Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Sleep Apnea: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/sleep-apnea-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Central sleep apnea (CSA) occurs when there is a brief disruption between the brain and the muscles that control breathing. […] Nurses support their patients with sleep apnea by providing interventions and patient education to maintain cardiopulmonary status, improve breathing patterns and gas exchange, and improve quality of life. […] Supplemental oxygen is recommended for patients with central sleep apnea.

• #2 Sleep Apnea | University of Iowa Health Care

  https://uihc.org/services/sleep-apnea

  Central sleep apnea, which occurs when your brain fails to send the right signals to the muscles that control your breathing. […] If you have moderate to severe central sleep apnea, you may be approved for Remed device. This device is implanted in your chest and monitors respiratory signals during sleep and stimulates the nerve to move your diaphragm if your breathing becomes irregular. The device restores normal breathing patterns.

• #3 Sleep apnea | The MetroHealth System

  https://www.metrohealth.org/pulmonary-and-critical-care/sleep-medicine/sleep-apnea

  In central sleep apnea, the airway is not restricted but the brain fails to signal the muscles to breathe. […] Treatment is aimed at restoring regular nighttime breathing and relieving symptoms such as very loud snoring and daytime sleepiness. Treatment will also help associated medical problems, such as high blood pressure, and may reduce the risk for heart attack and stroke. […] People with moderate or severe sleep apnea will need to make these changes as well. They also will need other treatments. They may range from a positive airway pressure device (such as CPAP), a variety of surgeries (including the Inspire device) or use of an oral appliance. Your sleep medicine specialist will help determine what therapy may be most appropriate for you.

• #4 Central Sleep Apnea: Symptoms, Risk Factors, and Treatments

  https://sleepdoctor.com/pages/sleep-apnea/central-sleep-apnea

  Central sleep apnea (CSA) is an uncommon sleep disorder, affecting less than 1% of the general population. In CSA, a person’s breathing stops repeatedly during sleep, interrupting sleep and leading to poor quality rest, daytime sleepiness, and morning headaches. […] If left untreated, CSA can lead to a number of unwanted effects. CSA can cause a person to wake up during the night, leading to complaints of poor quality sleep, insomnia, and chest pain. […] During the day, people with CSA may experience sleepiness, difficulty concentrating, and morning headaches. People with CSA are also at greater risk for workplace mistakes and car accidents. […] Treatment for CSA depends on the severity of the symptoms and health complications caused by CSA. […] In people with mild symptoms and only minor complications from sleep-related breathing issues, treatment may focus on addressing underlying health conditions that are causing breathing issues. If these treatments don’t resolve CSA, additional treatment may be recommended.

• #5 Obstructive Vs Central Sleep Apnea Explained | Sleep Care

  https://www.sleepcareonline.com/articles/obstructive-sleep-apnea-vs-central-sleep-apnea/?srsltid=AfmBOorgsMEkNlgOa53_keXJKVXnyBkTTi8-KzeLg9clmetOsCI8m7_V

  Central sleep apnea is rarer than the other types of sleep apnea. However, it is just as dangerous if it is left untreated. Central sleep apnea occurs when a persons brain does not send the proper signals to the muscles that control breathing while sleeping. Additionally, central sleep apnea is typically caused by other underlying medical conditions or by the use of narcotics. […] Symptoms of central sleep apnea are very similar to those of obstructive sleep apnea, which can make diagnosing one form of the condition over the other very difficult for doctors. They can include: […] Treatment Options For Central and Obstructive Sleep Apnea […] CPAP therapy is one of the most common methods for treating sleep apnea and is for OSA and central sleep apnea. […] If opioid medications are causing your central sleep apnea, then your doctor might gradually reduce your dose of those medications.

• #6 Central Sleep Apnea: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/central-sleep-apnea

  Central sleep apnea may be a complication of another medical issue. Healthcare providers often treat it with pressurized air pressure systems that manage breathing. […] Healthcare providers focus on treating the underlying condition. […] Healthcare providers will ask about your symptoms and your medical history, including medical conditions that may cause central sleep apnea. […] Your provider will recommend that you participate in a sleep study to check if you have central sleep apnea or obstructive sleep apnea. […] Healthcare providers treat central sleep apnea with positive air pressure (PAP) systems that prevent sleep apnea symptoms. […] Central sleep apnea often is a complication of other conditions, and you should continue or seek treatment for those conditions. […] If you have central sleep apnea, be sure to schedule regular check-ups with your provider. They’ll make sure your treatment is working and check for any complications.

• #7 Central Sleep Apnea: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | remedē System

  https://remede.zoll.com/central-sleep-apnea-csa-symptoms-causes-and-treatment-options/

  Central sleep apnea is a form of sleep apnea that is less common and less studied than obstructive sleep apnea. This article explains the differences between central and obstructive sleep apnea, as well as the symptoms, causes, and treatment options for central sleep apnea. […] Central Sleep Apnea is defined as “the temporary withdrawal of central (brainstem-driven) respiratory drive that results in the cessation of respiratory muscle activity and airflow.” […] Central sleep apnea has symptoms that are both long term and short term. Symptoms of central sleep apnea (CSA) include: Chronic fatigue, Excessive daytime sleepiness, Brain fog / cognitive impairment, Inability to fall asleep or get restful sleep. […] Many patients with CSA also have heart disease, especially heart failure. Within this population, patients with CSA are at increased risk for hospitalizations and even death. […] Treatment options are available for central sleep apnea. Consult your doctor if you think you may have central sleep apnea and would like to learn more.

• #8 Central sleep apnoea syndrome (CSA) | Great Ormond Street Hospital

  https://www.gosh.nhs.uk/conditions-and-treatments/conditions-we-treat/central-sleep-apnoea-syndrome-csa/

  Central sleep apnoea (CSA) is a disorder in which there are pauses in breathing while asleep these are called apnoeas. […] CSA occurs when the brain does not send the correct signals to the muscles that control breathing. […] Common signs and symptoms of CSA include: Observed episodes of stopped breathing or abnormal breathing patterns during sleep, Abrupt awakenings accompanied by shortness of breath, Difficulty staying asleep (insomnia), Excessive daytime sleepiness (hypersomnia), Difficulty concentrating, Mood changes, Morning headaches, Snoring although this may not be as prominent as in the presence of OSA. […] Sleep studies are the main method of investigating CSA. […] Breathing extra oxygen during sleep may help reduce the number of apnoeic pauses and lessen the effects of CSA by improving the oxygen levels in the blood.

• #9 Central sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/central-sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20352109

  Central sleep apnea care at Mayo Clinic […] Treatments for central sleep apnea might involve managing existing conditions, using a device to assist breathing or using supplemental oxygen. […] Consult a medical professional if you have or if your partner notices any symptoms of central sleep apnea, particularly: Shortness of breath that awakens you from sleep. […] Ask a member of your health care team about any sleep problem that leaves you regularly fatigued, sleepy and irritable. […] Central sleep apnea is a serious medical condition. Some complications include: Fatigue. The repeated awakenings associated with sleep apnea make restorative sleep impossible.

