Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Breath-Holding Spells – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539782/

  Breath-holding spells commonly affect up to 5% of all infants. While they are benign, they might be a frightening experience for children and, consequently, for their caregivers. Breath-holding spells occur in children with benign neurological examination findings and children who meet age-appropriate developmental milestones. Typically breath-holding spells do not affect the subsequent neurological development of a child. […] Breath-holding episodes usually follow an inciting event in which the patient is disciplined, angry, or irritated, followed by crying and breath-holding, resulting in the loss of consciousness. These episodes can be reduced by distracting the child and avoiding the triggers. While benign, knowing these spells’ pathophysiology and differential diagnosis is essential so other pathological conditions may be ruled out.

• #1 Breath-Holding Spells – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539782/

  Breath-holding spells were once considered attention-seeking behavior, but studies have shown that these episodes are not intentional and result from an involuntary reflex. […] Cyanotic breath-holding spells are more common, accounting for over 60% of patients. The trigger for these episodes is the anger or frustration of the child. The child typically cries briefly, becomes silent, stops breathing, and becomes cyanotic. […] The pallid form usually follows a painful or frightful experience. […] Some studies suggest that a dysfunctional autonomic nervous system may play a role in the cause of the spells, specifically with a maturation delay in parts of the brainstem. […] The underlying cause of breath-holding spells is poorly understood. However, it has been shown that children with cyanotic breath-holding episodes may have some autonomic dysregulation, including higher diastolic blood pressure and a higher resting heart rate.

• #1 Breath-Holding Spells – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539782/

  In addition, iron deficiency anemia has been identified very commonly in these children, and iron supplementation has been found to help even in children without iron deficiency anemia. […] Maternal stress levels (including during pregnancy), maternal depressive traits, and overprotective maternal characteristics are also associated with the development of breath-holding spells, further exacerbating parents’ stress and anxiety. […] As for the child, low frustration tolerance has also been associated with the development of breath-holding spells.

• #2 Breath-holding spells in infants

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4325862/

  A breath-holding spell is a benign paroxysmal nonepileptic disorder occurring in healthy children 6 to 48 months of age. […] Breath-holding spells are a well described phenomenon known to occur mostly among children 6 to 18 months of age. […] Almost 5% of the pediatric population might demonstrate such episodes. […] Breath-holding spells are not harmful and pose no long-term risks for the infant. […] Many episodes of breath holding are associated with an inciting incident in which the infant is irritated, is being disciplined, or is angry. […] This might mean that maturation delay in myelination of the brainstem could be the cause of breath-holding spells in children. […] Several studies, mostly from Turkey, suggest an association between breath-holding spells and anemia in young infants. […] Owing to the high frequency of anemia among children with breath-holding spells, testing for anemia or treating empirically for iron deficiency anemia is recommended.

• #3 Breath-Holding Spells in Toddlers | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/breath-holding-spells-toddlers

  Young children, when faced with an upsetting situation or sudden pain, can hold their breath, causing them to turn bluish or pale, and pass out. […] Up to 5% of children experience breath-holding spells. […] Breath-holding spells are a reflex, that is the body’s automatic response to distress. […] There are two types of breath-holding, cyanotic and pallid. […] Cyanotic breath-holding spells: This is the most common type of breath-holding spell, accounting for about 85% of occurrences. […] Pallid breath-holding spells: In this type of breath-holding spell, often triggered by a sudden pain or fright, the child turns a pale, grayish color, becomes sweaty or clammy, and loses consciousness. […] There may be a correlation of breath-holding spells with iron-deficiency anemia, so your child’s primary care provider may check the blood count. […] It is also important to rule out other more serious conditions that in rare cases may mimic breath holding spell.

