Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Chlamydial Infections – STI Treatment GuidelinesMinusSASstats

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/chlamydia.htm

  Chlamydial infection is the most frequently reported bacterial infectious disease in the United States, and prevalence is highest among persons aged ≤24 years. Multiple sequelae can result from C. trachomatis infection among women, the most serious of which include PID, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility. Certain women who receive a diagnosis of uncomplicated cervical infection already have subclinical upper genital tract infection. […] Asymptomatic infection is common among both men and women. To detect chlamydial infection, health care providers frequently rely on screening tests. Annual screening of all sexually active women aged <25 years is recommended, as is screening of older women at increased risk for infection. [...] Chlamydia screening programs have been demonstrated to reduce PID rates among women.

• #2 Chlamydia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537286/

  Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the greatest number of sexually transmitted infections and the majority of infection-related of blindness worldwide. In the United States, it is the most commonly reported bacterial infection. This activity reviews the evaluation and management of Chlamydia trachomatis infections and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in the care of affected patients. […] Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted infectious disease caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. In the United States, it is the most commonly reported bacterial infection. Globally, it is the most common sexually transmitted infection. […] The gold standard for the diagnosis of urogenital chlamydia infections is nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT). This test is run on either the vaginal swabs for women or first-catch urine for men. Testing can also be performed on endocervical or urethral swabs.

• #3 Chlamydial Infections – STI Treatment GuidelinesMinusSASstats

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/chlamydia.htm

  Chlamydial infection is the most frequently reported bacterial infectious disease in the United States, and prevalence is highest among persons aged ≤24 years. Multiple sequelae can result from C. trachomatis infection among women, the most serious of which include PID, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility. Certain women who receive a diagnosis of uncomplicated cervical infection already have subclinical upper genital tract infection. […] Asymptomatic infection is common among both men and women. To detect chlamydial infection, health care providers frequently rely on screening tests. Annual screening of all sexually active women aged <25 years is recommended, as is screening of older women at increased risk for infection. [...] Chlamydia screening programs have been demonstrated to reduce PID rates among women.

• #4 About Chlamydia | Chlamydia | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/chlamydia/about/index.html

  Chlamydia is a common STI that can cause infection among men and women. It can cause permanent damage to a woman’s reproductive system. This can make it difficult or impossible to get pregnant later. Chlamydia can also cause a potentially fatal ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy that occurs outside the womb). […] If you are sexually active, have an honest and open talk with your healthcare provider. Ask them if you should get tested for chlamydia or other STIs. […] Testing is also recommended during pregnancy in some cases. […] Laboratory tests can diagnose chlamydia. Your healthcare provider may ask you to provide a urine sample for testing, or they might use (or ask you to use) a cotton swab to get a vaginal sample. […] Yes, the right treatment can cure chlamydia. It is important that you take all of the medicine your healthcare provider gives you to cure your infection.

• #5 Chlamydia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537286/

  Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the greatest number of sexually transmitted infections and the majority of infection-related of blindness worldwide. In the United States, it is the most commonly reported bacterial infection. This activity reviews the evaluation and management of Chlamydia trachomatis infections and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in the care of affected patients. […] Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted infectious disease caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. In the United States, it is the most commonly reported bacterial infection. Globally, it is the most common sexually transmitted infection. […] The gold standard for the diagnosis of urogenital chlamydia infections is nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT). This test is run on either the vaginal swabs for women or first-catch urine for men. Testing can also be performed on endocervical or urethral swabs.

• #6 Chlamydial Infections – STI Treatment GuidelinesMinusSASstats

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/chlamydia.htm

  For women, C. trachomatis urogenital infection can be diagnosed by vaginal or cervical swabs or first-void urine. For men, C. trachomatis urethral infection can be diagnosed by testing first-void urine or a urethral swab. NAATs are the most sensitive tests for these specimens and are the recommended test for detecting C. trachomatis infection. […] Rectal and oropharyngeal C. trachomatis infection among persons engaging in receptive anal or oral intercourse can be diagnosed by testing at the anatomic exposure site. NAATs have been demonstrated to have improved sensitivity and specificity, compared with culture, for detecting C. trachomatis at rectal and oropharyngeal sites. […] POC tests for C. trachomatis among asymptomatic persons can expedite treatment of infected persons and their sex partners.

• #7 Factsheet about chlamydia

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/chlamydia/facts

  Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) are the most sensitive (90-95%) and the most widely used tests for genital chlamydia. They detect all serovars of C. trachomatis including the LGV serovars. An advantage of NAATs is that they can detect C. trachomatis in first void urine and self-administered vulvovaginal swabs in addition to urethral, cervical and rectal swabs which makes them suitable for large volume screening. […] Direct Fluorescent Antibody tests (DFA) can be used on all specimens but have low sensitivity and are comparatively labour intensive. […] Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay tests (EIA) can be used on all specimens. They are inexpensive compared but are less sensitive than NAATs. […] Point of Care Tests (POTs) allow treatment of the patient while in the clinic but are expensive and not suitable for large volume testing in the clinical setting. Sensitivity is less than for NAATs. POTs can be used for self-collected vaginal swabs and allows for self-testing outside of the clinic.

• #8 Diagnostic Procedures to Detect Chlamydia trachomatis Infections

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/4/3/25

  Diagnostic Procedures to Detect Chlamydia trachomatis Infections […] The intracellular life style of chlamydia and the ability to cause persistent infections with low-grade replication requires tests with high analytical sensitivity to directly detect C. trachomatis (CT) in medical samples. Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) are the most sensitive assays with a specificity similar to cell culture and are considered the method of choice for CT detection. […] In particular, anorectal infections of men who have sex with men (MSM) should include evaluation of lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) by identification of genotypes L1, L2 or L3. Detection of CT antigens by enzyme immunoassay (EIAs) or rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are unsuitable due to insufficient sensitivity and specificity. Recent PCR-based RDTs, however, are non-inferior to standard NAATs, and might be used at the point-of-care.

• #9 Chlamydia and Herpes Simplex Virus – Screening and Diagnosis – Medical Clinical Policy Bulletins | Aetna

  https://www.aetna.com/cpb/medical/data/400_499/0433.html

  The following tests are considered medically necessary for screening or diagnosis of C. trachomatis infection: Cell culture, Enzyme immunoassay (EIA), Direct fluorescent antibody (DFA), DNA hybridization (DNA probe), DNA amplified hybridization (nucleic acid amplification) which includes any of the following: Ligase chain reaction (LCR); or Polymerase chain reaction (PCR); or Self-sustaining sequence replication (SSR); or Strand displacement amplification(SDA).

• #10 Chlamydial Infections – STI Treatment GuidelinesMinusSASstats

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/chlamydia.htm

  For women, C. trachomatis urogenital infection can be diagnosed by vaginal or cervical swabs or first-void urine. For men, C. trachomatis urethral infection can be diagnosed by testing first-void urine or a urethral swab. NAATs are the most sensitive tests for these specimens and are the recommended test for detecting C. trachomatis infection. […] Rectal and oropharyngeal C. trachomatis infection among persons engaging in receptive anal or oral intercourse can be diagnosed by testing at the anatomic exposure site. NAATs have been demonstrated to have improved sensitivity and specificity, compared with culture, for detecting C. trachomatis at rectal and oropharyngeal sites. […] POC tests for C. trachomatis among asymptomatic persons can expedite treatment of infected persons and their sex partners.

