Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Central sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/central-sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20352109

  Central sleep apnea occurs because the brain doesn’t send proper signals to the muscles that control breathing. […] Central sleep apnea can result from other conditions, such as heart failure and stroke. Another possible cause is sleeping at a high altitude. […] Central sleep apnea occurs when your brain doesn’t transmit signals to your breathing muscles. […] The brainstem links the brain to the spinal cord. It controls many functions, including heart rate and breathing. Central sleep apnea can be caused by a number of conditions that affect the ability of the brainstem to control breathing. […] The cause varies with the type of central sleep apnea you have. Types include: […] Cheyne-Stokes breathing. This type of central sleep apnea is most commonly associated with congestive heart failure or stroke.

• #2 Central sleep apnea: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003997.htm

  Central sleep apnea results when the brain temporarily stops sending signals to the muscles that cause breathing. […] The condition often occurs in people who have certain medical problems. For example, it can develop in someone who has a problem with an area of the brain called the brainstem, which controls breathing. […] Conditions that can cause or lead to central sleep apnea include: Problems that affect the brainstem, including brain infection, stroke, or conditions of the cervical spine (neck). […] Certain medicines, such as narcotic painkillers. […] Being at high altitude. […] If the apnea is not associated with another disease, it is called idiopathic central sleep apnea. […] A condition called Cheyne-Stokes respiration can affect people with severe heart failure and can be associated with central sleep apnea.

• #3 Central sleep apnea – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_sleep_apnea

  Central sleep apnea (CSA) or central sleep apnea syndrome (CSAS) is a sleep-related disorder in which the effort to breathe is diminished or absent, typically for 10 to 30 seconds either intermittently or in cycles, and is usually associated with a reduction in blood oxygen saturation. CSA is usually due to an instability in the body’s feedback mechanisms that control respiration. Central sleep apnea can also be an indicator of ArnoldChiari malformation. […] In pure central sleep apnea, the brain’s respiratory control centers, located in the region of the human brain known as the pre-Botzinger complex, are imbalanced during sleep and fail to give the signal to inhale, causing the individual to miss one or more cycles of breathing. The neurological feedback mechanism that monitors blood levels of carbon dioxide and in turn stimulates respiration fails to react quickly enough to maintain an even respiratory rate, allowing the entire respiratory system to cycle between apnea and hyperpnea, even for a brief time following an awakening during a breathing pause.

• #4 Central Sleep Apnea Syndromes: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/304967-overview

  The term central sleep apnea (CSA) encompasses a heterogeneous group of sleep-related breathing disorders in which respiratory effort is diminished or absent in an intermittent or cyclical fashion during sleep. […] In most cases, central sleep apnea is associated with obstructive sleep apnea syndromes or is caused by an underlying medical condition, recent ascent to high altitude, or narcotic use. Primary central sleep apnea is a rare condition, the etiology of which is not entirely understood. […] Two types of pathophysiologic phenomena can cause central sleep apnea syndromes: 1) ventilatory instability or 2) depression of the brainstem respiratory centers or chemoreceptors. […] Ventilatory instability is the mechanism behind CSB-CSA, high-altitude periodic breathing, and probably primary central sleep apnea.

• #5 Central Sleep Apnea Syndromes: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/304967-overview

  The term central sleep apnea (CSA) encompasses a heterogeneous group of sleep-related breathing disorders in which respiratory effort is diminished or absent in an intermittent or cyclical fashion during sleep. […] In most cases, central sleep apnea is associated with obstructive sleep apnea syndromes or is caused by an underlying medical condition, recent ascent to high altitude, or narcotic use. Primary central sleep apnea is a rare condition, the etiology of which is not entirely understood. […] Two types of pathophysiologic phenomena can cause central sleep apnea syndromes: 1) ventilatory instability or 2) depression of the brainstem respiratory centers or chemoreceptors. […] Ventilatory instability is the mechanism behind CSB-CSA, high-altitude periodic breathing, and probably primary central sleep apnea.

• #6 Central Sleep Apnea in Adults: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Diagnosis and Management—A Narrative Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/14/7/2369

  Central sleep apnea (CSA) is a heterogeneous group of sleep-related breathing disorders characterized by intermittent absence of respiratory effort during sleep. […] Major causes include heart failure, opioid use, central neurological disorders, and altitude exposure. […] The most common possible causes of CSA are systolic heart failure, opioid abuse, central neurological disorders, exposure to altitude variations, or CSA associated with severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). […] Two major pathophysiological events cause CSA: (1) Ventilatory instability; (2) Depression of brainstem respiratory-centers or chemoreceptors. […] Ventilatory instability is the mechanism behind CSA, CC-SA, high altitude periodic breathing, and primary CSA. […] CSA-hypoventilation syndromes, such as those associated with narcotic use or brainstem lesions, are due to disturbances in the respiratory centers and/or peripheral chemoreceptors that may become more apparent during sleep due to the suppression of wakefulness.

• #7 Central Sleep Apnea in Adults: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Diagnosis and Management—A Narrative Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/14/7/2369

  Central sleep apnea (CSA) is a heterogeneous group of sleep-related breathing disorders characterized by intermittent absence of respiratory effort during sleep. […] Major causes include heart failure, opioid use, central neurological disorders, and altitude exposure. […] The most common possible causes of CSA are systolic heart failure, opioid abuse, central neurological disorders, exposure to altitude variations, or CSA associated with severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). […] Two major pathophysiological events cause CSA: (1) Ventilatory instability; (2) Depression of brainstem respiratory-centers or chemoreceptors. […] Ventilatory instability is the mechanism behind CSA, CC-SA, high altitude periodic breathing, and primary CSA. […] CSA-hypoventilation syndromes, such as those associated with narcotic use or brainstem lesions, are due to disturbances in the respiratory centers and/or peripheral chemoreceptors that may become more apparent during sleep due to the suppression of wakefulness.

• #8 Central Sleep Apnea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK578199/

  The enhanced chemosensitivity to arterial carbon dioxide levels during sleep results in overall increased loop gain, leading to ventilatory instability and CSA, especially in patients with HF. […] Patients with CSA present with stereotypical complaints related to disrupted sleep, which are akin to the other forms of sleep apnea. […] The primary goals in CSA management are to stabilize sleep by suppressing abnormal respiratory events and optimizing the treatment of comorbid conditions. […] Different pharmacological agents have been studied as a potential treatment for central sleep apnea. However, these medications remain investigational, and there is no approved pharmacological treatment for CSA.

• #9 Central Sleep Apnea

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2287191/

  Central sleep apnea (CSA) is characterized by a lack of drive to breathe during sleep, resulting in repetitive periods of insufficient ventilation and compromised gas exchange. […] The pathophysiology and the prevalence of the various forms of CSA vary greatly. […] The prevalence of CSA varies greatly between the various forms of CSA. […] While the precise precipitating mechanisms involved in the various types of CSA may vary considerably, unstable ventilatory drive during sleep is a principal underlying feature. […] The factors underlying central apnea in patients who are eucapnic or hypocapnic can be quite different from patients with hypercapnic CSA. […] The underlying mechanisms for this disorder are not fully understood. […] Elevated hypercapnic ventilatory responses leading to hypocapnia and respiratory control instability are believed to be particularly important.

• #10 Central sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/central-sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20352109

  Central sleep apnea occurs because the brain doesn’t send proper signals to the muscles that control breathing. […] Central sleep apnea can result from other conditions, such as heart failure and stroke. Another possible cause is sleeping at a high altitude. […] Central sleep apnea occurs when your brain doesn’t transmit signals to your breathing muscles. […] The brainstem links the brain to the spinal cord. It controls many functions, including heart rate and breathing. Central sleep apnea can be caused by a number of conditions that affect the ability of the brainstem to control breathing. […] The cause varies with the type of central sleep apnea you have. Types include: […] Cheyne-Stokes breathing. This type of central sleep apnea is most commonly associated with congestive heart failure or stroke.

• #11 Central sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/central-sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20352109

  Drug-induced apnea. Taking certain medicines such as opioids can cause breathing to become irregular or stop completely for a short time. […] High-altitude periodic breathing. A Cheyne-Stokes breathing pattern can occur if you’re at a very high altitude. […] Medical condition-induced central sleep apnea. Several medical conditions, including end-stage kidney disease and stroke, may lead to central sleep apnea. […] Primary central sleep apnea, also known as idiopathic sleep apnea. The cause of this uncommon type of central sleep apnea is not known.

• #12 Central sleep apnea: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/central-sleep-apnea

  Central sleep apnea is a condition that causes short pauses in a persons breathing as they sleep. This occurs because the brain temporarily stops signaling the respiratory muscles to breathe. […] Central sleep apnea is not the same as obstructive sleep apnea, which is more common. […] People with central sleep apnea do not have a physical blockage present in the upper airways. Instead, the pauses in sleep occur because the brain is not sending the correct signals to the respiratory muscles. […] The direct cause of central sleep apnea is a failure in the brain during sleep to send the signals needed for breathing to occur correctly. […] The underlying cause of this failure may vary depending on the type of central sleep apnea a person has. […] CheyneStokes breathing is a pattern of deep and rapid breathing followed by a series of short, shallow breaths leading to apnea.

• #13 Central sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/central-sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20352109

  Central sleep apnea occurs because the brain doesn’t send proper signals to the muscles that control breathing. […] Central sleep apnea can result from other conditions, such as heart failure and stroke. Another possible cause is sleeping at a high altitude. […] Central sleep apnea occurs when your brain doesn’t transmit signals to your breathing muscles. […] The brainstem links the brain to the spinal cord. It controls many functions, including heart rate and breathing. Central sleep apnea can be caused by a number of conditions that affect the ability of the brainstem to control breathing. […] The cause varies with the type of central sleep apnea you have. Types include: […] Cheyne-Stokes breathing. This type of central sleep apnea is most commonly associated with congestive heart failure or stroke.

