemiological Report for 2023

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/chlamydia-annual-epidemiological-report-2023

  National notification rates for cases of chlamydia infection ranged between 0.1 and 626 cases per 100 000 population. […] Differences in chlamydia testing policies, case finding strategies and reporting are considered to have a greater influence on reported chlamydia numbers than actual differences in epidemiology.

• #20 Chlamydia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537286/

  In the United States and other developed countries, the prevention of sexually transmitted genital infections and complications mainly focuses on screening and treating nonpregnant sexually active women aged 25 years or younger on an annual basis. Screening for pregnant women is recommended, and screening and treatment of women over 25 years of age are recommendations if there are identifiable risk factors, such as new or multiple sexual partners.

• #21 Safe practices, testing lower risks of infectious chlamydia | Article | The United States Army

  https://www.army.mil/article/285367/safe_practices_testing_lower_risks_of_infectious_chlamydia

  Data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention continue to show chlamydia is a significant public health concern among civilians, and military STI surveillance has indicated chlamydia rates among service members are almost two times higher than among civilian U.S. adults. […] Current U.S. military STI surveillance reports show that rates of chlamydia declined between 2015 and 2023, but chlamydia remains the most commonly detected STI among service members. […] Because many service members who have chlamydia are unaware that they are infected, practicing safe sex and routine testing for chlamydia are essential to preventing further transmission and severe disease outcomes, says Obuseh. […] The DOD does require annual chlamydia testing, which often includes a panel of tests for other STIs such as gonorrhea and syphilis, but the testing is only required for women under 25 years of age. […] Since most male service members do not voluntarily seek STI testing unless they or their partner is experiencing symptoms, they may unknowingly be spreading STI infections, such as chlamydia, to others.

• #22 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Automating Case Reporting of Chlamydia and Gonorrhea to Public Health Authorities in Illinois Clinics: Implementation and Evaluation of Findings

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e38868/

  Background: Chlamydia and gonorrhea cases continue to rise in Illinois, increasing by 16.4% and 70.9% in 2019, respectively, compared with 2015. Providers are required to report both chlamydia and gonorrhea, as mandated by public health laws. […] Public health laws mandate that these sexually transmitted infections be reported to Illinois Department of Public Health (IDPH) by health care providers and clinical laboratories within 7 business days. […] ELR and electronic case reporting (eCR) are creating a paradigm shift in public health surveillance. ELR is the automated messaging of laboratory reports of notifiable cases and has been widely adopted in the United States. eCR is the automated generation of case reports from EHRs and subsequent reporting to public health agencies. […] These approaches represent an advancement toward better semantic interoperability to support public health surveillance, greatly reducing the burden of reporting from clinical providers and improving the completeness and timeliness of those reports.

• #23 Using Wastewater-Based Epidemiology to Study Chlamydia Occurrence on a College Campus

  https://stars.library.ucf.edu/honorstheses/1335/

  Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted disease caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, commonly affecting sexually active college-aged adults. […] Chlamydia remains underdiagnosed and undertested due to a lack of participation by individuals who may have been exposed to it. […] In this study, wastewater-based epidemiology was used to detect the presence of C. trachomatis on the University of Central Florida campus. […] C. trachomatis was detected at both sites of the UCF campus, with peaks corresponding to periods of the academic semester at which students arrived on campus or had fewer academic responsibilities. […] It was concluded that wastewater-based epidemiology provided a low-cost and non-invasive tool to notify the public of potential chlamydia outbreaks and encourage testing. […] Exploration in wastewater-based epidemiology should continue in research of C. trachomatis detection.

• #24

  https://journals.lww.com/epidem/fulltext/2017/07000/estimating_local_chlamydia_incidence_and.5.aspx

  Understanding patterns of chlamydia prevalence is important for addressing inequalities and planning cost-effective control programs. […] We present a method for estimating local prevalence by modeling the infection, testing, and treatment processes. […] By combining them with surveillance data on numbers of chlamydia tests and diagnoses, we obtain estimates of local screening rates, incidence, and prevalence. […] There is substantial local-level variation in prevalence, with more infection in deprived areas. […] Importantly, we find that positivity (the proportion of tests which were positive) does not provide a reliable proxy for prevalence. […] This approach provides local chlamydia prevalence estimates from surveillance data, which could inform analyses to identify and understand local prevalence patterns and assess local programs.