• #11 Chlamydia Test: What It Is, Purpose, Procedure & Results

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/22352-chlamydia-test

  The most common type of chlamydia test is called a nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT). A NAAT detects the DNA of the bacteria that cause the chlamydia infection. You provide a sample of your pee (urine). Or a provider collects a sample of secretions from your vagina or urethra. A lab tests the sample for signs of the bacteria. […] A positive test means the lab detected the bacteria that cause chlamydia. This means you have a chlamydia infection and will need treatment with antibiotics. You should notify your sexual partners, so they can get tested, too. […] A chlamydia test is essential to limiting the spread of this sexually transmitted infection (STI). Its especially important to get screened for chlamydia regularly if youre at a higher risk of this STI. Untreated, the infection can cause health problems and you can spread it to your partner(s). While youre waiting for results and during treatment, avoid having sex. Wait until your provider says its safe to have sex again. Be sure to practice safe sex to avoid getting an STI.

• #12 The laboratory diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infections

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2095010/

  Chlamydiae are labile bacteria, and viability can be maintained by keeping specimens cold and minimizing the time between specimen collection and processing in the laboratory. […] For successful culture of chlamydiae, swabs, scrapings and small tissue samples should be forwarded to the laboratory in a special chlamydial transport medium such as 2SP. […] Currently, culture is the only assay that provides acceptable results for C trachomatis in legal abuse cases, but collection of specimens for nucleic acid amplification (NAA) tests at the same time may enhance an investigation. […] Culture is the only procedure that confirms the presence of viable organisms. Antigens, nucleic acids or antibodies can be present in the absence of viable infectious particles. […] The NAA assays have become the tests of choice for the diagnosis of C trachomatis infection in routine clinical laboratories. […] Serology is not recommended for diagnosing chlamydial infections, with the exception of infection in neonates, patients with tubal factor infertility and occasionally for LGV infections when bubo aspirates are not available.

• #13 Factsheet about chlamydia

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/chlamydia/facts

  Cell-culture can be used on all specimens and allows for susceptibility testing. It is a highly specific method but has low sensitivity (60-80%), and is comparatively more expensive and technically more difficult than non-culture tests. […] Chlamydia serology can be used for diagnosing chronic infections and for estimating life-time infection but does not add to the clinical management of acute infections or the screening of asymptomatic patients. High titers of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies are common in pelvic infections. […] The case definition for genital chlamydia infection for the purpose of reporting to the community network is available here.

• #14 Chlamydia (Chlamydial Genitourinary Infections) Workup: Approach Considerations, Basic Laboratory Studies, Cytology and Cell Culture

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/214823-workup

  Because of its high specificity (100%) and sensitivity, cell culture is the only test that should be used to establish the presence or absence of infections in cases with legal implications, such as those involving rape or sexual abuse. […] NAATs have become the preferred diagnostic and screening test for C trachomatis genital infection in the United States because they are sensitive and can be used for noninvasive testing without the need for a pelvic examination or a urethral swab. […] The main disadvantage of this approach is that it is less sensitive than tissue culture. […] The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of serologic studies for Chlamydia are not high enough to make any of them clinically useful in the diagnosis of active disease. […] Imaging studies usually are not required for patients with uncomplicated genital chlamydial infections. […] The US Preventive Services Task Force recommends routine Chlamydia screening for sexually active young women aged 24 years or younger to prevent consequences of untreated chlamydial infection.

• #15 The laboratory diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infections

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2095010/

  Chlamydiae are labile bacteria, and viability can be maintained by keeping specimens cold and minimizing the time between specimen collection and processing in the laboratory. […] For successful culture of chlamydiae, swabs, scrapings and small tissue samples should be forwarded to the laboratory in a special chlamydial transport medium such as 2SP. […] Currently, culture is the only assay that provides acceptable results for C trachomatis in legal abuse cases, but collection of specimens for nucleic acid amplification (NAA) tests at the same time may enhance an investigation. […] Culture is the only procedure that confirms the presence of viable organisms. Antigens, nucleic acids or antibodies can be present in the absence of viable infectious particles. […] The NAA assays have become the tests of choice for the diagnosis of C trachomatis infection in routine clinical laboratories. […] Serology is not recommended for diagnosing chlamydial infections, with the exception of infection in neonates, patients with tubal factor infertility and occasionally for LGV infections when bubo aspirates are not available.

• #16 Factsheet about chlamydia

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/chlamydia/facts

  Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) are the most sensitive (90-95%) and the most widely used tests for genital chlamydia. They detect all serovars of C. trachomatis including the LGV serovars. An advantage of NAATs is that they can detect C. trachomatis in first void urine and self-administered vulvovaginal swabs in addition to urethral, cervical and rectal swabs which makes them suitable for large volume screening. […] Direct Fluorescent Antibody tests (DFA) can be used on all specimens but have low sensitivity and are comparatively labour intensive. […] Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay tests (EIA) can be used on all specimens. They are inexpensive compared but are less sensitive than NAATs. […] Point of Care Tests (POTs) allow treatment of the patient while in the clinic but are expensive and not suitable for large volume testing in the clinical setting. Sensitivity is less than for NAATs. POTs can be used for self-collected vaginal swabs and allows for self-testing outside of the clinic.

• #17 The Laboratory Diagnosis of Chlamydia Infections | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/86574

  The diagnosis of psittacosis is usually made by serological testing, and species-specific MIF testing should be performed to confirm. […] Laboratory tests are critical because most of the patients are asymptomatic. […] Chlamydia testing is indicated for patients with STIs who have urogenital, anorectal, and ocular symptoms, people who have had sexual contact with patients with STIs, and people who are screened for chlamydia. […] Among the diagnostic methods other than culture, immunofluorescence and enzyme-based immunological methods (enzyme immunoassay, EIA) are the main ones. […] The microimmunofluorescence method is a sensitive method for measuring antichlamydial antibodies. […] Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and other molecular diagnostic methods are not widely used in the diagnosis of trachoma.

• #18 Factsheet about chlamydia

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/chlamydia/facts

  Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) are the most sensitive (90-95%) and the most widely used tests for genital chlamydia. They detect all serovars of C. trachomatis including the LGV serovars. An advantage of NAATs is that they can detect C. trachomatis in first void urine and self-administered vulvovaginal swabs in addition to urethral, cervical and rectal swabs which makes them suitable for large volume screening. […] Direct Fluorescent Antibody tests (DFA) can be used on all specimens but have low sensitivity and are comparatively labour intensive. […] Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay tests (EIA) can be used on all specimens. They are inexpensive compared but are less sensitive than NAATs. […] Point of Care Tests (POTs) allow treatment of the patient while in the clinic but are expensive and not suitable for large volume testing in the clinical setting. Sensitivity is less than for NAATs. POTs can be used for self-collected vaginal swabs and allows for self-testing outside of the clinic.

• #19 The laboratory diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infections

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2095010/

  Chlamydiae are labile bacteria, and viability can be maintained by keeping specimens cold and minimizing the time between specimen collection and processing in the laboratory. […] For successful culture of chlamydiae, swabs, scrapings and small tissue samples should be forwarded to the laboratory in a special chlamydial transport medium such as 2SP. […] Currently, culture is the only assay that provides acceptable results for C trachomatis in legal abuse cases, but collection of specimens for nucleic acid amplification (NAA) tests at the same time may enhance an investigation. […] Culture is the only procedure that confirms the presence of viable organisms. Antigens, nucleic acids or antibodies can be present in the absence of viable infectious particles. […] The NAA assays have become the tests of choice for the diagnosis of C trachomatis infection in routine clinical laboratories. […] Serology is not recommended for diagnosing chlamydial infections, with the exception of infection in neonates, patients with tubal factor infertility and occasionally for LGV infections when bubo aspirates are not available.