• #14 Central Sleep Apnea | SleepApnea.org

  https://www.sleepapnea.org/central-sleep-apnea/?srsltid=AfmBOoqeqTL1vRj38Bg1o8BYGFnTtW0etta3cOaB0tpVVqXySabSqHW4

  Central sleep apnea is most often secondary to another health condition or medication. […] One of the most prevalent forms of central sleep apnea is called CSA with Cheyne-Stokes breathing. Cheyne-Stokes breathing describes a cyclical pattern in which breathing speeds up then slows and briefly stops. CSA with Cheyne-Stokes breathing is often caused by heart failure or stroke. […] Secondary central sleep apnea can also be due to a medical disorder without causing Cheyne-stokes breathing. Most people with this type of CSA have breathing issues caused by damage or an abnormality in the brainstem. […] In addition to being caused by a medical disorder, CSA may be caused by a medication or substance. Both prescription and illegal opioids, along with other medications that diminish breathing, may trigger CSA.

• #15 Central Sleep Apnea: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | remedē System

  https://remede.zoll.com/central-sleep-apnea-csa-symptoms-causes-and-treatment-options/

  Central sleep apnea is a form of sleep apnea that is less common and less studied than obstructive sleep apnea. […] Central sleep apnea occurs when the brain fails to signal the breathing muscle (diaphragm) to activate. As a result, the person either “forgets” to breathe or breathes less deeply than normal. […] Central sleep apnea is caused by a failure of a person’s brain to consistently send signals to activate the breathing muscles while asleep. Central sleep apnea has a number of known associations, including cardiac disorders, including congestive heart failure (CHF) and atrial fibrillation (AFib). […] In fact, heart failure is the most common cause of CSA in the general population. […] Certain medications, including opioids, can disrupt the breathing pattern and lead to central sleep apnea.

• #16 Central Sleep Apnea: Symptoms, Risk Factors, and Treatments

  https://sleepdoctor.com/sleep-apnea/central-sleep-apnea

  Central sleep apnea with Cheyne-Stokes breathing is typically associated with an underlying health condition, such as heart failure, kidney failure, or stroke. […] Central sleep apnea due to a medical disorder without Cheyne-Stokes breathing is usually caused by damage to the brainstem. […] A variety of medications and other substances can slow or stop breathing and lead to CSA. […] The use of opioids and other drugs that suppress breathing increase a person’s risk of developing CSA.

• #17 Central sleep apnea: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003997.htm

  Central sleep apnea results when the brain temporarily stops sending signals to the muscles that cause breathing. […] The condition often occurs in people who have certain medical problems. For example, it can develop in someone who has a problem with an area of the brain called the brainstem, which controls breathing. […] Conditions that can cause or lead to central sleep apnea include: Problems that affect the brainstem, including brain infection, stroke, or conditions of the cervical spine (neck). […] Certain medicines, such as narcotic painkillers. […] Being at high altitude. […] If the apnea is not associated with another disease, it is called idiopathic central sleep apnea. […] A condition called Cheyne-Stokes respiration can affect people with severe heart failure and can be associated with central sleep apnea.

• #18 Central Sleep Apnea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK578199/

  Central sleep apnea can result from heart failure, stroke, high altitude. […] Patients with various medical conditions tend to develop central breathing instability during sleep, perpetuating CSA. Atrial fibrillation (AF), heart failure (HF) either with preserved or reduced ejection fraction (EF), ischemic stroke, spinal cord injury, renal failure, and chronic opioid use predispose patients to acquire central apnea via transient diminution of ventilatory output. […] CSA occurs predominantly in most cardiovascular conditions, and itself is an independent risk factor associated with poor outcomes. […] The pathophysiology of CSA can be variable due to its temporal relation with different comorbidities. Depending on the underlying medical condition, hypoventilation or hyperventilation with resultant hypocapnia below an apneic threshold is an integral mechanism that reinforces the evolution of central apnea.

• #19 Central sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/central-sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20352109

  Drug-induced apnea. Taking certain medicines such as opioids can cause breathing to become irregular or stop completely for a short time. […] High-altitude periodic breathing. A Cheyne-Stokes breathing pattern can occur if you’re at a very high altitude. […] Medical condition-induced central sleep apnea. Several medical conditions, including end-stage kidney disease and stroke, may lead to central sleep apnea. […] Primary central sleep apnea, also known as idiopathic sleep apnea. The cause of this uncommon type of central sleep apnea is not known.

• #20 Central Sleep Apnea – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/sleep-apnea/central-sleep-apnea

  Central sleep apnea (CSA) is a heterogeneous group of conditions characterized by changes in ventilatory drive without airway obstruction (in contrast to obstructive sleep apnea). […] CSA is more common in older adults, males, and patients with cardiovascular disease such as heart failure. […] Hypoventilation-related CSA can result from either an anatomical or functional lesion of the respiratory centers that directly impairs ventilation, resulting in high carbon dioxide (CO2) levels (hypercapnia). […] Causes of hypoventilation-related CSA with hypercapnia include hypothyroidism, neural lesions (eg, brain stem infarctions, encephalitis, Chiari II type malformation), and certain medications (most commonly opioids including methadone). […] Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (Ondine curse) is a rare form of idiopathic CSA manifesting in neonates, in some cases associated with Hirschsprung disease. […] An extremely rare condition that can cause CSA is a syndrome of Rapid-Onset obesity (marked weight gain). […] Hyperventilation-related CSA occurs at high altitude in healthy people as a consequence of hypobaric hypoxia.

• #21 Central Sleep Apnea in Adults: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Diagnosis and Management—A Narrative Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/14/7/2369

  Narcotics (heroin, morphine, and methadone) cause respiratory depression by stimulating opioid receptors on neurons located in the respiratory centers of the medulla. […] Medical causes (associated with CC-SA or CSA) include heart failure, severe arrhythmias, renal failure, stroke, brain tumors, encephalitis, Parkinson’s disease, and muscular dystrophy. […] Primary (idiopathic) CSA has an unknown etiology characterized by CSA without CC-SA pattern. […] CSA associated with titration or CPAP therapy may occur during the first CPAP titration for primary OSA, and it is mainly due to ventilatory instability caused by CPAP’s effect on carbon dioxide regulation. […] Common risk factors for CSA are frequently encountered as complex forms of heart failure due to systolic deficit, significant rhythm disturbances, cerebrovascular and central nervous diseases in general, and in case of opioid use.

• #22 What Causes Sleep Apnea?

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/sleep-apnea/causes/

  Central sleep apnea (CSA), which happens as a result of your brain not properly sending signals to the muscles that control breathing. […] It can be caused by conditions such as a brain infection, neck conditions, stroke, or heart failure; by taking certain medications, such as opioids or benzodiazepines; or by being at a high altitude. […] Central sleep apnea, a much less common type of sleep apnea, can be caused by conditions such as a brain infection, neck conditions, stroke, or heart failure; by taking certain medications; or by being at a high altitude. […] Prior stroke is linked to both obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea, but its not clear which is causing which, Dr. Chervin says.

• #23 Central Sleep Apnea

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2287191/

  The respiratory depressant effects of acute use of opioid-based medications are well known but have long been believed to subside with longer-term usage. […] However, evidence suggests that long-term use may lead to an increased propensity for CSA in up to 50% of patients. […] Another form of hypercapnic CSA is OHS, the prevalence of which is likely on the rise. […] The etiology and severity of CSA in these types of patient populations varies according to the extent and nature of the underlying abnormality. […] The different forms of CSA result in varied magnitude and duration of hypoxia, which are likely important determinants for the possible development of hypoxia-induced depressive effects. […] Hypoxia-induced central depression has been proposed to be an important contributing mechanism to SDB that occurs at altitude.

• #24 Central sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/central-sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20352109

  Drug-induced apnea. Taking certain medicines such as opioids can cause breathing to become irregular or stop completely for a short time. […] High-altitude periodic breathing. A Cheyne-Stokes breathing pattern can occur if you’re at a very high altitude. […] Medical condition-induced central sleep apnea. Several medical conditions, including end-stage kidney disease and stroke, may lead to central sleep apnea. […] Primary central sleep apnea, also known as idiopathic sleep apnea. The cause of this uncommon type of central sleep apnea is not known.

• #25 Central Sleep Apnea | SleepApnea.org

  https://www.sleepapnea.org/central-sleep-apnea/?srsltid=AfmBOoqeqTL1vRj38Bg1o8BYGFnTtW0etta3cOaB0tpVVqXySabSqHW4

  Finally, CSA can also be secondary to changes in elevation. Air pressure is lower at high altitudes, which reduces the availability of oxygen and can trigger CSA. CSA due to high altitude may begin as low as 5,000 feet above sea level. Around 25% of people develop CSA at 8,000 feet of altitude and nearly everyone develops symptoms above 13,000 feet.

• #26 Central Sleep Apnea | SleepApnea.org

  https://www.sleepapnea.org/central-sleep-apnea/?srsltid=AfmBOoqeqTL1vRj38Bg1o8BYGFnTtW0etta3cOaB0tpVVqXySabSqHW4

  Finally, CSA can also be secondary to changes in elevation. Air pressure is lower at high altitudes, which reduces the availability of oxygen and can trigger CSA. CSA due to high altitude may begin as low as 5,000 feet above sea level. Around 25% of people develop CSA at 8,000 feet of altitude and nearly everyone develops symptoms above 13,000 feet.

• #27 Central Sleep Apnea | SleepApnea.org

  https://www.sleepapnea.org/central-sleep-apnea/?srsltid=AfmBOoqeqTL1vRj38Bg1o8BYGFnTtW0etta3cOaB0tpVVqXySabSqHW4

  Finally, CSA can also be secondary to changes in elevation. Air pressure is lower at high altitudes, which reduces the availability of oxygen and can trigger CSA. CSA due to high altitude may begin as low as 5,000 feet above sea level. Around 25% of people develop CSA at 8,000 feet of altitude and nearly everyone develops symptoms above 13,000 feet.

• #28 Central Sleep Apnea | SleepApnea.org

  https://www.sleepapnea.org/central-sleep-apnea/?srsltid=AfmBOoqeqTL1vRj38Bg1o8BYGFnTtW0etta3cOaB0tpVVqXySabSqHW4

  Finally, CSA can also be secondary to changes in elevation. Air pressure is lower at high altitudes, which reduces the availability of oxygen and can trigger CSA. CSA due to high altitude may begin as low as 5,000 feet above sea level. Around 25% of people develop CSA at 8,000 feet of altitude and nearly everyone develops symptoms above 13,000 feet.