• #10 Sleep apnea | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/sleep-apnea

  Central sleep apnea occurs when the brain doesn’t send proper signals to the muscles that control breathing. […] This less common form of sleep apnea occurs when your brain fails to send signals to your breathing muscles. This means that you make no effort to breathe for a short period. You might awaken with shortness of breath or have a difficult time getting to sleep or staying asleep. […] Risk factors for this form of sleep apnea include being older, being male, heart disorders, using narcotic pain medicines, and having had a stroke. […] Complications of CSA can include fatigue, cardiovascular problems, and sudden drops in blood oxygen levels that can adversely affect heart health. […] Possible causes of central sleep apnea include heart or neuromuscular disorders, and treating those conditions might help. Other therapies that may be used for CSA include supplemental oxygen, CPAP, BPAP, and adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV).

• #11 Central sleep apnea: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003997.htm

  Central sleep apnea is a sleep disorder in which breathing stops over and over during sleep. […] Central sleep apnea results when the brain temporarily stops sending signals to the muscles that cause breathing. […] Treating the condition that is causing central sleep apnea can help manage symptoms. […] Devices used during sleep to aid breathing may be recommended. These include nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) or adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV). […] If narcotic medicine is causing the apnea, the dosage may need to be lowered or the medicine changed. […] Contact your provider if you have symptoms of sleep apnea. Central sleep apnea is usually diagnosed in people who are already severely ill.

• #12 Central sleep apnea Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/central-sleep-apnea

  Central sleep apnea is a sleep disorder in which breathing stops over and over during sleep. […] Treating the condition that is causing central sleep apnea can help manage symptoms. For example, if central sleep apnea is due to heart failure, the goal is to treat the heart failure itself. […] Devices used during sleep to aid breathing may be recommended. These include nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) or adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV). Some types of central sleep apnea are treated with medicines that stimulate breathing. […] The FDA has approved a medical device (remede System) to treat central sleep apnea. The device is implanted in the chest. When a breathing pause is detected, the device stimulates the nerve that controls the breathing muscles so that you will breathe. […] Contact your provider if you have symptoms of sleep apnea. Central sleep apnea is usually diagnosed in people who are already severely ill.

• #13 Central Sleep Apnea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK578199/

  Central sleep apnea is a breathing disorder in which a person experiences apnea episodes are alternating with normal breathing. […] This activity reviews pathophysiology and diagnostic and therapeutic modalities available for managing central sleep apnea and highlights the interprofessional team’s role in managing the condition better. […] The primary goals in CSA management are to stabilize sleep by suppressing abnormal respiratory events and optimizing the treatment of comorbid conditions. Positive airway pressure (PAP) remains a standard treatment for both central and obstructive apnea that can be delivered as continuous PAP (CPAP), Bi-level PAP therapy (BPAP), and adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV). […] The heterogeneity of disease necessitates individualized therapies for the proper management of CSA rather than a homogenous treatment approach.

• #14 Central Sleep Apnea: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/central-sleep-apnea

  Central sleep apnea may be a complication of another medical issue. Healthcare providers often treat it with pressurized air pressure systems that manage breathing. […] Healthcare providers focus on treating the underlying condition. […] Healthcare providers will ask about your symptoms and your medical history, including medical conditions that may cause central sleep apnea. […] Your provider will recommend that you participate in a sleep study to check if you have central sleep apnea or obstructive sleep apnea. […] Healthcare providers treat central sleep apnea with positive air pressure (PAP) systems that prevent sleep apnea symptoms. […] Central sleep apnea often is a complication of other conditions, and you should continue or seek treatment for those conditions. […] If you have central sleep apnea, be sure to schedule regular check-ups with your provider. They’ll make sure your treatment is working and check for any complications.

• #15 Central Sleep Apnea Syndromes Treatment & Management: Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/304967-treatment

  No clear guidelines are available on when or whether to treat central sleep apnea in the absence of symptoms, particularly when central sleep apnea is discovered after polysomnography (PSG) is performed for another reason. Clearly, when the symptoms are present, treatment is warranted. The decision to treat should be made on an individual basis. […] Up to 20% of central sleep apnea cases resolve spontaneously. If the patient is not symptomatic, observation may be the only appropriate step. This may be the case in patients who have central sleep apnea during sleep-wake transition, patients without significant oxygen desaturation, or in those who experience central sleep apnea during continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. […] If present, treatment of the underlying disorder often improves central sleep apnea. For example, descending to a low altitude is effective in treating high-altitude periodic breathing. Similarly, instituting nocturnal dialysis and optimizing medical treatment are often effective for Cheyne-Stokes breathing-central sleep apnea (CSB-CSA) due to renal failure and heart failure, respectively. Heart transplantation has also been reported either to resolve CSB-CSA or to decrease the cycle length of CSB-CSA breathing.

• #16 Basics of Central Sleep Apnea

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Articles/2014/07/22/08/25/Basics-of-Central-Sleep-Apnea

  Central sleep apnea is characterized by repetitive cessation of ventilation during sleep resulting from lack of ventilatory effort or drive to breathe. […] A single central apnea event is a 10-second pause in ventilation with no associated respiratory effort; greater than five such events per hour are considered abnormal. […] CSA is present when a patient has greater than five central apneas per hour of sleep with associated symptoms of disrupted sleep (such as excessive daytime somnolence). […] Because central apneas also may occur in an individual with obstructive apneas, clinicians may struggle to determine if CSA or OSA is the principal problem, or if a combination of the 2 disorders may need therapy. […] The effect then of any Central Sleep Apnea syndrome is recurrent and/or persistent hypoxemia which may lead to increased short-term and long-term risk of cardiovascular diseases.

• #17 Basics of Central Sleep Apnea

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Articles/2014/07/22/08/25/Basics-of-Central-Sleep-Apnea

  Central sleep apnea is characterized by repetitive cessation of ventilation during sleep resulting from lack of ventilatory effort or drive to breathe. […] A single central apnea event is a 10-second pause in ventilation with no associated respiratory effort; greater than five such events per hour are considered abnormal. […] CSA is present when a patient has greater than five central apneas per hour of sleep with associated symptoms of disrupted sleep (such as excessive daytime somnolence). […] Because central apneas also may occur in an individual with obstructive apneas, clinicians may struggle to determine if CSA or OSA is the principal problem, or if a combination of the 2 disorders may need therapy. […] The effect then of any Central Sleep Apnea syndrome is recurrent and/or persistent hypoxemia which may lead to increased short-term and long-term risk of cardiovascular diseases.

