Atrofia pochwy
Epidemiologia

Atrofia pochwy (GSM) dotyka od 10% do nawet 90% kobiet po menopauzie, z nasileniem objawów rosnącym wraz z wiekiem i czasem od menopauzy. Badanie ANGEL wykazało częstość występowania 19,2% u kobiet 40-45 lat i 53,8% u kobiet 52-55 lat, a dane longitudinalne wskazują na 65% rok po menopauzie i 83-87% po 6 latach. Objawy kliniczne, takie jak bladość błony śluzowej (90%), kruchość (80%) i wybroczyny (51%), nasilają się z czasem. Czynniki ryzyka obejmują wiek >50 lat, menopauzę, chirurgiczne usunięcie jajników, terapię przeciwnowotworową (chemioterapia, radioterapia, terapia hormonalna), brak aktywności seksualnej oraz palenie tytoniu. Szczególnie narażone są pacjentki onkologiczne, u których częstość atrofii waha się od 19% do 91%, zwłaszcza po leczeniu inhibitorami aromatazy, tamoksyfenem czy radioterapii. Mimo wysokiej częstości, tylko 25-30% kobiet zgłasza objawy, a zaledwie 7% stosuje terapię, co wynika z wstydu, braku świadomości i niedostatecznej edukacji personelu medycznego.

Epidemiologia Atrofii Pochwy

Atrofia pochwy (nazywana również atrofią sromu i pochwy, atroficznym zapaleniem pochwy lub zespołem genitourologicznym menopauzyGSM) stanowi istotny problem zdrowotny dotykający znaczną część populacji kobiet. Według danych epidemiologicznych, schorzenie to dotyka około 10-50% kobiet po menopauzie, przy czym objawy występują u 50-70% kobiet z rozwiniętą atrofią.12 Niektóre źródła wskazują nawet, że odsetek kobiet po menopauzie cierpiących na atrofię pochwy może sięgać 84-90%.34

Badanie ANGEL wykazało, że atrofia pochwy została zdiagnozowana u 36,8% kobiet, przy czym częstość występowania wahała się od 19,2% u kobiet w wieku 40-45 lat do 53,8% u kobiet w wieku 52-55 lat.5 Dane te potwierdzają, że problem atrofii pochwy dotyczy nie tylko kobiet po menopauzie, ale również tych w okresie okołomenopauzalnym, a nawet przedmenopauzalnym. Około 15% kobiet przed menopauzą doświadcza objawów związanych z atrofią pochwy.26

Częstotliwość występowania w różnych grupach wiekowych

Częstość występowania atrofii pochwy wykazuje wyraźny związek z wiekiem i czasem, jaki upłynął od menopauzy:7

  • U kobiet w wieku rozrodczym – około 3%
  • We wczesnym okresie przejścia menopauzalnego – około 4%
  • W późniejszych latach przejścia menopauzalnego – około 21%
  • 3 lata po menopauzie – około 40%
  • 6 lat po menopauzie – około 83%

3

Badanie longitudinalne wykazało, że objawy zespołu genitourologicznego menopauzy występują u 65% kobiet rok po menopauzie, natomiast u 87% kobiet sześć lat po menopauzie.1 Warto zauważyć, że atrofia pochwy staje się klinicznie widoczna po 4-5 latach od przejścia menopauzy.8

W przypadku różnych objawów atrofii pochwy obserwuje się zwiększoną częstość występowania i nasilenie wraz z wiekiem. Obiektywne objawy atrofii nasilają się z czasem od menopauzy, osiągając 90% w przypadku bladości błony śluzowej i ścieńczenia marszczek, 80% w przypadku kruchości błony śluzowej i 51% w przypadku obecności wybroczyn.9

Różnice geograficzne i populacyjne

Epidemiologia atrofii pochwy różni się między krajami i regionami z powodu czynników takich jak status społeczno-ekonomiczny i dostęp do opieki ginekologicznej.8 Badania ankietowe przeprowadzone w Europie wykazały, że częstość występowania objawów atrofii pochwy wahała się od 40% w Niemczech do 54,42% w Hiszpanii, przy czym co druga ankietowana oceniała swoje objawy jako umiarkowane lub ciężkie.10

W Stanach Zjednoczonych odnotowuje się największą pulę pacjentek z atrofią pochwy po menopauzie i największy rynek jej leczenia.11 Dane epidemiologiczne są monitorowane w głównych regionach świata, w tym w USA, krajach UE5 (Niemcy, Hiszpania, Włochy, Francja i Wielka Brytania) oraz Japonii.12