• #29 Central Sleep Apnea | SleepApnea.org

  https://www.sleepapnea.org/central-sleep-apnea/?srsltid=AfmBOoqeqTL1vRj38Bg1o8BYGFnTtW0etta3cOaB0tpVVqXySabSqHW4

  Finally, CSA can also be secondary to changes in elevation. Air pressure is lower at high altitudes, which reduces the availability of oxygen and can trigger CSA. CSA due to high altitude may begin as low as 5,000 feet above sea level. Around 25% of people develop CSA at 8,000 feet of altitude and nearly everyone develops symptoms above 13,000 feet.

• #30

  https://www.cpap.com/blogs/sleep-apnea/central-sleep-apnea?srsltid=AfmBOooIZ3NXop4GwQ80uGftFgq2OWskSscWqNJoXU7Hopgx7uU5OHF5

  The first category is primary CSA, although it is sometimes referred to as idiopathic. This simply means that it has no identifiable cause. […] In the case of secondary CSA, there is an underlying diagnosis that has contributed to the development of sleep apnea. […] The following list includes some of the most widely recognized underlying causes of secondary CSA. […] Opioid Use: These drugs are known for having an impact on the respiratory system. […] Neuromuscular Diseases: As the name suggests, neuromuscular diseases affect the function of the nerves and muscles in the body. […] Central Nervous System Conditions: Similar to neuromuscular diseases, central nervous system conditions indicate an issue with the function of the nervous system itself. […] Stroke: Stroke events often lead to at least some form of brain damage. […] Heart Failure: Heart failure can impact breathing in two ways. […] High Altitude: The air that exists at high altitudes contains less oxygen than that in lower altitudes.

• #31 Central sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/central-sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20352109

  Drug-induced apnea. Taking certain medicines such as opioids can cause breathing to become irregular or stop completely for a short time. […] High-altitude periodic breathing. A Cheyne-Stokes breathing pattern can occur if you’re at a very high altitude. […] Medical condition-induced central sleep apnea. Several medical conditions, including end-stage kidney disease and stroke, may lead to central sleep apnea. […] Primary central sleep apnea, also known as idiopathic sleep apnea. The cause of this uncommon type of central sleep apnea is not known.

• #32 Central Sleep Apnea: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/sleep-apnea/central-sleep-apnea

  Central sleep apnea usually happens because of a serious illness, especially one that affects your lower brainstem, which controls breathing. […] There are several types of central sleep apnea, each with a different cause. […] Medical condition-induced apnea. Health problems like heart failure, Parkinsons disease, stroke, and severe kidney disease or kidney failure can cause CSA. […] Conditions that may be linked to central sleep apnea include: Congestive heart failure, Hypothyroid disease, Kidney failure, Neurological diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig’s disease), Damage to the brainstem from swelling (encephalitis), stroke, or injury.

• #33 Central sleep apnea: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003997.htm

  Central sleep apnea results when the brain temporarily stops sending signals to the muscles that cause breathing. […] The condition often occurs in people who have certain medical problems. For example, it can develop in someone who has a problem with an area of the brain called the brainstem, which controls breathing. […] Conditions that can cause or lead to central sleep apnea include: Problems that affect the brainstem, including brain infection, stroke, or conditions of the cervical spine (neck). […] Certain medicines, such as narcotic painkillers. […] Being at high altitude. […] If the apnea is not associated with another disease, it is called idiopathic central sleep apnea. […] A condition called Cheyne-Stokes respiration can affect people with severe heart failure and can be associated with central sleep apnea.

• #34 Central Sleep Apnea Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-central-sleep-apnea-3014760

  Central sleep apnea is a breathing disorder that occurs during sleep and results when the brain fails to activate the respiratory muscles. This leads to a brief pause in breathing that may last 10 seconds or longer. […] The exact cause of central sleep apnea is not known. The respiratory control center in the brain normally regulates breathing. If carbon dioxide levels are reduced below normal or if there is damage to neural pathways involved in respiratory control, there may be disruptions in breathing. […] The instability of respiratory control is often seen in multiple neurologic disorders, including Parkinson’s disease and multiple system atrophy. It may be seen after a stroke, especially if the brainstem has been damaged. It may also occur in association with the Cheyne-Stokes breathing pattern seen in patients with congestive heart failure. […] It may occur more commonly among those who use narcotic or opioid pain medications.

• #35 Central Sleep Apnea Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-central-sleep-apnea-3014760

  Central sleep apnea is a breathing disorder that occurs during sleep and results when the brain fails to activate the respiratory muscles. This leads to a brief pause in breathing that may last 10 seconds or longer. […] The exact cause of central sleep apnea is not known. The respiratory control center in the brain normally regulates breathing. If carbon dioxide levels are reduced below normal or if there is damage to neural pathways involved in respiratory control, there may be disruptions in breathing. […] The instability of respiratory control is often seen in multiple neurologic disorders, including Parkinson’s disease and multiple system atrophy. It may be seen after a stroke, especially if the brainstem has been damaged. It may also occur in association with the Cheyne-Stokes breathing pattern seen in patients with congestive heart failure. […] It may occur more commonly among those who use narcotic or opioid pain medications.

• #36 Central Sleep Apnea: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/sleep-apnea/central-sleep-apnea

  Central sleep apnea usually happens because of a serious illness, especially one that affects your lower brainstem, which controls breathing. […] There are several types of central sleep apnea, each with a different cause. […] Medical condition-induced apnea. Health problems like heart failure, Parkinsons disease, stroke, and severe kidney disease or kidney failure can cause CSA. […] Conditions that may be linked to central sleep apnea include: Congestive heart failure, Hypothyroid disease, Kidney failure, Neurological diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig’s disease), Damage to the brainstem from swelling (encephalitis), stroke, or injury.

• #37 Central Sleep Apnea: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/sleep-apnea/central-sleep-apnea

  Central sleep apnea usually happens because of a serious illness, especially one that affects your lower brainstem, which controls breathing. […] There are several types of central sleep apnea, each with a different cause. […] Medical condition-induced apnea. Health problems like heart failure, Parkinsons disease, stroke, and severe kidney disease or kidney failure can cause CSA. […] Conditions that may be linked to central sleep apnea include: Congestive heart failure, Hypothyroid disease, Kidney failure, Neurological diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig’s disease), Damage to the brainstem from swelling (encephalitis), stroke, or injury.

• #38 Central Sleep Apnea – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/sleep-apnea/central-sleep-apnea

  Central sleep apnea (CSA) is a heterogeneous group of conditions characterized by changes in ventilatory drive without airway obstruction (in contrast to obstructive sleep apnea). […] CSA is more common in older adults, males, and patients with cardiovascular disease such as heart failure. […] Hypoventilation-related CSA can result from either an anatomical or functional lesion of the respiratory centers that directly impairs ventilation, resulting in high carbon dioxide (CO2) levels (hypercapnia). […] Causes of hypoventilation-related CSA with hypercapnia include hypothyroidism, neural lesions (eg, brain stem infarctions, encephalitis, Chiari II type malformation), and certain medications (most commonly opioids including methadone). […] Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (Ondine curse) is a rare form of idiopathic CSA manifesting in neonates, in some cases associated with Hirschsprung disease. […] An extremely rare condition that can cause CSA is a syndrome of Rapid-Onset obesity (marked weight gain). […] Hyperventilation-related CSA occurs at high altitude in healthy people as a consequence of hypobaric hypoxia.

• #39 Central Sleep Apnea – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/sleep-apnea/central-sleep-apnea

  Central sleep apnea (CSA) is a heterogeneous group of conditions characterized by changes in ventilatory drive without airway obstruction (in contrast to obstructive sleep apnea). […] CSA is more common in older adults, males, and patients with cardiovascular disease such as heart failure. […] Hypoventilation-related CSA can result from either an anatomical or functional lesion of the respiratory centers that directly impairs ventilation, resulting in high carbon dioxide (CO2) levels (hypercapnia). […] Causes of hypoventilation-related CSA with hypercapnia include hypothyroidism, neural lesions (eg, brain stem infarctions, encephalitis, Chiari II type malformation), and certain medications (most commonly opioids including methadone). […] Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (Ondine curse) is a rare form of idiopathic CSA manifesting in neonates, in some cases associated with Hirschsprung disease. […] An extremely rare condition that can cause CSA is a syndrome of Rapid-Onset obesity (marked weight gain). […] Hyperventilation-related CSA occurs at high altitude in healthy people as a consequence of hypobaric hypoxia.

• #40 Central Sleep Apnea: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, and More

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/sleep-disorders/central-sleep-apnea

  Central sleep apnea occurs when your brain is unable to send effective signals to the muscles involved in breathing. […] There are links between central sleep apnea and various health conditions, particularly conditions that affect the brainstem. Other factors may also contribute to your risk of developing central sleep apnea. […] Medical conditions that may lead to central sleep apnea include: heart conditions, such as congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, stroke, brain lesions, kidney failure, genetic syndromes, such as Rett syndrome and Prader-Willi syndrome, Chiari malformation. […] Other possible contributing factors include: taking opioid medications, using continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), living at a high altitude, typically over 2,500 meters (8,200 feet), being a certain age, as central sleep apnea is more prevalent among older adults.

• #41 Central sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/central-sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20352109

  Drug-induced apnea. Taking certain medicines such as opioids can cause breathing to become irregular or stop completely for a short time. […] High-altitude periodic breathing. A Cheyne-Stokes breathing pattern can occur if you’re at a very high altitude. […] Medical condition-induced central sleep apnea. Several medical conditions, including end-stage kidney disease and stroke, may lead to central sleep apnea. […] Primary central sleep apnea, also known as idiopathic sleep apnea. The cause of this uncommon type of central sleep apnea is not known.