• #18 2 Apnea Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/apnea-nursing-care-plans/

  Use this nursing care plan and management guide to help care for patients with apnea. Learn about the nursing assessment, nursing interventions, goals and nursing diagnosis for apnea in this guide. […] Nursing care plan for sleep apnea is directed at supporting the infants cardiopulmonary status, improvement in gas exchange and breathing pattern, attainment of an optimal level of parental coping, knowledge of the treatment program and home care, and absence of complications. […] The following are the nursing priorities for patients with apnea: Airway management and maintenance, Monitor and assess respiratory function, Administration of appropriate interventions and therapies, such as continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or mechanical ventilation if necessary, Educate and support for the patient and their caregivers regarding apnea management and prevention, Collaborate with the healthcare team to address underlying causes of apnea and optimize overall patient care.

• #19 2 Apnea Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/apnea-nursing-care-plans/

  Therapeutic interventions and nursing actions for patients with apnea may include: Assess the frequency and pattern of breathing; Observe the presence of apnea and changes in the heart rate, Assess skin, nail beds, skin, and mucous membranes for pallor or cyanosis, Place the infant on an apnea monitor and pulse oximeter, Assess respiratory rate, depth, and ease, periods of apnea, Assess the infant for skin color and perfusion, Assess for changes in consciousness, the presence of irritability and somnolence, Monitor ABG levels and oxygen saturation, Monitor chest-Xray studies for further evaluation, Position the infants head and neck in a neutral position, Avoid prolonged suctioning; Discourage taking rectal temperatures and tube feedings, Provide tactile stimulation by applying a gentle rub on the soles of the feet or chest wall, Administer methylxanthines (e.g., theophylline, caffeine) as prescribed, Administer continuous nasal airflow or CPAP via a nasal mask, or a face mask, Prepare the infant for assisted mechanical ventilation as indicated, Educate the parents on the use of apnea monitor and allow for a return demonstration of the application.

• #20 Sleep Apnea: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/obstructive-sleep-apnea-osa/?srsltid=AfmBOoohVOuA2M8IImi_mIcM4tTXQvTZqtTMMJWG7MtMeuEZCIo_89hF

  Assess signs and symptoms: […] Screen individuals with daytime fatigue or other risk factors for OSA. […] Ineffective breathing pattern related to sleep apnea evidenced by: […] Impaired gas exchange related to altered oxygen supply secondary to sleep apnea evidenced by: […] Sleep deprivation related to OSA evidenced by: […] Monitor skin and mucous membrane color for cyanosis […] Assess vital signs, especially respiratory rate and oxygen saturation during sleep […] Provide PAP and supplemental oxygen as ordered […] Assist with repositioning to elevate the head of the bed and discourage supine position […] Expected Outcomes: […] Maintains effective breathing pattern and adequate oxygenation […] Reports restful sleep […] Demonstrates effective coping […] Uses and maintains sleep equipment as recommended

• #21 2 Apnea Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/apnea-nursing-care-plans/

  Following a thorough assessment, a nursing diagnosis is formulated to specifically address the challenges associated with apnea based on the nurses clinical judgment and understanding of the patients unique health condition. […] Goals and expected outcomes may include: The infant/child will maintain respiratory status to baseline parameters for pattern rate, depth, and ease, The infant/Child will demonstrate improved gas exchange and arterial blood gases will maintain within normal ranges for age, Family members will be able to express their feelings and needs to each other, Family members identify three healthy coping mechanisms, The parents will verbalize readiness in handling the infant during apneic episodes, The parents will demonstrate the accurate application and operation of the apnea monitor, The parents will become skillful in performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in the infant.

• #22 2 Apnea Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/apnea-nursing-care-plans/

  Following a thorough assessment, a nursing diagnosis is formulated to specifically address the challenges associated with apnea based on the nurses clinical judgment and understanding of the patients unique health condition. […] Goals and expected outcomes may include: The infant/child will maintain respiratory status to baseline parameters for pattern rate, depth, and ease, The infant/Child will demonstrate improved gas exchange and arterial blood gases will maintain within normal ranges for age, Family members will be able to express their feelings and needs to each other, Family members identify three healthy coping mechanisms, The parents will verbalize readiness in handling the infant during apneic episodes, The parents will demonstrate the accurate application and operation of the apnea monitor, The parents will become skillful in performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in the infant.

• #23 Sleep Apnea: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/obstructive-sleep-apnea-osa/?srsltid=AfmBOoohVOuA2M8IImi_mIcM4tTXQvTZqtTMMJWG7MtMeuEZCIo_89hF

  Assess signs and symptoms: […] Screen individuals with daytime fatigue or other risk factors for OSA. […] Ineffective breathing pattern related to sleep apnea evidenced by: […] Impaired gas exchange related to altered oxygen supply secondary to sleep apnea evidenced by: […] Sleep deprivation related to OSA evidenced by: […] Monitor skin and mucous membrane color for cyanosis […] Assess vital signs, especially respiratory rate and oxygen saturation during sleep […] Provide PAP and supplemental oxygen as ordered […] Assist with repositioning to elevate the head of the bed and discourage supine position […] Expected Outcomes: […] Maintains effective breathing pattern and adequate oxygenation […] Reports restful sleep […] Demonstrates effective coping […] Uses and maintains sleep equipment as recommended

• #24 2 Apnea Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/apnea-nursing-care-plans/

  Therapeutic interventions and nursing actions for patients with apnea may include: Assess the frequency and pattern of breathing; Observe the presence of apnea and changes in the heart rate, Assess skin, nail beds, skin, and mucous membranes for pallor or cyanosis, Place the infant on an apnea monitor and pulse oximeter, Assess respiratory rate, depth, and ease, periods of apnea, Assess the infant for skin color and perfusion, Assess for changes in consciousness, the presence of irritability and somnolence, Monitor ABG levels and oxygen saturation, Monitor chest-Xray studies for further evaluation, Position the infants head and neck in a neutral position, Avoid prolonged suctioning; Discourage taking rectal temperatures and tube feedings, Provide tactile stimulation by applying a gentle rub on the soles of the feet or chest wall, Administer methylxanthines (e.g., theophylline, caffeine) as prescribed, Administer continuous nasal airflow or CPAP via a nasal mask, or a face mask, Prepare the infant for assisted mechanical ventilation as indicated, Educate the parents on the use of apnea monitor and allow for a return demonstration of the application.