Czynniki ryzyka i grupy szczególnego ryzyka

Atrofia pochwy jest powiązana z wieloma czynnikami ryzyka, które mogą przyczynić się do jej rozwoju lub nasilenia:13

  • Wiek – ryzyko wzrasta wraz z wiekiem, szczególnie po 50 roku życia14
  • Menopauza – naturalny spadek poziomu estrogenów
  • Chirurgiczne usunięcie jajników
  • Terapia przeciwnowotworowa – szczególnie chemioterapia, terapia hormonalna, radioterapia
  • Brak aktywności seksualnej
  • Palenie tytoniu

15

Atrofia pochwy u pacjentek onkologicznych

Szczególną grupę ryzyka stanowią pacjentki leczone z powodu nowotworów ginekologicznych lub hormonozależnych. Atrofia sromu i pochwy (VVA) jest często nasilana przez leczenie onkologiczne takie jak chemioterapia, terapia hormonalna, radioterapia czy zabieg chirurgiczny.13

Częstość występowania atrofii pochwy wśród pacjentek leczonych z powodu schorzeń onkologicznych ginekologicznych waha się między 19% a 91%.13 Szczególnie narażone są kobiety leczone z powodu raka piersi, u których atrofia pochwy jest częstym objawem ubocznym.16

U pacjentek leczonych inhibitorami aromatazy (AI), tamoksyfenem (TX) lub chemioterapią częstość występowania atrofii pochwy waha się od 19% do 69,7%, natomiast po radioterapii występowanie toksyczności pochwy waha się od 30,7% do 91%.13

Warto zauważyć, że w Stanach Zjednoczonych średnio ponad 250 000 kobiet rocznie otrzymuje diagnozę inwazyjnego raka piersi, z czego zdecydowana większość ma nowotwory hormonalnie zależne (80% wykazuje obecność receptorów estrogenowych, a 65% receptorów progesteronowych). Terapia endokrynna jest kluczowym elementem leczenia pacjentek z nowotworami hormonalnie zależnymi, co często prowadzi do rozwoju zespołu genitourologicznego menopauzy z powodu niskiego poziomu estrogenów.17

Niezgłaszalność i niedostateczna diagnostyka

Mimo wysokiej częstości występowania, atrofia pochwy pozostaje niedostatecznie diagnozowana i leczona. Dane wskazują, że tylko około 25-30% kobiet z objawami atrofii pochwy zgłasza swoje dolegliwości personelowi medycznemu.181 Według badania Women’s EMPOWER, zaledwie 7% kobiet w wieku 45-90 lat (średnia wieku 58 lat) stosuje przepisaną terapię atrofii pochwy.19

Główne przyczyny niezgłaszania objawów to:20

  • Zakłopotanie i wstyd
  • Przekonanie, że jest to naturalny element starzenia się
  • Brak świadomości o dostępnych i skutecznych metodach leczenia
  • Uwarunkowania kulturowe, religijne lub społeczne

199

Problem niedostatecznej diagnostyki dotyczy również personelu medycznego. Badania wskazują, że tylko około połowa onkologów omawia ten powikłanie przed rozpoczęciem leczenia, a 65-85% raportuje brak wystarczającej wiedzy na temat opcji leczenia atrofii pochwy.13 Ponadto, do 15% kobiet z objawową atrofią pochwy nie otrzymuje propozycji żadnej formy leczenia.9

Wpływ na jakość życia i nadzór medyczny

Atrofia pochwy ma znaczący wpływ na jakość życia pacjentek. Badania wykazały, że ciężkie objawy atrofii pochwy mają bezpośredni związek z pogorszeniem jakości życia u kobiet po menopauzie.21 Wpływ atrofii pochwy na jakość życia jest porównywalny do innych przewlekłych schorzeń, takich jak zapalenie stawów, astma czy zespół jelita drażliwego.21

Atrofia pochwy nie tylko wpływa na jakość życia i zdrowie seksualne, ale jest również związana ze zwiększonym ryzykiem depresji i lęku u kobiet po menopauzie.22 Dyspareunię wtórną do atrofii pochwy uznaje się za ważny czynnik przyczyniający się do dysfunkcji seksualnej u kobiet.23

Diagnostyka i nadzór medyczny

Diagnoza atrofii pochwy opiera się zazwyczaj na skargach pacjentki, ocenie historii medycznej oraz badaniu zewnętrznych narządów płciowych i błony śluzowej pochwy.24 Mimo różnic w metodach diagnostycznych i kryteriach w różnych badaniach, naukowcy generalnie zgadzają się, że atrofię pochwy można potwierdzić, gdy spełnione są następujące trzy kryteria:

  • pH pochwy > 5 i zmniejszony indeks dojrzewania pochwy (VMI)
  • Subiektywne zgłaszanie suchości pochwy i/lub innych objawów atrofii
  • Co najmniej jeden obiektywny objaw atrofii (np. suchość błony śluzowej, bladość, zmniejszona marszczkowatość, kruchość lub wybroczyny)

24

pH zestrogenizowanej pochwy waha się od 3,8 do 4,2, natomiast u kobiet z zespołem genitourologicznym menopauzy pH może osiągnąć 5,5 lub więcej.7 Niedawny przegląd dotyczący atrofii pochwy sugeruje, że po zdiagnozowaniu GSM, personel medyczny może uwzględnić najbardziej dokuczliwy objaw wraz z pH pochwy w celu oceny odpowiedzi na leczenie.7

W kontekście nadzoru medycznego, szczególną uwagę należy zwrócić na pacjentki z grup wysokiego ryzyka raka endometrium oraz pacjentki stosujące wyższe dawki estrogenów lub doświadczające plamienia z pochwy czy krwawienia międzymiesiączkowego, które mogą wymagać ściślejszego nadzoru.25 Należy również zaznaczyć, że prasterone (Intrarosa) może zwiększać prawdopodobieństwo nieprawidłowych wyników badania cytologicznego szyjki macicy, co skutkuje dodatkowymi badaniami i nadzorem.26

Trendy epidemiologiczne i kierunki badań

W ostatniej dekadzie przeprowadzono wiele badań, głównie sondażowych, w celu uzyskania pełniejszych informacji na temat wpływu atrofii pochwy na współczesną populację kobiet po menopauzie.10 Nasilenie objawów atrofii pochwy (brak, łagodne, umiarkowane, ciężkie) oceniano przy użyciu skali oceny menopauzy.10

Epidemiologia atrofii pochwy po menopauzie jest monitorowana w głównych regionach świata. Prowadzone są badania mające na celu określenie historycznych, obecnych i przyszłych scenariuszy epidemiologicznych, a także czynników napędzających trendy epidemiologiczne atrofii pochwy po menopauzie.11

Ważnym kierunkiem badań jest również poszukiwanie nowych opcji terapeutycznych. Nowsze badania dotyczą stosowania ospemifenu i prasteronu w leczeniu atrofii sromu i pochwy.27 Ospemifen jest dopuszczony w Wielkiej Brytanii do leczenia umiarkowanej do ciężkiej objawowej atrofii sromu i pochwy u kobiet, które nie są kandydatkami do estrogenów dopochwowych, natomiast prasterone jest dopuszczony do leczenia atrofii sromu i pochwy u kobiet po menopauzie z umiarkowanymi do ciężkich objawami.27

Należy również wspomnieć o badaniach nad urządzeniami energetycznymi do stosowania w pochwie. Amerykańskie Towarzystwo Uroginekologiczne opublikowało w 2020 roku oświadczenie konsensusowe dotyczące tych urządzeń w celu dostarczenia wytycznych.9

Podsumowanie głównych danych epidemiologicznych

Grupa populacyjna Częstość występowania atrofii pochwy Źródło danych
Kobiety po menopauzie (ogólnie) 10-50% (niektóre źródła podają do 84-90%) StatPearls, Wikipedia, badania populacyjne
Kobiety w wieku 40-45 lat 19,2% Badanie ANGEL
Kobiety w wieku 52-55 lat 53,8% Badanie ANGEL
Kobiety przed menopauzą 15-19% Badania epidemiologiczne
Kobiety rok po menopauzie 65% Badania longitudinalne
Kobiety 3 lata po menopauzie 40-47% Badania populacyjne
Kobiety 6 lat po menopauzie 83-87% Badania longitudinalne
Pacjentki po leczeniu onkologiczno-ginekologicznym 19-91% Badania kliniczne
Pacjentki leczone inhibitorami aromatazy, tamoksyfenem lub chemioterapią 19-69,7% Badania kliniczne
Pacjentki po radioterapii 30,7-91% Badania kliniczne
Kobiety zgłaszające objawy personelowi medycznemu 25-30% Badania ankietowe
Kobiety stosujące przepisaną terapię 7% Badanie Women’s EMPOWER