• #20 Diagnostic Procedures to Detect Chlamydia trachomatis Infections

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/4/3/25

  Testing for chlamydia is indicated in patients with urogenital, anorectal, and ocular symptoms, patients with STI other than chlamydia, sexual contacts of persons with STI, and persons destined for chlamydia screening. Diagnostic procedures to detect CT infections include both direct and indirect methods. […] On the other hand, serology is inappropriate to diagnose acute infections of the lower genital and anal tract, as the antibody response becomes detectable only after weeks to months and is often less pronounced. […] NAATs are the most sensitive tests to detect chlamydia. These tests also have a high specificity comparable to culture, but in contrast to culture, do not depend on viable pathogens, facilitating specimen transport. Therefore, NAATs are generally considered the test of choice for chlamydia and have replaced culture as the diagnostic gold standard. […] In populations with low prevalence of chlamydia, the predictive value of positive results is low, even when using tests with high specificity.

• #21 Chlamydia trachomatis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chlamydia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355355

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends chlamydia testing for anyone with chlamydia symptoms. Regardless of symptoms, talk to your healthcare team to find out how often you should be screened for chlamydia. […] Screening and diagnosis of chlamydia is relatively simple. You may be able to use a test that’s available without a prescription, sometimes called an at-home test, to see if you have chlamydia. If that test shows you have chlamydia, you’ll need to see a healthcare professional to confirm the diagnosis and start treatment. […] To determine whether you have chlamydia, your healthcare professional will analyze a sample of cells. Samples can be collected with: […] A urine test. A sample of urine is analyzed in the laboratory for presence of this infection. This can be done for males and females.

• #22 Chlamydia trachomatis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chlamydia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355355

  A swab. A sample from the cervix, vagina, throat or anus is collected on a swab for testing. From the cervix, a member of your healthcare team collects a sample of the discharge from the cervix on a swab for testing. This can be done during a routine Pap test. For a swab from the vagina, either you or the healthcare professional can do the swab. For males and females, depending on sexual history, a swab may be taken from the throat or the anus. […] Three months after treatment, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends getting tested for chlamydia again. This is to make sure people haven’t been reinfected with the bacteria, which can happen if sex partners aren’t treated, or new sex partners have the bacteria.

• #23 Chlamydia Test: What It Is, Purpose, Procedure & Results

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/22352-chlamydia-test

  A chlamydia test detects the bacteria that cause chlamydia, a sexually transmitted infection (STI). This test tells you if you have a chlamydia infection. Your provider takes a sample of urine or secretions from your vagina, penis or rectum and sends it to a lab for testing. Results are usually ready in a day. Avoid sex while waiting for results. […] This test detects a chlamydia infection, the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the world. A chlamydia test looks for the bacteria that cause the infection (Chlamydia trachomatis). […] For this test, you provide a urine sample. Or your provider takes a swab of fluid from your vagina, anus, throat or eye (depending on where the infection might be). Most often, you get this test in a healthcare providers office. But you may be able to do the test on your own using an at-home test kit.

• #24 Diagnostic Procedures to Detect Chlamydia trachomatis Infections

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/4/3/25

  In principle, all relevant clinical materials can be analyzed by NAATs, including urethral, cervical, vulvo-vaginal, anorectal and ocular swabs, first void urine (FVU), sperm or tissues. […] To detect extra-genital CT infections (conjunctivitis, anorectal or pharyngeal infections, incl. LGV) testing of corresponding swabs or tissue samples is required. […] Next to sufficient diagnostic accuracy of chlamydia tests, the time to generate and report test results is also important with respect to timely initiation of treatment. […] In contrast to immune chromatographic RDTs for detection of CT antigen, molecular RDTs using nucleic acid amplification techniques have a high diagnostic accuracy, comparable to standard NAATs. […] Testing for chlamydia antibodies is not useful to diagnose local epithelial infections of the lower genital tract, because antibodies are detectable with a delay of several weeks, antibody titers may be low, and many serologic test are not able to differentiate antibodies against different chlamydia species. […] The microimmunefluorescence (MIF) test was long considered the reference method of chlamydia antibody testing. […] Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacterium that infects epithelial cells and fibroblasts. […] Therefore, direct detection of C. trachomatis requires a test with high sensitivity. Of all diagnostic techniques, NAATs are the most sensitive tests.

• #25 Chlamydia and LGV guide: Screening and diagnostic testing – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/infectious-diseases/sexual-health-sexually-transmitted-infections/canadian-guidelines/chlamydia-lgv/screening-diagnostic-testing.html

  Screening and diagnostic testing guidance for Chlamydia trachomatis infections (including lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)). […] Screening for chlamydia is essential for detecting and treating asymptomatic infections and preventing transmission. […] The use of non-invasive samples (i.e., urine or self-obtained vaginal swab) can increase acceptance of screening for C. trachomatis infections. […] Offer universal annual screening in all sexually active persons under the age of 30 years. […] For persons with multiple sexual partners or a new partner since last tested, offer screening every three to six months. […] Consider implementing an opt-out approach to chlamydia screening as frequently as every 3 months in populations or communities experiencing high prevalence of chlamydia (and other STBBI).

• #26 Chlamydial Infections – STI Treatment GuidelinesMinusSASstats

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/chlamydia.htm

  For women, C. trachomatis urogenital infection can be diagnosed by vaginal or cervical swabs or first-void urine. For men, C. trachomatis urethral infection can be diagnosed by testing first-void urine or a urethral swab. NAATs are the most sensitive tests for these specimens and are the recommended test for detecting C. trachomatis infection. […] Rectal and oropharyngeal C. trachomatis infection among persons engaging in receptive anal or oral intercourse can be diagnosed by testing at the anatomic exposure site. NAATs have been demonstrated to have improved sensitivity and specificity, compared with culture, for detecting C. trachomatis at rectal and oropharyngeal sites. […] POC tests for C. trachomatis among asymptomatic persons can expedite treatment of infected persons and their sex partners.

• #27 Chlamydia Diagnosis New Test

  https://www.healthline.com/health-news/new-30-minute-chlamydia-test-could-help-limit-disease-spread

  Experts say patients can get results before they leave the doctors office, allowing them to start treatments earlier. […] A test for the common sexually transmitted disease chlamydia reportedly delivers quick and accurate results fast enough that someone can be told whether they have the disease while still in the doctors office. […] The prompt turnaround could shorten the time between diagnosis and treatment and, researchers say, limit transmission of the disease. […] The study found that the Atlas test was nearly as accurate as the standard test. […] Most current [chlamydia] tests have a prolonged turnaround time, leading to results reported hours or days after the patient has left the healthcare visit, wrote the researchers, who were led by Charlotte Gaydos, Dr. PH, director of the Johns Hopkins University Center for the Development of Point-of-Care Tests for STDs.

