Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Breath-Holding Spells – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539782/

  Breath-holding spells commonly affect up to 5% of all infants. While they are benign, they might be a frightening experience for children and, consequently, for their caregivers. Breath-holding spells occur in children with benign neurological examination findings and children who meet age-appropriate developmental milestones. Typically breath-holding spells do not affect the subsequent neurological development of a child. […] Breath-holding spells are a common problem in the pediatric population, with a frequency of up to 5% of children. Most breath-holding spells occur before the child turns 18 months old and generally resolve by age 6. […] A predominance of males compared to females is reported. […] One-third of patients have a positive family history of breath-holding spells. […] Based on a pedigree analysis of a study looking at severe breath-holding spells, the mode of inheritance seems to be autosomal dominant with reduced penetrance.

• #2 Breath holding

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/breath_holding/

  Breath holding is common, especially in children aged six months to six years old. […] Most children who have breath-holding spells will have their first spell before they are 18 months old, and most children grow out of breath holding by the time they are six years old. […] Children who breath hold will usually have one to six spells per week, but up to 25 percent of children who breath hold will have multiple spells each day. […] Breath-holding spells are not harmful to your child. […] Breath holding is usually involuntary, and is caused by a slowing of the heart rate or changes in your child’s usual breathing patterns. […] In around a third of children who breath hold, there is a family history of breath holding. […] Breath holding is not caused by a health problem and will not harm your child. […] It is believed that children who have breath holding spells may be more likely to faint as adolescents, and sometimes as adults. […] Iron deficiency anaemia (low red blood cell levels due to a lack of iron) is more common in children who breath hold.

• #3

  https://europepmc.org/books/n/statpearls/article-18619/?extid=32965841&src=med

  Breath-holding spells commonly affect up to 5% of all infants. […] Breath-holding spells are a common problem in the pediatric population, with a frequency of up to 5% of children. […] Most breath-holding spells occur before the child turns 18 months old and generally resolve by age 6. […] A predominance of males compared to females is reported. […] One-third of patients have a positive family history of breath-holding spells. […] Based on a pedigree analysis of a study looking at severe breath-holding spells, the mode of inheritance seems to be autosomal dominant with reduced penetrance. […] However, there are also several other conditions, such as familial dysautonomia, long QT syndrome, and 16p11.2 microdeletion syndrome, which seem to predispose patients to breath-holding spells.

• #4 Children with breath-holding spells undergo unnecessary diagnostic interventions: Study

  https://medicalxpress.com/news/2023-11-children-breath-holding-unnecessary-diagnostic-interventions.html

  Breath-holding spells are common in young children and are benign. Yet children often undergo unnecessary diagnostic interventions when seeking medical care. This is because there are no national or international guidelines on how to assess children in these cases. […] A team of researchers at Lund University, Sweden has now proposed guidelines to reduce the number of emergency and unplanned medical visits and to provide more equitable and structured care for children with breath-holding spells. The recommendations are published in the journal Acta Paediatrica. […] About 25% of children aged 0 to 5 years will experience simple breath-holding spells, during which they do not lose consciousness. About 5% will have severe spells which result in a brief loss of consciousness. […] While breath-holding spells are a familiar concept in health care, there are no diagnostic criteria or guidelines on how to assess these children when they seek medical care. This leads to uncertainty about how to investigate and take care of the patients, and also what might be an appropriate follow-up.

• #5 Children with breath-holding spells undergo unnecessary diagnostic interventions | Faculty of Medicine, Lund University

  https://www.medicine.lu.se/article/children-breath-holding-spells-undergo-unnecessary-diagnostic-interventions

  Breath-holding spells are common in young children and are benign. Yet children often undergo unnecessary diagnostic interventions when seeking medical care. This is because there are no national or international guidelines on how to assess children in these cases. […] Around 25 per cent of children aged 0 to 5 years will experience simple breath-holding spells, during which they do not lose consciousness. Around 5 per cent will have severe spells which result in a brief loss of consciousness. […] While breath-holding spells are a familiar concept in healthcare, there are no diagnostic criteria or guidelines on how to assess these children when they seek medical care. […] These unjustified diagnostic interventions are stressful for both children and their parents and can cause unnecessary worry.