Dane epidemiologiczne jednoznacznie wskazują, że atrofia pochwy stanowi poważny problem zdrowotny dotykający znaczną część populacji kobiet, szczególnie w okresie około- i pomenopauzalnym. Mimo wysokiej częstości występowania, schorzenie to pozostaje niedostatecznie diagnozowane i leczone, co podkreśla potrzebę zwiększenia świadomości zarówno wśród pacjentek, jak i personelu medycznego.1028

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  1. 17.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Atrophic vaginitis – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrophic_vaginitis
    Atrophic vaginitis develops in 10-50% of postmenopausal women. Of those who are postmenopausal and have developed atrophic vaginitis, 50-70% develop symptoms. […] Around 30% of women with atrophic vaginitis discuss their symptoms with their primary healthcare provider. It is likely to be under diagnosed and under treated due to lack of awareness of those who are affected by atrophic vaginitis and of healthcare providers. […] Symptoms of genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) are seen in 65% women one year post-menopause versus 87% six years post-menopause.
  • #2 Atrophic Vaginitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK564341/
    An estimated 10% to 50% of all postmenopausal women develop atrophic vaginitis. […] Additionally, 15% of premenopausal women develop genitourinary syndrome symptoms. […] While these numbers are high, the prevalence may be significantly higher than reported, and many women do not discuss their symptoms.
  • #3 Vaginal Atrophy and Common Skin Disorders of the Vulva and Vagina | Obgyn Key
    https://obgynkey.com/vaginal-atrophy-and-common-skin-disorders-of-the-vulva-and-vagina/
    Vaginal atrophy, also referred to as vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA), is a condition that affects many postmenopausal women, with as many as 84% experiencing symptoms related to the genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) due to decreased estrogen levels. […] The prevalence of GSM is not well established; however, a longitudinal study evaluating presence of vaginal dryness symptoms by age group found that 3% of women of reproductive age, 4% of women in early menopause transition, 21% of women in later years of menopause transition, 40% of women 3 years after menopause, and 83% of women 6 years after menopause reported symptoms. […] The incidence of GSM symptoms in women visiting a gynecology or menopause clinic is over 90%. […] Despite the prevalence of symptoms, treatment for GSM remains low. More than half of women who are symptomatic have never used therapy.
  • #4 Vaginal problems diminish quality of life but often go unreported | EurekAlert!
    https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/563502
    New survey documents high incidence of vulvovaginal atrophy and the negative effect on quality of life in postmenopausal women […] Vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA) is estimated to affect up to 98% of postmenopausal women, many of whom will fail to report symptoms to their healthcare providers or seek help. […] The objective of the European Vulvovaginal Epidemiology Survey (EVES) was to describe the prevalence of VVA. […] The authors of the article conclude that severe VVA symptoms have a direct association with worsened QOL in postmenopausal women. […] Although few studies have been conducted to understand the relationship between VVA symptoms and quality of life (QOL), some survey data suggest that VVA is associated with a clinically significant effect on QOL comparable to that seen in conditions such as arthritis, asthma, and irritable bowel syndrome.
  • #5 Vaginal atrophy across the menopausal age: results from the ANGEL study – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30601037/
    Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of vaginal atrophy (VA) in women across the menopausal age. […] VA was diagnosed in 36.8% of women. Prevalence ranged from 19.2% (40-45 year olds) to 53.8% (52-55 year olds). […] Most signs and symptoms showed an age-related increase in frequency and intensity. VA was independently associated (R2 = 0.139; p 0.0001) with age (odds ratio [OR] 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-1.13), being in postmenopause (OR 3.45; 95% CI 2.29-5.19), and presence of vasomotor symptoms (OR 3.10; 95% CI 2.09-4.60). […] VA and its symptoms are common in women across the menopausal age. VA identification may favor early management and treatment.
  • #6 Postmenopausal Vaginal Atrophy Epidemiology Forecast 2034
    https://www.expertmarketresearch.com/epidemiology-reports/postmenopausal-vaginal-atrophy-epidemiology-forecast
    Vaginal atrophy is a common concern among postmenopausal women, with around 40% to 54% of such individuals reporting bothersome symptoms. […] The postmenopausal vaginal atrophy epidemiology section offers information on the patient pool from history to the present as well as the projected trend for each of the 8 major markets. […] Around 15% of women are reported to experience vaginal atrophy symptoms before menopause whereas 40% to 54% of postmenopausal women report bothersome symptoms caused by vaginal atrophy. […] As per an article published in Harvard Health Publishing (2019), nearly 50% of women develop symptoms associated with vaginal atrophy within a few years post-menopause. […] Studies reveal that 70% of women experiencing signs and symptoms of vaginal atrophy do not discuss their health issues with healthcare professionals. It is also estimated that less than 25% of the women suffering from vaginal atrophy receive appropriate medical care.