• #28 Diagnostic Procedures to Detect Chlamydia trachomatis Infections

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/4/3/25

  In principle, all relevant clinical materials can be analyzed by NAATs, including urethral, cervical, vulvo-vaginal, anorectal and ocular swabs, first void urine (FVU), sperm or tissues. […] To detect extra-genital CT infections (conjunctivitis, anorectal or pharyngeal infections, incl. LGV) testing of corresponding swabs or tissue samples is required. […] Next to sufficient diagnostic accuracy of chlamydia tests, the time to generate and report test results is also important with respect to timely initiation of treatment. […] In contrast to immune chromatographic RDTs for detection of CT antigen, molecular RDTs using nucleic acid amplification techniques have a high diagnostic accuracy, comparable to standard NAATs. […] Testing for chlamydia antibodies is not useful to diagnose local epithelial infections of the lower genital tract, because antibodies are detectable with a delay of several weeks, antibody titers may be low, and many serologic test are not able to differentiate antibodies against different chlamydia species. […] The microimmunefluorescence (MIF) test was long considered the reference method of chlamydia antibody testing. […] Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacterium that infects epithelial cells and fibroblasts. […] Therefore, direct detection of C. trachomatis requires a test with high sensitivity. Of all diagnostic techniques, NAATs are the most sensitive tests.

• #29 Chlamydia Diagnosis New Test

  https://www.healthline.com/health-news/new-30-minute-chlamydia-test-could-help-limit-disease-spread

  These delays can impact clinical outcomes due to treatment delays or missed treatment when patients cannot be located. […] The lag between getting tested and receiving results can increase the risk of further transmission of the disease, Adalja said. […] The goal for any infectious disease is to have point-of-contact testing, said Adalja. […] A new, rapid test for chlamydia can yield accurate results in 30 minutes. […] People who get test results at the point of contact with the healthcare system can get immediate treatment. […] Quick treatment can prevent health problems for people with the disease and prevent it from spreading further.

• #30 Understanding Chlamydia: Diagnosis and Treatment – Consensus: AI Search Engine for Research

  https://consensus.app/home/blog/understanding-chlamydia-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Effective diagnosis and treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis are essential in managing this common STI and preventing its complications. […] Rapid diagnostic tests and point-of-care testing offer timely and accurate diagnosis, while doxycycline has proven to be more effective than azithromycin for rectal chlamydia. […] Retesting and comprehensive screening programs are crucial in detecting reinfections and preventing severe outcomes. […] Ongoing research and tailored strategies are needed to optimize chlamydia management and improve public health outcomes. […] Rapid diagnostic tests for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae have shown promise in improving clinical management, particularly in emergency department settings. […] This approach ensures timely and accurate diagnosis, which is critical for effective treatment and reducing the spread of infection.

• #31 Understanding Chlamydia: Diagnosis and Treatment – Consensus: AI Search Engine for Research

  https://consensus.app/home/blog/understanding-chlamydia-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Point-of-care molecular tests have been evaluated for their efficacy in remote and high-prevalence communities. […] This method is particularly beneficial in settings where access to laboratory facilities is limited. […] The choice of antibiotics for treating Chlamydia trachomatis infections varies based on the site of infection and patient population. […] Retesting after initial treatment is crucial to detect and manage reinfections. […] Additionally, combining postal home collection kits with SMS reminders significantly increased retesting rates and detection of repeat positive tests across various risk groups. […] Screening and early treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis can prevent severe complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). […] These findings highlight the need for continuous and comprehensive screening programs. […] A randomized controlled trial protocol aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a Test and Treat strategy during early pregnancy in reducing adverse pregnancy outcomes.

• #32 Chlamydia trachomatis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chlamydia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355355

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends chlamydia testing for anyone with chlamydia symptoms. Regardless of symptoms, talk to your healthcare team to find out how often you should be screened for chlamydia. […] Screening and diagnosis of chlamydia is relatively simple. You may be able to use a test that’s available without a prescription, sometimes called an at-home test, to see if you have chlamydia. If that test shows you have chlamydia, you’ll need to see a healthcare professional to confirm the diagnosis and start treatment. […] To determine whether you have chlamydia, your healthcare professional will analyze a sample of cells. Samples can be collected with: […] A urine test. A sample of urine is analyzed in the laboratory for presence of this infection. This can be done for males and females.

• #33 Chlamydia: Symptoms (Men & Women), Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/sexual-conditions/chlamydia

  Chlamydia Diagnosis […] There are a few different tests your doctor can use to diagnose chlamydia. They may take a urine sample, or they may use a swab to take a sample from the urethra, vagina, cervix, or anus. Then, the sample gets sent to a lab to check for the bacteria that causes chlamydia. Your doctor also may ask you to take a home test kit. […] […] At-home test kits are a way to test yourself for chlamydia without going to a providers office. Since 2023, these tests have been available to purchase at a pharmacy or to order online. With these kits, you take a sample yourself and then send it to a lab. […] […] Although the tests themselves should be accurate, if you dont collect a good enough sample, your results may not be accurate. The U.S. FDA authorized the tests but has pointed out the possibility of false positives or false negatives (incorrect results) with these tests.

• #34 Patient education: Chlamydia (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/chlamydia-beyond-the-basics

  Chlamydia DIAGNOSIS […] Testing for chlamydia is usually done in a doctor or nurse’s office or clinic. Tests that can be self-collected at home and sent to a laboratory for testing are increasingly available, but not all of them are accurate. […] Tests can be performed on a urine sample, a swab of the vagina or cervix (in females), or a swab of the urethra (in males). Testing for rectal chlamydia can also be performed with a swab. Most clinics may provide results within one to three days, depending on the type of test performed. Some clinics use tests that can provide immediate results. […] People who do a home test and receive a positive or indeterminate result should see a health care provider promptly. Even if home testing is negative, they should still see a health care provider if they have symptoms or may have been exposed because treatment may still be recommended.

• #35 Patient education: Chlamydia (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/chlamydia-beyond-the-basics

  Chlamydia DIAGNOSIS […] Testing for chlamydia is usually done in a doctor or nurse’s office or clinic. Tests that can be self-collected at home and sent to a laboratory for testing are increasingly available, but not all of them are accurate. […] Tests can be performed on a urine sample, a swab of the vagina or cervix (in females), or a swab of the urethra (in males). Testing for rectal chlamydia can also be performed with a swab. Most clinics may provide results within one to three days, depending on the type of test performed. Some clinics use tests that can provide immediate results. […] People who do a home test and receive a positive or indeterminate result should see a health care provider promptly. Even if home testing is negative, they should still see a health care provider if they have symptoms or may have been exposed because treatment may still be recommended.

• #36 Chlamydial Infections – STI Treatment GuidelinesMinusSASstats

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/chlamydia.htm

  Chlamydial infection is the most frequently reported bacterial infectious disease in the United States, and prevalence is highest among persons aged ≤24 years. Multiple sequelae can result from C. trachomatis infection among women, the most serious of which include PID, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility. Certain women who receive a diagnosis of uncomplicated cervical infection already have subclinical upper genital tract infection. […] Asymptomatic infection is common among both men and women. To detect chlamydial infection, health care providers frequently rely on screening tests. Annual screening of all sexually active women aged <25 years is recommended, as is screening of older women at increased risk for infection. [...] Chlamydia screening programs have been demonstrated to reduce PID rates among women.

• #37 Chlamydial Infections – STI Treatment GuidelinesMinusSASstats

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/chlamydia.htm

  Chlamydial infection is the most frequently reported bacterial infectious disease in the United States, and prevalence is highest among persons aged ≤24 years. Multiple sequelae can result from C. trachomatis infection among women, the most serious of which include PID, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility. Certain women who receive a diagnosis of uncomplicated cervical infection already have subclinical upper genital tract infection. […] Asymptomatic infection is common among both men and women. To detect chlamydial infection, health care providers frequently rely on screening tests. Annual screening of all sexually active women aged <25 years is recommended, as is screening of older women at increased risk for infection. [...] Chlamydia screening programs have been demonstrated to reduce PID rates among women.