• #42 Central Sleep Apnoea | Causes, Signs, Impact & treatments

  https://cpdonline.co.uk/knowledge-base/mental-health/central-sleep-apnoea/

  If you have damage to the brainstem, for example from a stroke, a neurological disorder, a brain injury or a disease, this can lead to CSA. The brainstem controls breathing and damage to this area can disrupt your bodys normal respiratory signals. […] Individuals who have a spinal cord injury have a significantly higher risk of developing sleep-disordered breathing, including CSA. Spinal cord injury often results in impaired ventilation, including a lack of respiratory effort during sleep. […] There are certain medications that can increase the risk of someone developing CSA or that can exacerbate the symptoms of CSA. […] Certain medical conditions can increase the risk of developing CSA, including: Spinal cord injuries, Kidney failure, Excessive growth hormone production, Some metabolic disorders, Obesity, Hypoventilation syndrome.

• #43 Central Sleep Apnea – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/sleep-apnea/central-sleep-apnea

  Central sleep apnea (CSA) is a heterogeneous group of conditions characterized by changes in ventilatory drive without airway obstruction (in contrast to obstructive sleep apnea). […] CSA is more common in older adults, males, and patients with cardiovascular disease such as heart failure. […] Hypoventilation-related CSA can result from either an anatomical or functional lesion of the respiratory centers that directly impairs ventilation, resulting in high carbon dioxide (CO2) levels (hypercapnia). […] Causes of hypoventilation-related CSA with hypercapnia include hypothyroidism, neural lesions (eg, brain stem infarctions, encephalitis, Chiari II type malformation), and certain medications (most commonly opioids including methadone). […] Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (Ondine curse) is a rare form of idiopathic CSA manifesting in neonates, in some cases associated with Hirschsprung disease. […] An extremely rare condition that can cause CSA is a syndrome of Rapid-Onset obesity (marked weight gain). […] Hyperventilation-related CSA occurs at high altitude in healthy people as a consequence of hypobaric hypoxia.

• #44 Central Sleep Apnea: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Explained – The Kingsley Clinic

  https://thekingsleyclinic.com/resources/central-sleep-apnea-causes-symptoms-and-treatment-explained/

  Central sleep apnea (CSA) is a sleep disorder that affects the brain’s ability to communicate with the muscles responsible for breathing. […] CSA occurs when the brain fails to send the correct signals to the breathing muscles. […] CSA results from a problem in the brain’s respiratory control centers. […] Certain medical conditions are strongly associated with central sleep apnea. Heart failure is one of the most significant risk factors, as it can affect the body’s ability to regulate breathing. […] CSA is also more common in individuals who have had a stroke, as brain damage can impair the respiratory centers. […] Chronic respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), can also increase the risk of CSA. […] Age is a major factor in the development of central sleep apnea. The condition is more common in older adults, particularly those over the age of 60. […] While there is no clear genetic link to CSA, a family history of sleep apnea or other sleep disorders may increase your risk.

• #45 Central sleep apnoea syndrome (CSA) | Great Ormond Street Hospital

  https://www.gosh.nhs.uk/conditions-and-treatments/conditions-we-treat/central-sleep-apnoea-syndrome-csa/

  Central sleep apnoea (CSA) is a disorder in which there are pauses in breathing while asleep these are called apnoeas. […] CSA can be caused by a number of conditions that affect the control centres for breathing in the brain, known as the brainstem. […] If your CO2 falls too low (when you hyperventilate or after a big sigh, for example) there will be a central apnoea as a result to ensure it rises again. […] Several medical conditions may lead to CSA including neurological, craniofacial abnormalities, neuromuscular conditions or injury/abnormality of the brainstem. […] Several medical conditions may lead to CSA including congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS), cardiac failure, obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) and Prader Willi syndrome, for example.

• #46 Central sleep apnoea syndrome (CSA) | Great Ormond Street Hospital

  https://www.gosh.nhs.uk/conditions-and-treatments/conditions-we-treat/central-sleep-apnoea-syndrome-csa/

  Central sleep apnoea (CSA) is a disorder in which there are pauses in breathing while asleep these are called apnoeas. […] CSA can be caused by a number of conditions that affect the control centres for breathing in the brain, known as the brainstem. […] If your CO2 falls too low (when you hyperventilate or after a big sigh, for example) there will be a central apnoea as a result to ensure it rises again. […] Several medical conditions may lead to CSA including neurological, craniofacial abnormalities, neuromuscular conditions or injury/abnormality of the brainstem. […] Several medical conditions may lead to CSA including congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS), cardiac failure, obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) and Prader Willi syndrome, for example.

• #47 Central Sleep Apnoea | Causes, Signs, Impact & treatments

  https://cpdonline.co.uk/knowledge-base/mental-health/central-sleep-apnoea/

  If you have damage to the brainstem, for example from a stroke, a neurological disorder, a brain injury or a disease, this can lead to CSA. The brainstem controls breathing and damage to this area can disrupt your bodys normal respiratory signals. […] Individuals who have a spinal cord injury have a significantly higher risk of developing sleep-disordered breathing, including CSA. Spinal cord injury often results in impaired ventilation, including a lack of respiratory effort during sleep. […] There are certain medications that can increase the risk of someone developing CSA or that can exacerbate the symptoms of CSA. […] Certain medical conditions can increase the risk of developing CSA, including: Spinal cord injuries, Kidney failure, Excessive growth hormone production, Some metabolic disorders, Obesity, Hypoventilation syndrome.

• #48 Central Sleep Apnea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK578199/

  Central sleep apnea can result from heart failure, stroke, high altitude. […] Patients with various medical conditions tend to develop central breathing instability during sleep, perpetuating CSA. Atrial fibrillation (AF), heart failure (HF) either with preserved or reduced ejection fraction (EF), ischemic stroke, spinal cord injury, renal failure, and chronic opioid use predispose patients to acquire central apnea via transient diminution of ventilatory output. […] CSA occurs predominantly in most cardiovascular conditions, and itself is an independent risk factor associated with poor outcomes. […] The pathophysiology of CSA can be variable due to its temporal relation with different comorbidities. Depending on the underlying medical condition, hypoventilation or hyperventilation with resultant hypocapnia below an apneic threshold is an integral mechanism that reinforces the evolution of central apnea.

• #49 Central Sleep Apnea – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/sleep-apnea/central-sleep-apnea

  Central sleep apnea (CSA) is a heterogeneous group of conditions characterized by changes in ventilatory drive without airway obstruction (in contrast to obstructive sleep apnea). […] CSA is more common in older adults, males, and patients with cardiovascular disease such as heart failure. […] Hypoventilation-related CSA can result from either an anatomical or functional lesion of the respiratory centers that directly impairs ventilation, resulting in high carbon dioxide (CO2) levels (hypercapnia). […] Causes of hypoventilation-related CSA with hypercapnia include hypothyroidism, neural lesions (eg, brain stem infarctions, encephalitis, Chiari II type malformation), and certain medications (most commonly opioids including methadone). […] Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (Ondine curse) is a rare form of idiopathic CSA manifesting in neonates, in some cases associated with Hirschsprung disease. […] An extremely rare condition that can cause CSA is a syndrome of Rapid-Onset obesity (marked weight gain). […] Hyperventilation-related CSA occurs at high altitude in healthy people as a consequence of hypobaric hypoxia.

• #50 Sleep Apnea – Lung and Airway Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/lung-and-airway-disorders/sleep-apnea/sleep-apnea

  In one form of central sleep apnea, called Ondine curse or congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS), which usually occurs in newborns, people may breathe inadequately or not at all except when they are fully awake. […] In people with central sleep apnea, the underlying disorder is treated if possible. For example, medications may be given to reduce the severity of heart failure. People also are advised to avoid or reduce alcohol and any medications that worsen the sleep apnea.

• #51 Central sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/central-sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20352109

  Drug-induced apnea. Taking certain medicines such as opioids can cause breathing to become irregular or stop completely for a short time. […] High-altitude periodic breathing. A Cheyne-Stokes breathing pattern can occur if you’re at a very high altitude. […] Medical condition-induced central sleep apnea. Several medical conditions, including end-stage kidney disease and stroke, may lead to central sleep apnea. […] Primary central sleep apnea, also known as idiopathic sleep apnea. The cause of this uncommon type of central sleep apnea is not known.

• #52 Central Sleep Apnea Syndromes: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/304967-overview

  Central sleep apnea in various forms can be seen in the following conditions or events: […] Central sleep apnea due to a medical condition. […] High-altitude periodic breathing occurs only with recent ascent to high altitudes. […] Use of opiates and other CNS depressants is most easily recognized by a history of opiate use. […] Primary central sleep apnea is an uncommon condition in which 5 or more central apneas, lasting 10 seconds or more, occur per hour of sleep. […] The mechanisms responsible for central sleep apnea and obstructive sleep apnea overlap, and patients with central apneas often have obstructive events. […] Thus, the susceptibility to upper airway collapse may determine whether central or obstructive apneas occur with cycling due to ventilatory instability.

• #53 Central Sleep Apnea Syndromes: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/304967-overview

  Central sleep apnea in various forms can be seen in the following conditions or events: […] Central sleep apnea due to a medical condition. […] High-altitude periodic breathing occurs only with recent ascent to high altitudes. […] Use of opiates and other CNS depressants is most easily recognized by a history of opiate use. […] Primary central sleep apnea is an uncommon condition in which 5 or more central apneas, lasting 10 seconds or more, occur per hour of sleep. […] The mechanisms responsible for central sleep apnea and obstructive sleep apnea overlap, and patients with central apneas often have obstructive events. […] Thus, the susceptibility to upper airway collapse may determine whether central or obstructive apneas occur with cycling due to ventilatory instability.

• #54 Central Sleep Apnea

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2287191/

  Central sleep apnea (CSA) is characterized by a lack of drive to breathe during sleep, resulting in repetitive periods of insufficient ventilation and compromised gas exchange. […] The pathophysiology and the prevalence of the various forms of CSA vary greatly. […] The prevalence of CSA varies greatly between the various forms of CSA. […] While the precise precipitating mechanisms involved in the various types of CSA may vary considerably, unstable ventilatory drive during sleep is a principal underlying feature. […] The factors underlying central apnea in patients who are eucapnic or hypocapnic can be quite different from patients with hypercapnic CSA. […] The underlying mechanisms for this disorder are not fully understood. […] Elevated hypercapnic ventilatory responses leading to hypocapnia and respiratory control instability are believed to be particularly important.