  • #7 Genitourinary syndrome of menopause: Common problem, effective treatments | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
    https://www.ccjm.org/content/85/5/390
    After menopause, about half of all women experience genital, sexual, and urinary symptoms associated with decreases in estrogen, termed genitourinary syndrome of menopause. […] From 40% to 60% of postmenopausal women experience GSM, but few seek treatment. […] One study found the prevalence of GSM to be 4% during perimenopause, rising after menopause to 25% after 1 year and to 47% after 3 years. […] Although distressing symptoms occur mostly after menopause, they may be seen in women of any age who experience a hypoestrogenic state, even if it is transient. […] The diagnosis of GSM is based on the history and physical examination. […] The pH of the estrogenized vagina ranges from 3.8 to 4.2, whereas in women with GSM, the pH may reach 5.5 or higher. […] A recent review of vaginal atrophy suggests that after a diagnosis of GSM, health-care providers can consider the most bothersome symptom along with the vaginal pH to assess the response to treatment.
  • #8 Postmenopausal Vaginal Atrophy Epidemiology Forecast 2034
    https://www.expertmarketresearch.com/epidemiology-reports/postmenopausal-vaginal-atrophy-epidemiology-forecast
    According to a review article published in the Journal of South Asian Federation of Menopause Societies (2017), symptoms of urogenital atrophy are experienced by almost half of all postmenopausal women, with vaginal atrophy becoming clinically apparent post 4 to 5 years after the transition to menopause. […] The epidemiology of postmenopausal vaginal atrophy differs between countries owing to factors such as socioeconomic status, and access to gynecological care, among others.
  • #9 Vaginal Atrophy and Common Skin Disorders of the Vulva and Vagina | Obgyn Key
    https://obgynkey.com/vaginal-atrophy-and-common-skin-disorders-of-the-vulva-and-vagina/
    Surveys evaluating menopausal women’s understanding of VVA found that almost 75% have not discussed concerns with their clinician. […] In addition, a survey querying physicians who self-identified as providing care to menopausal women with GSM found that up to 15% of women with symptomatic VVA were not offered any form of treatment. […] The prevalence of objective signs increase with time since menopause, reaching 90% with findings of mucosal pallor and rugae thinning, 80% mucosal fragility, and 51% presence of petechiae. […] The American Urogynecologic Society published a consensus statement on vaginal energy-based devices in 2020 to provide guidance.
  • #10 Vulvovaginal atrophy in the peri- and post-menopause: relevance and impact on quality of life – Orazov – Gynecology
    https://gynecology.orscience.ru/2079-5831/article/view/110734
    The authors of the Women’s EMPOWER survey concluded that in real clinical practice VVA remains insufficiently recognized, the frequency of prescribing therapy is extremely low, despite numerous clinical guidelines and proposed methods. […] Such a catastrophic discrepancy between the high prevalence and rare clinical diagnosis of VVA entails a severe progressive course of VVA and a significant deterioration in the quality of life of patients. […] Over the past decade, many studies have been conducted, mainly surveys, in order to obtain more complete information about the impact VVA on the modern population of postmenopausal women. […] The severity of VVA symptoms (absent, mild, moderate, severe) was assessed using a menopause rating scale. […] The prevalence of VVA symptoms ranged from 40% (Germany) to 54.42% (Spain), with every second respondent assessing their symptoms as moderate or severe.
  • #11 Postmenopausal Vaginal Atrophy Market Size & Share 2034
    https://www.imarcgroup.com/postmenopausal-vaginal-atrophy-market
    According to the report the United States has the largest patient pool for postmenopausal vaginal atrophy and also represents the largest market for its treatment. […] Historical, current, and future epidemiology scenario […] What is the number of prevalent cases (2018-2034) of postmenopausal vaginal atrophy across the seven major markets? […] What are the key factors driving the epidemiological trend of postmenopausal vaginal atrophy? […] What will be the growth rate of patients across the seven major markets?
  • #12 Postmenopausal Vaginal Atrophy – Market Insight, Epidemiology, and Market Forecast – 2034
    https://www.giiresearch.com/report/del1506058-postmenopausal-vaginal-atrophy-market-insight.html