• #25 Sleep Apnea: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/obstructive-sleep-apnea-osa/?srsltid=AfmBOoohVOuA2M8IImi_mIcM4tTXQvTZqtTMMJWG7MtMeuEZCIo_89hF

  Assess signs and symptoms: […] Screen individuals with daytime fatigue or other risk factors for OSA. […] Ineffective breathing pattern related to sleep apnea evidenced by: […] Impaired gas exchange related to altered oxygen supply secondary to sleep apnea evidenced by: […] Sleep deprivation related to OSA evidenced by: […] Monitor skin and mucous membrane color for cyanosis […] Assess vital signs, especially respiratory rate and oxygen saturation during sleep […] Provide PAP and supplemental oxygen as ordered […] Assist with repositioning to elevate the head of the bed and discourage supine position […] Expected Outcomes: […] Maintains effective breathing pattern and adequate oxygenation […] Reports restful sleep […] Demonstrates effective coping […] Uses and maintains sleep equipment as recommended

• #26 2 Apnea Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/apnea-nursing-care-plans/

  Compromised family coping for patients with apnea may occur due to the significant impact that the infants condition can have on the familys daily routine and emotional well-being. […] Assess family anxiety level and erratic behaviors (anger, tension, disorganization) perception of a crisis situation, Assess the familys previous coping methods and perceived effectiveness, Assist the family to identify and use 3 techniques to cope with and solve problems and gain control over the situation, Assess the history of apnea, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), and life-threatening events of infants in the family, Assess for the presence of apneic episodes, bradycardia, cyanosis, gastroesophageal reflux, upper respiratory infection, and poor feeding with choking during feedings, Assess parents ability to take part in apnea monitoring and to learn CPR as an intervention in case of an episode, Encourage verbalization of feelings and provide accurate information about infant apnea, Educate parents that over-protective behaviors may affect infant growth and development, Reinforce appropriate coping behaviors, Reinforce the need to sustain the health of family members and social contacts, Encourage parents to verbalize feelings about unmet needs and the ability to meet and develop self-expectations, Provide a calm, supportive, and positive environment; encourage and commend positive parental behaviors, Encourage touching and play activities between parents and infants, Provide parents with step-by-step procedures in written or picture form about apnea monitoring and resuscitation, Teach parents about safety issues of home apnea monitoring, Demonstrate for parents, and allow for return demonstration on how to attach electrodes to the belt and monitor, apply belt to infants chest, turn to monitor on, set the monitor, test the monitor alarms, remove and care of monitor after use, Instruct other significant others and support persons to care for the child with a home monitor, including CPR, Demonstrate for parents and allow for return demonstration of CPR on infant model.

• #27 Sleep Apnea: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/obstructive-sleep-apnea-osa/?srsltid=AfmBOoohVOuA2M8IImi_mIcM4tTXQvTZqtTMMJWG7MtMeuEZCIo_89hF

  Individual/Caregiver Education: […] Condition, treatment, and expected outcomes […] Importance of treatment compliance […] Sleep hygiene, weight loss, and side sleeping […] Recommended follow-up with healthcare providers […] Immediate medical care for acute elevations in blood pressure, chest pain, or shortness of breath.

• #28 Central Sleep Apnea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK578199/

  Central sleep apnea is a breathing disorder in which a person experiences apnea episodes are alternating with normal breathing. […] This activity reviews pathophysiology and diagnostic and therapeutic modalities available for managing central sleep apnea and highlights the interprofessional team’s role in managing the condition better. […] The primary goals in CSA management are to stabilize sleep by suppressing abnormal respiratory events and optimizing the treatment of comorbid conditions. Positive airway pressure (PAP) remains a standard treatment for both central and obstructive apnea that can be delivered as continuous PAP (CPAP), Bi-level PAP therapy (BPAP), and adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV). […] The heterogeneity of disease necessitates individualized therapies for the proper management of CSA rather than a homogenous treatment approach.

• #29 Central Sleep Apnea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK578199/

  Central sleep apnea is a breathing disorder in which a person experiences apnea episodes are alternating with normal breathing. […] This activity reviews pathophysiology and diagnostic and therapeutic modalities available for managing central sleep apnea and highlights the interprofessional team’s role in managing the condition better. […] The primary goals in CSA management are to stabilize sleep by suppressing abnormal respiratory events and optimizing the treatment of comorbid conditions. Positive airway pressure (PAP) remains a standard treatment for both central and obstructive apnea that can be delivered as continuous PAP (CPAP), Bi-level PAP therapy (BPAP), and adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV). […] The heterogeneity of disease necessitates individualized therapies for the proper management of CSA rather than a homogenous treatment approach.

• #30 Central sleep apnea – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/central-sleep-apnea/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352114

  Our caring team of Mayo Clinic experts can help you with your central sleep apnea-related health concerns […] Central sleep apnea care at Mayo Clinic […] To address central sleep apnea, a health care professional may recommend a positive airway pressure machine. Positive airway pressure devices used for central sleep apnea include continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), bilevel positive airway pressure (BPAP) and adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV). These devices deliver pressurized air through a tight-sealing mask to help support breathing. […] Treatments for central sleep apnea might include: Addressing associated medical problems. Possible causes of central sleep apnea include other disorders. Treating those conditions might help your central sleep apnea. For example, therapy for heart failure might improve central sleep apnea.

• #31 Central Sleep Apnea Syndromes Treatment & Management: Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/304967-treatment

  No clear guidelines are available on when or whether to treat central sleep apnea in the absence of symptoms, particularly when central sleep apnea is discovered after polysomnography (PSG) is performed for another reason. Clearly, when the symptoms are present, treatment is warranted. The decision to treat should be made on an individual basis. […] Up to 20% of central sleep apnea cases resolve spontaneously. If the patient is not symptomatic, observation may be the only appropriate step. This may be the case in patients who have central sleep apnea during sleep-wake transition, patients without significant oxygen desaturation, or in those who experience central sleep apnea during continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. […] If present, treatment of the underlying disorder often improves central sleep apnea. For example, descending to a low altitude is effective in treating high-altitude periodic breathing. Similarly, instituting nocturnal dialysis and optimizing medical treatment are often effective for Cheyne-Stokes breathing-central sleep apnea (CSB-CSA) due to renal failure and heart failure, respectively. Heart transplantation has also been reported either to resolve CSB-CSA or to decrease the cycle length of CSB-CSA breathing.

• #32 Central Sleep Apnea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK578199/

  Central sleep apnea is a breathing disorder in which a person experiences apnea episodes are alternating with normal breathing. […] This activity reviews pathophysiology and diagnostic and therapeutic modalities available for managing central sleep apnea and highlights the interprofessional team’s role in managing the condition better. […] The primary goals in CSA management are to stabilize sleep by suppressing abnormal respiratory events and optimizing the treatment of comorbid conditions. Positive airway pressure (PAP) remains a standard treatment for both central and obstructive apnea that can be delivered as continuous PAP (CPAP), Bi-level PAP therapy (BPAP), and adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV). […] The heterogeneity of disease necessitates individualized therapies for the proper management of CSA rather than a homogenous treatment approach.

• #33 Central sleep apnea – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/central-sleep-apnea/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352114

  Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). This method, also used to treat obstructive sleep apnea, involves wearing a mask over the nose or over the nose and mouth while asleep. […] As with obstructive sleep apnea, in central sleep apnea it’s important that you use the CPAP device only as directed. If your mask is uncomfortable or the pressure feels too strong, talk with your health care team. Several types of masks are available. The air pressure also can be adjusted. […] Adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV). If CPAP doesn’t effectively treat your condition, you might be given ASV. Like CPAP, ASV also delivers pressurized air. […] Supplemental oxygen. Using supplemental oxygen while you sleep might help if you have central sleep apnea. Various devices are available to deliver oxygen to your lungs.