• #25 Chlamydia and LGV guide: Etiology and epidemiology – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/infectious-diseases/sexual-health-sexually-transmitted-infections/canadian-guidelines/chlamydia-lgv/etiology-epidemiology.html

  Males may be under screened due to infrequent health visits and people at higher risk for chlamydia infections may also be under screened. […] National enhanced surveillance of LGV was carried out from 2004-2012. During this time, 104 confirmed and 66 probable cases were reported to the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) by provinces and territories. Confirmed cases were reported from Quebec, Ontario, British Columbia and Alberta; probable cases were reported from these provinces as well as from Nova Scotia.

• #26

  https://journals.lww.com/epidem/fulltext/2017/07000/estimating_local_chlamydia_incidence_and.5.aspx

  Screening and/or widespread opportunistic testing programs for chlamydia have been introduced in countries including England, Australia, the USA, and the Netherlands. […] National screening programs present opportunities for collecting large quantities of surveillance data, which is valuable but not always straightforward to interpret. […] Our method provides direct prevalence estimates as an alternative to test positivity, which is the best proxy currently available but has no simple relationship to prevalence and is affected by the risk profile of those tested. […] We used the model to investigate the incidence and screening rates underlying observed numbers of chlamydia tests and diagnoses. […] We estimated higher prevalence in more deprived areas, consistent with Natsal-3’s finding that for individuals, being infected with chlamydia was associated with local deprivation.

• #27 Chlamydia cases in women of reproductive age, 2006–2020: an analysis of surveillance data from Southern China | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-025-21318-1

  Chlamydia is common among women of reproductive age and can cause serious health issues. This study aimed to examine the trends and factors linked to newly diagnosed and reported chlamydia cases in women aged 15-49 in Guangdong Province from 2006 to 2020. […] From 2006 to 2020, 523,367 new chlamydia cases were reported among women of reproductive age in Guangdong. The mean reported rate was 122.6 per 100,000 population over 15 years, significantly increasing from 1.4 in 2006 to 179.7 in 2020 (average annual percent change [AAPC]=47.4%, 95% CI: 42.8%-52.2%, P<0.05). [...] The reported rate of new chlamydia cases among women of reproductive age was significantly higher than among older adults and increased markedly from 2006 to 2020. These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted prevention strategies for women of reproductive age.

• #28 Chlamydia cases in women of reproductive age, 2006–2020: an analysis of surveillance data from Southern China | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-025-21318-1

  Chlamydia is not classified as a notifiable infectious disease under the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases. […] Our study reveals a significant increase in the reported rate of new chlamydia cases among women of reproductive age in Guangdong over a 15-year period, surpassing rates in older women. […] We observed a significantly higher reported rate of new chlamydia cases in women of reproductive age compared to older adults, with a notable increase between 2006 and 2020. This rate exhibits a strong correlation with economic factors. Our findings underscore the urgent need for more targeted prevention interventions for women of reproductive age.

• #29 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 2016 – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.mn.gov/diseases/reportable/dcn/sum16/std.html

  Surveillance for gonorrhea and chlamydia in Minnesota are monitored through a mostly passive surveillance system involving review of submitted case reports and laboratory reports. […] Chlamydia trachomatis infection is the most commonly reported infectious disease in Minnesota. In 2016, 22,675 chlamydia cases (428 per 100,000 population) were reported, representing a 7% increase from 2015. […] Adolescents and young adults are at highest risk for acquiring a chlamydia infection. The chlamydia rate is highest among 20 to 24-year-olds (2,391 per 100,000), followed by the 15 to 19-year-old age group (1,617 per 100,000). The incidence of chlamydia among adults 25 to 29 years of age (1,102 per 100,000) is considerably lower but has increased in recent years. The chlamydia rate among females (560 per 100,000) is more than twice the rate among males (293 per 100,000), a difference most likely due to more frequent screening among females. The incidence of chlamydia infection is highest in communities of color.