    The Postmenopausal Vaginal Atrophy epidemiology division provide insights about historical and current Postmenopausal Vaginal Atrophy patient pool and forecasted trend for every seven major countries. It helps to recognize the causes of current and forecasted trends by exploring numerous studies and views of key opinion leaders. This part of the DelveInsight report also provides the diagnosed patient pool and their trends along with assumptions undertaken. […] The disease epidemiology covered in the report provides historical as well as forecasted Postmenopausal Vaginal Atrophy epidemiology scenario in the 7MM covering the United States, EU5 countries (Germany, Spain, Italy, France, and the United Kingdom), and Japan from 2020 to 2034. […] The epidemiology segment also provides the Postmenopausal Vaginal Atrophy epidemiology data and findings across the United States, EU5 (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom), and Japan.
  • #13 Vulvovaginal Atrophy Following Treatment for Oncogynecologic Pathologies: Etiology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options
    https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/60/10/1584
    Vulvovaginal atrophy, characterized by the thinning of vaginal mucosa typically resulting from reduced estrogen levels, is frequently exacerbated by oncogynecologic treatments such as chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, radiotherapy, or surgery. […] Despite VVA being a common side effect, affecting 19–91% of patients treated for oncogynecological conditions, surveys indicate that only about half of oncologists discuss this complication before treatment, and 65–85% report lacking sufficient knowledge about VVA treatment options. […] The prevalence of VVA among perimenopausal and postmenopausal women in the general population varies between 36.8% and 81.3%. […] Frequency of VVA among patients treated with AI, TX, or chemotherapy ranges from 19% to 69.7%. […] The prevalence of vaginal toxicity following RT ranges from 30.7% to 91%.
  • #14 Vaginal atrophy | Jean Hailes
    https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/vulva-vagina/vulval-vaginal-conditions/vaginal-atrophy
    Vaginal atrophy affects about 40% of postmenopausal women and the risk increases with age. […] Women over 50 years of age or women who have gone through menopause are most likely to develop vaginal atrophy. […] Research suggests that MHT eliminates vaginal atrophy symptoms in 75% of cases, while vaginal oestrogen therapy is effective in 80% to 90% of cases.
  • #15 Vaginal Atrophy/Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause (GSM) | OB/GYN & Women’s Health | University Hospitals | University Hospitals
    https://www.uhhospitals.org/services/obgyn-womens-health/conditions-and-treatments/general-gynecology/vaginal-atrophy
    Vaginal atrophy, also known as genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) or atrophic vaginitis, is a condition that causes thinning of the vaginal walls, leading to a range of symptoms that affect the vulva, vagina and urinary system. […] Vaginal atrophy most often develops after a woman enters menopause. It is caused by a decrease of estrogen in the body. […] While vaginal atrophy is most common in women who are in perimenopause and menopause, it can also occur: […] Risk factors for vaginal atrophy and related symptoms include: […] If you are experiencing unusual or unexplained symptoms of vaginal atrophy, make an appointment with your healthcare provider. […] There are many effective treatments for the vaginal and urinary symptoms associated with vaginal atrophy, including both over-the-counter and prescription options.
  • #16 Vaginal Atrophy – Center for Advanced Gyn & Urogynecology
    https://centerforadvancedgyn.com/vaginal-atrophy/
    One out of two menopausal women encounter symptoms due to vaginal atrophy. […] 47 percent of patients experience these symptoms once they become menopausal. 70 percent of patients with symptoms of vaginal atrophy do not discuss their condition with a health care provider. […] Vaginal atrophy symptoms are a common complaint among sexually active women with breast cancer.
  • #17 Treatment of Urogenital Symptoms in Individuals With a History of Estrogen-dependent Breast Cancer | ACOG
    https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/clinical-consensus/articles/2021/12/treatment-of-urogenital-symptoms-in-individuals-with-a-history-of-estrogen-dependent-breast-cancer
    On average, more than 250,000 women will be diagnosed with invasive breast cancer in the United States each year. The vast majority of cancers are hormone receptor-positive, with 80% demonstrating estrogen receptors and 65% demonstrating progesterone receptors. Although the overall median age at diagnosis is 62 years, 30% of cancers will be diagnosed in women younger than 50 years of age and 7% will be diagnosed in those younger than 40 years of age. Although the likelihood of having a hormone receptor negative breast cancer is higher for premenopausal individuals, the majority of breast cancers in premenopausal individuals are still hormone receptor-positive. […] Endocrine therapy is a central component of treatment for those with hormone receptor-positive cancers. Following local management of early-stage cancers, most premenopausal individuals are treated with at least 5 years of tamoxifen, whereas postmenopausal individuals are commonly treated with up to 10 years of an aromatase inhibitor (AI). Tamoxifen acts as a selective estrogen antagonist in the breast, blocking estrogen at the receptor level, whereas AIs block peripheral estrogen biosynthesis from androstenedione and testosterone. Both forms of endocrine therapy are associated with GSM resulting from low estrogen levels. Although symptoms related to tamoxifen may be more pronounced owing to patient age, estrogen levels for those on AIs are lower than levels typically associated with menopause. Because of their mechanisms of action, the effects of exogenous estrogens on breast tissue would be expected to be blocked in those taking tamoxifen but not in those taking AIs.