• #34 Central Sleep Apnea Syndromes Treatment & Management: Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/304967-treatment

  Several different treatments aimed at central sleep apnea include positive airway pressure, adaptive servo ventilation (ASV), oxygen, added dead space, carbon dioxide inhalation, and overdrive atrial pacing. […] CPAP improves cardiac function in patients with congestive heart failure and CSB-CSA. […] Bilevel positive airway pressure (BIPAP) is effective for treating patients with hypercapnic central sleep apnea (associated with hypoventilation). […] Some patients with nonhypercapnic central sleep apnea, such as CSB-CSA, and primary central sleep apnea have been shown to benefit from BIPAP. […] ASV is used for treatment for CSA, especially CSB-CSA. […] Studies demonstrate that ASV is superior to conventional positive airway pressure therapy for controlling the number of central sleep apneas, improving sleep architecture and daytime hypersomnolence, particularly for CSB-CSA, central sleep apnea syndrome, and complex sleep apnea.

• #35 Central Sleep Apnea: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, and More

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/sleep-disorders/central-sleep-apnea

  Central sleep apnea (CSA) causes disruptions to your typical breathing pattern while you sleep. This occurs due to problems with the signals your brain sends to your muscles. […] Central sleep apnea can include both apneas and hypopneas. Apneas are periods in which you stop breathing, while hypopneas are times of shallow breathing. […] As central sleep apnea can disrupt your quality of sleep, you might also experience symptoms during the day, such as sleepiness and a reduced ability to concentrate. […] Positive airway pressure (PAP) is a standard treatment for central sleep apnea. This can include: continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP), adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV). […] CPAP is the first-line treatment for central sleep apnea, with a response rate of around 50%. During CPAP treatment, you wear either a face mask or nasal mask that is connected to a CPAP machine. This machine provides a continuous flow of air to keep your airways open.

• #36 Central Sleep Apnea Syndromes Treatment & Management: Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/304967-treatment

  Several different treatments aimed at central sleep apnea include positive airway pressure, adaptive servo ventilation (ASV), oxygen, added dead space, carbon dioxide inhalation, and overdrive atrial pacing. […] CPAP improves cardiac function in patients with congestive heart failure and CSB-CSA. […] Bilevel positive airway pressure (BIPAP) is effective for treating patients with hypercapnic central sleep apnea (associated with hypoventilation). […] Some patients with nonhypercapnic central sleep apnea, such as CSB-CSA, and primary central sleep apnea have been shown to benefit from BIPAP. […] ASV is used for treatment for CSA, especially CSB-CSA. […] Studies demonstrate that ASV is superior to conventional positive airway pressure therapy for controlling the number of central sleep apneas, improving sleep architecture and daytime hypersomnolence, particularly for CSB-CSA, central sleep apnea syndrome, and complex sleep apnea.

• #37 Central Sleep Apnea: Symptoms, Risk Factors, and Treatments

  https://sleepdoctor.com/pages/sleep-apnea/central-sleep-apnea

  For people with more severe symptoms or complications of CSA, doctors treat the underlying condition at the same time as starting one or more treatments to normalize breathing. […] Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP): CPAP is the first treatment for most forms of CSA. A CPAP machine keeps the airway open during sleep by delivering pressurized air at a consistent level via a hose connected to a face mask worn during sleep. […] Supplemental oxygen: Supplemental oxygen during sleep may be recommended for people with CSA who experience low levels of oxygen in the blood. Supplemental oxygen can be used on its own or along with CPAP. […] Bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP): BiPAP, or BPAP, is recommended as a treatment only if CPAP and supplemental oxygen do not resolve CSA. BiPAP delivers air at a higher pressure during inhalation and a lower pressure during exhalation.

• #38 Central sleep apnea – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/central-sleep-apnea/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352114

  Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). This method, also used to treat obstructive sleep apnea, involves wearing a mask over the nose or over the nose and mouth while asleep. […] As with obstructive sleep apnea, in central sleep apnea it’s important that you use the CPAP device only as directed. If your mask is uncomfortable or the pressure feels too strong, talk with your health care team. Several types of masks are available. The air pressure also can be adjusted. […] Adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV). If CPAP doesn’t effectively treat your condition, you might be given ASV. Like CPAP, ASV also delivers pressurized air. […] Supplemental oxygen. Using supplemental oxygen while you sleep might help if you have central sleep apnea. Various devices are available to deliver oxygen to your lungs.

• #39 Central Sleep Apnea Syndromes Treatment & Management: Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/304967-treatment

  Several different treatments aimed at central sleep apnea include positive airway pressure, adaptive servo ventilation (ASV), oxygen, added dead space, carbon dioxide inhalation, and overdrive atrial pacing. […] CPAP improves cardiac function in patients with congestive heart failure and CSB-CSA. […] Bilevel positive airway pressure (BIPAP) is effective for treating patients with hypercapnic central sleep apnea (associated with hypoventilation). […] Some patients with nonhypercapnic central sleep apnea, such as CSB-CSA, and primary central sleep apnea have been shown to benefit from BIPAP. […] ASV is used for treatment for CSA, especially CSB-CSA. […] Studies demonstrate that ASV is superior to conventional positive airway pressure therapy for controlling the number of central sleep apneas, improving sleep architecture and daytime hypersomnolence, particularly for CSB-CSA, central sleep apnea syndrome, and complex sleep apnea.

• #40 Central Sleep Apnea Syndromes Treatment & Management: Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/304967-treatment

  Several different treatments aimed at central sleep apnea include positive airway pressure, adaptive servo ventilation (ASV), oxygen, added dead space, carbon dioxide inhalation, and overdrive atrial pacing. […] CPAP improves cardiac function in patients with congestive heart failure and CSB-CSA. […] Bilevel positive airway pressure (BIPAP) is effective for treating patients with hypercapnic central sleep apnea (associated with hypoventilation). […] Some patients with nonhypercapnic central sleep apnea, such as CSB-CSA, and primary central sleep apnea have been shown to benefit from BIPAP. […] ASV is used for treatment for CSA, especially CSB-CSA. […] Studies demonstrate that ASV is superior to conventional positive airway pressure therapy for controlling the number of central sleep apneas, improving sleep architecture and daytime hypersomnolence, particularly for CSB-CSA, central sleep apnea syndrome, and complex sleep apnea.