• #6 Breath-Holding Spells in Toddlers | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/breath-holding-spells-toddlers

  Up to 5% of children experience breath-holding spells. They can occur as early as 6 months and may continue until a child is 6 years old. The peak age for breath-holding spell is 2 years. […] Breath-holding spells are a reflex, that is the bodys automatic response to distress. They are not a conscious choice on the part of a child or a behavior problem. […] If this is the first time your child has experienced one of these spells, contact your primary care provider. There may be a correlation of breath-holding spells with iron-deficiency anemia, so your childs primary care provider may check the blood count. It is also important to rule out other more serious conditions that in rare cases may mimic breath holding spell.

• #7 Breath-Holding Spells in Pediatrics: A Narrative Review of the Current Evidence

  https://www.benthamscience.com/article/94468

  Breath-holding spells affect 0.1 to 4.6% of otherwise healthy young children. […] The onset is usually between 6 and 18 months of age. […] The etiopathogenesis is likely multifactorial and includes autonomic nervous system dysregulation, vagally-mediated cardiac inhibition, delayed myelination of the brain stem, and iron deficiency anemia. […] Breath-holding spells may be cyanotic or pallid. […] The spells usually disappear spontaneously by 5 years of age. […] Although breath-holding spells are benign, they can be quite distressing to the parents. […] Underlying cause, if present, should be treated. […] Interventions beyond iron supplementation may be considered for children with severe and frequent breath-holding spells which have a strong impact on the lifestyle of both the child and family.

• #8 Breath-holding spells: Scary but not serious

  https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/view/breath-holding-spells-scary-not-serious

  About 5% of young children have breath-holding spells. These involuntary spells follow an event such as falling down or being frightened, frustrated, or angry. They usually start when an infant is between 6 and 18 months of age and disappear by 5 or 6 years. They may happen once or twice a day, or once or twice a month. They are not dangerous and have nothing to do with epilepsy. […] The child with a family history of breath-holding spells may be at higher risk of having spells than other children, perhaps because of an underlying genetic predisposition. Most children who have breath-holding spells have the first spell between 6 and 18 months of age. […] In a large prospective series, 62% of children had the cyanotic type of spells and 19% had the pallid type; 19% of children had spells with features suggesting both types. Breath-holding spells can also be classified as „simple” if the child only loses consciousness or „severe” when seizure activity follows.

• #9 Thieme E-Books & E-Journals –

  https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/html/10.1055/s-2002-23591?device=mobile&innerWidth=412&offsetWidth=412&lang=en

  Breath holding spells are common in childhood. They peak about 2 years of age and abate by 5 years of age; they are rare before 6 months of age. […] We want to draw attention to the fact that breath holding spells should be included in the differential diagnosis of neonatal cyanotic spells. […] The course of these neonatal breath holding spells is thought to be benign, but nevertheless, severe breath holding spells can pose problems for parents and clinicians.

• #10 Breath-holding spell: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000967.htm

  Some children have breath-holding spells. This is an involuntary stop in breathing that is not in the child’s control. […] Babies as young as 2 months old and up to 2 years old can start having breath-holding spells. Some children have severe spells. […] Breath-holding spells are more common in children with genetic conditions, such as Riley-Day syndrome or Rett syndrome. […] Breath-holding spells most often occur when a child becomes suddenly upset or surprised. […] Normal breathing starts again after a brief period of unconsciousness. […] Most children outgrow breath-holding spells by the time they are 4 to 8 years old. […] Contact your child’s provider if you think your child is having breath-holding spells.

• #11 Breath-holding spells | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/breath-holding-spells

  Breath-holding spells are relatively common and have been reported worldwide. In Lombroso and Lerman’s study, 4.6% of children had cyanotic breath-holding. Some studies have shown a predilection for boys (male:female ratio of 3:1), with males demonstrating an earlier peak (13 to 18 months) than females (18 to 24 months). Having a near relative with a history of breath-holding spells occur in 20% to 35% of cases. Early-onset, recurrent, severe breath-holding spells have been associated with 16p11.2 microdeletion syndrome and Riley-Day syndrome. […] For the overwhelming majority of children, breath-holding spells, whether cyanotic or pallid, are benign, with normal developmental and intellectual outcome. Children with breath-holding spells do not develop epilepsy, but are more likely to have syncopal episodes in adulthood, suggesting that autonomic aberrations are common to both breath-holding spells and syncope. In rare cases, breath-holding spells have been followed by status epilepticus.