• #55 Central sleep apnea: Diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/central-sleep-apnea

  High-altitude apnea is a form of the CheyneStokes breathing pattern that occurs when a person is at a very high altitude. […] A number of drugs may interfere with the nervous system or nerves in some way, potentially leading to central sleep apnea. […] Central sleep apnea may also arise from other conditions, such as late stage kidney disease, severe obesity, or stroke. […] Some people who use CPAP machines for obstructive sleep apnea may develop central sleep apnea. […] Idiopathic central sleep apnea occurs without an underlying cause. This type is also known as primary central sleep apnea.

• #56 Central Sleep Apnea: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | remedē System

  https://remede.zoll.com/central-sleep-apnea-csa-symptoms-causes-and-treatment-options/

  Treatment emergent central sleep apnea refers to central events that occur when a person is using Positive Airway Pressure (PAP) therapy such as CPAP or BiPAP. […] In some cases, an underlying cause or association for central sleep apnea cannot be identified. This is rare in the general population and is generally diagnosed by ruling out other causes.

• #57 Complex Sleep Apnea Causes and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-complex-or-treatmentemergent-sleep-apnea-3015311

  Complex sleep apnea may be relatively common during the initial treatment period with CPAP or even bilevel therapy. These central apnea events are not explained by the use of medications (like narcotics or opioid pain medicines) and are not due to heart failure or stroke. […] The exact causes of complex sleep apnea are not fully understood. There may be a number of contributors to the condition, and not all are due to CPAP therapy. […] Some individuals may be predisposed toward the condition due to instability in their control of breathing. It may occur more commonly among those with difficulty maintaining sleep, such as with insomnia. It seems to be triggered by low carbon dioxide levels in others. […] If someone has more severe sleep apnea initially (with a higher apnea-hypopnea index, or AHI) or has more central apnea events noted prior to treatment, this may increase the risk. It also seems to occur more in men.

• #58 Complex Sleep Apnea: Causes & Treatment | SleepApnea.org

  https://www.sleepapnea.org/complex-mixed-sleep-apnea/?srsltid=AfmBOopvZfl1j4uv5ADjGxPR1IlafzCZEUVBud4ssbWoHKvxYnwksse7

  Complex sleep apnea can develop when a person is receiving treatment for obstructive sleep apnea. While both obstructive and central sleep apnea cause a person to experience pauses in their breathing during sleep, the reasons for these pauses are different. […] In complex sleep apnea, a person being treated for OSA continues to have pauses in their breathing despite their airway remaining open. […] There are many possible ways in which treating obstructive sleep apnea may cause a person to experience central apneas. […] Researchers have identified certain risk factors that increase the likelihood of developing complex sleep apnea. These risk factors include: Male sex, Advanced age, Sleeping on the back, Opiate usage, Heart disease, Severe obstructive sleep apnea, Higher altitude, Treatment with CPAP or BiPAP on a high setting.

• #59 Central Sleep Apnea in Adults: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Diagnosis and Management—A Narrative Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/14/7/2369

  Narcotics (heroin, morphine, and methadone) cause respiratory depression by stimulating opioid receptors on neurons located in the respiratory centers of the medulla. […] Medical causes (associated with CC-SA or CSA) include heart failure, severe arrhythmias, renal failure, stroke, brain tumors, encephalitis, Parkinson’s disease, and muscular dystrophy. […] Primary (idiopathic) CSA has an unknown etiology characterized by CSA without CC-SA pattern. […] CSA associated with titration or CPAP therapy may occur during the first CPAP titration for primary OSA, and it is mainly due to ventilatory instability caused by CPAP’s effect on carbon dioxide regulation. […] Common risk factors for CSA are frequently encountered as complex forms of heart failure due to systolic deficit, significant rhythm disturbances, cerebrovascular and central nervous diseases in general, and in case of opioid use.

• #60 Complex Sleep Apnea Causes and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-complex-or-treatmentemergent-sleep-apnea-3015311

  It is interesting to note that other treatments of sleep apnea also seem to increase the risk of developing complex sleep apnea. […] Surgery and the use of an oral appliance like a night guard have both been reported to trigger central sleep apnea. It may also occur if the pressures of the PAP therapy are either too high or too low, as set during a titration study or in subsequent home use.

• #61 Complex Sleep Apnea Causes and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-complex-or-treatmentemergent-sleep-apnea-3015311

  It is interesting to note that other treatments of sleep apnea also seem to increase the risk of developing complex sleep apnea. […] Surgery and the use of an oral appliance like a night guard have both been reported to trigger central sleep apnea. It may also occur if the pressures of the PAP therapy are either too high or too low, as set during a titration study or in subsequent home use.

• #62 Sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20377631

  Central sleep apnea (CSA), which occurs when the brain doesn’t send proper signals to the muscles that control breathing […] This less common form of sleep apnea occurs when your brain fails to send signals to your breathing muscles. This means that you make no effort to breathe for a short period. You might awaken with shortness of breath or have a difficult time getting to sleep or staying asleep. […] Risk factors for this form of sleep apnea include: Being older. Middle-aged and older people have a higher risk of central sleep apnea. […] Central sleep apnea is more common in men than it is in women. […] Having congestive heart failure increases the risk. […] Using narcotic pain medicines. Opioid medicines, especially long-acting ones such as methadone, increase the risk of central sleep apnea. […] Having had a stroke increases the risk of central sleep apnea. […] Sudden drops in blood oxygen levels that occur during central sleep apnea can adversely affect heart health.

• #63 What Is Central Sleep Apnea | Central Sleep Apnea Causes Treatment

  https://www.breathoflifedental.com/central-sleep-apnea

  Treatment-emergent central sleep apnea, which occurs in a small percentage of people who receive continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy as treatment for obstructive sleep apnea. […] There are certain conditions that can increase your risk of developing central sleep apnea in your lifetime. […] These risk factors include: Sex — Men statistically tend to develop central sleep apnea more often than women do. Age — Adults aged 60 and above are more commonly diagnosed with central sleep apnea than younger adults are. Heart disorders — Those with heart conditions such as atrial fibrillation, heart disease, or heart failure have an increased risk of developing central sleep apnea compared to those without heart conditions. […] Brain injury or disease — Brain diseases, or medical conditions that injure the brainstem (such as a stroke), can interfere with the brain’s capability to automatically control your breathing when you are asleep.

• #64 Sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20377631

  Central sleep apnea (CSA), which occurs when the brain doesn’t send proper signals to the muscles that control breathing […] This less common form of sleep apnea occurs when your brain fails to send signals to your breathing muscles. This means that you make no effort to breathe for a short period. You might awaken with shortness of breath or have a difficult time getting to sleep or staying asleep. […] Risk factors for this form of sleep apnea include: Being older. Middle-aged and older people have a higher risk of central sleep apnea. […] Central sleep apnea is more common in men than it is in women. […] Having congestive heart failure increases the risk. […] Using narcotic pain medicines. Opioid medicines, especially long-acting ones such as methadone, increase the risk of central sleep apnea. […] Having had a stroke increases the risk of central sleep apnea. […] Sudden drops in blood oxygen levels that occur during central sleep apnea can adversely affect heart health.

• #65 Central Sleep Apnoea | Causes, Signs, Impact & treatments

  https://cpdonline.co.uk/knowledge-base/mental-health/central-sleep-apnoea/

  People over 65 years of age are more likely to be diagnosed with CSA. This could be because older people have higher incidences of other health conditions, such as cardiovascular issues and diseases of the brain, which can increase the risk of sleep apnoea. […] Central sleep apnoea is more commonly diagnosed in men and people assigned male at birth. This could be related to testosterone levels, the differences in the breathing control centre and different upper airway anatomy.

• #66 Sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20377631

  Central sleep apnea (CSA), which occurs when the brain doesn’t send proper signals to the muscles that control breathing […] This less common form of sleep apnea occurs when your brain fails to send signals to your breathing muscles. This means that you make no effort to breathe for a short period. You might awaken with shortness of breath or have a difficult time getting to sleep or staying asleep. […] Risk factors for this form of sleep apnea include: Being older. Middle-aged and older people have a higher risk of central sleep apnea. […] Central sleep apnea is more common in men than it is in women. […] Having congestive heart failure increases the risk. […] Using narcotic pain medicines. Opioid medicines, especially long-acting ones such as methadone, increase the risk of central sleep apnea. […] Having had a stroke increases the risk of central sleep apnea. […] Sudden drops in blood oxygen levels that occur during central sleep apnea can adversely affect heart health.

• #67 Obstructive and Central Sleep Apnea: What’s the Difference? – Amerisleep

  https://amerisleep.com/blog/obstructive-and-central-sleep-apnea/

  Central sleep apnea becomes more common in adults as they age, especially those over age 60. […] People suffering from atrial fibrillation or congestive heart failure are at greater risk of central sleep apnea. […] Some people using a CPAP can develop treatment-emergent central sleep apnea. […] Managing other medical issues such as heart and weight problems or even the removal of a tumor when needed can help improve central sleep apnea. […] Cheyne-Stokes breathing is characterized by a cyclical pattern of gradual increase and decrease in breathing, often associated with certain medical conditions, including heart failure and stroke.

• #68 Sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20377631

  Central sleep apnea (CSA), which occurs when the brain doesn’t send proper signals to the muscles that control breathing […] This less common form of sleep apnea occurs when your brain fails to send signals to your breathing muscles. This means that you make no effort to breathe for a short period. You might awaken with shortness of breath or have a difficult time getting to sleep or staying asleep. […] Risk factors for this form of sleep apnea include: Being older. Middle-aged and older people have a higher risk of central sleep apnea. […] Central sleep apnea is more common in men than it is in women. […] Having congestive heart failure increases the risk. […] Using narcotic pain medicines. Opioid medicines, especially long-acting ones such as methadone, increase the risk of central sleep apnea. […] Having had a stroke increases the risk of central sleep apnea. […] Sudden drops in blood oxygen levels that occur during central sleep apnea can adversely affect heart health.