• #41

  https://www.thoracic.org/members/assemblies/assemblies/srn/sleep-matters/2019-12-19.php

  There are a variety of potential treatments for central sleep apnea with Cheyne-Stokes respiration (CSA/CSR) including CPAP, adaptive servoventilation (ASV), and nocturnal oxygen therapy. The benefits of these therapies in CSA/CSR patients with comorbid heart failure (HF) has remained questionable. […] Current guidelines recommend against the use of ASV in patients with HF with reduced LVEF given the signal of significant harm. However, the mechanism for this increase in mortality is still unclear. […] Nonetheless, this network meta-analysis by Schwarz et al demonstrates that an improvement in LVEF can be achieved with CPAP, and that this effect is not seen with nocturnal oxygen therapy alone.

• #42 Updated Guidelines from AASM for the Treatment of Central Sleep Apnea Syndromes | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/1115/p968.html

  CPAP therapy targeted to normalize the apnea-hypopnea index is indicated for the initial treatment of central sleep apnea syndromes related to congestive heart failure (CHF). (Standard.) […] Bilevel positive airway pressure therapy in a spontaneous timed mode targeted to normalize the apnea-hypopnea index may be considered for the treatment of central sleep apnea related to CHF only if there is no response to adequate trials of CPAP, adaptive servo-ventilation, and oxygen therapies. (Option.) […] Adaptive servo-ventilation targeted to normalize the apnea-hypopnea index is indicated for the treatment of central sleep apnea syndromes related to CHF. (Standard.) […] Nocturnal oxygen therapy is indicated for the treatment of central sleep apnea syndromes related to CHF. (Standard.) […] Acetazolamide and theophylline have limited supporting evidence, but may be considered for the treatment of central sleep apnea syndromes related to CHF after optimization of standard medical therapy, if positive airway pressure is not tolerated and if accompanied by close clinical follow-up. (Option.) […] The following possible treatment options for central sleep apnea syndromes related to end-stage renal disease may be considered: CPAP, supplemental oxygen, bicarbonate buffer use during dialysis, and nocturnal dialysis. (Option.)

• #43 Central Sleep Apnea Syndromes Treatment & Management: Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/304967-treatment

  Supplemental oxygen may be effective in some patients with CSB-CSA due to heart failure and has also been shown to improve ejection fraction. […] Overdrive atrial pacing has been shown to reduce both obstructive and central apneas in patients with sleep-disordered breathing who have dual-chamber pacemakers. […] In October 2017, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved an implantable device for the treatment of central sleep apnea. […] Self-report questionnaires following 12 months of usage of TPNS therapy reported significant improvements of symptoms with 45% of patients indicating cessation of daytime sleepiness, 44% cessation of fatigue/weakness, and 52% no longer having difficulty falling/staying asleep.

• #44 Central sleep apnoea syndrome (CSA) | Great Ormond Street Hospital

  https://www.gosh.nhs.uk/conditions-and-treatments/conditions-we-treat/central-sleep-apnoea-syndrome-csa/

  Central sleep apnoea (CSA) is a disorder in which there are pauses in breathing while asleep these are called apnoeas. […] CSA occurs when the brain does not send the correct signals to the muscles that control breathing. […] Common signs and symptoms of CSA include: Observed episodes of stopped breathing or abnormal breathing patterns during sleep, Abrupt awakenings accompanied by shortness of breath, Difficulty staying asleep (insomnia), Excessive daytime sleepiness (hypersomnia), Difficulty concentrating, Mood changes, Morning headaches, Snoring although this may not be as prominent as in the presence of OSA. […] Sleep studies are the main method of investigating CSA. […] Breathing extra oxygen during sleep may help reduce the number of apnoeic pauses and lessen the effects of CSA by improving the oxygen levels in the blood.

• #45 Central Sleep Apnea: Symptoms, Risk Factors, and Treatments

  https://sleepdoctor.com/pages/sleep-apnea/central-sleep-apnea

  For people with more severe symptoms or complications of CSA, doctors treat the underlying condition at the same time as starting one or more treatments to normalize breathing. […] Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP): CPAP is the first treatment for most forms of CSA. A CPAP machine keeps the airway open during sleep by delivering pressurized air at a consistent level via a hose connected to a face mask worn during sleep. […] Supplemental oxygen: Supplemental oxygen during sleep may be recommended for people with CSA who experience low levels of oxygen in the blood. Supplemental oxygen can be used on its own or along with CPAP. […] Bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP): BiPAP, or BPAP, is recommended as a treatment only if CPAP and supplemental oxygen do not resolve CSA. BiPAP delivers air at a higher pressure during inhalation and a lower pressure during exhalation.

• #46 Central sleep apnea – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/central-sleep-apnea/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352114

  Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). This method, also used to treat obstructive sleep apnea, involves wearing a mask over the nose or over the nose and mouth while asleep. […] As with obstructive sleep apnea, in central sleep apnea it’s important that you use the CPAP device only as directed. If your mask is uncomfortable or the pressure feels too strong, talk with your health care team. Several types of masks are available. The air pressure also can be adjusted. […] Adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV). If CPAP doesn’t effectively treat your condition, you might be given ASV. Like CPAP, ASV also delivers pressurized air. […] Supplemental oxygen. Using supplemental oxygen while you sleep might help if you have central sleep apnea. Various devices are available to deliver oxygen to your lungs.

• #47 Central sleep apnea – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/central-sleep-apnea/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352114

  Medicines such as acetazolamide have been used to stimulate breathing in people with central sleep apnea. These medicines might be prescribed to help your breathing as you sleep if you can’t tolerate positive airway pressure. […] A newer therapy for central sleep apnea is transvenous phrenic nerve stimulation. A device approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration known as Remede System delivers an electrical pulse to the nerve that controls the diaphragm during sleep. This causes you to take a breath. The system includes a battery-powered pulse generator that’s implanted under the skin in the upper chest. […] Used for moderate to severe central sleep apnea, this system produces a steady breathing pattern. More study is needed.

• #48 Central Sleep Apnea: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/sleep-apnea/central-sleep-apnea

  Central sleep apnea (CSA) is when you regularly stop breathing while you sleep because your brain doesn’t tell your muscles to take in air. […] Treatment might depend on the cause of your apnea and might involve taking medicine for heart failure or stopping an opioid medication. […] Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) can help people with all kinds of sleep apnea, especially CSA caused by heart failure. […] A device called the Remede System can help with moderate to severe central sleep apnea. Your doctor implants a small machine under the skin in your upper chest. It helps trigger the nerve that moves your diaphragm when you breathe. It also monitors your respiratory signals while you sleep and helps restore regular breathing patterns. […] Medications like acetazolamide (Diamox) and theophylline (Theochron) can stimulate breathing.