• #12 Breath-Holding Spells | Select 5-Minute Pediatrics Topics

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/Select-5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/14045/all/Breath_Holding_Spells

  Breath-holding spells are the general term for emotionally provoked attacks that occur in young children. These attacks can progress from a strong emotion to breath holding to decreased sensorium and either limpness or stiffness, which can appear as seizure-like activity. […] Incidence: not reported. Prevalence: 4.6% (severe), up to 27% (simple). No gender difference. 2035% have a positive family history. Median age of onset 6 to 12 months of age. Typically ages 1 to 5 years but can occur up to 7 years of age. Usually resolve by school age. […] 2035% of patients with breath-holding spells have a positive family history. 11% of patients with epilepsy or other chronic, but nonneurologic disorder have a positive family history of breath-holding spells. For 80% of patients with severe spells and a positive family history, the affected family members are mainly on the maternal side.

• #13 Breath-Holding Spells | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617639/1.2/Breath_Holding_Spells

  Breath-holding spells are the general term for emotionally provoked attacks that occur in young children. These attacks can progress from a strong emotion to breath holding to decreased sensorium and either limpness or stiffness, which can appear as seizure-like activity. […] Incidence: not reported. Prevalence: 4.6% (severe), up to 27% (simple). No gender difference. 2035% have a positive family history. Median age of onset 6 to 12 months of age. Typically ages 1 to 5 years but can occur up to 7 years of age. Usually resolve by school age. […] 2035% of patients with breath-holding spells have a positive family history. 11% of patients with epilepsy or other chronic, but nonneurologic disorder have a positive family history of breath-holding spells. For 80% of patients with severe spells and a positive family history, the affected family members are mainly on the maternal side. […] There are no known methods, medications, or treatments for preventing breath-holding spells. Although the term breath-holding spells implies volition, these attacks are involuntary and reflexive.

• #14 Understanding and dealing with baby breath-holding spells – – Familiprix

  https://www.familiprix.com/en/articles/understanding-and-dealing-with-baby-breath-holding-spells?srsltid=AfmBOoqtsHylS8ZDEhT7tXo2QfIw4uC4zv6e9lth1lNuIVJ90sFgsK-j

  A breath-holding spell is a phenomenon that often goes unrecognized but deserves special attention from parents. […] These episodes can be frightening to experience and observe, both for infants and those around them. […] A breath-holding spell is an episode in which a child stops breathing and may lose consciousness following an emotionally upsetting event. […] It’s important to note that these spasms are not voluntary. They affect around 5% of children aged 6 months to 5 years, with a higher prevalence between the ages of 1 and 3. […] Genetic factors may also play a role, since 20% to 30% of children with breath-holding spells have a family member who has experienced similar episodes. […] In most cases, the child will regain consciousness and breathing in less than a minute. […] However, some situations require immediate medical attention.

• #15

  https://journals.lww.com/accd/fulltext/2024/06010/breath_holding_spells_in_pediatrics_.3.aspx