• #4 What Are Breath-Holding Spells in Kids? | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/just-ask-childrens/articles/breath-holding-spells/

  Its important to know that children under the age of 6 months do not have breath-holding spells and should be immediately evaluated by a doctor if a caregiver thinks their baby stopped breathing. […] We arent exactly sure what causes breathing-holding spells. Research has suggested that breath-holding spells are an abnormal reflex of the nervous system in young children that allows them to hold their breath long enough to stop breathing momentarily. […] While teaching your child positive ways to cope with emotions is important, breath-holding spells do not occur due to a lack of emotional control.

• #4 What Are Breath-Holding Spells in Kids? | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/just-ask-childrens/articles/breath-holding-spells/

  Watching your child have a breath-holding spell can be scary and overwhelming. These spells occur in about 5% of healthy children, and about 20% to 33% of children with breath-holding spells have a family history of them. […] A breath-holding spell is when your child or baby holds their breath for long enough that they temporarily stop breathing, which sometimes causes them to pass out. […] These incidents are almost always triggered by an upsetting event, such as being angry that parents or caregivers set limits, being scared, falling or being in pain due to a mild injury. […] It is important to know that this is something a child cant control, and you cant prevent them from occurring. […] For children who have breath-holding spells, their first one typically occurs between 6 and 18 months, but they can occur anytime from birth to 5 years of age.

• #5 Breath-holding spell – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/breath-holding-spell

  Some children have breath-holding spells. This is an involuntary stop in breathing that is not in the child’s control. […] Babies as young as 2 months old and up to 2 years old can start having breath-holding spells. Some children have severe spells. […] Children can have breath-holding spells when they are responding to: Fear, Pain, Traumatic event, Being startled or confronted. […] Breath-holding spells are more common in children with: Genetic conditions, such as Riley-Day syndrome or Rett syndrome, Iron deficiency anemia, A family history of breath-holding spells (parents may have had similar spells when they were children).

• #6 Breath-holding in babies and children

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/breath-holding-in-babies-and-children/

  Breath-holding is when a baby or child stops breathing for up to 1 minute and may faint. It can happen when a child is frightened, upset, angry, or has a sudden shock or pain. […] Breath-holding is not something a child does deliberately. It’s usually triggered by a sudden shock or pain, or strong emotions like fear, upset or anger. […] There are 2 types of breath-holding: blue breath-holding spells this is the most common type of breath-holding and happens when a child’s breathing pattern changes […] reflex anoxic seizures this type of breath-holding happens when a child’s heart rate slows down.

• #7 Breath-Holding Spells – Child Neurology Foundation

  https://www.childneurologyfoundation.org/disorder/breath-holding-spells/

  Breath-holding spells are short spells of time during which a child stops breathing. They are commonly mistaken for seizures. […] This condition is seen in about 1 in 25 children during the first few years of life. […] There are two types of breath-holding spells. Both types may occur in the same child at different times. […] The exact mechanism of these is not clearly understood. It is somewhat complex. […] These are believed to be a vasovagal response to pain caused by a relatively trivial trauma. […] Sometimes, parents or siblings have also experienced breath-holding spells. This supports a genetic basis for the condition. […] Iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia may also be associated with breath-holding spells.

• #8 Breath Holding Spells: Do This When Your Upset Child Hoods Breath

  https://www.webmd.com/children/children-breath-holding

  If your young child reacts to sudden pain or upset by not breathing, turning blue or pale, and then fainting, they may have just had a breath-holding spell. […] Breath-holding spells come in two types. With cyanotic spells, a child’s face turns blue. With pallid spells, they become pale. Cyanotic spells are more common. […] Often, a breath-holding attack starts with crying in reaction to pain, fear, or anger. […] If your child has a cyanotic spell, they’re probably upset or frustrated about something. […] With a pallid spell, they likely felt a sudden pain or scare. […] Your child doesn’t have these spells on purpose. It’s their body’s involuntary response to a sudden event.