• #49 Central sleep apnea | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/central-sleep-apnea?content_id=CON-20166460

  Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). This method, also used to treat obstructive sleep apnea, involves wearing a mask over the nose or over the nose and mouth while asleep. […] Adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV). If CPAP doesn’t effectively treat your condition, you might be given ASV. […] Bilevel positive airway pressure (BPAP). Like ASV, BPAP delivers a set amount pressure when you breathe in and a different amount of pressure when you breathe out. […] Supplemental oxygen. Using supplemental oxygen while you sleep might help if you have central sleep apnea. Various devices are available to deliver oxygen to your lungs. […] Medicines. Medicines such as acetazolamide have been used to stimulate breathing in people with central sleep apnea. These medicines might be prescribed to help your breathing as you sleep if you can’t tolerate positive airway pressure. […] A newer therapy for central sleep apnea is transvenous phrenic nerve stimulation. A device approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration known as Remede System delivers an electrical pulse to the nerve that controls the diaphragm during sleep. This causes you to take a breath.

• #50 Updated Guidelines from AASM for the Treatment of Central Sleep Apnea Syndromes | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/1115/p968.html

  CPAP therapy targeted to normalize the apnea-hypopnea index is indicated for the initial treatment of central sleep apnea syndromes related to congestive heart failure (CHF). (Standard.) […] Bilevel positive airway pressure therapy in a spontaneous timed mode targeted to normalize the apnea-hypopnea index may be considered for the treatment of central sleep apnea related to CHF only if there is no response to adequate trials of CPAP, adaptive servo-ventilation, and oxygen therapies. (Option.) […] Adaptive servo-ventilation targeted to normalize the apnea-hypopnea index is indicated for the treatment of central sleep apnea syndromes related to CHF. (Standard.) […] Nocturnal oxygen therapy is indicated for the treatment of central sleep apnea syndromes related to CHF. (Standard.) […] Acetazolamide and theophylline have limited supporting evidence, but may be considered for the treatment of central sleep apnea syndromes related to CHF after optimization of standard medical therapy, if positive airway pressure is not tolerated and if accompanied by close clinical follow-up. (Option.) […] The following possible treatment options for central sleep apnea syndromes related to end-stage renal disease may be considered: CPAP, supplemental oxygen, bicarbonate buffer use during dialysis, and nocturnal dialysis. (Option.)

• #51 FloridaHealthFinder | Central sleep apnea | Health Encyclopedia | FloridaHealthFinder

  https://quality.healthfinder.fl.gov/health-encyclopedia/HIE/1/003997

  Central sleep apnea is a sleep disorder in which breathing stops over and over during sleep. […] Central sleep apnea results when the brain temporarily stops sending signals to the muscles that cause breathing. […] Treating the condition that is causing central sleep apnea can help manage symptoms. For example, if central sleep apnea is due to heart failure, the goal is to treat the heart failure itself. […] Devices used during sleep to aid breathing may be recommended. These include nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) or adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV). Some types of central sleep apnea are treated with medicines that stimulate breathing. […] Oxygen treatment may help ensure the lungs get enough oxygen while sleeping. […] If narcotic medicine is causing the apnea, the dosage may need to be lowered or the medicine changed.

• #52 Central Sleep Apnea: Symptoms, Risk Factors, and Treatments

  https://sleepdoctor.com/pages/sleep-apnea/central-sleep-apnea

  Medication: If CPAP, BiPAP, or supplemental oxygen are not successful, medication may be recommended to stimulate breathing. However, medications can have harmful side effects and should be closely monitored by a health care professional. […] Nerve stimulation: Another alternative to CPAP is phrenic nerve stimulation. This treatment involves surgically implanting a device in the chest that stimulates breathing by causing the diaphragm to contract.

• #53 Central sleep apnea – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/central-sleep-apnea/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352114

  Medicines such as acetazolamide have been used to stimulate breathing in people with central sleep apnea. These medicines might be prescribed to help your breathing as you sleep if you can’t tolerate positive airway pressure. […] A newer therapy for central sleep apnea is transvenous phrenic nerve stimulation. A device approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration known as Remede System delivers an electrical pulse to the nerve that controls the diaphragm during sleep. This causes you to take a breath. The system includes a battery-powered pulse generator that’s implanted under the skin in the upper chest. […] Used for moderate to severe central sleep apnea, this system produces a steady breathing pattern. More study is needed.

• #54 Central sleep apnea | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/central-sleep-apnea?content_id=CON-20166460

  Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). This method, also used to treat obstructive sleep apnea, involves wearing a mask over the nose or over the nose and mouth while asleep. […] Adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV). If CPAP doesn’t effectively treat your condition, you might be given ASV. […] Bilevel positive airway pressure (BPAP). Like ASV, BPAP delivers a set amount pressure when you breathe in and a different amount of pressure when you breathe out. […] Supplemental oxygen. Using supplemental oxygen while you sleep might help if you have central sleep apnea. Various devices are available to deliver oxygen to your lungs. […] Medicines. Medicines such as acetazolamide have been used to stimulate breathing in people with central sleep apnea. These medicines might be prescribed to help your breathing as you sleep if you can’t tolerate positive airway pressure. […] A newer therapy for central sleep apnea is transvenous phrenic nerve stimulation. A device approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration known as Remede System delivers an electrical pulse to the nerve that controls the diaphragm during sleep. This causes you to take a breath.

• #55 Central Sleep Apnea (CSA) | Treatment for Central Sleep Apnea

  https://www.valleyhealth.com/services/central-sleep-apnea

  Our multidisciplinary team consisting of a sleep medicine specialist, electrophysiologists and a heart failure specialist works together to determine appropriate patients for treatment using the remed System; implant the device; and monitor patients improvement. […] The device treats central sleep apnea by activating a nerve located in the chest that stimulates breathing. The system monitors the patients breathing during sleep; if irregular breathing is detected, it stimulates the nerve to move the diaphragm and restore normal breathing. […] The remed System works to continuously and automatically monitor and stabilize the breathing pattern, restoring sleep throughout the night.

• #56 Central Sleep Apnea Syndromes Treatment & Management: Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/304967-treatment

  Supplemental oxygen may be effective in some patients with CSB-CSA due to heart failure and has also been shown to improve ejection fraction. […] Overdrive atrial pacing has been shown to reduce both obstructive and central apneas in patients with sleep-disordered breathing who have dual-chamber pacemakers. […] In October 2017, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved an implantable device for the treatment of central sleep apnea. […] Self-report questionnaires following 12 months of usage of TPNS therapy reported significant improvements of symptoms with 45% of patients indicating cessation of daytime sleepiness, 44% cessation of fatigue/weakness, and 52% no longer having difficulty falling/staying asleep.