• #69 Central Sleep Apnea – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/sleep-apnea/central-sleep-apnea

  Central sleep apnea (CSA) is a heterogeneous group of conditions characterized by changes in ventilatory drive without airway obstruction (in contrast to obstructive sleep apnea). […] CSA is more common in older adults, males, and patients with cardiovascular disease such as heart failure. […] Hypoventilation-related CSA can result from either an anatomical or functional lesion of the respiratory centers that directly impairs ventilation, resulting in high carbon dioxide (CO2) levels (hypercapnia). […] Causes of hypoventilation-related CSA with hypercapnia include hypothyroidism, neural lesions (eg, brain stem infarctions, encephalitis, Chiari II type malformation), and certain medications (most commonly opioids including methadone). […] Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (Ondine curse) is a rare form of idiopathic CSA manifesting in neonates, in some cases associated with Hirschsprung disease. […] An extremely rare condition that can cause CSA is a syndrome of Rapid-Onset obesity (marked weight gain). […] Hyperventilation-related CSA occurs at high altitude in healthy people as a consequence of hypobaric hypoxia.

• #70 Sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20377631

  Central sleep apnea (CSA), which occurs when the brain doesn’t send proper signals to the muscles that control breathing […] This less common form of sleep apnea occurs when your brain fails to send signals to your breathing muscles. This means that you make no effort to breathe for a short period. You might awaken with shortness of breath or have a difficult time getting to sleep or staying asleep. […] Risk factors for this form of sleep apnea include: Being older. Middle-aged and older people have a higher risk of central sleep apnea. […] Central sleep apnea is more common in men than it is in women. […] Having congestive heart failure increases the risk. […] Using narcotic pain medicines. Opioid medicines, especially long-acting ones such as methadone, increase the risk of central sleep apnea. […] Having had a stroke increases the risk of central sleep apnea. […] Sudden drops in blood oxygen levels that occur during central sleep apnea can adversely affect heart health.

• #71 Sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20377631

  Central sleep apnea (CSA), which occurs when the brain doesn’t send proper signals to the muscles that control breathing […] This less common form of sleep apnea occurs when your brain fails to send signals to your breathing muscles. This means that you make no effort to breathe for a short period. You might awaken with shortness of breath or have a difficult time getting to sleep or staying asleep. […] Risk factors for this form of sleep apnea include: Being older. Middle-aged and older people have a higher risk of central sleep apnea. […] Central sleep apnea is more common in men than it is in women. […] Having congestive heart failure increases the risk. […] Using narcotic pain medicines. Opioid medicines, especially long-acting ones such as methadone, increase the risk of central sleep apnea. […] Having had a stroke increases the risk of central sleep apnea. […] Sudden drops in blood oxygen levels that occur during central sleep apnea can adversely affect heart health.

• #72 Complex Sleep Apnea: Causes & Treatment | SleepApnea.org

  https://www.sleepapnea.org/complex-mixed-sleep-apnea/?srsltid=AfmBOopvZfl1j4uv5ADjGxPR1IlafzCZEUVBud4ssbWoHKvxYnwksse7

  Complex sleep apnea can develop when a person is receiving treatment for obstructive sleep apnea. While both obstructive and central sleep apnea cause a person to experience pauses in their breathing during sleep, the reasons for these pauses are different. […] In complex sleep apnea, a person being treated for OSA continues to have pauses in their breathing despite their airway remaining open. […] There are many possible ways in which treating obstructive sleep apnea may cause a person to experience central apneas. […] Researchers have identified certain risk factors that increase the likelihood of developing complex sleep apnea. These risk factors include: Male sex, Advanced age, Sleeping on the back, Opiate usage, Heart disease, Severe obstructive sleep apnea, Higher altitude, Treatment with CPAP or BiPAP on a high setting.

• #73 What Is Central Sleep Apnea | Central Sleep Apnea Causes Treatment

  https://www.breathoflifedental.com/central-sleep-apnea

  Opioid use — Opioids (or other strong sedative medications) can increase your chances of developing central sleep apnea because they affect your response time. […] CPAP therapy — Treatment-emergent central sleep apnea occurs when a person with obstructive sleep apnea uses a CPAP machine and develops central sleep apnea.

• #74 Central Sleep Apnea Syndromes: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/304967-overview

  Central sleep apnea in various forms can be seen in the following conditions or events: […] Central sleep apnea due to a medical condition. […] High-altitude periodic breathing occurs only with recent ascent to high altitudes. […] Use of opiates and other CNS depressants is most easily recognized by a history of opiate use. […] Primary central sleep apnea is an uncommon condition in which 5 or more central apneas, lasting 10 seconds or more, occur per hour of sleep. […] The mechanisms responsible for central sleep apnea and obstructive sleep apnea overlap, and patients with central apneas often have obstructive events. […] Thus, the susceptibility to upper airway collapse may determine whether central or obstructive apneas occur with cycling due to ventilatory instability.

• #75 Central Sleep Apnea Syndromes: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/304967-overview

  Central sleep apnea in various forms can be seen in the following conditions or events: […] Central sleep apnea due to a medical condition. […] High-altitude periodic breathing occurs only with recent ascent to high altitudes. […] Use of opiates and other CNS depressants is most easily recognized by a history of opiate use. […] Primary central sleep apnea is an uncommon condition in which 5 or more central apneas, lasting 10 seconds or more, occur per hour of sleep. […] The mechanisms responsible for central sleep apnea and obstructive sleep apnea overlap, and patients with central apneas often have obstructive events. […] Thus, the susceptibility to upper airway collapse may determine whether central or obstructive apneas occur with cycling due to ventilatory instability.

• #76 Central sleep apnea causes | Resmed

  https://www.resmed.com/en-us/sleep-apnea/sleep-blog/central-sleep-apnea-causes/

  When someone has symptoms of both central sleep apnea and obstructive sleep apnea, this is referred to as complex sleep apnea (or, sometimes, mixed sleep apnea). […] Basically, this covers all remaining types of CSA that dont fall into the above categories. In other words, the cause of this type of CSA is unknown, although it has the same effects (repeated pauses in breathing effort and airflow) as the other types of central sleep apnea causes outlined above.

• #77 Central Sleep Apnea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK578199/

  Central sleep apnea can result from heart failure, stroke, high altitude. […] Patients with various medical conditions tend to develop central breathing instability during sleep, perpetuating CSA. Atrial fibrillation (AF), heart failure (HF) either with preserved or reduced ejection fraction (EF), ischemic stroke, spinal cord injury, renal failure, and chronic opioid use predispose patients to acquire central apnea via transient diminution of ventilatory output. […] CSA occurs predominantly in most cardiovascular conditions, and itself is an independent risk factor associated with poor outcomes. […] The pathophysiology of CSA can be variable due to its temporal relation with different comorbidities. Depending on the underlying medical condition, hypoventilation or hyperventilation with resultant hypocapnia below an apneic threshold is an integral mechanism that reinforces the evolution of central apnea.

• #78 Central Sleep Apnea: Causes & Treatments – Sleep Foundation | Lung & Sleep Wellness Center

  https://lungsleepwellness.com/central-sleep-apnea-causes-treatments-sleep-foundation/

  Central sleep apnea (CSA) is a disorder that affects breathing during sleep. It is distinct from obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), which is much more common and well-known. […] CSA is often tied to an underlying health condition, and if it is left unaddressed, it may affect overall health by causing fragmented sleep, daytime drowsiness, thinking problems, moodiness, and fatigue. […] In central sleep apnea, the problem isn’t a blocked airway. Instead, pauses in breathing occur because the brain and the muscles that control breathing aren’t functioning properly. […] People who have a heart condition, use narcotics, suffer from a stroke, live in high altitudes, or use CPAP are at greater risk for central sleep apnea. […] The key to treating central sleep apnea is addressing any underlying health issues that are causing the condition.

• #79 Central sleep apnea – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_sleep_apnea

  The conditions of hypoxia and hypercapnia, whether caused by apnea or not, trigger additional effects on the body. The immediate effects of central sleep apnea on the body depend on how long the failure to breathe endures, how short is the interval between failures to breathe, and the presence or absence of independent conditions whose effects amplify those of an apneic episode. […] In persons with epilepsy, the hypoxia caused by apnea may be powerful enough to trigger seizures even in the presence of medication that otherwise controls those seizures well. In adults with coronary artery disease, a severe drop in blood oxygen level can cause angina, arrhythmias, or heart attacks (myocardial infarction). Longstanding and recurrent episodes of apnea may, over months and years, have the cumulative effect of increasing blood carbon-dioxide levels to the point that enough carbon dioxide dissolves in the blood to form carbonic acid in overall proportions sufficient to cause respiratory acidosis. […] Premature infants with immature brains and reflex systems are at high risk for central sleep apnea syndrome, even if these babies are otherwise healthy.

• #80 Central sleep apnea – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_sleep_apnea

  The conditions of hypoxia and hypercapnia, whether caused by apnea or not, trigger additional effects on the body. The immediate effects of central sleep apnea on the body depend on how long the failure to breathe endures, how short is the interval between failures to breathe, and the presence or absence of independent conditions whose effects amplify those of an apneic episode. […] In persons with epilepsy, the hypoxia caused by apnea may be powerful enough to trigger seizures even in the presence of medication that otherwise controls those seizures well. In adults with coronary artery disease, a severe drop in blood oxygen level can cause angina, arrhythmias, or heart attacks (myocardial infarction). Longstanding and recurrent episodes of apnea may, over months and years, have the cumulative effect of increasing blood carbon-dioxide levels to the point that enough carbon dioxide dissolves in the blood to form carbonic acid in overall proportions sufficient to cause respiratory acidosis. […] Premature infants with immature brains and reflex systems are at high risk for central sleep apnea syndrome, even if these babies are otherwise healthy.