• #9 Breath-holding spells in children | Raising Children Network

  https://raisingchildren.net.au/babies/behaviour/common-concerns/breath-holding

  Breath-holding usually happens when babies or children: […] Some cases of breath-holding are associated with iron-deficiency anaemia. […] It’s natural to feel scared and even to panic the first time your child has a breath-holding spell, especially if you’ve never heard of breath-holding before. […] You should consult a doctor about breath-holding if your child: […] You can’t prevent breath-holding, but you might be able to prevent the events leading up to breath-holding. […] This type of breath-holding is also called blue spells. […] This type of breath-holding is also called pale spells.

• #10 Breath Holding Spells in Children – Dr Habib

  https://drhabibpediatricneurologist.com/breath-holding-spells-in-children/

  These spells occur when a child becomes upset or when a child feels hurt just after a minor injury. It can also happen when a child feels a sudden scare or pain. […] Typical symptoms of these spells include the following: the child looks pale; try to cry or shout by opening the mouth but with no sound; heartbeat becomes slow; arms and legs become stiff; holds breathing and faints.

• #11

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=ad1702

  Breath-holding spells are brief periods when young children stop breathing for up to 1 minute. […] The most common type of breath-holding spell usually occurs in response to emotions, such as anger or frustration. These spells are caused by a change in your child’s usual breathing pattern. […] Another type of spell occurs in response to fear, pain, or injury, especially after an unexpected blow to the head. These spells are caused by a slowing of your child’s heart rate. […] Breath-holding spells can occur in children between 6 months and 6 years of age and are most common from 1 to 3 years of age. […] Symptoms of spells brought on by emotions like anger or frustration include: Red or blue-purple skin colour, especially around the lips. […] Symptoms of spells brought on by fear, pain, or injury include: Pale skin colour. […] Some children also have seizures during breath-holding spells. This does not mean they have a seizure disorder. […] Talk to your doctor if: Spells become more frequent or more severe or change their pattern.

• #12 Breath-Holding Spells In Children | KidsHealth New Zealand’s Trusted Voice On Children’s Health

  https://www.kidshealth.org.nz/breath-holding-spells

  A breath-holding spell may happen after a child has an upset or sudden startle, such as a minor bump or a fright. […] Breath-holding spells are caused by either a change in a child’s usual breathing pattern, a slowing of the heart rate or a combination of the two. Pain or strong emotions, such as fear or frustration can bring on these reactions. […] The underlying reason for breath-holding spells is not known. 1 in 3 tamariki with breath-holding spells will have a family history of similar episodes. In some tamariki, breath-holding spells may be related to iron deficiency anaemia. This is a condition where the body does not produce a normal number of red blood cells. […] Most tamariki with breath-holding do not have a serious underlying problem.

• #13 Baby Breath Holding: Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Outlook

  https://www.healthline.com/health/parenting/baby-holding-breath

  Breath holding affects 0.1% to 4.6% of otherwise healthy young children. It typically starts occurring between 6 and 18 months of age. […] Sudden shock or pain often triggers breath holding. It can also be the result of strong emotions like anger, sadness, or fear. […] Researchers suggest the following reasons why some babies hold their breath and others don’t: Autonomic nervous system dysregulation: This system regulates involuntary functions like heartbeat, blood pressure, and body temperature, and if it doesn’t function fully, it may lead to episodes where the heartbeat or breathing slows. […] Vagally mediated cardiac inhibition: The vagus nerve is a large nerve in the chest that helps regulate things like heart rate and digestion. If it’s not fully developed or isn’t working correctly, it might affect the heartbeat and contribute to breath holding episodes.

• #13 Baby Breath Holding: Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Outlook

  https://www.healthline.com/health/parenting/baby-holding-breath

  Delayed myelination of the brain stem: Myelination happens as neurons in the brain mature. If this process is delayed, it might contribute to breath holding spells. […] Iron deficiency anemia: A common type of anemia, iron deficiency anemia occurs when there’s not enough iron in the body to produce enough hemoglobin in red blood cells. Without hemoglobin, oxygen cannot be transported to the brain. […] In some cases, breath holding may be related to iron deficiency anemia. In these cases, an iron supplement may help decrease the frequency of breath holding. […] A 2019 study found that iron supplements should be given in all breath holding cases regardless of anemia.