  • #18 Atrophic Vaginitis
    https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Gyn/Vagina/AtrphcVgnts.htm
    Prevalence: 50% of post-menopausal women within first 3 years […] Vulvovaginal Atrophy and dryness symptomatic in 50% of postmenopausal women (due to low Estrogen) […] Only 25% of symptomatic women seek medical care.
  • #19 Vulvovaginal atrophy in the peri- and post-menopause: relevance and impact on quality of life – Orazov – Gynecology
    https://gynecology.orscience.ru/2079-5831/article/view/110734
    Vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA) is detected in more than 50% of postmenopausal women, and at 40-49 years of age, 15-19% of women have relevant signs. […] The literature review suggests that the prevalence of VVA is extremely high but underestimated due to the infrequent seeking of medical care by female patients with relevant symptoms. […] According to various sources, VVA symptoms are recorded in 15-19% of perimenopausal women and 40-80% (according to some reports, up to 90%) in postmenopausal women. […] Despite the high medical and socioeconomic significance of issues related to VVA, a critically small part of those who need it receive treatment for this condition. […] The authors of the Women’s EMPOWER study found that only 7% of women 45-90 years old (mean age 58 years, n=1858) are currently using prescribed TVA therapy (topical estrogen therapy or oral selective estrogen receptor modulators).
  • #20 Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (vulvovaginal atrophy): Treatment – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/genitourinary-syndrome-of-menopause-vulvovaginal-atrophy-treatment
    Vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA; also referred to as vaginal atrophy, urogenital atrophy, or atrophic vaginitis) results from estrogen loss and is often associated with vulvovaginal complaints (eg, dryness, burning, dyspareunia) in menopausal patients. Urinary frequency and recurrent bladder infections may also occur. […] In 2014, the new term genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) was introduced by the International Society for the Study of Women’s Sexual Health and the Menopause Society. This term encompasses all of the atrophic symptoms patients may have in the vulvovaginal and bladder-urethral areas from loss of estrogen that occurs with menopause. The spectrum of adverse consequences makes long-term treatment essential in many patients, not only for relief of symptoms and improved quality of life, but also for the more troublesome problems that may occur, such as sexual dysfunction, postcoital bleeding, and recurrent urinary tract infections. Treatment options include both hormonal and nonhormonal interventions. […] Many patients with GSM do not seek medical care for these issues (due to embarrassment, cultural, religious, or societal beliefs, or lack of awareness about safe and effective treatments) and many clinicians fail to ask their menopausal patients about GSM symptoms.
  • #21 Vaginal problems diminish quality of life but often go unreported | EurekAlert!
    https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/563502
    New survey documents high incidence of vulvovaginal atrophy and the negative effect on quality of life in postmenopausal women […] Vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA) is estimated to affect up to 98% of postmenopausal women, many of whom will fail to report symptoms to their healthcare providers or seek help. […] The objective of the European Vulvovaginal Epidemiology Survey (EVES) was to describe the prevalence of VVA. […] The authors of the article conclude that severe VVA symptoms have a direct association with worsened QOL in postmenopausal women. […] Although few studies have been conducted to understand the relationship between VVA symptoms and quality of life (QOL), some survey data suggest that VVA is associated with a clinically significant effect on QOL comparable to that seen in conditions such as arthritis, asthma, and irritable bowel syndrome.
  • #22 Vulvovaginal atrophy in the peri- and post-menopause: relevance and impact on quality of life – Orazov – Gynecology
    https://gynecology.orscience.ru/2079-5831/article/view/110734
    VVA does not only affect quality of life, sexual health and couple relationships, but is also associated with an increased risk of depression and anxiety in postmenopausal women. […] The symptoms of HUMS entail a significant deterioration in quality of life, and therefore it is necessary to improve the management of this syndrome in order to mitigate its impact on quality of life of postmenopausal patients.
  • #23 Vaginal Atrophy: The 21st Century Health Issue Affecting Quality of Life
    https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/561934_1