• #38 Chlamydia: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4023-chlamydia

  Chlamydia testing is recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as part of your regular health maintenance. […] The most common test for chlamydia is called a nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT). Your provider takes a sample of fluid by doing a vaginal/cervical swab or collecting a urine sample. Then, they send the sample off to a lab to check for the bacteria that causes chlamydia. […] Because most chlamydia cases are asymptomatic, its important to get screened for chlamydia even if you dont notice any signs of infection. The CDC recommends that sexually active women who are high-risk for chlamydia get screened regularly. […] Youre considered high-risk if you: Are under 25. […] Men should get screened for chlamydia if: You live in or visit a setting where chlamydia spreads frequently, like correctional facilities, adolescent clinics and sexual health clinics.

• #39 Chlamydial and Gonococcal Infections: Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0400/p388.html

  Infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are increasing in the United States. Because most infections are asymptomatic, screening is key to preventing complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility and decreasing community and vertical neonatal transmission. All sexually active people with a cervix who are younger than 25 years and older people with a cervix who have risk factors should be screened annually for chlamydial and gonococcal infections. […] The CDC recommends using nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) for the diagnosis of gonococcal or chlamydial infections because it is the most sensitive. Specimens can be taken from a first-stream urine sample without urethral cleansing before collection. Clinician- or patient-collected vaginal or endocervical swabs are also acceptable specimens.

• #40 Chlamydia Trachomatis Infections: Screening, Diagnosis, and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/1215/p1127.html/amp/

  Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) are the most sensitive tests for detecting chlamydia and gonococcal infections. NAATs can be performed on endocervical, urethral, vaginal, pharyngeal, rectal, or urine samples (first-void is preferred). The accuracy of NAATs on urine samples has been found to be nearly identical to that of samples obtained directly from the cervix or urethra. […] Point-of-care testing at a physician’s office is recommended, although increasingly, researchers have begun to evaluate commercially available mail-in kits. To date, commercial kits have not been shown to be reliable, and have lower sensitivity and specificity than NAATs. […] Currently, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends routine screening in all sexually active women 24 years and younger, and in women 25 years and older who are at increased risk because of having multiple partners or a new sex partner.

• #41 Chlamydia and Herpes Simplex Virus – Screening and Diagnosis – Medical Clinical Policy Bulletins | Aetna

  https://www.aetna.com/cpb/medical/data/400_499/0433.html

  This Clinical Policy Bulletin addresses chlamydia trachomatis and herpes simplex virus screening and diagnosis. […] Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) screening as a medically necessary preventive service according to the recommendations of the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Chlamydia screening is recommended for the following groups: All pregnant women in the first trimester; and All sexually active women aged 24 years and younger; and Women 25 years and older with any of the following risk factors for C. trachomatis infection: Having had C. trachomatis or other sexually transmitted diseases in the past; or New or multiple sexual partners; or Not using condoms consistently or correctly; or Prior to undergoing uterine instrumentation for assessment and treatment of infertility;

• #42 Chlamydia and LGV guide: Screening and diagnostic testing – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/infectious-diseases/sexual-health-sexually-transmitted-infections/canadian-guidelines/chlamydia-lgv/screening-diagnostic-testing.html

  Screen all pregnant people during the first trimester or at the first antenatal visit. Rescreen during the third trimester. […] Routine LGV genotyping of asymptomatic chlamydia infections is not recommended. Consider LGV genotyping when an asymptomatic rectal chlamydia infection is diagnosed in gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (gbMSM) with risk factors for LGV. […] Clinical presentation and sexual history determine which specimens should be collected and the type of test to use. […] Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) are the most sensitive test for C. trachomatis. […] Identification of C. trachomatis in bubo fluid is highly suggestive of LGV, even prior to or without identification of LGV genotypes. […] Genotyping of positive specimens for C. trachomatis is necessary for a definitive diagnosis of LGV.

• #43 Chlamydia Trachomatis Infections: Screening, Diagnosis, and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/1215/p1127.html/amp/

  There is insufficient evidence to recommend screening in men, although a small number of studies suggest that screening high-risk groups may be useful and cost-effective. […] Make diagnosis via specimen collection (i.e., urine, urethra, endocervix, pharynx, rectum, or vagina), using a nucleic acid amplification test. All pregnant women infected with chlamydia should be retested three to four weeks after completing treatment. Test of cure is not advised for nonpregnant patients who finished one of the recommended courses of treatment. Repeat testing for reinfection of men and women who were recently infected is recommended at three months after completion of treatment, or within the first year following treatment.

• #44 Chlamydia: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4023-chlamydia

  Chlamydia testing is recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as part of your regular health maintenance. […] The most common test for chlamydia is called a nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT). Your provider takes a sample of fluid by doing a vaginal/cervical swab or collecting a urine sample. Then, they send the sample off to a lab to check for the bacteria that causes chlamydia. […] Because most chlamydia cases are asymptomatic, its important to get screened for chlamydia even if you dont notice any signs of infection. The CDC recommends that sexually active women who are high-risk for chlamydia get screened regularly. […] Youre considered high-risk if you: Are under 25. […] Men should get screened for chlamydia if: You live in or visit a setting where chlamydia spreads frequently, like correctional facilities, adolescent clinics and sexual health clinics.

• #45 Chlamydia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537286/

  The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends regular screening for chlamydia in all sexually active women because if left untreated, the infection is associated with PID, infertility, and chronic pelvic pain. […] The goal of treatment is the prevention of complications associated with infection (e.g., PID, infertility), to decrease the risk of transmission, and the resolution of symptoms. Treatment for uncomplicated urogenital chlamydia infection is with azithromycin. […] Verification of cure should occur three weeks after treatment completion, and retesting should be performed three months after treatment. […] Asymptomatic infection with Chlamydia trachomatis is very common, whereas the consequences of undiagnosed or untreated infection can be far-reaching. It is for these reasons that screening is recommended. All pregnant women are recommended to be screened for C. trachomatis. […] The prognosis is excellent with prompt initiation of treatment early, and with the completion of the entire course of antibiotics, antibiotic treatment is 95% effective for first-time therapy.

• #46 Chlamydia trachomatis

  https://www.hse.ie/eng/services/list/2/gp/antibiotic-prescribing/conditions-and-treatments/genital/chlamydia-trachomatis/

  Individuals diagnosed with chlamydia should be offered testing for other STIs including HIV, hepatitis B, syphilis and gonorrhoea. […] A diagnosis of chlamydia in gbMSM should prompt a discussion about HIV prevention including pre-exposure prophylaxis PrEP. […] Sexual partners in the preceding 6 months should be informed of the need for testing and patients should be encouraged to inform their sexual partners. […] Chlamydia is a notifiable disease. Notification process is usually initiated by the testing laboratory.

• #47 Chlamydia: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4023-chlamydia

  Chlamydia can be cleared up with antibiotics in about a week or two. […] The most common antibiotics used to treat chlamydia infections are: Doxycycline. […] Yes. Chlamydia can be treated and cured. […] Untreated chlamydia can put your health at risk. […] Make an appointment with your provider immediately if you notice any symptoms of chlamydia, and get regular STI screenings to avoid complications later. […] Speak with your provider about getting regularly screened for chlamydia and other STIs to reduce your risks of complications.