  Breath-holding spells (BHS) are a benign common problem in young children. Autonomic nervous system dysregulation plays an important role in its pathogenesis. BHS may be associated with iron-deficiency anemia (IDA). The objective of the study was to explore the clinicolaboratory profile of children with BHS, electrocardiography (ECG), and echocardiography (ECHO) findings. The mean age of our children was 35 20 months with their ages ranging from 11 to 84 months. Thirty-one children were male (62%) and 19 were female (38%). Cyanotic spells were present in 35 (70%) children, 7 (14%) children were of the pallid type, and 8 (16%) children were of the mixed type. Anemia was found in 66% of them (44% had IDA). The corrected QT interval (QTc) was 0.45 0.02 s, 16% of children had prolonged QTc (0.46 s), and QTc dispersion (QTcd) was 0.03 0.02 s. The cyanotic type is more common than the pallid and mixed types of BHS. IDA is a common finding in BHS. QTc is increased in children with BHS, which is a sign of cardiac repolarization changes. Therefore, the use of ECG for the diagnosis of rhythm abnormalities in these children is reasonable. Breath-holding spells (BHS) are a common problem in children affecting approximately 5% of healthy children. BHS are involuntary, self-limited episodes that are usually outgrown by school age. The spells are rare before 6 months of age, peak at about 2 years of age, and cease by 5 years of age. BHS are a common and important problem that is encountered in the neuropediatric clinic, and the cyanotic type is more common than the pallid type. BHS commonly are associated with iron-deficiency anemia (IDA), which, in turn, is a common nutritional problem in our country. The exact etiopathogenesis is not known and is most likely multifactorial. It is believed that autonomic nervous system dysregulation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis. Measurement of corrected QT interval (QTc) and QTc dispersion (QTcd) is a noninvasive evaluation of ventricular repolarization through electrocardiography (ECG), which also shows the risk of serious ventricular arrhythmias. An increase of QTc or dispersion increases the risk of dysrhythmias and sudden death. The study included 50 children with breath-holding spells (BHS) and 50 controls, enrolled over 16 months. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 for Windows (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY., USA). Our study results revealed a highly significant difference (P 0.01) between BHS children (450.8 18.8 ms) and controls (421.2 32.8 ms) regarding QTc with agreement with DiMario and Movahedian et al. finding but with disagreement with Akaln et al. and Kolkiran et al. that reported no difference between cases and controls concerning QTc. However, our study similarly to Kolkiran et al. revealed a nonsignificant difference between the three type groups, with much higher QTc values in the mixed type group, differently from DiMario that found higher results in pallid type rather than mixed or cyanotic types. In this study, we concluded that cyanotic type is more common than pallid and mixed types of BHS. The high incidence of anemia, especially IDA in children with BHS, is irrelevant to the spell type they develop. QTc is significantly higher in BHS children compared to healthy children which is a sign of cardiac repolarization changes and this highlights the importance of ECG as an investigation tool in children with BHS. […] We recommended that once a clinical diagnosis of BHS is done, ECG should be considered in all children with focusing on QTc and QTcd assessment for the detection of QTc prolongation and early repolarization changes, and laboratory investigations to rule out anemia are also recommended.

• #16 Breath-Holding Spells | Select 5-Minute Pediatrics Topics

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/Select-5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/14045/all/Breath_Holding_Spells

  There are no known methods, medications, or treatments for preventing breath-holding spells. Although the term breath-holding spells implies volition, these attacks are involuntary and reflexive. […] Some studies have noted an increased prevalence of anemia in children with breath-holding spells; the anemia and spells improved over time with iron treatment.

• #17 Baby Breath Holding: Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Outlook

  https://www.healthline.com/health/parenting/baby-holding-breath

  Breath holding affects 0.1% to 4.6% of otherwise healthy young children. It typically starts occurring between 6 and 18 months of age. […] Researchers suggest the following reasons why some babies hold their breath and others dont: Autonomic nervous system dysregulation: This system regulates involuntary functions like heartbeat, blood pressure, and body temperature, and if it doesnt function fully, it may lead to episodes where the heartbeat or breathing slows. […] In some cases, breath holding may be related to iron deficiency anemia. In these cases, an iron supplement may help decrease the frequency of breath holding. […] If breath holding increases in frequency or interferes with daily activities, your childs doctor may refer them to a neurologist (brain specialist) and cardiologist (heart specialist). These healthcare professionals can rule out an underlying medical condition.

• #18 Breath-Holding Spells | HealthLink BC

  https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/healthwise/breath-holding-spells

  Breath-holding spells are brief periods when young children stop breathing for up to 1 minute. These spells often cause a child to pass out (lose consciousness). Breath-holding spells usually occur when a young child is angry, frustrated, in pain, or afraid. But the spell is a reflex. Children don’t have breath-holding spells on purpose. […] Breath-holding spells can occur in children 6 months through 6 years of age. They are most common from 1 to 3 years of age. Some children have them every day, and some have them only once in a while. […] Breath-holding spells are usually not serious and don’t cause lasting damage. With time, they go away on their own. […] In some children, breath-holding spells may be related to iron deficiency anemia, a condition in which the body doesn’t produce a normal number of red blood cells.

• #19 Breath-holding spells: Scary but not serious

  https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/view/breath-holding-spells-scary-not-serious

  The contribution of anemia to breath-holding spells is controversial. Investigators first noted in 1963 that children with severe breath-holding spells had lower hemoglobin levels than controls. […] The only diagnostic tests to consider are an EKG to rule out prolonged QT interval and a complete blood count with serum ferritin to look for iron deficiency. […] The most important aspect of treatment, then, is to reassure the family that the episodes are harmless. Parents need to know that the episodes are involuntary and that the child will begin breathing spontaneously without parental action.