• #81 Central sleep apnea – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_sleep_apnea

  The conditions of hypoxia and hypercapnia, whether caused by apnea or not, trigger additional effects on the body. The immediate effects of central sleep apnea on the body depend on how long the failure to breathe endures, how short is the interval between failures to breathe, and the presence or absence of independent conditions whose effects amplify those of an apneic episode. […] In persons with epilepsy, the hypoxia caused by apnea may be powerful enough to trigger seizures even in the presence of medication that otherwise controls those seizures well. In adults with coronary artery disease, a severe drop in blood oxygen level can cause angina, arrhythmias, or heart attacks (myocardial infarction). Longstanding and recurrent episodes of apnea may, over months and years, have the cumulative effect of increasing blood carbon-dioxide levels to the point that enough carbon dioxide dissolves in the blood to form carbonic acid in overall proportions sufficient to cause respiratory acidosis. […] Premature infants with immature brains and reflex systems are at high risk for central sleep apnea syndrome, even if these babies are otherwise healthy.

• #82 Central sleep apnea – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_sleep_apnea

  The conditions of hypoxia and hypercapnia, whether caused by apnea or not, trigger additional effects on the body. The immediate effects of central sleep apnea on the body depend on how long the failure to breathe endures, how short is the interval between failures to breathe, and the presence or absence of independent conditions whose effects amplify those of an apneic episode. […] In persons with epilepsy, the hypoxia caused by apnea may be powerful enough to trigger seizures even in the presence of medication that otherwise controls those seizures well. In adults with coronary artery disease, a severe drop in blood oxygen level can cause angina, arrhythmias, or heart attacks (myocardial infarction). Longstanding and recurrent episodes of apnea may, over months and years, have the cumulative effect of increasing blood carbon-dioxide levels to the point that enough carbon dioxide dissolves in the blood to form carbonic acid in overall proportions sufficient to cause respiratory acidosis. […] Premature infants with immature brains and reflex systems are at high risk for central sleep apnea syndrome, even if these babies are otherwise healthy.

• #83 Central sleep apnea – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_sleep_apnea

  The conditions of hypoxia and hypercapnia, whether caused by apnea or not, trigger additional effects on the body. The immediate effects of central sleep apnea on the body depend on how long the failure to breathe endures, how short is the interval between failures to breathe, and the presence or absence of independent conditions whose effects amplify those of an apneic episode. […] In persons with epilepsy, the hypoxia caused by apnea may be powerful enough to trigger seizures even in the presence of medication that otherwise controls those seizures well. In adults with coronary artery disease, a severe drop in blood oxygen level can cause angina, arrhythmias, or heart attacks (myocardial infarction). Longstanding and recurrent episodes of apnea may, over months and years, have the cumulative effect of increasing blood carbon-dioxide levels to the point that enough carbon dioxide dissolves in the blood to form carbonic acid in overall proportions sufficient to cause respiratory acidosis. […] Premature infants with immature brains and reflex systems are at high risk for central sleep apnea syndrome, even if these babies are otherwise healthy.

• #84 Central Sleep Apnea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK578199/

  Central sleep apnea can result from heart failure, stroke, high altitude. […] Patients with various medical conditions tend to develop central breathing instability during sleep, perpetuating CSA. Atrial fibrillation (AF), heart failure (HF) either with preserved or reduced ejection fraction (EF), ischemic stroke, spinal cord injury, renal failure, and chronic opioid use predispose patients to acquire central apnea via transient diminution of ventilatory output. […] CSA occurs predominantly in most cardiovascular conditions, and itself is an independent risk factor associated with poor outcomes. […] The pathophysiology of CSA can be variable due to its temporal relation with different comorbidities. Depending on the underlying medical condition, hypoventilation or hyperventilation with resultant hypocapnia below an apneic threshold is an integral mechanism that reinforces the evolution of central apnea.

• #85 Central Sleep Apnea

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2287191/

  The respiratory depressant effects of acute use of opioid-based medications are well known but have long been believed to subside with longer-term usage. […] However, evidence suggests that long-term use may lead to an increased propensity for CSA in up to 50% of patients. […] Another form of hypercapnic CSA is OHS, the prevalence of which is likely on the rise. […] The etiology and severity of CSA in these types of patient populations varies according to the extent and nature of the underlying abnormality. […] The different forms of CSA result in varied magnitude and duration of hypoxia, which are likely important determinants for the possible development of hypoxia-induced depressive effects. […] Hypoxia-induced central depression has been proposed to be an important contributing mechanism to SDB that occurs at altitude.

• #86 Sleep Apnea Causes

  https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/sleep-apnea/obstructive-sleep-apnea-causes

  In children, the reason for CSA is typically unclear (idiopathic). […] Still, there are a number of things that can interfere with the brain signals that normally help your child breathe. And these could lead to CSA: […] Premature birth […] Smoking during pregnancy […] Brain tumors […] Cerebral palsy […] Head injury […] Problems at the base of the skull, or brain stem.

• #87 Sleep Apnea Causes

  https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/sleep-apnea/obstructive-sleep-apnea-causes

  In children, the reason for CSA is typically unclear (idiopathic). […] Still, there are a number of things that can interfere with the brain signals that normally help your child breathe. And these could lead to CSA: […] Premature birth […] Smoking during pregnancy […] Brain tumors […] Cerebral palsy […] Head injury […] Problems at the base of the skull, or brain stem.

• #88 What Causes the Different Kinds of Sleep Apnea? | Denver, CO AOO | ENT Specialists of the Rockies

  https://www.denvercoloradoearnosethroatallergysinusdoctors.com/what-causes-the-different-kinds-of-sleep-apnea/

  High-altitude central sleep apnea usually occurs during sleep at a higher altitude (above 15,000 feet). The condition goes away at lower altitudes. […] Some drugs and medications, more so opiates like fentanyl or hydrocodone, can trigger CSA. Your doctor can help adjust your medication. Meet with a therapist or doctor if you are misusing opiates. […] CSA in children is also usually unclear (idiopathic). Yet, several things can impact brain signals that usually help the child breathe during sleep. Other causes of CSA include: […] Cerebral palsy […] Brain tumors […] Smoking while pregnant […] Premature birth […] Head injury […] Problems with the brain stem.

• #89 Central sleep apnea – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_sleep_apnea

  The conditions of hypoxia and hypercapnia, whether caused by apnea or not, trigger additional effects on the body. The immediate effects of central sleep apnea on the body depend on how long the failure to breathe endures, how short is the interval between failures to breathe, and the presence or absence of independent conditions whose effects amplify those of an apneic episode. […] In persons with epilepsy, the hypoxia caused by apnea may be powerful enough to trigger seizures even in the presence of medication that otherwise controls those seizures well. In adults with coronary artery disease, a severe drop in blood oxygen level can cause angina, arrhythmias, or heart attacks (myocardial infarction). Longstanding and recurrent episodes of apnea may, over months and years, have the cumulative effect of increasing blood carbon-dioxide levels to the point that enough carbon dioxide dissolves in the blood to form carbonic acid in overall proportions sufficient to cause respiratory acidosis. […] Premature infants with immature brains and reflex systems are at high risk for central sleep apnea syndrome, even if these babies are otherwise healthy.

• #90

• #91 Sleep Apnea Causes

  https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/sleep-apnea/obstructive-sleep-apnea-causes

  In children, the reason for CSA is typically unclear (idiopathic). […] Still, there are a number of things that can interfere with the brain signals that normally help your child breathe. And these could lead to CSA: […] Premature birth […] Smoking during pregnancy […] Brain tumors […] Cerebral palsy […] Head injury […] Problems at the base of the skull, or brain stem.

• #92 Sleep Apnea Causes

  https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/sleep-apnea/obstructive-sleep-apnea-causes

  In children, the reason for CSA is typically unclear (idiopathic). […] Still, there are a number of things that can interfere with the brain signals that normally help your child breathe. And these could lead to CSA: […] Premature birth […] Smoking during pregnancy […] Brain tumors […] Cerebral palsy […] Head injury […] Problems at the base of the skull, or brain stem.

• #93 Sleep Apnea Causes

  https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/sleep-apnea/obstructive-sleep-apnea-causes

  In children, the reason for CSA is typically unclear (idiopathic). […] Still, there are a number of things that can interfere with the brain signals that normally help your child breathe. And these could lead to CSA: […] Premature birth […] Smoking during pregnancy […] Brain tumors […] Cerebral palsy […] Head injury […] Problems at the base of the skull, or brain stem.

• #94 What Causes the Different Kinds of Sleep Apnea? | Denver, CO AOO | ENT Specialists of the Rockies

  https://www.denvercoloradoearnosethroatallergysinusdoctors.com/what-causes-the-different-kinds-of-sleep-apnea/

  High-altitude central sleep apnea usually occurs during sleep at a higher altitude (above 15,000 feet). The condition goes away at lower altitudes. […] Some drugs and medications, more so opiates like fentanyl or hydrocodone, can trigger CSA. Your doctor can help adjust your medication. Meet with a therapist or doctor if you are misusing opiates. […] CSA in children is also usually unclear (idiopathic). Yet, several things can impact brain signals that usually help the child breathe during sleep. Other causes of CSA include: […] Cerebral palsy […] Brain tumors […] Smoking while pregnant […] Premature birth […] Head injury […] Problems with the brain stem.

• #95 Sleep Apnea Causes

  https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/sleep-apnea/obstructive-sleep-apnea-causes

  In children, the reason for CSA is typically unclear (idiopathic). […] Still, there are a number of things that can interfere with the brain signals that normally help your child breathe. And these could lead to CSA: […] Premature birth […] Smoking during pregnancy […] Brain tumors […] Cerebral palsy […] Head injury […] Problems at the base of the skull, or brain stem.

• #96 Sleep Apnea Causes

  https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/sleep-apnea/obstructive-sleep-apnea-causes

  In children, the reason for CSA is typically unclear (idiopathic). […] Still, there are a number of things that can interfere with the brain signals that normally help your child breathe. And these could lead to CSA: […] Premature birth […] Smoking during pregnancy […] Brain tumors […] Cerebral palsy […] Head injury […] Problems at the base of the skull, or brain stem.