• #48 Chlamydial and Gonococcal Infections: Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0400/p388.html

  Although spontaneous clearance of chlamydial infections is possible, people with positive test results should always be treated. Because of increasing macrolide resistance, the recommended treatment for non-pregnant people is now doxycycline, 100 mg, twice per day for seven days. […] Most treatment failures are caused by reinfection from sex partners who have not received adequate treatment, rather than treatment failure from antimicrobial resistance. If symptoms do not resolve or a test is persistently positive in a situation in which reinfection seems unlikely, an infectious disease specialist and local health department should be consulted in case of possible antimicrobial resistance.

• #49 Chlamydia: Symptoms, Treatments, Causes, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/std/chlamydia

  However, people may experience serious medical issues if they wait too long to treat it. […] Chlamydia is easy to treat and can be cured. Since its bacterial in nature, antibiotics treat it. […] Azithromycin is an antibiotic usually prescribed in a single, large dose. Doxycycline is an antibiotic that must be taken twice per day for about 1 week. […] No matter which antibiotic is prescribed, dosage instructions should be followed carefully to make sure the infection clears up fully. This can take up to 2 weeks, even with the single-dose medications.

• #50 Chlamydia: screening, diagnosis and management – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/chlamydia-screening-diagnosis-and-management

  Test of cure (re-testing after a course of treatment) is not routinely recommended for chlamydia. […] Doxycycline is contraindicated in pregnancy owing to effects on teeth and skeletal development, and ofloxacin is not recommended in pregnancy owing to studies showing damage to the joint cartilage in immature animals. […] The recommended treatment is either azithromycin, erythromycin or amoxicillin.

• #51 Chlamydial Infections – STI Treatment GuidelinesMinusSASstats

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/chlamydia.htm

  Test of cure to detect therapeutic failure (i.e., repeat testing 4 weeks after completing therapy) is not advised for nonpregnant persons treated with the recommended or alternative regimens, unless therapeutic adherence is in question, symptoms persist, or reinfection is suspected. […] Sensitive and specific methods for diagnosing chlamydial ophthalmia in the neonate include both tissue culture and nonculture tests (e.g., DFA tests and NAATs).

• #52 Chlamydia trachomatis

  https://www.hse.ie/eng/services/list/2/gp/antibiotic-prescribing/conditions-and-treatments/genital/chlamydia-trachomatis/

  Chlamydia, caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, is the most common STI reported in Ireland with almost half of cases diagnosed in those aged between 15 and 24 years. […] Diagnosis using NAAT (nucleic acid amplification technique), e.g. PCR (polymerase chain reaction), is the current diagnostic gold standard. This is frequently combined with a gonorrhoea NAAT in the same test. […] Diagnosis can be made on first void urine in males and vulvovaginal or endocervical swab (less sensitive) in females. […] In sexually active gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (gbMSM), three site STI testing (first void urine, pharyngeal and rectal) is recommended for all, regardless of history or clinical picture. […] Test of cure is not routinely required but is recommended in rectal infection, pregnancy and in women with an intrauterine device.

• #53 Chlamydia trachomatis/Neisseria gonorrhoeae (CT/NG) – Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing (NAAT) | Public Health Ontario

  https://www.publichealthontario.ca/en/Laboratory-Services/Test-Information-Index/Chlamydia-trachomatis-NAAT-Swabs

  For CT: TOC by NAAT is recommended 3 weeks after completion of treatment when compliance to treatment is suboptimal, an alternative treatment regimen is used, for those with persisting signs or symptoms post-treatment, or the individual is pre-pubertal or pregnant. Repeat screening is recommended 3 months post-treatment for all individuals with CT infection.

• #54 Chlamydia | STI Guidelines Australia

  https://sti.guidelines.org.au/sexually-transmissible-infections/chlamydia/

  Chlamydia is the most reported communicable disease in Australia. […] Simple to test and treat. […] NAATs are highly sensitive, can be used in non-clinical settings and are the only recommended test for chlamydia. […] For asymptomatic testing or where an examination is unable to be performed, encourage patient self-collection of vaginal swabs and anorectal swabs. […] Concurrent gonorrhoea testing should accompany chlamydia testing. […] Test of cure by nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) in these situations should be performed no earlier than 4 weeks after treatment is completed to prevent false positive result due to persistent chlamydia DNA. […] Retesting at 3 months is recommended to detect re-infection.

• #55 Chlamydia trachomatis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chlamydia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355355

  A swab. A sample from the cervix, vagina, throat or anus is collected on a swab for testing. From the cervix, a member of your healthcare team collects a sample of the discharge from the cervix on a swab for testing. This can be done during a routine Pap test. For a swab from the vagina, either you or the healthcare professional can do the swab. For males and females, depending on sexual history, a swab may be taken from the throat or the anus. […] Three months after treatment, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends getting tested for chlamydia again. This is to make sure people haven’t been reinfected with the bacteria, which can happen if sex partners aren’t treated, or new sex partners have the bacteria.

• #56 About Chlamydia | Chlamydia | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/chlamydia/about/index.html

  Repeat infection with chlamydia is common. You should receive testing again about three months after your treatment, even if your sex partner(s) receives treatment. […] The initial damage that chlamydia causes often goes unnoticed. However, chlamydia can lead to serious health problems. […] In women, untreated chlamydia can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Some of the complications of PID are: Formation of scar tissue that blocks fallopian tubes, Ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy outside the womb), Infertility (not being able to get pregnant), Long-term pelvic/abdominal pain. […] Men rarely have health problems from chlamydia. The infection can cause a fever and pain in the tubes attached to the testicles. This can, in rare cases, lead to infertility. […] Untreated chlamydia may also increase your chances of getting or giving HIV.

• #57 Chlamydia Trachomatis Infections: Screening, Diagnosis, and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/1215/p1127.html/amp/

  There is insufficient evidence to recommend screening in men, although a small number of studies suggest that screening high-risk groups may be useful and cost-effective. […] Make diagnosis via specimen collection (i.e., urine, urethra, endocervix, pharynx, rectum, or vagina), using a nucleic acid amplification test. All pregnant women infected with chlamydia should be retested three to four weeks after completing treatment. Test of cure is not advised for nonpregnant patients who finished one of the recommended courses of treatment. Repeat testing for reinfection of men and women who were recently infected is recommended at three months after completion of treatment, or within the first year following treatment.

• #58 Chlamydia trachomatis

  https://www.hse.ie/eng/services/list/2/gp/antibiotic-prescribing/conditions-and-treatments/genital/chlamydia-trachomatis/

  Individuals diagnosed with chlamydia should be offered testing for other STIs including HIV, hepatitis B, syphilis and gonorrhoea. […] A diagnosis of chlamydia in gbMSM should prompt a discussion about HIV prevention including pre-exposure prophylaxis PrEP. […] Sexual partners in the preceding 6 months should be informed of the need for testing and patients should be encouraged to inform their sexual partners. […] Chlamydia is a notifiable disease. Notification process is usually initiated by the testing laboratory.

• #59 Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, and Syphilis | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/chlamydia-gonorrhea-and-syphilis

  Chlamydia is the most common STI in the United States. Chlamydia is caused by bacteria that pass from person to person during vaginal, anal, or oral sex. These bacteria can infect the mouth, reproductive organs, urethra, and rectum. One common place of infection is the cervix (the opening of the uterus). […] A chlamydia test can be done on a urine sample or on samples taken with a swab from the vagina, mouth, throat, rectum, or the area around the cervix. You can do a self-swab of your vagina or rectum in the office of your obstetriciangynecologist (ob-gyn) or other health care professional. You may also be able to self-test at home. […] Chlamydia is treated with an antibiotic. Your sex partners also need to be treated. This can often be done without them having to get tested (this is called expedited partner therapy) This includes anyone you have had sex with in the past 60 days or your last sex partner. Be sure to take all of your medicine as directed.