• #20

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2015/07030/novel_findings_in_breath_holding_spells__a.25.aspx

  The mechanism of breath-holding spells (BHS) is not fully understood and most probably multifactorial; so, this study was designed to clarify the pathophysiology of BHS through assessing some laboratory parameters and electrocardiographic (ECG) changes which might be contributing to the occurrence of the attacks. […] This was a prospective study performed in Zagazig University Hospitals. Seventy-six children diagnosed with BHS were included as follows: 32 children with cyanotic BHS, 14 children with pallid BHS, and 30 healthy children as a control group. […] No significant statistical difference was found between cyanotic and pallid groups regarding family history of BHS, severity, and precipitating factors of the attacks. […] Autonomic dysregulation evidenced by frequent RSA is considered to be an important cause of BHS in children and is correlated with the frequency of the attacks. Low serum ferritin is additional factor in the pathophysiology. Both pallid and cyanotic BHS are suggested to be types of the same disease sharing the same pathophysiology.

• #21 Breath-holding spells: Scary but not serious

  https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/view/breath-holding-spells-scary-not-serious

  Studies from the 1960s show that children with behavioral problems such as stubbornness, disobedience, aggression, temper tantrums, head banging, kyperkinesia, hypersensitivity, or enuresis are more likely to have breath-holding spells than other children. […] In about half of children with breath-holding spells, the episodes resolve by age 5 years. By the age of 6, 90% of these children no longer have spells, and by the age of 7 none of them do. […] Despite EEG changes associated with hypoxia, children who have breath-holding spells are not at risk for central nervous system sequelae. Nor are they any more likely than other children to be mentally retarded or to have epilepsy. […] The most common entity in the differential diagnosis of both cyanotic and pallid breath-holding spells is epilepsy.

• #22 P23 Piracetam for breath-holding spells | Archives of Disease in Childhood

  https://adc.bmj.com/content/108/5/13.1

  Breath-holding spells (BHS) are a non-epileptic event where the child involuntarily stops breathing, typically for less than one minute, varying from several times daily to a few times a month.1 There are two types of BHS: cyanotic and pallid; cyanotic occurs in response to fear or anger, causing oxygen desaturation and loss of consciousness, and pallid can be triggered by pain or fear, causing pallor, oxygen desaturation, and seizure-like movements.1 […] There are currently no national, international, or local guidelines on treatment of BHS. […] Our experience of piracetam in one patient with BHS shows that it can be used safely; however, this should be used on an individual case basis after discussion with the MDT. Further research is required in BHS and, in particular, the need for treatment guidelines.

• #23 My child cannot breathe while sleeping: a report of three cases and review | BMC Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12887-017-0922-9

  Sudden breath-holding episodes during sleep in young children are potentially related to sudden infant death syndrome and other life-threatening events. Additionally, these episodes can negatively affect childs growth and development. […] Sudden breath-holding and cyanotic events during sleep are known to cause health complications in young children. These episodes can be frightening and cause intense hypnophobia. Frequent nighttime awakening can also have detrimental effects on childs growth and development, as well as adversely affect the health of the entire family. […] The burden of caring for affected children can decrease familys productivity, increase the incidence of family conflict-related stress, and even lead to maternal depression. […] Thus, the early diagnosis and management of nocturnal breath-holding episodes are critical for maintaining the quality of life of both the affected child and family.

• #24 My child cannot breathe while sleeping: a report of three cases and review | BMC Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12887-017-0922-9

  A variety of conditions can cause nocturnal waking episodes in childhood. […] Paroxysmal nocturnal events are commonly misdiagnosed as epilepsy. However, nocturnal epilepsy and parasomnias are distinct causes of breath-holding during sleep that should be differentiated. […] PSG is a standard method for the diagnosis of sleep disorders; however, the standard PSG alone does not allow the differentiation of nocturnal seizures from other sleep disorders. PSG with full-montage of video-EEG is superior to standard PSG for the evaluation of nocturnal spells, because of an increased capacity for the identification and localization of EEG abnormalities and the ability to correlate patient behavior with EEG and PSG data. […] In conclusion, breath-holding episodes during sleep should be differentiated from nocturnal seizures and other sleep disorders. When diagnosing nocturnal episodes, it is important to take into consideration the fact that sleep-related choking syndrome and laryngospasm associated with GER may appear in the absence of other GERD symptoms. PSG is an essential tool for the evaluation of sleep abnormalities; however, PSG alone is not useful for the differentiation of nocturnal seizures and other sleep disorders in children. Therefore, PSG with full-montage video-EEG and simultaneous 24-h pH monitoring are important adjunct tools for the diagnosis of respiratory symptoms, such as breath spells, choking, and sudden coughing during sleep.