• #14 Breath-Holding Spells – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/behavioral-problems-in-children/breath-holding-spells

  The pallid form typically occurs after a painful experience, such as falling and banging the head or being suddenly startled. […] The brain sends out a signal (via the vagus nerve) that severely slows the heart rate, causing loss of consciousness. Thus, in this form, the temporary loss of consciousness and temporary stoppage of breathing result from a nerve response to being startled that leads to slowing of the heart.

• #15

  https://www.columbiapeds.com/medical-conditions/Breath-Holding-Spells

  Breath-Holding Spells may occur when a young child involuntarily „holds” his/her breath, resulting in a blue, gray or pale color of the face and body. […] Typically, a child between the ages of 6 months to 6 years will become emotionally upset, resulting in a prolonged inspiration and a subsequent „holding” of his/her breath (cyanotic spell). […] It is hypothesized that the child loses consciousness due to a lack of cerebral blood flow from stimulation of the vagus nerve.

• #16 Breath-Holding Spells | Select 5-Minute Pediatrics Topics

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/Select-5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/14045/all/Breath_Holding_Spells

  Breath-holding spells are the general term for emotionally provoked attacks that occur in young children. These attacks can progress from a strong emotion to breath holding to decreased sensorium and either limpness or stiffness, which can appear as seizure-like activity. […] Always provoked by anger, pain, or frustration. […] 2035% of patients with breath-holding spells have a positive family history. […] An autosomal dominant trait with reduced penetrance has been noted in some. […] Some studies have noted an increased prevalence of anemia in children with breath-holding spells; the anemia and spells improved over time with iron treatment. […] The suggested mechanisms for iron deficiency associated with breath-holding spells include lowered oxygen levels in the central nervous system, catecholamine disruption, and increased crying/fussiness (known trigger) with iron deficiency.

• #17 Breath holding

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Breath_holding/?hc_location=ufi

  Breath holding is common, especially in children aged six months to six years old. […] The cause of breath holding is not known. Breath holding is usually involuntary, and is caused by a slowing of the heart rate or changes in your child’s usual breathing patterns. Sometimes breath-holding spells are brought on by strong emotions such as anger, fear, pain or frustration. […] In around a third of children who breath hold, there is a family history of breath holding. Breath holding is not caused by a health problem and will not harm your child.

• #18 Breath-holding spells factsheet | The Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network

  https://www.schn.health.nsw.gov.au/breath-holding-spells-factsheet

  A breath-holding spell is when your child catches their breath and does not continue to breathe for a period. […] Breath-holding spells commonly happen when children are crying and: upset, in shock, frightened, have hurt themselves. […] Babies and children do not have breath-holding spells on purpose. […] Breath-holding spells are an involuntary response. This means your child is not holding their breath on purpose. […] Breath-holding spells usually happen when your child is experiencing strong emotions or crying very hard. […] Some children who have more frequent breath-holding spells: have a family history of frequent breath-holding spells, have anaemia a condition that causes fatigue from low iron levels. […] Breath-holding spells are not related to epilepsy, even though they may appear similar. There is no risk of developmental issues due to breath-holding spells.

• #19 Breath holding spells: Types, causes, and prevention

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/breath-holding-spells

  Breath holding spells occur in 5% of healthy children and are most common between 6 months and 6 years. Most children have their first breath holding spell before 18 months. […] There are several causes, but they usually involve children experiencing a strong emotion before holding their breath. […] Experts do not know the exact cause of breath holding spells. There may be a genetic component as 25-30% of children who experience them have a near relative who has also experienced them. Breath holding children may be more likely to faint as adolescents and possibly as adults. […] Studies have also suggested links with: iron deficiency anemia; autonomic nervous system dysfunction, where the bodily systems that control automatic functions, including the heartbeat and breathing, may not work correctly. […] Breath holding spells are a symptom of certain genetic syndromes, such as 16p11.2 microdeletion syndrome and Riley-Day syndrome.