• #97 What Causes the Different Kinds of Sleep Apnea? | Denver, CO AOO | ENT Specialists of the Rockies

  https://www.denvercoloradoearnosethroatallergysinusdoctors.com/what-causes-the-different-kinds-of-sleep-apnea/

  High-altitude central sleep apnea usually occurs during sleep at a higher altitude (above 15,000 feet). The condition goes away at lower altitudes. […] Some drugs and medications, more so opiates like fentanyl or hydrocodone, can trigger CSA. Your doctor can help adjust your medication. Meet with a therapist or doctor if you are misusing opiates. […] CSA in children is also usually unclear (idiopathic). Yet, several things can impact brain signals that usually help the child breathe during sleep. Other causes of CSA include: […] Cerebral palsy […] Brain tumors […] Smoking while pregnant […] Premature birth […] Head injury […] Problems with the brain stem.

• #98 Central Sleep Apnoea | Causes, Signs, Impact & treatments

  https://cpdonline.co.uk/knowledge-base/mental-health/central-sleep-apnoea/

  People over 65 years of age are more likely to be diagnosed with CSA. This could be because older people have higher incidences of other health conditions, such as cardiovascular issues and diseases of the brain, which can increase the risk of sleep apnoea. […] Central sleep apnoea is more commonly diagnosed in men and people assigned male at birth. This could be related to testosterone levels, the differences in the breathing control centre and different upper airway anatomy.

• #99 Central Sleep Apnoea | Causes, Signs, Impact & treatments

  https://cpdonline.co.uk/knowledge-base/mental-health/central-sleep-apnoea/

  People over 65 years of age are more likely to be diagnosed with CSA. This could be because older people have higher incidences of other health conditions, such as cardiovascular issues and diseases of the brain, which can increase the risk of sleep apnoea. […] Central sleep apnoea is more commonly diagnosed in men and people assigned male at birth. This could be related to testosterone levels, the differences in the breathing control centre and different upper airway anatomy.

• #100

  https://healthmatch.io/central-sleep-apnea

  Sometimes central sleep apnea may develop for no reason and no clear cause. This is often referred to as idiopathic central sleep apnea. […] There are a few medical conditions that theoretically may be linked with sleep apnea. If you have one of the below medical conditions, you may be at a greater risk of developing sleep apnea. […] Statistically, however, people over the age of 65 are more likely to develop the condition, and men are more likely to be diagnosed than women.

• #101 Obstructive and Central Sleep Apnea: What’s the Difference? – Amerisleep

  https://amerisleep.com/blog/obstructive-and-central-sleep-apnea/

  Central sleep apnea becomes more common in adults as they age, especially those over age 60. […] People suffering from atrial fibrillation or congestive heart failure are at greater risk of central sleep apnea. […] Some people using a CPAP can develop treatment-emergent central sleep apnea. […] Managing other medical issues such as heart and weight problems or even the removal of a tumor when needed can help improve central sleep apnea. […] Cheyne-Stokes breathing is characterized by a cyclical pattern of gradual increase and decrease in breathing, often associated with certain medical conditions, including heart failure and stroke.

• #102 Evolution & Root Causes of Sleep Apnea Epidemic – MyApnea

  https://myapnea.org/forum/evolution-root-causes-of-sleep-apnea-epidemic

  I would call this the most common cause, not obesity. […] Many people are born with overly large tongues(macroglossia) and overly large soft palates that hang way down into the airway. […] Simple aging can cause or worsen OSA. […] It’s possible that the amount of foreign substances in our modern air, both outdoors (pollution) and indoors (product off-gassing), would cause inflammation of these parts of our immune system. […] The advent of farming ~10,000 years ago meant that humans began eating softer foods that required less vigorous chewing than their hunter-gatherer ancestors. […] While jaw size has been the main focus of these studies, I’m thinking that tongue, jaw, and throat muscle tone would also suffer due to this dietary shift. […] With our modern understanding of germ theory, vaccines, and life-saving trauma medicine and technology, the average human lifetime has increased since the Industrial Revolution.

• #103 Central Sleep Apnea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK578199/

  Central sleep apnea can result from heart failure, stroke, high altitude. […] Patients with various medical conditions tend to develop central breathing instability during sleep, perpetuating CSA. Atrial fibrillation (AF), heart failure (HF) either with preserved or reduced ejection fraction (EF), ischemic stroke, spinal cord injury, renal failure, and chronic opioid use predispose patients to acquire central apnea via transient diminution of ventilatory output. […] CSA occurs predominantly in most cardiovascular conditions, and itself is an independent risk factor associated with poor outcomes. […] The pathophysiology of CSA can be variable due to its temporal relation with different comorbidities. Depending on the underlying medical condition, hypoventilation or hyperventilation with resultant hypocapnia below an apneic threshold is an integral mechanism that reinforces the evolution of central apnea.

• #104 Central Sleep Apnea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK578199/

  Central sleep apnea can result from heart failure, stroke, high altitude. […] Patients with various medical conditions tend to develop central breathing instability during sleep, perpetuating CSA. Atrial fibrillation (AF), heart failure (HF) either with preserved or reduced ejection fraction (EF), ischemic stroke, spinal cord injury, renal failure, and chronic opioid use predispose patients to acquire central apnea via transient diminution of ventilatory output. […] CSA occurs predominantly in most cardiovascular conditions, and itself is an independent risk factor associated with poor outcomes. […] The pathophysiology of CSA can be variable due to its temporal relation with different comorbidities. Depending on the underlying medical condition, hypoventilation or hyperventilation with resultant hypocapnia below an apneic threshold is an integral mechanism that reinforces the evolution of central apnea.

• #105 Central sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/central-sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20352109

  Central sleep apnea occurs because the brain doesn’t send proper signals to the muscles that control breathing. […] Central sleep apnea can result from other conditions, such as heart failure and stroke. Another possible cause is sleeping at a high altitude. […] Central sleep apnea occurs when your brain doesn’t transmit signals to your breathing muscles. […] The brainstem links the brain to the spinal cord. It controls many functions, including heart rate and breathing. Central sleep apnea can be caused by a number of conditions that affect the ability of the brainstem to control breathing. […] The cause varies with the type of central sleep apnea you have. Types include: […] Cheyne-Stokes breathing. This type of central sleep apnea is most commonly associated with congestive heart failure or stroke.

• #106 Central sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/central-sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20352109

  Drug-induced apnea. Taking certain medicines such as opioids can cause breathing to become irregular or stop completely for a short time. […] High-altitude periodic breathing. A Cheyne-Stokes breathing pattern can occur if you’re at a very high altitude. […] Medical condition-induced central sleep apnea. Several medical conditions, including end-stage kidney disease and stroke, may lead to central sleep apnea. […] Primary central sleep apnea, also known as idiopathic sleep apnea. The cause of this uncommon type of central sleep apnea is not known.

• #107 Sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20377631

  Central sleep apnea (CSA), which occurs when the brain doesn’t send proper signals to the muscles that control breathing […] This less common form of sleep apnea occurs when your brain fails to send signals to your breathing muscles. This means that you make no effort to breathe for a short period. You might awaken with shortness of breath or have a difficult time getting to sleep or staying asleep. […] Risk factors for this form of sleep apnea include: Being older. Middle-aged and older people have a higher risk of central sleep apnea. […] Central sleep apnea is more common in men than it is in women. […] Having congestive heart failure increases the risk. […] Using narcotic pain medicines. Opioid medicines, especially long-acting ones such as methadone, increase the risk of central sleep apnea. […] Having had a stroke increases the risk of central sleep apnea. […] Sudden drops in blood oxygen levels that occur during central sleep apnea can adversely affect heart health.

• #108 What Is Central Sleep Apnea | Central Sleep Apnea Causes Treatment

  https://www.breathoflifedental.com/central-sleep-apnea

  Treatment-emergent central sleep apnea, which occurs in a small percentage of people who receive continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy as treatment for obstructive sleep apnea. […] There are certain conditions that can increase your risk of developing central sleep apnea in your lifetime. […] These risk factors include: Sex — Men statistically tend to develop central sleep apnea more often than women do. Age — Adults aged 60 and above are more commonly diagnosed with central sleep apnea than younger adults are. Heart disorders — Those with heart conditions such as atrial fibrillation, heart disease, or heart failure have an increased risk of developing central sleep apnea compared to those without heart conditions. […] Brain injury or disease — Brain diseases, or medical conditions that injure the brainstem (such as a stroke), can interfere with the brain’s capability to automatically control your breathing when you are asleep.

• #109 Basics of Central Sleep Apnea

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Articles/2014/07/22/08/25/Basics-of-Central-Sleep-Apnea

  Cardiovascular diseases associated with CSA include congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, left and/or right ventricular dysfunction and a number of cardiac dysrhythmias. […] Pearl: Patients with Central Sleep Apnea have similar symptoms to patients with OSA, and the two disorders often co-exist. […] Treatment of CSA focuses first on the underlying cause of the disorder. […] Advances in CPAP and BiPAP have improved tolerability and perhaps efficacy, while newer forms of PAP therapies (such as ASV devices) may be particularly better for patients with CSA. […] Although to date none of the currently available therapies have improved long-term cardiovascular outcomes, a number of studies support treating central sleep apnea.

• #110 Central Sleep Apnea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK578199/

  Central sleep apnea can result from heart failure, stroke, high altitude. […] Patients with various medical conditions tend to develop central breathing instability during sleep, perpetuating CSA. Atrial fibrillation (AF), heart failure (HF) either with preserved or reduced ejection fraction (EF), ischemic stroke, spinal cord injury, renal failure, and chronic opioid use predispose patients to acquire central apnea via transient diminution of ventilatory output. […] CSA occurs predominantly in most cardiovascular conditions, and itself is an independent risk factor associated with poor outcomes. […] The pathophysiology of CSA can be variable due to its temporal relation with different comorbidities. Depending on the underlying medical condition, hypoventilation or hyperventilation with resultant hypocapnia below an apneic threshold is an integral mechanism that reinforces the evolution of central apnea.

Zobacz więcej