• #57 Updated Guidelines from AASM for the Treatment of Central Sleep Apnea Syndromes | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/1115/p968.html

  CPAP therapy targeted to normalize the apnea-hypopnea index is indicated for the initial treatment of central sleep apnea syndromes related to congestive heart failure (CHF). (Standard.) […] Bilevel positive airway pressure therapy in a spontaneous timed mode targeted to normalize the apnea-hypopnea index may be considered for the treatment of central sleep apnea related to CHF only if there is no response to adequate trials of CPAP, adaptive servo-ventilation, and oxygen therapies. (Option.) […] Adaptive servo-ventilation targeted to normalize the apnea-hypopnea index is indicated for the treatment of central sleep apnea syndromes related to CHF. (Standard.) […] Nocturnal oxygen therapy is indicated for the treatment of central sleep apnea syndromes related to CHF. (Standard.) […] Acetazolamide and theophylline have limited supporting evidence, but may be considered for the treatment of central sleep apnea syndromes related to CHF after optimization of standard medical therapy, if positive airway pressure is not tolerated and if accompanied by close clinical follow-up. (Option.) […] The following possible treatment options for central sleep apnea syndromes related to end-stage renal disease may be considered: CPAP, supplemental oxygen, bicarbonate buffer use during dialysis, and nocturnal dialysis. (Option.)

• #58 Sleep Apnea Symptoms & Treatment | Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/sleep-apnea

  Oral appliances work to keep the soft tissue from collapsing against the windpipe and blocking airflow and are recommended for mild to moderate cases. Special mouthpieces help to keep the jaw or tongue in place so that they are not pressing against the windpipe. It is important to consult with a dentist or sleep specialist when considering oral appliances. […] Typically, surgery would not be recommended unless all other treatment measures have failed. However, for a small number of people with certain structural jaw issues, surgery may be the first option.

• #59 Central Sleep Apnea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK578199/

  For patients with central sleep apnea, a multidisciplinary approach is important to the patient’s overall care. This may include a cardiologist in patients with heart failure to appropriately optimize treatment. The role of respiratory therapists and nurses is important in educating patients on proper techniques to use various machines and masks for non-invasive ventilation, which is a cornerstone of management in patients with central sleep apnea.

• #60 Central Sleep Apnea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK578199/

  For patients with central sleep apnea, a multidisciplinary approach is important to the patient’s overall care. This may include a cardiologist in patients with heart failure to appropriately optimize treatment. The role of respiratory therapists and nurses is important in educating patients on proper techniques to use various machines and masks for non-invasive ventilation, which is a cornerstone of management in patients with central sleep apnea.

• #61 Central Sleep Apnea: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/central-sleep-apnea

  Central sleep apnea may be a complication of another medical issue. Healthcare providers often treat it with pressurized air pressure systems that manage breathing. […] Healthcare providers focus on treating the underlying condition. […] Healthcare providers will ask about your symptoms and your medical history, including medical conditions that may cause central sleep apnea. […] Your provider will recommend that you participate in a sleep study to check if you have central sleep apnea or obstructive sleep apnea. […] Healthcare providers treat central sleep apnea with positive air pressure (PAP) systems that prevent sleep apnea symptoms. […] Central sleep apnea often is a complication of other conditions, and you should continue or seek treatment for those conditions. […] If you have central sleep apnea, be sure to schedule regular check-ups with your provider. They’ll make sure your treatment is working and check for any complications.

• #62 Central Sleep Apnea Syndromes Treatment & Management: Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/304967-treatment

  No clear guidelines are available on when or whether to treat central sleep apnea in the absence of symptoms, particularly when central sleep apnea is discovered after polysomnography (PSG) is performed for another reason. Clearly, when the symptoms are present, treatment is warranted. The decision to treat should be made on an individual basis. […] Up to 20% of central sleep apnea cases resolve spontaneously. If the patient is not symptomatic, observation may be the only appropriate step. This may be the case in patients who have central sleep apnea during sleep-wake transition, patients without significant oxygen desaturation, or in those who experience central sleep apnea during continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. […] If present, treatment of the underlying disorder often improves central sleep apnea. For example, descending to a low altitude is effective in treating high-altitude periodic breathing. Similarly, instituting nocturnal dialysis and optimizing medical treatment are often effective for Cheyne-Stokes breathing-central sleep apnea (CSB-CSA) due to renal failure and heart failure, respectively. Heart transplantation has also been reported either to resolve CSB-CSA or to decrease the cycle length of CSB-CSA breathing.

• #63 2 Apnea Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/apnea-nursing-care-plans/

  Use this nursing care plan and management guide to help care for patients with apnea. Learn about the nursing assessment, nursing interventions, goals and nursing diagnosis for apnea in this guide. […] Nursing care plan for sleep apnea is directed at supporting the infants cardiopulmonary status, improvement in gas exchange and breathing pattern, attainment of an optimal level of parental coping, knowledge of the treatment program and home care, and absence of complications. […] The following are the nursing priorities for patients with apnea: Airway management and maintenance, Monitor and assess respiratory function, Administration of appropriate interventions and therapies, such as continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or mechanical ventilation if necessary, Educate and support for the patient and their caregivers regarding apnea management and prevention, Collaborate with the healthcare team to address underlying causes of apnea and optimize overall patient care.

• #64 Sleep Apnea: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/obstructive-sleep-apnea-osa/?srsltid=AfmBOoohVOuA2M8IImi_mIcM4tTXQvTZqtTMMJWG7MtMeuEZCIo_89hF

  Individual/Caregiver Education: […] Condition, treatment, and expected outcomes […] Importance of treatment compliance […] Sleep hygiene, weight loss, and side sleeping […] Recommended follow-up with healthcare providers […] Immediate medical care for acute elevations in blood pressure, chest pain, or shortness of breath.

• #65 FloridaHealthFinder | Central sleep apnea | Health Encyclopedia | FloridaHealthFinder

  https://quality.healthfinder.fl.gov/health-encyclopedia/HIE/1/003997

  The FDA has approved a medical device (remede System) to treat central sleep apnea. The device is implanted in the chest. When a breathing pause is detected, the device stimulates the nerve that controls the breathing muscles so that you will breathe. […] Contact your provider if you have symptoms of sleep apnea. Central sleep apnea is usually diagnosed in people who are already severely ill.

• #66 Sleep Apnea: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/sleep-apnea-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Central sleep apnea (CSA) occurs when there is a brief disruption between the brain and the muscles that control breathing. […] Nurses support their patients with sleep apnea by providing interventions and patient education to maintain cardiopulmonary status, improve breathing patterns and gas exchange, and improve quality of life. […] Supplemental oxygen is recommended for patients with central sleep apnea.

• #67 Sleep Apnea: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/sleep-apnea-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Central sleep apnea (CSA) occurs when there is a brief disruption between the brain and the muscles that control breathing. […] Nurses support their patients with sleep apnea by providing interventions and patient education to maintain cardiopulmonary status, improve breathing patterns and gas exchange, and improve quality of life. […] Supplemental oxygen is recommended for patients with central sleep apnea.

• #68 Central Sleep Apnea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK578199/

  For patients with central sleep apnea, a multidisciplinary approach is important to the patient’s overall care. This may include a cardiologist in patients with heart failure to appropriately optimize treatment. The role of respiratory therapists and nurses is important in educating patients on proper techniques to use various machines and masks for non-invasive ventilation, which is a cornerstone of management in patients with central sleep apnea.

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