• #60 Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, and Syphilis | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/chlamydia-gonorrhea-and-syphilis

  Chlamydia is the most common STI in the United States. Chlamydia is caused by bacteria that pass from person to person during vaginal, anal, or oral sex. These bacteria can infect the mouth, reproductive organs, urethra, and rectum. One common place of infection is the cervix (the opening of the uterus). […] A chlamydia test can be done on a urine sample or on samples taken with a swab from the vagina, mouth, throat, rectum, or the area around the cervix. You can do a self-swab of your vagina or rectum in the office of your obstetriciangynecologist (ob-gyn) or other health care professional. You may also be able to self-test at home. […] Chlamydia is treated with an antibiotic. Your sex partners also need to be treated. This can often be done without them having to get tested (this is called expedited partner therapy) This includes anyone you have had sex with in the past 60 days or your last sex partner. Be sure to take all of your medicine as directed.

• #61 Chlamydia trachomatis

  https://www.hse.ie/eng/services/list/2/gp/antibiotic-prescribing/conditions-and-treatments/genital/chlamydia-trachomatis/

  Individuals diagnosed with chlamydia should be offered testing for other STIs including HIV, hepatitis B, syphilis and gonorrhoea. […] A diagnosis of chlamydia in gbMSM should prompt a discussion about HIV prevention including pre-exposure prophylaxis PrEP. […] Sexual partners in the preceding 6 months should be informed of the need for testing and patients should be encouraged to inform their sexual partners. […] Chlamydia is a notifiable disease. Notification process is usually initiated by the testing laboratory.

• #62 Chlamydial Infections – STI Treatment GuidelinesMinusSASstats

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/chlamydia.htm

  Chlamydial infection is the most frequently reported bacterial infectious disease in the United States, and prevalence is highest among persons aged ≤24 years. Multiple sequelae can result from C. trachomatis infection among women, the most serious of which include PID, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility. Certain women who receive a diagnosis of uncomplicated cervical infection already have subclinical upper genital tract infection. […] Asymptomatic infection is common among both men and women. To detect chlamydial infection, health care providers frequently rely on screening tests. Annual screening of all sexually active women aged <25 years is recommended, as is screening of older women at increased risk for infection. [...] Chlamydia screening programs have been demonstrated to reduce PID rates among women.

• #63 About Chlamydia | Chlamydia | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/chlamydia/about/index.html

  Repeat infection with chlamydia is common. You should receive testing again about three months after your treatment, even if your sex partner(s) receives treatment. […] The initial damage that chlamydia causes often goes unnoticed. However, chlamydia can lead to serious health problems. […] In women, untreated chlamydia can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Some of the complications of PID are: Formation of scar tissue that blocks fallopian tubes, Ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy outside the womb), Infertility (not being able to get pregnant), Long-term pelvic/abdominal pain. […] Men rarely have health problems from chlamydia. The infection can cause a fever and pain in the tubes attached to the testicles. This can, in rare cases, lead to infertility. […] Untreated chlamydia may also increase your chances of getting or giving HIV.

• #64 About Chlamydia | Chlamydia | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/chlamydia/about/index.html

  Repeat infection with chlamydia is common. You should receive testing again about three months after your treatment, even if your sex partner(s) receives treatment. […] The initial damage that chlamydia causes often goes unnoticed. However, chlamydia can lead to serious health problems. […] In women, untreated chlamydia can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Some of the complications of PID are: Formation of scar tissue that blocks fallopian tubes, Ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy outside the womb), Infertility (not being able to get pregnant), Long-term pelvic/abdominal pain. […] Men rarely have health problems from chlamydia. The infection can cause a fever and pain in the tubes attached to the testicles. This can, in rare cases, lead to infertility. […] Untreated chlamydia may also increase your chances of getting or giving HIV.

• #65 Chlamydia

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/chlamydia/

  Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) passed on through unprotected sex (sex without a condom). Its treated with antibiotics. If not treated it can cause serious health problems. […] If you do not have symptoms but want a test, you can use a self-test kit for chlamydia at home and send it to a lab to be tested. […] You can be tested even if you do not have any symptoms. You may also be offered tests for other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) at the same time. […] Chlamydia is treated with antibiotics. This may be a single dose, or tablets you take for 7 to 14 days. […] If you have chlamydia when you’re pregnant, it can pass to your baby during birth. […] If you’re pregnant and have chlamydia that is not treated, it can be passed onto your baby during birth.

• #66 Chlamydia: CDC Recommendations for Diagnosis and Treatment – The ObG Project

  https://www.obgproject.com/2016/10/18/cdc-recommendations-chlamydia/

  Chlamydia treatment should be provided promptly for all persons testing positive for infection; treatment delays have been associated with complications. […] To diagnose a chlamydia infection: Obtain nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT), which detects genetic material of C. trachomatis. […] Annual screening of all sexually active women aged <25 years for chlamydia is recommended, as is screening of older women at increased risk for infection (e.g., those who have a new sex partner, more than one sex partner, a sex partner with concurrent partners, or a sex partner who has an STD). [...] Test-of-cure to detect therapeutic failure is not advised unless therapeutic adherence is in question, symptoms persist, or reinfection is suspected. [...] Risks in pregnancy include preterm labor, premature rupture of membranes and low birth weight with neonates at risk for conjunctivitis (ophthalmia neonatorum) and pneumonia. It is therefore imperative to screen and treat pregnant women with the following: [...] Diagnosis code: Chlamydia: A74.9 (pregnant) or A56.02 (nonpregnant).

• #67 About Chlamydia | Chlamydia | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/chlamydia/about/index.html

  Repeat infection with chlamydia is common. You should receive testing again about three months after your treatment, even if your sex partner(s) receives treatment. […] The initial damage that chlamydia causes often goes unnoticed. However, chlamydia can lead to serious health problems. […] In women, untreated chlamydia can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Some of the complications of PID are: Formation of scar tissue that blocks fallopian tubes, Ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy outside the womb), Infertility (not being able to get pregnant), Long-term pelvic/abdominal pain. […] Men rarely have health problems from chlamydia. The infection can cause a fever and pain in the tubes attached to the testicles. This can, in rare cases, lead to infertility. […] Untreated chlamydia may also increase your chances of getting or giving HIV.

• #68 008565: Chlamydia trachomatis Culture | Labcorp

  https://www.labcorp.com/tests/008565/chlamydia-trachomatis-culture

  Cell culture and subsequent detection of Chlamydia by fluorescent antibody […] Aid in the diagnosis of infections, including medical/legal cases caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (eg, cervicitis, trachoma, conjunctivitis, PID, pneumonia, urethritis, nongonococcal urethritis, pneumonitis, and sexually-transmitted diseases) […] Culture may be negative in the presence of Chlamydia infection. Although culture is the legal standard, it is not the gold standard for the detection of C trachomatis. The sensitivity of culture is only 70% to 90% because C trachomatis may not survive transit to the laboratory, inadequate sampling, or low numbers of organisms in asymptomatic infection. […] Direct immunofluorescence techniques and nucleic acid amplification assays are available to detect Chlamydia in clinical specimens. These methods usually provide reliable results in high- and low-prevalence populations and detect both viable and nonviable organisms. […] Culture should be the test-of-choice in cases of child abuse, rectal and throat infections, and when a test for cure is desired.