• #25 Children with breath-holding spells undergo unnecessary diagnostic interventions: Study

  https://medicalxpress.com/news/2023-11-children-breath-holding-unnecessary-diagnostic-interventions.html

  The Lund University study examined more than 500 children who had been diagnosed with breath-holding spells in SkÃ¥ne Region in Southern Sweden, between 2004 and 2018. […] These unjustified diagnostic interventions are stressful for both children and their parents and can cause unnecessary worry. […] The new guidelines will make it clearer when children need an ECG and when they should have a blood test to check their blood count and iron status. […] We expect the number of ECG investigations to decrease significantly with our guidelines, and the use of EEG is not suggested at all.

• #26 Children with breath-holding spells undergo unnecessary diagnostic interventions | Faculty of Medicine, Lund University

  https://www.medicine.lu.se/article/children-breath-holding-spells-undergo-unnecessary-diagnostic-interventions

  It may seem a bit controversial to suggest fewer diagnostic tests, but with an accurate and detailed patient medical history and background information on what happened to the child, the doctor can easily diagnose breath-holding spells without these tests, argues Sanna Hellstrm Schmidt. […] The new guidelines will make it clearer when children need an ECG and when they should have a blood test to check their blood count and iron status. […] We expect the number of ECG investigations to decrease significantly with our guidelines, and the use of EEG is not suggested at all.

• #27 Brain metabolite values in children with breath-holding spells | NDT

  https://www.dovepress.com/brain-metabolite-values-in-children-with-breath-holding-spells-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-NDT

  Breath-holding spells are benign, paroxysmal events with apnea and postural tone changes after a crying episode in infants. […] The objective of this study was to investigate the pathologies in brain metabolite values in the absence of seizure in children with breath-holding spells by using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). […] Our study suggested that there is no permanent neuronal damage in patients with breath-holding spells. […] This result confirms the previous studies, which reported no permanent neuronal damage in patients with breath-holding spells. […] The aim of the present study was not to address the etiology of brain metabolite and neurological disorders associated with breath-holding spells. […] In conclusion, according to these findings, no permanent neuronal damage was found in the patients with breath-holding spells, indicating that it is a benign event indeed. However, further studies with larger populations of children with severe spells are needed to confirm the present findings.

• #28 Breath-holding spells | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/breath-holding-spells

  Death following a breath-holding episode is exceedingly rare, but may be related to intrapulmonary shunting during expiratory apnea. However, most children who have died during „breath-holding” have serious conditions such as brainstem gliomas, tracheoesophageal fistula, or tracheostomy. Children with associated airway abnormalities may be at greater risk.

• #29 Breath-Holding Spells | HealthLink BC

  https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/healthwise/breath-holding-spells

  Most children don’t need treatment for breath-holding spells. Spells will go away as your child gets older. If your doctor thinks that a medical condition is causing the spells, your child may need treatment. […] Breath-holding spells can be frustrating for parents. If you have trouble dealing with your child’s spells or find yourself getting angry, talk with your doctor or a counsellor. Try to keep in mind that your child isn’t having spells on purpose.

• #30 The reliability and quality of YouTube videos as a source of breath holding spell | Italian Journal of Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://ijponline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13052-023-01570-0

  Breath holding spells (BHS) are an important non-epileptic condition that is common in childhood and causes concern to families. […] The majority of YouTube videos on BHS contained useful information with sufficient quality. […] Breath holding spells (BHS) is one of the involuntary non-epileptic conditions often accompanied by loss of consciousness, and its globally prevalence has been reported to be between 36%. […] Parents are very concerned about the BHS their children are experiencing, and it can lead to significant depression and stress, especially in mothers. […] Families started to use the internet, especially the YouTube platform, as it became difficult to access physicians and health information through these sources due to the pandemic. […] YouTube is increasingly being used as a source of information on childhood diseases.

• #31 The reliability and quality of YouTube videos as a source of breath holding spell | Italian Journal of Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://ijponline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13052-023-01570-0

  This article is the first study in the literature examining the videos made on YouTube on BHS. […] BHS can cause severe anxiety in parents or extreme fear of the child’s sudden death or future development of a mental abnormality. […] This current study demonstrated that the vast majority of BHS videos (71.4%) uploaded to YouTube, along with technological and social media developments, present useful information for parents/users.

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