• #30 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 2016 – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.mn.gov/diseases/reportable/dcn/sum16/std.html

  The rate among blacks (1,825 per 100,000) is 9 times higher than the rate among whites (193 per 100,000). Although blacks comprise approximately 5% of Minnesota’s population, they account for 22% of reported chlamydia cases. Rates among Asian/Pacific Islanders (342 per 100,000), Hispanics (522 per 100,000), and American Indians (943 per 100,000) are over 2 to 4 times higher than the rate among whites. […] Chlamydia infections occur throughout the state, with the highest reported rates in Minneapolis (1,196 per 100,000) and St. Paul (912 per 100,000). While there was an overall increase of 7% across the state in 2016, the greatest increase for chlamydia was seen in Greater Minnesota. This area displayed an increase of 11%. Every county in Minnesota had at least 2 cases in 2016.

• #31 NYC Health Department Releases 2023 Sexually Transmitted Infections Surveillance Data – NYC Health

  https://www.nyc.gov/site/doh/about/press/pr2024/nyc-health-department-releases-2023-sti-surveillance-data.page

  Data Show Decreases in Syphilis Rates and Mpox; Increases in Congenital Syphilis, Chlamydia, and Gonorrhea Rates Compared with 2022 […] Chlamydia rates increased 8.0 percent among men and 5.4 percent among women. […] Adolescent girls and young women consistently have the highest rates of chlamydia of any age group, but not all youth are affected equally. Black and Latina youth continue to be disproportionately impacted. […] Rates of STIs continue to vary by neighborhood. In 2023, the highest case rates of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and early syphilis were among residents in Manhattans Chelsea-Clinton neighborhood.

• #32 Chlamydia 2023

  https://en.ssi.dk/surveillance-and-preparedness/surveillance-in-denmark/annual-reports-on-disease-incidence/c/chlamydia-2023

  In 2023, 295,346 people (204,700 women, 90,484 men, and 162 of unknown gender) were tested for chlamydia, distributed over 380,618 testing episodes, which is a slight increase from 286,839 tested individuals and 368,645 testing episodes in 2022. […] The number of confirmed cases in 2023 was 37,111, a decrease of 10.8% from 2022, where 41,595 cases were observed, as shown in Table 1. […] The incidence rate decreased for the 15-29 age group for both genders, whereas a slight increase was seen among men aged 30-34 and 50+. […] Overall, there was a decrease in incidence rate for both men (from 591 to 533) and women (from 820 to 712) from 2022 to 2023. […] From 2022 to 2023, the incidence rate of laboratory-confirmed chlamydia cases (per 105 inhabitants) decreased for both men and women across the entire country, except for men on Bornholm, Table 3.

• #33 2023 News Archive: Gonorrhoea and chlamydia notifications increase nationally – Health Protection Surveillance Centre

  https://www.hpsc.ie/news/newsarchive/2023newsarchive/title-23442-en.html

  Preliminary data for 2023 to date (week 38 ending 23/09/2023) shows an increase nationally in notifications for chlamydia (43%) and gonorrhoea (95%) when compared to data up to week 38 2022. […] Preliminary data for 2023 shows that 52% of chlamydia and 39% of gonorrhoea notifications occur in those aged 15-24 years. […] Where known, 33% of gonorrhoea notifications have been in heterosexual women. […] However, in Ireland, we know that in 2023, availability of the national home testing service has increased access to testing and affected numbers of cases notified, with 20% of gonorrhoea notifications and 36% of chlamydia notifications in 2023 first being identified via the home testing service. […] Many people are unaware that they have an STI as they are often asymptomatic. […] The key prevention messages are to use condoms for vaginal, oral and anal sex, and to get tested for STIs if people have symptoms of an STI, change their sexual partner, have multiple or overlapping partners or their partner has an STI.

• #34 Trends of chlamydia and gonorrhea infections by anatomic sites among men who have sex with men in south China: a surveillance analysis from 2018 to 2022 | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-024-19987-5

  Chlamydia and gonorrhea notifications are rapidly rising in men who have sex with men (MSM). Currently, there are limited data on the prevalence of chlamydia and gonorrhea across various anatomical sites. Our study aimed to explore the prevalence, association and changing trends of urethral and rectal chlamydia and gonorrhea among MSM in Guangdong Province, China. […] We included 4856 men in the analysis. Rectal chlamydia significantly increased from 13.8% to 26.4% over the past 5 years (average annual percentage change [AAPC] 19.2%, 95%CI 1.0-40.6, p=0.043). […] To conclude, our findings reveal a high prevalence of chlamydia infections among MSM, particularly in the rectal area. Comprehensive chlamydia and gonorrhea health services are necessary for MSM to improve sexual health. […] In China, the prevalence of chlamydia and gonorrhea infections among MSM in 2018 ranged from 13.9 to 22.5%, and 5.3 to 11.0%, respectively.