    Vaginal dryness and atrophy is a silent epidemic that affects many women who are undoubtedly suffering in silence. This chronic and progressive medical condition has been estimated to affect up to 50%-60% of postmenopausal women; some healthcare providers believe this estimate is lower than the actual incidence. […] Dyspareunia secondary to vaginal atrophy is an important contributor to female sexual dysfunction. […] Vaginal atrophy can be diagnosed with a detailed history and comprehensive physical examination. […] Treatment goals for atrophic vaginitis include alleviating symptoms, reversing or minimizing the physiologic changes, and improving quality of life for the patient. […] Local, low-dose estrogen preparations are considered first-line pharmacologic treatment for atrophic vaginitis.
  • #24 Vulvovaginal Atrophy Following Treatment for Oncogynecologic Pathologies: Etiology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options
    https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/60/10/1584
    The diagnosis of VVA is typically based on patient complaints, medical history assessment, and examination of external genitalia and vaginal mucosa. […] Despite variations in diagnostic methods and criteria across studies, researchers generally agree that VVA can be confirmed when the following three criteria are met: (1) vaginal pH > 5 and a decreased VMI, (2) subjective reports of vaginal dryness and/or other VVA symptoms, and (3) at least one objective sign of VVA (such as mucosal dryness, pallor, decreased rugosity, fragility, or petechiae). […] This article provides insights into the epidemiology, risk factors, and potential treatments for vulvovaginal atrophy in women who have undergone treatment for oncogynecologic diseases; however, it has several limitations: Variability in diagnostic criteria for vulvovaginal atrophy leads to differing prevalence rates among cancer survivors across studies. […] Oncogynecologic patients frequently experience vulvovaginal atrophy due to iatrogenic menopause and radiotherapy-induced vaginal toxicity. Risk factors include age, combined therapies, radiotherapy type, dosage, and aromatase inhibitor use.
  • #25 Vaginal Atrophy: The 21st Century Health Issue Affecting Quality of Life
    https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/561934_1
    The NAMS position statement concluded that data supporting annual endometrial sampling or transvaginal ultrasound in patients without symptoms was inadequate. However, a related conclusion is that patients at high risk for endometrial cancer, and those using a higher estrogen dose or experiencing vaginal spotting or breakthrough bleeding may require closer surveillance.
  • #26 Prasterone (Intrarosa) for Dyspareunia | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0115/p117.html
    Prasterone (Intrarosa) is an intravaginal product used to treat moderate to severe dyspareunia due to vulvar and vaginal atrophy caused by menopause. […] Prasterone may increase the likelihood of abnormal cervical Pap tests, resulting in additional testing and surveillance.
  • #27 Surveillance decision | Evidence | Menopause: identification and management | Guidance | NICE
    https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng23/resources/2019-surveillance-of-menopause-diagnosis-and-management-nice-guideline-ng23-7015806541/chapter/Surveillance-decision?tab=evidence
    We also identified new evidence on treating vulvar and vaginal atrophy. Ospemifene is licensed in the UK for treating moderate to severe symptomatic vulvar and vaginal atrophy in women who are not candidates for vaginal oestrogen. Prasterone is licensed in the UK for treating vulvar and vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women having moderate to severe symptoms. […] Additionally, we decided that the section on urogenital atrophy should be updated to include ospemifene and prasterone. Stakeholder feedback indicated a desire for these drugs to be considered in an update and changes in the benefits and risk profiling of HRT may lead to changes in acceptability of HRT to women and therefore increase the prominence of other interventions for treatment of menopausal symptoms.
  • #28 Vaginal Atrophy: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15500-vaginal-atrophy
    At least half of women who enter menopause show signs and symptoms of genitourinary syndrome of menopause. Vaginal dryness is typically the first indication that you’re developing vaginal atrophy. […] Vaginal atrophy can affect your quality of life and your relationship with your partner(s). There are physical and emotional side effects of GSM. […] You dont have to just live with vaginal atrophy. Even if youre in menopause or postmenopausal, that doesnt mean you should have to deal with UTIs, vaginal itching or painful sex. Treatment for GSM can be very successful. […] Yes, it can. Thats why prompt treatment is important. The sooner you get treatment, the less likely it is that your vaginal atrophy will worsen. For example, the longer you go without estrogen, the dryer your vagina will become. Without treatment, your vaginal atrophy may get worse. […] Vaginal atrophy is serious. It affects your quality of life with discomfort, frequent bathroom trips, frequent UTIs, burning, pain with sex and more. Fortunately, there are many treatments and your healthcare provider can help you find the best option for your symptoms.