• #69 Diagnostic Procedures to Detect Chlamydia trachomatis Infections

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/4/3/25

  Testing for chlamydia is indicated in patients with urogenital, anorectal, and ocular symptoms, patients with STI other than chlamydia, sexual contacts of persons with STI, and persons destined for chlamydia screening. Diagnostic procedures to detect CT infections include both direct and indirect methods. […] On the other hand, serology is inappropriate to diagnose acute infections of the lower genital and anal tract, as the antibody response becomes detectable only after weeks to months and is often less pronounced. […] NAATs are the most sensitive tests to detect chlamydia. These tests also have a high specificity comparable to culture, but in contrast to culture, do not depend on viable pathogens, facilitating specimen transport. Therefore, NAATs are generally considered the test of choice for chlamydia and have replaced culture as the diagnostic gold standard. […] In populations with low prevalence of chlamydia, the predictive value of positive results is low, even when using tests with high specificity.

• #70 Understanding Chlamydia: Diagnosis and Treatment – Consensus: AI Search Engine for Research

  https://consensus.app/home/blog/understanding-chlamydia-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Point-of-care molecular tests have been evaluated for their efficacy in remote and high-prevalence communities. […] This method is particularly beneficial in settings where access to laboratory facilities is limited. […] The choice of antibiotics for treating Chlamydia trachomatis infections varies based on the site of infection and patient population. […] Retesting after initial treatment is crucial to detect and manage reinfections. […] Additionally, combining postal home collection kits with SMS reminders significantly increased retesting rates and detection of repeat positive tests across various risk groups. […] Screening and early treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis can prevent severe complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). […] These findings highlight the need for continuous and comprehensive screening programs. […] A randomized controlled trial protocol aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a Test and Treat strategy during early pregnancy in reducing adverse pregnancy outcomes.

• #71 Chlamydia Diagnosis New Test

  https://www.healthline.com/health-news/new-30-minute-chlamydia-test-could-help-limit-disease-spread

  Experts say patients can get results before they leave the doctors office, allowing them to start treatments earlier. […] A test for the common sexually transmitted disease chlamydia reportedly delivers quick and accurate results fast enough that someone can be told whether they have the disease while still in the doctors office. […] The prompt turnaround could shorten the time between diagnosis and treatment and, researchers say, limit transmission of the disease. […] The study found that the Atlas test was nearly as accurate as the standard test. […] Most current [chlamydia] tests have a prolonged turnaround time, leading to results reported hours or days after the patient has left the healthcare visit, wrote the researchers, who were led by Charlotte Gaydos, Dr. PH, director of the Johns Hopkins University Center for the Development of Point-of-Care Tests for STDs.

• #72 Understanding Chlamydia: Diagnosis and Treatment – Consensus: AI Search Engine for Research

  https://consensus.app/home/blog/understanding-chlamydia-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Point-of-care molecular tests have been evaluated for their efficacy in remote and high-prevalence communities. […] This method is particularly beneficial in settings where access to laboratory facilities is limited. […] The choice of antibiotics for treating Chlamydia trachomatis infections varies based on the site of infection and patient population. […] Retesting after initial treatment is crucial to detect and manage reinfections. […] Additionally, combining postal home collection kits with SMS reminders significantly increased retesting rates and detection of repeat positive tests across various risk groups. […] Screening and early treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis can prevent severe complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). […] These findings highlight the need for continuous and comprehensive screening programs. […] A randomized controlled trial protocol aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a Test and Treat strategy during early pregnancy in reducing adverse pregnancy outcomes.

• #73 Addressing Challenges in Chlamydia trachomatis Detection: A Comparative Review of Diagnostic Methods

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/60/8/1236

  The treatment is simple and usually effective in most cases. If there are complications, a different and longer treatment is required. […] In conclusion, we defend that addressing the complex dynamics of CT infection requires a multifaceted approach, combining medical interventions and sexual health education.

• #74 Understanding Chlamydia: Diagnosis and Treatment – Consensus: AI Search Engine for Research

  https://consensus.app/home/blog/understanding-chlamydia-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Point-of-care molecular tests have been evaluated for their efficacy in remote and high-prevalence communities. […] This method is particularly beneficial in settings where access to laboratory facilities is limited. […] The choice of antibiotics for treating Chlamydia trachomatis infections varies based on the site of infection and patient population. […] Retesting after initial treatment is crucial to detect and manage reinfections. […] Additionally, combining postal home collection kits with SMS reminders significantly increased retesting rates and detection of repeat positive tests across various risk groups. […] Screening and early treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis can prevent severe complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). […] These findings highlight the need for continuous and comprehensive screening programs. […] A randomized controlled trial protocol aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a Test and Treat strategy during early pregnancy in reducing adverse pregnancy outcomes.

• #75 Addressing Challenges in Chlamydia trachomatis Detection: A Comparative Review of Diagnostic Methods

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/60/8/1236

  The first used method for chlamydial infection detection was first performed using the yolk-sac inoculation of embryonated eggs, that was later replaced with cell culture, whose protocol could vary according to the laboratory. […] Following the CDC guidelines for Chlamydia trachomatis detection, in 2014, a protocol is recommended which included the following steps: (i) specimen collection swabs for the CT culture must have a plastic or wire shaft and either a rayon, dacron, or cytobrush tip, in order to not inhibit isolation; (ii) specimen collection for CT culture is invasive— for example, the insertion of a swab of 2–3 cm into the male urethral or 1–2 cm into the endocervical canal followed by two or three rotations. […] The most effective strategy for combating infections is through vaccination, which provides individual immunity to the population and is crucial for controlling and eradicating pathogens that pose public health threats.

• #76 Addressing Challenges in Chlamydia trachomatis Detection: A Comparative Review of Diagnostic Methods

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/60/8/1236

  Currently, the gold standard for screening and diagnostics are nucleic acid amplification tests, including DNA amplification tests (through polymerase chain reaction—PCR or strand displacement amplification—SDA) and RNA amplification tests (through transcription-mediated amplification—TMA), associated with a high sensitivity. […] The majority of NAATs use a Real-Time PCR technique that is based on the following steps: (i) the sample collection and preparation for DNA extraction using commercially available kits; (ii) the preparation of a master mix with TaqMan probes, Taq DNA Polymerase, primers, dNTPs, and PCR buffer, following the manufacturer’s instructions. […] To detect therapeutic failure, follow-up is recommended but only in some specific cases, such as in pregnant women and infants.

• #77 Chlamydial Infections – STI Treatment GuidelinesMinusSASstats

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/chlamydia.htm

  Chlamydial infection is the most frequently reported bacterial infectious disease in the United States, and prevalence is highest among persons aged ≤24 years. Multiple sequelae can result from C. trachomatis infection among women, the most serious of which include PID, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility. Certain women who receive a diagnosis of uncomplicated cervical infection already have subclinical upper genital tract infection. […] Asymptomatic infection is common among both men and women. To detect chlamydial infection, health care providers frequently rely on screening tests. Annual screening of all sexually active women aged <25 years is recommended, as is screening of older women at increased risk for infection. [...] Chlamydia screening programs have been demonstrated to reduce PID rates among women.

• #78 Addressing Challenges in Chlamydia trachomatis Detection: A Comparative Review of Diagnostic Methods

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/60/8/1236

  The treatment is simple and usually effective in most cases. If there are complications, a different and longer treatment is required. […] In conclusion, we defend that addressing the complex dynamics of CT infection requires a multifaceted approach, combining medical interventions and sexual health education.

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