• #35 Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Active Component Members of the U.S. Armed Forces, 2015–2023 | Health.mil

  https://health.mil/News/Articles/2024/06/01/MSMR-STIs-2023

  This report summarizes incidence rates and trends of sexually transmitted infections from 2015 through 2023 among active component service members of the U.S. Armed Forces. […] The data compiled for this report are derived from the medical surveillance of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis as nationally notifiable diseases. […] By 2023, chlamydia rates had dropped by approximately 39%, while gonorrhea rates had fallen by more than 40% for female, and 19% for male, service members. […] Age- and gender-adjusted case rates for chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis remain elevated within the U.S. Armed Forces compared to the general U.S. population, which may be due to factors that include mandatory STI screening, more complete reporting, incomplete adjustment for age distribution, and inequitable comparisons between the military active duty and general U.S. populations.

• #36 Investigating possibilities for surveillance of long term chlamydia complications in the Netherlands: A qualitative study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0305279

  Chlamydia trachomatis (chlamydia) is one of the most reported bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STI) worldwide. Chlamydia can cause long term complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ectopic pregnancy (EP) and tubal factor infertility (TFI). […] The authors stress the urgent investment needed to establish surveillance systems to record and monitor trends of chlamydia related complications, such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) over time. […] Currently, no national surveillance system for PID, EP and/or TFI is in place. […] We aimed to investigate the possibilities to introduce long term chlamydia complications (e.g. PID, EP and TFI) under surveillance in the Netherlands according to relevant stakeholders that diagnose these complications. […] Most respondents acknowledged registration in diagnostic codes as a useful surveillance tool.

• #37 Natural history and epidemiology of Chlamydia trachomatis – The natural history of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women: a multi-parameter evidence synthesis – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK350675/

  […] […] Pelvic inflammatory disease is not easy to diagnose and the criteria for a clinical diagnosis of PID have changed over time. […] […] […] Recognising the difficulty of achieving a definitive diagnosis, the British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) guidelines emphasise a low threshold for empiric treatment, to lower the risk of subsequent EP and infertility. […] […] […] Estimates of CT prevalence are approximately fourfold higher in women aged 16-24 years than women aged 25-44 years. […] […] […] The Lund studies established the key relationship between PID and TFI, which parallels the relationship between EP and TFI.

• #38 Investigating possibilities for surveillance of long term chlamydia complications in the Netherlands: A qualitative study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0305279

  Patient files of gynaecologists are likely to be most complete for monitoring trends of diagnosed chlamydia related long term complications in the Netherlands. However, when establishing a chlamydia complication surveillance system, professionals should be engaged in further standardizing diagnosis and registration practices. This will improve the quality and interpretability of complication surveillance and facilitate comparison between countries.

• #39 Chlamydia And Public Health: Surveillance, Prevention, And Control Measures – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/chlamydia-and-public-health-surveillance-prevention-and-control-measures/

  The CTAD Chlamydia Surveillance System is the government’s report on chlamydia testing and detection in England. The report covers in detail at national and local levels screening coverage, the proportion of positive chlamydia tests, and the chlamydia detection rate. […] The use of schemes to screen young people who are showing no symptoms can improve treatment rates and decrease the incidence of the long term effects of untreated chlamydia. Additionally, treating an increased number of cases from increased screening and detection can help to prevent the spread of infection. In turn, this can reduce the number of new infections. […] The ECDC recommends that EU/EEA Member States should have a national strategy or plan for the control of STIs such as chlamydia. This strategy should include primary prevention interventions targeted towards at-risk individuals. It also calls for improved surveillance of diagnosed infections. […] These control measures aim to keep the incidence of chlamydia infections from rising.

• #40

  https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/chlamydia-surveillance-data-screening-and-management

  The surveillance, epidemiology, screening and prevention of chlamydia. […] Genital chlamydia infection is caused by the Chlamydia trachomatis bacterium which is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection in the UK. The prevalence of infection is highest in young sexually active adults (15 to 24 years olds). […] The aim of the National Chlamydia Screening Programme (NCSP) is focused on reducing the harms from untreated chlamydia infection. […] NCSP: programme overview […] Sexual and Reproductive Health Profiles: interactive maps, charts and tables. […] National chlamydia screening programme (NCSP): annual data […] Laboratory diagnosis is currently achieved using nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) which are highly sensitive and specific. […] Information, data, guidance and resources on the National Chlamydia Screening Programme (NCSP) […] CTAD Chlamydia Surveillance System […] National Chlamydia Screening Programme (NCSP) […] STIs: surveillance, data, screening and management.