• #20 Breath-Holding Spells

  https://www.parenting.org/article/Pages/breath-holding-spells.aspx

  Your child may be suffering from Breath-Holding Spells (BHS), also known as Expiratory Apnea. […] The majority of research on the causes of BHS focuses on a child’s physiological response to environmental events. Events that trigger pallid versus cyanotic BHS differ, however. Pallid BHS events start abruptly, usually from events involving pain or fear (e.g., falling, banging head). Such events lead to slowed heart rate, temporary ceasing of heart contractions, and/or faintness. Cyanotic BHS occur less abruptly and are typically the result of an emotional (usually angry) reaction to upsetting events (e.g., discipline, loss of a toy). […] Although both types of BHS are involuntary, their occurrence and the behavioral patterns associated with them can be influenced by environmental conditioning processes (e.g., increased crying due to sympathetic parental response).

• #21 Breath-Holding Spells in Infants: Crucial Points

  https://flo.health/being-a-mom/your-baby/baby-health-and-safety/breath-holding-spells-in-infants

  If iron deficiency is determined to be the cause of the condition, your doctor will recommend iron supplements for your child. […] Breath-holding results from becoming uncontrollably upset, so do what you can to avoid your child experiencing unusual frustration, anger, or pain. […] Hunger and dropping blood sugar levels can also precipitate temper tantrums and emotional upset. […] It’s important to develop effective methods for calming your baby when he or she becomes upset so it does not escalate into breath-holding. […] Once a child realizes the impact breath-holding has on their parents, its very common for them to start using it as a bargaining chip when they cant get what they want.

• #22 Breath-holding spell: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000967.htm

  Some children have breath-holding spells. This is an involuntary stop in breathing that is not in the child’s control. […] Babies as young as 2 months old and up to 2 years old can start having breath-holding spells. Some children have severe spells. […] Children can have breath-holding spells when they are responding to: Fear, Pain, Traumatic event, Being startled or confronted. […] Breath-holding spells are more common in children with: Genetic conditions, such as Riley-Day syndrome or Rett syndrome, Iron deficiency anemia, A family history of breath-holding spells (parents may have had similar spells when they were children). […] Most children outgrow breath-holding spells by the time they are 4 to 8 years old.

• #23

  https://www.ppadocs.com/medical-conditions/Breath-Holding-Spells

  Breath-Holding Spells may occur when a young child involuntarily „holds” his/her breath, resulting in a blue, gray or pale color of the face and body. […] Typically, a child between the ages of 6 months to 6 years will become emotionally upset, resulting in a prolonged inspiration and a subsequent „holding” of his/her breath (cyanotic spell). […] It is hypothesized that the child loses consciousness due to a lack of cerebral blood flow from stimulation of the vagus nerve. […] Anticonvulsant medications are not effective in this condition. […] If your child has gastroesophageal reflux, your health care provider may choose to treat this condition more aggressively in order to minimize stimulation of the vagus nerve.

• #24 When Your Child Has Breath Holding Spells | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/when-your-child-has-breath-holding-spells

  Your child is having breath-holding spells. During a breath-holding spell, your child holds their breath for a while before briefly losing consciousness. Breath-holding spells often happen after a trauma or an emotional upset. They occur most often in children under age 3. The exact cause of breath-holding spells is not known. They may run in families. Breath-holding spells are involuntary. This means that your child is not holding their breath on purpose. They are often triggered by an upsetting event. Common triggers include: […] Breath-holding spells are usually easy to diagnose. […] The good news is that breath-holding spells usually go away after age 5. They won’t cause brain damage or other problems. And they don’t make your child more likely to have health problems later in life.

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