• #41

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis)

  More than 1 million curable STIs are acquired every day. […] In 2020, WHO estimated 374 million new infections with 1 of 4 STIs: chlamydia (129 million), gonorrhoea (82 million), syphilis (7.1 million) and trichomoniasis (156 million). […] STIs such as gonorrhoea and chlamydia are major causes of pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility in women. […] AMR of STIs in particular gonorrhoea has increased rapidly in recent years and has reduced treatment options. […] WHO supports the estimation and economic burden of STIs and the strengthening of STI surveillance. […] WHO recommends countries to enhance syndromic management by gradually incorporating laboratory testing to support diagnosis. […] To interrupt transmission and prevent re-infection, treating sexual partners is an important component of STI case management. […] In many settings, STI services are often neglected and underfunded. […] These problems lead to difficulties in providing testing for asymptomatic infections, insufficient number of trained personnel, limited laboratory capacity and inadequate supplies of appropriate medicines.

• #42

  https://journals.lww.com/epidem/fulltext/2017/07000/estimating_local_chlamydia_incidence_and.5.aspx

  The major limitation of the current analysis, and an important source of uncertainty in the prevalence estimates obtained, is uncertainty in the proportion of incident infections that are asymptomatic. […] The approach we describe provides a tool to enable important questions about chlamydia epidemiology to be addressed, facilitating greater use of data to inform action and reduce inequality.

• #43 Time series analysis and forecasting of chlamydia trachomatis incidence using surveillance data from 2008 to 2019 in Shenzhen, China | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/time-series-analysis-and-forecasting-of-chlamydia-trachomatis-incidence-using-surveillance-data-from-2008-to-2019-in-shenzhen-china/7915F971A0FBA974783D9FF5267C376A

  Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection has been a major public health threat globally. Monitoring and prediction of CT epidemic status and trends are important for programme planning, allocating resources and assessing impact; however, such activities are limited in China. […] The monthly incidence of CT infection ranged from 4.80/100 000 to 21.56/100 000. […] The SARIMA model could be applied to effectively predict the short-term CT incidence in Shenzhen and provide support for the development of interventions for disease control and prevention. […] Presently, numerous useful mathematical and statistical methods together with their corresponding technologies (e.g. software tools) have been developed and widely applied in diseases forecasting. Among them, time series analysis is one of the quantitative methods which can effectively predict the future incidence of communicable diseases and epidemiological trends using previously observed data and time variables.

• #44 Eurosurveillance | The Chlamydia surveillance system in Sweden delivers relevant and accurate data: results from the system evaluation, 1997-2008

  https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/ese.16.27.19907-en

  This study evaluates the ability of the Chlamydia surveillance system to provide relevant information to inform prevention and control activities in Sweden. […] The interviewed stakeholders considered the system to deliver relevant and accurate information that is useful for health policy decision making. […] However, the objectives for Chlamydia surveillance should be clearly defined in order to adapt the system requirements, simplify data collection and improve timeliness.

• #45 Epidemiology, Transmission Mode, and Pathogenesis of Chlamydia pecorum Infection in Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus): An Overview

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/14/18/2686

  Chlamydial infections are a major threat to the health of koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus), an iconic Australian marsupial. […] Therefore, a deeper understanding of chlamydial infections, including their epidemiology, transmission mode, pathogenesis, host immune response, control, and prevention, is critical for the management of chlamydial infections in koalas. […] A clear understanding of chlamydial infections, including the epidemiology, transmission mode, pathogenesis, immune response, control, and prevention thereof, is essential for improving the management of chlamydial infections in koalas. […] C. pecorum is considered the key chlamydial pathogen infecting koalas, and complex host–pathogen interactions exist. Therefore, a clear understanding of the prevalence, transmission, pathogenesis, and preventive tools, such as the development of vaccines against C. pecorum, is essential for improving koala health and conservation, both in the wild and in captivity.

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